9

Advanced Statistics
Quarter 2 – Module 16:
ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED
TESTS
Advanced Statistics – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 16: One-tailed and Two-tailed Tests
First Edition, 2020

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 9

Advanced Statistics
Quarter 2 – Module 15:
ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED
TESTS
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Advanced Statistics – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on One-tailed and Two-tailed Tests.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Advanced Statistics Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

One-tailed and Two-tailed Tests.

Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this
learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to
successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and
time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master about the concepts on one-tailed and two-tailed tests. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is all about one-tailed and two-tailed tests.

After going through this module, you are expected to differentiate one-tailed
from two tailed tests. Also, you should be able to determine the rejection and non-
rejection region under the normal curve.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices by
writing the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is a hypothesis test for which the rejection region lies at only one tail of
the distribution?
A. One-tailed test C. Right-tailed test
B. Two-tailed test D. Left-tailed test
2. Which among the following symbols is used in representing the alternative
hypothesis if the test is one-tailed?
A. ¿
B. ¿
C. ≠
D. Both a and b
3. What is the other term given to two-tailed test?
A. Directional test C. Right-tailed test
B. Non-directional test D. Left-tailed test
4. Where is the rejection region of a one-tailed test in a normal curve?
A. Right side C. No side
B. Left side D. Both a and b
5. If the population mean (μ) is greater than the specified value of ( μ0 ), what
specific alternative hypothesis is being described?
A. Right-tailed test C. Two-tailed test
B. Left-tailed test D. One-tailed test
Lesson
One-tailed and Two-tailed
01 Tests

In the past chapter, you learned the concepts of level of significance.

In this lesson, you will learn about one-tailed and two-tailed tests. Among
the topics to be discussed in the lesson include the difference between one-tailed
and two-tailed tests, the two types of one-tailed test, and determining the rejection
and non-rejection region.

What’s In

Let’s revisit what you have learned from the previous module.

The significance level of a hypothesis test is defined to be the probability of

committing a type I error. This is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.
The probability of committing a type II error is the probability of not rejecting
a false null hypothesis. In other words, it is the probability that the test statistics
will be non-rejection region if, in fact, the null hypothesis is false. It is denoted by
the Greek letter β to denote the probability of a type II error.

The choice of level of significance depends on the _statistician or researcher

who is willing to commit a type I error. Statistician commonly uses 1%, 5% or 10%
for convenience as limits for how unlikely a value of a mean ( x ) they will tolerate
before rejecting hypothesis. Using 0.05 level of significance in testing hypothesis
implies that the probability of accepting to commit an error in rejecting the null
hypothesis is 5% sure that the decision made is correct.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in
guiding the learners.
 What’s New

Activity 1. Shooting Two Tails in One Stone

Directions: Below are birds put in their cages. Help them be freed by throwing the
stone twice on the two birds below. But before being able to pick the
stone, you should be able to answer a question first.

1. What is used when the alternative hypothesis is

non-directional which means that the values of
two measures of the same kind are not equal?
2. What symbol is used in alternative hypothesis to
represent a two-tailed test?
3.

“Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.”

Abraham Lincoln
 What is It

ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED TESTS

One way of determining the type of test used in hypothesis testing is based
on how the alternative hypothesis is formulated. A one-tailed test is used when the
alternative hypothesis is directional which means that the value of the measures is
either greater than (¿) or less than (¿ ¿ the other measure.

A one-tailed test is a hypothesis test for which the rejection lies at only one
tail of the distribution. One-tailed test is classified as left- tailed test or right-tailed
test. If the population mean ( µ) is less than the specified value of μ0 , then it is a
left-tailed test for which the alternative hypothesis can be expressed as µ<µo. It is a
right-tailed test if the population mean ( µ )is greater than the specified value of μ0
for which the alternative hypothesis can be expressed as µ> μ0.

A two-tailed is used when the alternative hypothesis is non-directional which

means that the values of two measures of the same kind are not equal. A two-tailed
test has a not equal sign (≠) in the alternative hypothesis. When the population
mean ( µ)is not equal to specified value of µo, then the alternative hypothesis can be
expressed a µ≠ μ0 .

A two-tailed test is a hypothesis test for which the region lies on both end
tails of distribution, one on the left and one the right.
Rejection Regions for Two-tailed, Left-tailed, and Right-tailed Test
Two-tailed Test Right-tailed Test Left-tailed Test
Sign in H a ≠ ¿ ¿
Rejection region Both sides Right side Left side

The table above summarizes the discussion about two-tailed, right-tailed,

and left-tailed test.
Graphical Representation of Rejection Regions for Two-tailed; Left-tailed and
Right-tailed test

(a) (b) (c)

The figures above show the graphical representation of the rejection and
acceptance (or non-rejection) regions under the normal curve. Figure a presents
left-tailed test; Figure b presents two-tailed test; and Figure c presents a right-
tailed test.
 The graphs above show the difference of a one-tailed and two-tailed test
along with the corresponding z-values. Graph a shows a right-tailed test at 5% level
of significance with a corresponding z-value of 1.645. On the other hand, Graph b
shows a two-tailed test at 5% level of significance. As presented, 5% level of
significance is divided into two because the test is two-tailed thereby distributing
2.5% on each side yielding to a z-value of 1.96 on the right side and -1.96 on the
left side.
Critical Regions I Testing Hypothesis
Level of Type of Test
Significance One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test
Left-tailed Test Right-tailed Test
α =0.05 z ←1.645 z >1.645 z >1.96 or z ←1.96
α =0.01 z ←2.33 z >2.33 z >2.575 or z ←2.575
α =0.10 z ←1.28 z >1.28 z >1.645 or z ←1.645
Note: Reject the null hypothesis when the computed value of z lies within the area
of rejection.

Terminologies to Remember
1. Test Statistic – The statistic used as a basis for deciding whether the null
hypothesis should be rejected.
2. Rejection region – The set of values of the test statistic that lead to rejection of
the null hypothesis.
3. Non-rejection region (or acceptance region) – The set of values of the test
statistic that leads to non-rejection of the null hypothesis.
4. Critical value – The values of the test statistic that separate the rejection and
non-rejection region.

What’s More
Activity 2: Reject Me Not!
Directions: Fill out the table below by putting the symbols and location associated
in each test.

Two-tailed Test Right-tailed Test Left-tailed Test

Sign in H a
Rejection region
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or terms.

One way of determining the type of test used in hypothesis testing is based
on how the ___________ hypothesis is formulated. A ______________ test is used
when the alternative hypothesis is ______________ which means that the value of the
measures is either greater than (¿) or less than (¿ ¿ the other measure.

A one-tailed test is a hypothesis test for which the rejection lies at only one
tail of the distribution. One-tailed test is classified as _______________ or
________________ test. If the population mean ( µ) is less than the specified value of
μ0 , then it is a left-tailed test for which the alternative hypothesis can be expressed
as µ<µo. It is a right-tailed test if the population mean ( µ )is greater than the
specified value of μ0 for which the alternative hypothesis can be expressed as µ> μ0.

A ________________ is used when the alternative hypothesis is _______________

which means that the values of two measures of the same kind are not equal. A
two-tailed test has a not equal sign (≠) in the alternative hypothesis. When the
population mean µ) is not equal to specified value of µo, then the alternative
hypothesis can be expressed a µ≠ μ0 .

What I Can Do

Activity 3. It Must be Critical!

Directions: Fill out the table below with the corresponding critical regions under
the normal curve with the given type of test and level of significance.

Level of Type of Test

Significance One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test
Left-tailed Test Right-tailed Test
α =0.05
α =0.01
α =0.10

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer in each item.

1. What is used when the alternative hypothesis is non-directional which means
that the values of two measures of the same kind are not equal?
A. One-tailed test C. Right-tailed test
B. Two-tailed test D. Left-tailed test
2. Which among the following symbols is/are used in representing the alternative
hypothesis if the test is two-tailed?
A. ¿ B. ¿
 C. ≠ D. ¿
3. What is the other term given to one-tailed test?
A. Directional test C. Right-tailed test
B. Non-directional test D. Left-tailed test
4. Where is the rejection region of a two-tailed test in a normal curve?
A. Right side C. No side
B. Left side D. Both sides
5. If the population mean (μ) is less than the specified value of (μ0 ), what specific
alternative hypothesis is being described?
A. Right-tailed test
B. Left-tailed test
C. Two-tailed test
D. One-tailed test

Additional Activities

Directions: Construct a slogan integrating the concepts of one-tailed and two-

tailed tests. Your output will be assessed through the following
criteria:
Content – 5 points
Integration and relevance – 5 points
Impact – 5 points

Answer Key

What I Know
1. A 4. D
2. C 5. B
3. A
What’s New
1. Two-tailed test 2. ≠
What I Have Learned
1. ALTERNATIVE 5. LEFT-TAILED
2. ONE-TAILED TEST 6. TWO-TAILED
3. DIRECTIONAL 7. NON-DIRECTIONAL
4. RIGHT-TAILED
Assessment
1. B 4. D
2. D 5. A
3. B
References

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