Mathematical Method PHYSICS

In physics, we can classify quantities as scalars or vectors. Basically, the difference is that a
direction is associated with a vector but not with a scalar.

Scalars : A scalar quantity is a quantity with magnitude only.

It is specified completely by a single number, along with the proper unit.
Examples are :
> Distance > Speed >Work > Energy
> The distance between two points, > Mass of an object,
> The temperature of a body and > The time

Vectors : A vector quantity is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction and obeys
the triangle law of addition or equivalently the parallelogram law of addition.
Examples are :
> Displacement > Velocity > Torque
> Force > Acceleration > Momentum

Q) Distinguish between scalars and Vectors [2M]

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

Scalar quantity has only magnitude, Vector quantity has both magnitude
but no direction. and direction.
Vector quantity can be one, two or three
Every scalar quantity is one dimensional.
dimensional.
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplications are Addition, Subtraction, Multiplications
possible and done by Mathematical Algebra are possible and done by Vector Algebra
Division of two scalar is possible for scalar
Divisions of two Scalars are not possible.
quantity
Vector quantity can be one, two or three
Every scalar quantity is one dimensional.
dimensional.
Any change in vector quantity can reflect
Any change in scalar quantity is the reflection
either change in direction or change in
of change in magnitude.
magnitude or changes in both.
Multiplication of Two vector is depends
Multiplication of Two scalar is always scalar
on type of product.

Few examples of scalar quantity: Length, Few examples of vector quantity:

Mass, Time, Temperature, Energy, Work, Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration,
Density etc Force, Torque etc

(Sate any 4 point and add examples when asked for 2 Marks)

{ Revise 3D / 3-cordinate system explained in class }

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 1
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Vector Representation:

Let, v is representing the velocity of any body, then it is written as ⃗𝑽 𝒐𝒓 𝑽

̅ (Read as : Vee Bar)

̅̅̅̅ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐵
When it is represented by some segment like A to B, Vector is written as 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
here 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 as vector is directional specific, hence it should be written as start to end point.

A B then it should be ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴

‘V’ - Vector is having magnitude and directions.

̅ | (𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐚𝐬 ∶ 𝐦𝐨𝐝 𝐕𝐞𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐫)
The magnitude is written as 𝑽 𝒐𝒓 |𝑽

Q) Discuss few types of vectors which you know. [2M]

Null Vector: Vector having its magnitude as zero is known as Null Vector.

Unit Vector: Vector having unit magnitude is known as unit vector.

 For 3 co-ordinate system we have taken
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,
⃗
𝑉
 Unit vector along given vector 𝑉⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑣̂ =
⃗|
|𝑉

Equal Vector: Two Vectors is said to be equal iff magnitude and direction both are same.
i.e. equal magnitude and same direction

⃗ ( 𝑃⃗ = 𝑄
𝑃⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑄 ⃗ )
𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒

𝑃⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑅⃗ ( 𝑃⃗ ≠ 𝑅⃗ )
𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

Negative Vector: One vector is said to be negative of other vector when it has same magnitude
but opposite direction. In above example 𝑅⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃⃗
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑃⃗ = − 𝑅⃗

Position Vector: Vector giving the position of any point from the origin is known as position
vector for that point.

Here ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 is known as position vector of point P.
From diagram 𝑃 ≡ (2,3,5) & 𝑂 ≡ (0,0,0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2 − 0)𝑖̂ + (3 − 0)𝑗̂ + (5 − 0)𝑘̂
Then vector 𝑂𝑃

𝑂𝑃 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂

𝑝̅ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 2
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Resolution of a Vector

Component: “A vector can be split into two or more vectors at certain direction which produces
unitedly same effect as that of single vector.”

We are limited to study, two vector components.

One horizontal or X- component & one vertical or Y- component

Process of finding the component of vector is known as Resolution of Vector

Let P be any vector in xy-plane, making an angle of with x-axis.

Draw AD x-axis

In Δ OAD,

𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴

𝐷𝐴
sin 𝜃 = ∴ 𝐷𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 sin 𝜃 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑂𝐴

𝑂𝐷
cos 𝜃 = ∴ 𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑂𝐴

Also 𝑂𝐴2 = 𝐷𝐴2 + 𝑂𝐷2

∴ 𝑂𝐴2 = (𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2

∴ 𝑂𝐴2 = 𝑃2 (𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 𝑃2

∴ 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑃

The combine effect of (Psin𝞱) & (Pcos𝞱) produces the same effect as of given vector.
Hence (Psin𝞱) & (Pcos𝞱) are the two components of vector 𝑃̅ along y & x-axes respectively
i.e. 𝑃𝑦 = Psinθ & 𝑃𝑥 = Pcosθ

From above, 𝑃 = √ 𝑃𝑥 2 + 𝑃𝑦 2 …… Magnitude of given Vector

𝑃𝑦
tan 𝜃 =
𝑃𝑥
𝑃𝑦
∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑃 ) ………. Direction of given Vector
𝑥

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 3
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Vector Algebra

(1) Additions & Subtractions [only possible for same quantity]

 When given vectors 𝑃̅ & 𝑄̅ are in same direction i.e. Parallel or anti-parallel
 When given vectors 𝑃̅ & 𝑄̅ are making some angle between them.

Case – I

When 𝑃̅ = 𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂ & 𝑄̅ = 𝑄𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑄𝑍 𝑘̂

𝑃̅ + 𝑄̅ = (𝑃𝑋 + 𝑄𝑋 )𝑖̂ + (𝑃𝑋 + 𝑄𝑋 )𝑗̂ + (𝑃𝑋 + 𝑄𝑋 )𝑘̂…………{Same direction or parallel}

𝑃̅ + 𝑄̅ = (𝑃𝑋 − 𝑄𝑋 )𝑖̂ + (𝑃𝑋 − 𝑄𝑋 )𝑗̂ + (𝑃𝑋 − 𝑄𝑋 )𝑘̂…………{Opposite direction or anti-parallel}

𝑃̅ − 𝑄̅ = (𝑃𝑋 − 𝑄𝑋 )𝑖̂ + (𝑃𝑋 − 𝑄𝑋 )𝑗̂ + (𝑃𝑋 − 𝑄𝑋 )𝑘̂…………{Same direction or parallel}

Let two vectors, having same directions as shown in figure

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
𝐴𝐵 & ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6.71 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
|𝐴𝐵 A 6.71
B
𝑃𝑄 = 4𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 13.42 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
|𝑃𝑄 P 13.42
Q

Addition
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 = (2 + 4)𝑖̂ + (5 + 10)𝑗̂ + (4 + 8)𝑘̂
𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖̂ + 15𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝑄
& |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 20.13 units

Subtraction
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = (4 − 2)𝑖̂ + (10 − 5)𝑗̂ + (8 − 4)𝑘̂
𝑃𝑄 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝐵
& |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6.71 units

Case – II

When 𝑃̅ = 𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂ & 𝑄̅ = 𝑄𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑄𝑍 𝑘̂ makes an angle of 𝞱 between them

Such operations done by vector addition laws viz;

 Triangle Law of Vector Addition

 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
 Polygonal law of Vector Addition

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 4
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Q) State and explain Triangle Law of Vector Addition [2M]

Triangle Law of Vector Addition:

“ Any two vectors of same quantity are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of
a triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third
side of the triangle taken in the opposite order.”

Let 𝑃̅ & 𝑄̅ are represented by the two sides of triangle and they are taken in same order.
Then by triangle law of vector addition,
third side should be in opposite order which represents the resultant of these two vectors i.e.

𝑅̅ = 𝑃̅ + 𝑄̅

Q) State and explain parallelogram Law of Vector Addition [2M]

Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition:

“ Any two vectors of same quantity are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent
sides of parallelogram, starting from the same point, then their resultant is represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the same point.”

Let 𝑃̅ & 𝑄̅ are represented by the two adjacent sides of parallelogram starting from same point,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑃̅ & 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑄̅ as shown in figure.
Then by parallelogram law of vector addition,

Diagonal which starts from the same point represents the resultant of these two vectors i.e.
𝑅̅ = 𝑃̅ + 𝑄̅

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 5
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Q) State and explain Polygonal Law of Vector Addition [2M]

Polygonal Law of Vector Addition:

“ If many vectors of same quantity are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of any
polygon taken in order then the closing sides of polygon represents the resultant of all vectors in
magnitude and direction, having an opposite order”

Let 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅ , 𝐶̅ , 𝐷
̅ & 𝐸̅ represents the sides of polygon in same order
And 𝑅̅ be the closing sides of polygon but opposite in order as shown in figure.
by polygonal law of Vector addition,
𝑅̅ = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅ + 𝐶̅ + 𝐷
̅ + 𝐸̅

To understand the resultant draw diagonals from point O,

Whole polygon is now divided into various triangles. Now use triangle law for each Δ
End tringle will get the resultant as

𝑅̅ = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅ + 𝐶̅ + 𝐷
̅ + 𝐸̅

Q) Derive an expression for the magnitude and direction for resultant of two vectors
which is in a plan making an acute angle between them. [4M]

Consider two vectors 𝑃̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄̅ in one plane,

make an acute angle of 𝞱 between them as shown in the figure.

Let 𝑅̅ be the resultant of 𝑃̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄̅ makes and angle of 𝞪 with 𝑃̅

Draw CD OA as shown in figure.

In Δ ACD,

𝐶𝐷
sin 𝜃 = ∴ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃 = 𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝐶

𝐴𝐷
cos 𝜃 = ∴ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃 = 𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴𝐶

Also 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐷2 + 𝐴𝐷2 = (𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = 𝑄 2 (𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 𝑄 2

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 6
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

In Δ OCD,

𝐶𝐷
sin 𝛼 = ∴ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑂𝐶 sin 𝛼
𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐷
cos 𝛼 = ∴ 𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐶 cos 𝛼
𝑂𝐶

Also 𝑂𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐷2 + 𝑂𝐷2

∴ 𝑂𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐷2 + (𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷)2

∴ 𝑂𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐷2 + 𝑂𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐷2 + 2 × 𝑂𝐴 × 𝐴𝐷

∴ 𝑅 2 = (𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 𝑃2 + (𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + 2 × 𝑃 × 𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

∴ 𝑅 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

∴ 𝑹 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ……………………[1]

Hence the above expression gives the magnitude of Resultant vector.

𝐶𝐷
tan 𝛼 =
𝑂𝐷

𝐶𝐷 𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
tan 𝛼 = =
𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) ………………….[2]
𝑃+𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Hence the above expression gives the direction of Resultant vector

(2) Multiplication of Vectors

1st Component 2nd Component Result

Scalar Vector Vector
Vector Vector Scalar (When dot product)
Vector Vector Vector (When cross product)

Scalar Multiplication

Let 𝑃̅ = 𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂ is multiply by the scalar of ‘a’

𝑎. 𝑃̅ = 𝑎. 𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑎. 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑎. 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 7
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Scalar Product / Dot Product

The magnitude of scalar product of two vectors is equivalent to the product of magnitude of both
individual vector and cosine of angle between them.

When 𝑃̅ = 𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂ & 𝑄̅ = 𝑄𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑄𝑍 𝑘̂ makes an angle of 𝞱 between them

𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = 𝑃 ∙ 𝑄 ∙ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

Also 𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = (𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂) ∙ (𝑄𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑄𝑍 𝑘̂)

𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑘̂)

+𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑘̂) +
+𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂)

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, all unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.

𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 𝑖 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 1 Also 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0 & 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0

𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 𝑗 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 1 Also 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0 & 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0
𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 𝑘 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 1 Also 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0 & 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0
Hence above expression becomes

𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = 𝑃𝑥 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑃𝑧 𝑄𝑧

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 8
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Vector Product / Cross Product

The magnitude of Vector product of two vectors is equivalent to the product of magnitude of both
individual vector and sine of acute angle between them.

When 𝑃̅ = 𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂ & 𝑄̅ = 𝑄𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑄𝑍 𝑘̂ makes an angle of 𝞱 between them

𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = 𝑃 ∙ 𝑄 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Also 𝑃̅ × 𝑄̅ = (𝑃𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑍 𝑘̂) × (𝑄𝑋 𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑌 𝑗̂ + 𝑄𝑍 𝑘̂)

𝑃̅ × 𝑄̅ = 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂)

+𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑗̂ × 𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ ) +
+𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑘̂ × 𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂)

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,
all unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.

𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑖 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛0° = 0 Also 𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ & 𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂ = −𝑗̂

𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑗 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛0° = 0 Also 𝑗̂ × 𝑖̂ = −𝑘̂ & 𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂
𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛0° = 0 Also 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
2
& 𝑘̂ × 𝑗̂ = −𝑖̂
Hence above expression becomes
𝑃̅ × 𝑄̅ = 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (0) + 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (𝑘̂) + 𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (−𝑗̂)
+𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (−𝑘̂) + 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (0) + 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (𝑖̂) +
+𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 (𝑗̂) + 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 (−𝑖̂) + 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 (0)
𝑃̅ × 𝑄̅ = (𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 − 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 )𝑖̂ − (𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑧 − 𝑃𝑧 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 )𝑗̂ + (𝑃𝑥 ∙ 𝑄𝑦 − 𝑃𝑦 ∙ 𝑄𝑥 )𝑘̂
This can be written as
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
̅ ̅ 𝑃
𝑃 × 𝑄= | 𝑥 𝑃𝑦 𝑃𝑧 |
𝑄𝑥 𝑄𝑦 𝑄𝑧

Scalar Product Vector Product

The magnitude of scalar product of two vectors The magnitude of Vector product of two vectors
is equivalent to the product of magnitude of both is equivalent to the product of magnitude of both
individual vector and cosine of angle between individual vector and sine of acute angle
them. between them.

𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = 𝑃 ∙ 𝑄 ∙ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑃̅ × 𝑄̅ = 𝑃 ∙ 𝑄 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Scalar has no Direction Direction of Resultant vector is given by Right

hand screw rule
It Obeys commutative law of vector addition It does not obeys commutative law
𝑃̅ ∙ 𝑄̅ = 𝑄̅ ∙ 𝑃̅ 𝑃̅ × 𝑄̅ = 𝑄̅ × 𝑃̅

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 9
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Calculus
Differentiation:

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 10
 Mathematical Method PHYSICS

Rules of Differentiation

Integration:

Prathmesh Sir’s Notes | M.Tech Thermal Engineering, VJTI Mumbai University Page 11