Assets Maintenance Management - BIM
Assets Maintenance Management - BIM
Assets Maintenance Management - BIM
Automation in Construction
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
Review
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Control and maintenance strategies are essential to preserve and ensure an adequate level of safety and func
Asset maintenance tionality of civil or historical assets. In recent years, digital transformation is promoting new operational methods
Facility management for Facility Management (FM) with the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) systems. The research
Building information modeling
proposes a method supported by BIM tools to improve maintenance processes in terms of efficiency, quality and
Building condition assessment
speed. The method consists of the integration of Building Condition Assessment (BCA) with Building Information
Monitoring
Common data environmental Modeling (BIM) in order to collect, digitize and evaluate the physical and performance conditions of assets to
improve management and maintenance processes. The results show two procedures for data collection and
integration into the BIM model. The first procedure uses mobile devices and Excel spreadsheets as databases
imported into the BIM model through a Visual Programming Language (VPL). The second procedure uses a
system of Common Data Environmental (CDE) that capture data from on-site monitoring sensors and link them to
the BIM model. The case studies concern an existing building of historical and cultural value, the Brunelleschi’s
Cloister, and a viaduct belonging to a road infrastructure.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Salzano), [email protected] (C.M. Parisi).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.104788
Received 22 July 2022; Received in revised form 30 January 2023; Accepted 7 February 2023
Available online 20 February 2023
0926-5805/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Salzano et al. Automation in Construction 149 (2023) 104788
life of the project, enriching itself with information and data useful to CEN is compulsorily adopted by the Italian Standards (UNI).
the Facility Manager in his operating activities and asset maintenance. Real estate dealers and owners using these standards obtain
The paper shows two procedures for managing data in a BIM envi numerous advantages in terms of risk reduction and optimization of
ronment for all types of assets in order to optimize maintenance pro maintenance costs.
cesses and costs. One process is applied to cultural heritage assets, while The ISO 19650 procedures are applicable to construction assets of all
the second one is applied to road infrastructure. sizes and of all levels of complexity. It is necessary to highlight that ISO
19650 is closely linked to ISO 9001 dedicated to the quality manage
1.1. Facility Management and BIM ment of processes and organization of companies, to ISO 55000 which
characterizes asset management systems and to ISO 21500 dedicated to
According to the ISO 41011:2017 Facility Management (FM) is the Project Management (Project Management).
“organizational function which integrates people, place and process within It is possible to define that the construction sector finally has its
the built environment with the purpose of improving the quality of life of standard for the quality management of building processes and this
people and the productivity of the core business” [4]. While, the IFMA quality system can be implemented through the Building Information
(International Facility Management Association) defines it as “the design, Modeling and the interoperable platforms connected to it.
implementation and control process through which the facilities (the buildings If requested by the asset managers and applied by the private com
and services necessary to support and facilitate the company’s activity) are panies operating in the sector, these procedures can support the digital
identified, specified, found and supplied in order to provide and maintain transformation process of the new and existing real estate assets.
those levels of service able to meet business needs, creating a quality work The task of defining the information requirements and the resulting
environment with a cost as low as possible”. It is a complex discipline in information models is among the most important of the various princi
which knowledge of information is the basis for management activities. ples and concepts developed in the ISO 19650 [15].
In the literature, maintenance management is known as the opera This section describes the main documents supporting digitization
tions and maintenance (O&M) phase and represents the activity that processes of works, which are useful for both managers and economic
generates the highest expenditure during the life cycle (about 60% of operators:
total costs [5]). However, managing maintenance activities is quite
complex therefore BIM-FM integration could be useful to improve the • OIR (Organizational Information Requirements) is a strategic docu
performance of a building and manage operations more efficiently by ment that al-lows to define the information requirements, on a large
reducing O&M costs [6]. scale, necessary for the managers of groups of construction proper
According to ISO 29481-1:2016 BIM is a shared, digital representa ties who need to standardize, unify and centralize the control and
tion of the physical and functional characteristics of any existing object maintenance of their assets. For example, this document must be
that facilitates the design, construction and management processes [7]. prepared by managers, in order to define the information necessary
In Facility Management, BIM includes a unified information base, to manage their assets, and dis-tributed within their internal orga
consisting of a Big Data database, which provides a building owner’s nization, especially if this organization is located in different
manual, useful support for analysis, support for emergency response, regional or local departments.
safety management and scenario planning [8,9]. • AIR (Asset Information Requirements) is a document that defines the
In this regard, the idea that BIM integrated with FM is an operation specific in-formation requirements of the asset subject to interven
directed towards sustainability is spreading, to the point of coining the tion. In this document, it is necessary to define all the data, useful to
term Sustainable Facility Management [10]. However, it is often the characterize the information models, which are strictly related to the
case that the technology does not keep up with the requirements. In fact, nature of the property or to heterogeneous groups of assets.
BIM software authoring is not always prepared to contain all the infor • PIR (Project Information Requirements) is a document that defines the
mation characterising O&M activities, which is why it is necessary to information necessary to respond to the requests presented in the
introduce new software to complement the former in order to manage OIR, but on the scale of the individual project. Therefore, this
maintenance information. document starts from the information requirements de-fined in the
FM requires strong interaction and sharing of the information OIR and specifically describes them for the single project. For this
collected. In recent years, the tools that have supported FM have been reason, it is a document that defines the relationship between the
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) and Com manager and the organization designated for the asset management
puter Aided Facility Management (CAFM). However, both of them have service.
limited visualization capabilities, as the traditional use of paper or 2D • EIR (Exchange Information Requirements) defines the information re
digital plans limits the facility manager to identify the exact location of quirements of the single project and should be defined every time a
maintenance and the history of changes [11,12]. In this regard, the BIM contract is awarded.
model could be a useful tool to interact with the FM as a source for data
entry, providing material/spatial data, reports or technical analysis, or According to the phase of the building process, in a digitization
as an interface to a repository, providing data acquisition, monitoring, process a transfer of information takes place between the manager and
processing and transformation [13,14]. the person in charge of developing the service. This transfer of infor
mation can also take place through information models developed by
1.1.1. Regulatory Framework – UNI EN ISO 19650 1 - 2 - 3 other parties, therefore, it is necessary defining an EIR.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been Other definitions introduced by the ISO 19650 concern:
working for years with the aim of implementing a digital transformation
in the construction sector. The ISO 19650 “Organization of information • Asset Information Model (AIM) deals with the information model
about construction works – Information management using building concerning the state of the property. The nature of the information
information modelling” defines all the principles and concepts for the presented in the AIM (maintenance costs, installation and mainte
management of information during the entire life cycle of the buildings nance dates, etc.) provides support for the strategic and maintenance
[15]. management of the property during its entire life cycle.
The ISO 19650, characterized by two parts, was developed in • Project Information Model (PIM) is the information model generated
collaboration with the European standardization body CEN (Comité during the order and therefore contributes to the compliance with
Européen de Normalisation or European Committee for Standardiza the AIM. This information model is characterized by all the
tion). For this reason, an ISO standard developed and implemented by
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Dutch standard [29,35] • Asset Hierarchy consists of a Breakdown Structure into its elemen
Distress method and Direct-condition rating survey [36] tary components. In the literature there are different classification
JKR 21602–0004-13 [37]
systems that in general allow each object represented to be coded
National Health Facilities Audit [38]
BREEAM and LEED [39] through a decimal numerical system that associates each pair of
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) [6,40–42] numbers with its specific characteristic (Table 2).
BUILDER, RECAPP, TOBUS [43]
• Evaluation methods can be qualitative or quantitative. In the liter
ature there are several studies on building condition assessment
Table 4 techniques (Table 3):
Key Performance Indicators in literature.
Categories Indicators The UNI EN 15341 standard defines the Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs) of the Maintenance Function and provides guidelines for defining
Economic FCI (Facility Condition Index) [44,45]
MEI (Maintenance Efficiency Indicator) [46]
a set of suitable indicators to assess and improve the effectiveness, ef
Technical BPI (Building Performance Indicator) [47] ficiency and sustainability in the maintenance of existing physical assets
BEI (Building Efficiency Index) [48] whether industrial, infrastructure, civil buildings or transport systems,
A (Degradation Index) [49] etc. in the context of external and internal influencing factors. Therefore,
Functional Document index [2]
KPIs could be a valuable tool to monitor the condition of the building
User satisfaction Iins (Dissatisfaction index) [50,51]
over time, even better if controls are planned periodically through the
life cycle of the asset [2]. According to Dejaco et al. (2017) and Marmo
proper planning is important to help engineers have a better et al. (2019) [6], KPIs are the best way to measure building performance
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by allowing accessible and useful information about buildings and their measurements of a component, careful analysis is required to
parts (Table 4). translate these measurements into a qualitative and/or quantitative
condition value.
• Field Inspections aim to gather as much information as possible
about the object of study. Obviously, the assessment method condi
2.2. BIM for Building Condition Assessment
tions the choices of data collection tools. However, inspections often
cause excessive costs if they are not organised efficiently and must be
Maintenance management of buildings and infrastructures is one of
planned taking into account the characteristics of the asset [8]. Data
the greatest challenges of Facility Management and its key to success is
collection, storage and processing determines geometric character
accurate knowledge of the building’s condition. [56]. However, a limi
istics and current physical state, defects or pathologies, etc. [52–54].
tation of traditional building condition assessment techniques is the
Some researchers have used data collection systems on specially
outdated procedure of data collection, recording and reporting of in
designed digital devices to digitize information directly in situ
formation stored on paper and rarely linked to the as-built model. This
without the need to re-process it later [55].
causes the potential loss of information and therefore the overrun of
• Condition analysis phase is the application of the chosen evaluation
performance and costs. So, it is important considering the potential of
method to study the condition of the artefact. As the data provided by
integrating the BCA process with Building Information Modeling (BIM).
the inspection process is collected in the form of damage
BIM solves the problem of collecting and managing data about the
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[66–70] and literature related to the implementation of BCA and FM in presupposes the use of following tools:
the BIM environment [6,41,44] and identifies tools and procedures to
support a method that integrates BCA processes in the BIM environment. • S1 - The building is broken down into its elementary parts by
Fig. 2 shows a Maintenance Workflow Management that summarises adopting the UNI 8290 standard and adapting it to the individual
the research method and the tools that were used for its application. items of the technical elements.
The maintenance management process involves several actors: • S2 - The degradation assessment consists of calculating the level
degradation index for each technical element so that the most
• The FM team consists of the managers (public or private) of the degraded elements can be promptly identified;
building who define the needs of the building and keep track of the • S3 - Technicians collect data in situ with mobile devices on Excel
budget available for maintenance activities. They are responsible for spreadsheets connected to a master database also on Excel.
the technical-economic-organizational decisions on maintenance • S4 - The building is created through the use of Revit Software
management during the building’s life cycle, and thus implement the • S5 - The information contained in the master database is linked to the
methods, criteria and processes by which these activities are to be BIM model through Script in Dynamo (Fig. 3)
carried out based on the suggestions of technical experts.
• The BIM team is a working group of experts in BIM methodologies.
They are responsible for the collection of data for the as-built BIM 3.1.1. UNI 8290: Italian Building Classification
model of the building. For the particular objective of optimizing This classification is based on the following criteria: the breakdown
maintenance costs, this team defines the tools and requirements that has three levels and gives rise to three sets called:
the BIM model must possess (FM&BCA requirements, input and
output information to and from the BIM model, data interchange • Classes of technological units (first level);
modes, and level of detail (LOD). Data interchange takes place • Technological units (second level);
through the connection between a Database in Microsoft Excel • Classes of technical elements (third level)
(acting as an external database) and Scripts in Dynamo to facilitate
and speed up the processes of updating data to and from the BIM The terms which make up the various sets are called headings. For
model. The team will check and update the BIM model each time the operational purposes, the breakdown is extended to further levels
building maintenance plan is implemented or updated. (fourth level and higher). Each level is characterized by a numerical
• The technical team consists of technicians who will design and code that identifies the requirements and/or systems of requirements
implement the maintenance plan, checking its effective operation that are attributed to that specific technical element. The purpose of
and updating the data if necessary. The technicians implementing coding is to uniquely identify the components of the building and to
the maintenance plan carry out periodic checks on the technical enable the recording of all information available or generated over time,
components of the building to assess their state of preservation. In whether during maintenance or inspection. The proposed breakdown by
formation is recorded during the field inspection phase using elec classes of technical elements is as follows (Table 5):
tronic tools (tablets or smartphones) that support Microsoft Excel
systems. 3.1.2. Level degradation index
The degradation level of each technical element can be assessed
The maintenance management process described in Fig. 2 according to a numerical ‘degradation level’ indicator expressed as (Eq.
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1): 3.1.3. BIM model with Revit software (Autodesk) and Dynamo script
Revit is a software for the design and management during the con
Ad
id = Kd Kc (1) struction phase of any type of infrastructure. It is a software that, in a
At
single and specific multidisciplinary BIM platform, allows to implement
and design all phases of the life cycle of a building or infrastructure.
• Ad/At ratio of the area of degradation to the total area of the tech In addition to the 3D and 2D architectural representation, BIM
nical element; models contain all the information that the software is able to provide
• Kd is the factor that takes into account the type of degradation. Its automatically (calculation of surfaces, volumes, product quantities, etc.)
value varies from 1 to 4 (slight, medium, serious and very serious) plus alpha-numeric information that can be entered manually or auto
depending on the damage it may cause to the material in terms of loss matically through the use of the Dynamo programming language that
of historical and cultural value and risks to humans. connects external databases (e.g. Excel or Access spreadsheets) with the
• Kc is the weight factor that takes into account the importance of Revit BIM model.
degradation in the sense of the complexity of restoration/mainte Dynamo reads and writes data to and from the Revit database via the
nance operations and related costs. Its value is the ratio between the Revit API. The data could be anything, parameter values, family ge
costs of ordinary maintenance (cleaning operations), material ometry and family placement. Basically, Dynamo manipulates the Revit
consolidation costs (material recovery) and the costs of complete database in ways that the UI (user interface) could not.
material replacement (restoration of missing or no longer recover Any Revit user could learn Dynamo (since it uses visual program
able assets). ming it is very easy to learn) and could access the Revit API and perform
simple tasks that previously could only be done by writing an add-on or
Similar approach was used in [6–59]. The level decay index will writing a macro with the .net language for Revit.
establish the state of conservation of each technical element according Specifically with regard to Facility Management activities, the model
to its value in percentage terms as shown in Table 6: will be able to contain information relating to scheduled maintenance
and cost management. To this end, the software returns information
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Fig. 6. Dynamo script: importing data from Master Database to BIM Model in Revit.
regarding the maintenance operations carried out over time and any The BIM model can be created with the “CAD to BIM” technique from
feedback regarding the need to update the maintenance plan. This has existing plans or with the “SCAN to BIM” technique from point clouds
made it possible to organize a maintenance plan that involves carrying created from photographs and videos taken during inspections.
out several operations for each element, then assigning priorities and The information for each technical element was imported into the
scheduling the frequency (maintenance schedule). With the organiza BIM model through the use of the Dynamo programming language (VPL)
tion of this information, it is possible to make an estimate of the annual which links the BIM model with the inspection sheets.
expenses, divided by maintainable elements, which take into account During the inspection phase, technicians fill in inspection sheets
the architectural maintenance costs. through devices mobile devices supporting Excel software. Each
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inspection report is linked to the Master Database. described in the paragraph 6.3.
The Database Master is used to link the collected data to the BIM This collaborative environment enables us to organize a Common
model. It consists of a table (Fig. 4) where the columns contain the same Data Environment, in accordance with the standards (e.g. UNI 11337
parameters created in the BIM model (shared parameters Fig. 5). and ISO 19650) and allows us to share information between different
Fig. 6 show the script created in order to import data from Excel participants in the management process.
datasheets into BIM model. In this platform it is possible to define workflows for process control
with advanced task management functions (usBIM.workflow), it is also
3.1.4. BIM model and UsBIM Facility collaborative platform for the possible to revise or validate the information associated with the
Information Management models.
An alternative solution to the dynamo is the use of an information Furthermore, the platform is characterized by advanced functions for
management platform based on the Common Data Environment. Once BIM Data Management and integration of significant data (in each entity
the BIM model has been developed, it is possible to export the IFC file of the BIM model and through the use of synthetic dashboards), as well
with the relevant information for asset management. After setting up the as a specific editor for creating data acquisition web-forms, which can be
IFC file correctly, it is imported into the common data environment associated with BIM objects (usBIM.data). Other functions (in particular
platform to manage the operational information. the “link” function) enable the integrated management of the model
In this project, the Acca Software UsBIM.platform was used with data, allowing the association and storage of some of the documentary
some integrations developed “ad hoc” for research. The customization of information collected during the various sub-processes that constitute
the platform concerns graphic aspects of the “dashboard”, the insertion the management phase (inspection, structural safety assessments, in
of degradation data according to the defect schedule and for the addition terventions, etc.), as well as the analysis of significant information and
of data deriving from sensors and cameras on site. These aspects are their georeferencing. Thus, as mentioned above, usBIM.platform was
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used to record and associate documentation with the structure of indi basis of existing plans provided by the Opera di Santa Croce technicians
vidual elements, specifically: reports (relating to inspections, structural and photographs taken during the inspections.
or geotechnical assessments, etc.), photos (relating to the overall con By importing the data from the Master Database into the Revit BIM
dition of the asset or that of an individual structural component), model it is possible to query each technical element individually or to
manuals, documents, and other items. create abacuses that group together in a single table the information that
has been collected during the inspections and imported into the BIM
4. Results model through the script in Dynamo (Fig. 10).
Thanks to the import of data within the BIM model, it is possible to
4.1. Brunelleschi’s Cloister have an immediate view of the level of degradation Id of each technical
element through a Revit view set according to filters with a color
Brunelleschi’s Cloister is in Santa Croce Monumental Complex in (Fig. 11) scale. The range of Id values varies from white to red according
Florence. Its name comes from its architect Filippo Brunelleschi. It was to the conditions in Table 6. (See Fig. 12.)
built at the request of Tommaso Spinelli. It was the centre of community Figs. 16 show the main types of degradation in the columns, arches
life with the friars’ cells, the library, the rooms for manual work. Today and decorative coats of arms of the cloister respectively. Thanks to the
it is occupied by the National Library. The cloister is 31 m wide and 38 m data collection and the creation of the Master Database, it was possible
high. The lower part is formed by round arches and cross vaults, resting to group together the main conservation issues of the most degraded
on columns of pietra serena. The upper part consists of stone columns on technical elements.
which rests the single-pitch roof in wood and terracotta.
The BIM model was created on the basis of the technical datasheets
4.3. Second case history: Infrastructure asset
collected in the technical offices of Santa Croce and the point cloud
elaborated by American researchers as part of a study called “Florence as
The purpose of this case study is to define, in a concrete way, a
it was”. The software used to create BIM model was Revit by Autodesk
coherent process, to be adopted with the available technology, in order
(Fig. 7).
to be able to monitor the state of a bridge and to manage its maintenance
more efficiently and in an automatic manner.
4.2. Procedures applied to the Cloister Such a procedure can be applied to newly built bridges, in order to
delay the onset of deterioration for as long as possible, and to existing
The data collection of the Brunelleschi Cloister started in 2018 structures, by identifying the timing and the methods of carrying out
within the WARMEST project and continued until 2020.1 During the maintenance operations.
field inspection, control sheets Fig. 8 (were compiled for each of the It is necessary to analyze and to break down the entire process in
technical elements making up the building, for a total of 515 sheets, all detail as follows:
of which were entered in the Master Database (dimensions 23 columns
× 515 rows) (Fig. 9). • Identification, Collection and Integration of Data;
The BIM model was built using the “CAD to BIM” technique on the • The digitization of data and the definition of elements and goals;
• Management and Monitoring of the Model on the Platform;
• Planning and execution of maintenance.
1
Some slowdowns were caused by the overcoming health crisis that made
inaccessible all public places where studies could be carried out (offices, ar All the phases of the proposed process for the control and monitoring
chives, libraries, superintendences, etc.). of the infrastructures will be described in the following paragraphs.
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Fig. 10. Technical schedule imported from Database Master into Revit Software.
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Fig. 12. (a) Column decay; (b) Coat of arms decay; (c) Arch decay.
order to associate an identification code (ID) to each element. it is according to the belonging of the single element. The ID is defined in the
important to define a specific I.D. in order to monitor and maintain the following way: (Table 8):
elements during the entire life cycle. The coding is represented by an
identification alphanumeric string for each category and subcategory
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Fig. 16. (a) Render of the viaduct performed with software Revit (b) Properties associated with the software Revit.
Once the sensors and cameras were chosen, they were inserted into
the BIM model in specific points as reported in the example below
Fig. 17.
Once the modeling of the viaduct has been finalized, the BIM model
has been exported in IFC format. The .ifc file can be read by a Common
Data Environment (CDE) platform which displays all the information
that has been previously implemented in the model. Therefore, it is
necessary to properly set the export options in the Revit tool, so as to
correctly show all the properties within the Platform (Fig. 18).
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element the defect statement proposed in the “Guidelines for the clas following meaning:
sification and management of risk, the evaluation of safety and the
monitoring of existing bridges” [71]. These defect schedules are • K1 = 0,2, the analyzed defect is present, but affects only a minimal
different for each type of structural element (piers, beams, support el part of the area;
ements, etc.) and for the various construction materials (reinforced • K1 = 0,5, the defect affects a percentage of the area between 30 and
concrete, steel, etc.). 70;
A G value between 1 and 5 is attributed to each defect. This value • K1 = 1,0, the defect affects the entire area.
represents the intensity of the defect as a function of: (a) possibility of
danger and reduction of the bearing capacity; (b) the risk of triggering . The Relative Defeet(Dr) is calculated using the coefficients dis
other defects and the high economic cost for the repair. The following cussed above, given by (Eq. 2), and represents the condition of the single
image shows a typical evaluation form Fig. 20: structural element. It takes into account that the same damage can
Once the form has been completed, a final number is obtained which weigh differently depending on the involved structural element:
represents the state of the single element of the overall structure. The ∑
condition of the element will be worse if the number is higher. This value Dr = (G*K1*K2) (2)
is given by the sum of the weights “G” determined by the damages of the Where the sum is extended to all the damages of the single structural
individual elements, multiplied by the coefficients “K1” and “K2”. The element.
extension coefficient can assume values of 0.2–0.5–1.0, which have the The “Absolute Defect (Da)” defines the overall deterioration of the
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Fig. 21. C.a. Pile defect card created with UsBIM data.
structure and is calculated using the previous formula by multiplying, of the degradation or the conditions following unexpected events
within the sum, the number of individual structural elements (Eq.3). (Fig. 23).
∑ The goal of monitoring with sensors is to continuously update the
Da = (G*K1*K2*N) (3) indices of degradation connected to the elements. As a result, it is also
These defect schedules have been created in the UsBIM data platform possible to manage alert conditions by instantly reporting the infra
(CDE) (Fig. 21). The parameters compiled in the sheets are directly structure element subject to crisis. This situation therefore requires an
associated with each single element of the viaduct and are displayed on-site inspections to collect more precise data.
using the UsBIM browser (Fig. 22): In this phase another aim of the research is analyzed, which concerns
In this way the facility technician can draw up the defect sheet on the development of an automatic intervention system. To achieve this
site, using tablets or smartphone, and transfer the data directly to the goal it is necessary to set acceptability threshold limits for the parame
model and then to the operation center. ters monitored by the sensors.
The choice of threshold values to be associated within the platform
4.3.4. Planning and execution of interventions depends on the selected key performance indicator (KPIs) and on the
The monitoring phase of the viaduct over time begins after inserting type of maintenance that needs to be carried out. Key performance in
the defect sheets for each element in the BIM model. The monitoring of dicators are specific time dependent quantifiable and allow for evalua
the viaduct is developed using the UsBim Platform application: UsBim I. tion the performance of the system with respect to objectives, whether
O.T.. technical, environmental or financial [72,73]. The KPIs selected for the
The UsBIM I.O.T. has already been created for building applications. present case study derive from a careful analysis of the Level 1 Bridge
However, in this research project, the application has been specifically Inspection Form. The following KPIs have been derived for the present
customized for an infrastructure project and the monitoring system has case study:
been implemented “ad hoc”. In this way, the monitoring of all the sensor
instruments previously foreseen is possible. An important customization a) Single dangerous damage: in this case we intend to monitor the
is that the connection to the telecare circuit allows real-time monitoring single damage which has a G value of 5. This damage could affect the
behavior of the entire system. When the values of K exceed 0.6, the
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defect affects a percentage of the area between 50 and 70, the Limits can be set as below:
threshold limit is exceeded
b) Single structural element damage: in this case we intend to monitor • Preventive maintenance, providing for lower limits of development
the damage of the single structural element. When the values of Dr. of degradation and therefore interventions closer in time which
reaches high values the defects can affect the behavior of the entire prevent higher cost interventions;
system and the threshold limit is exceeded • Reactive maintenance, foreseeing higher limits for the development
c) Structure damage: in this case we intend to monitor the damage to of degradation and therefore interventions that are delayed over
the entire structural system. When the values of Da reaches high time but a more incisive intervention is required on an element, thus
values the entire structural system needs maintenance. restoring its efficiency.
The type of KPI to be used and the numerical threshold values to be When the threshold limit of an element is exceeded, the platform
set depend on the type of maintenance that the manager intends to carry highlights the element on the screen with a reference color (orange or
out. red). Subsequently, an alert is sent automatically (if the exceeding of the
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threshold limit is recorded through sensors or schedules) or manually (if performed, the ticket is closed and the color of the element that has been
the exceeding of the threshold limit is recorded by cameras), notifying subject of the intervention is restored.
the need to pay attention to the element that does not satisfy the In this way, the viaduct model will always be kept updated on the
acceptability threshold. platform and its real time conditions will always be known.
The same platform has been developed “ad hoc” to manage all the
phases following the activation of the alert (UsBIM Facility). Once the 5. Discussion and conclusions
alert is activated, a ticket is automatically opened in order to plan,
organize and carry out targeted maintenance for the damaged element. The digitization of buildings of infrastructure seems to have become
An example of sending alerts and opening the ticket is shown below increasingly essential for their care and reuse. For this reason, it is
(Fig. 24): necessary to increase the knowledge about the building assets to support
In this case, the degradation that has been detected is the “detach sustainable maintenance and conservation strategies through the
ment of concrete cover” correlated with the degradation “oxidation of development of easy-to-use resource management tools. This allows to
longitudinal reinforcement”. The phases scheduled by the ticket are: support the decision-making process towards a conservation strategy
accessible by all stakeholders.
• Timing, immediate or on the first available working day, of the ur Maintenance of existing works can be interpreted as a complex
gent maintenance intervention; decision-making problem especially due to the limited availability of
• The organization, which includes notification to the specialized team economic resources. Therefore, in decision-making processes, it be
and the organization of the necessary resources in terms of equip comes important to have a method that follows standard procedures that
ment and materials; support technicians and managers.
• The execution of the maintenance, which consists in the step-by-step This research aims to standardize procedures in order to optimize the
guide of the intervention thanks to the use of a checklist to be carried management and minimize the maintenance costs of existing works.
out on site for the execution of the intervention with subsequent final The method is based on Building Condition Assessment (BCA) tech
report that contemplates a verification and subsequent closure of the niques integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM)
ticket and the alert. methodologies.
The result of the research consists in the application of a mainte
A notification will be sent on the device of specialized workers with nance management procedure through the BIM modeling of two existing
the date and specifications of the intervention to be carried out. assets of different types in order to demonstrate the standardization of
Once the team has moved to the intervention site, a checklist of the proposed process. In particular, the first case study concerns the BIM
operations to be carried out to resolve the alert, to complete the ticket model of the Brunelleschi’s Cloister which monitors and tracks the
and to re-establish the conditions of acceptability of the element will be deterioration of the historical building, collecting and classifying
sent (Fig. 25). various data that coexist in a model of cultural assets.
Thanks to the updates sent by the workers through their own devices, The model data is managed directly by a specially created Revit-
all the operations foreseen in the checklist can be monitored in real time Dynamo system that directly connects a Master database in Excel
on the centralized model. After a check by means of cameras has been spreadsheets and the BIM model in Revit to create a “digital dossier” of
19
A. Salzano et al. Automation in Construction 149 (2023) 104788
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