Solutions & Colligative properties

^
 →
vapourpreo.su#

'

→ ✗
in
:& .

÷
:

=
: -
- -
- -

✗ → ✗
j evaporation ofxce ,
( vapour )
(e)

✗ condensation of ✗ ( y
✗
( vapour )
→
(e) ;

✗
(e)
¥ ✗
( vapour )

rate of condensation
rate of evaporation
=

at eq .

pressure
pressure
of a liquid is the
vapour
molecules the surface
exerted by vapour on

of eiauid at equilibrium .

of
( Pxcuapouy,)=
V. P ✗
Kp (e)
-

ear

9° =
-
RT lnkp
 ☐ Ho - TD so =
-
RT ln Kp

ftp.I/Ft-pYlnP---(rI)1=tds0-r
enkp
-

V P of ✗
Where P (e)
- .

standard
> °

DH° = enthalpy of vapourisation

T = Temp .

R = gas const .

entropy change of
D8 = standard
vapourisation > 0

DI
R

T
°

lnp slope
D
-

± →
,
 D= e- +0¥

✗ Temp .

V. p .

1- →

Ali AI
§
+
ln P =
-

a- R

IF
①
MP
-3¥ +
-

=
,

DH° ☐ so
②
lnpz
¥
+
-

= -
-

I a-

② -
①

F- :# ( ÷ ¥ )
h - Clausius
= →

Clapeyron
equation

* condensation surface
Evaporation and are

phenomenon but V -

P .

boiling are bulk

,

phenomenon .
 factorsaffecfingv.rs#
Temp
(1) Tempi → v. p ✗ .

(2) Natureoft-ntermolecularforce.SI
v. p .
✗ 1-
forces
strength of intermolecular

strength of I. M -
F- →

H bond > dipole force

dipole > London
-

↳ Intermolecular > Intramolecular

' →

E 0 -
nitro phenol > P nitro Phenol
-

Hzo < czHg0H

< ↳ Hs
O -

Cz Hs
↳ HJOH
-

OH
> CHz-
↳ 115011 > CHJOH ,
I
CH -

OH
CHI OH
I

Ctlz
-
OH

octane
Hzo > n -

¥
polar Nonpolar

czHg0H > CHZCOCHZ

strength of
F- Hzo >
I. M → Hg >
-

V. P <
.

→ Hg < Hzo < CzHs0H CHZCOCHZ

¥3T v. p . doesn't depend on amount of liquid ,

surface area size , shape ,

v01 .
of container .

¥÷ =_¥
-

CMZ → 40N
50nF → 10N
20

¥=2N_ ¥0 = 2N_

cñv.p.same"

760 Torr
PTo+a , =

760
(V
)µzot Poz
=
-

P .

760
355 t
Poz =

405 Torr
Poz =
case-2-LV.pl µzo
= 355 Torr

P , V1 =
Pzvz
Poz = 405×2

= 810 Torr

Ptota , = 355+810

= 1165 Torr

V;¥rofmi×tftwatie
ble

vapours of → vapours
of B
a

p¥ Pfs

mixing
✗

of
vapours B
→ A and
÷:
mix -
of A and
-

→
I. B

v -

p .
of A =
Pa V.p. of B =
PB
,
 PAL POA , PB < PI
P
solution
or
Ptota , =
Pat PB
this law , vapour Pressure
Raoult's law → According to
-

in solution at temp
of volatile component a a .

of its mole fraction present in solution

is product
its in pure state .

and vapour pressure

Pa =p ?n • ✗
A

PB =
ÑB -
✗
B

Pat PB
Ps
00
Ptota , =

Pf ✗ At ÑBXB
Ps =

✗ at ✗ B=l

Ps =
Pff ✗ At Pfg ( 1- ✗ a)
*
Pfg
•

Ps =
( PI -

PI ) ✗
at

*
Ps =
( PI -
P ;) ✗ Bt PI
 of pure A Pure B
Where p°A , pops → V.p. and

fraction of A and
mole
Xp ,
XB →

B in liauid state

Ps → v. p .
of soil
in Soir
of A and B
PA , PB → V.p.

and in
fraction of A B
If YA YB → mole
,

vapour phase
law of partial Pressure
Dalton's
→
to
then
according
YA Ps
PA
-

*
YA =
PI =
P°A×A_
Ps Pff ✗ At ÑBXB

PB_ P°B×B_
Ypg = =

Ps p°AXAtP°B✗B

✗ at ✗ = I
B

YA-Ps- + YB =\
p°A ÑB
*
1- = YA_ + YB_
Ps p°A P°B
-50111 Ps =
Pon ✗ at ÑBXB
.

550 =
Pf ✗
Ly t ÑBXIY
①
P°A P°B
-

2200
+3 =

560 =

(;
P ✗
F) +
( P°B×¥ )
②
ÑA Pfg 2800
-

1- U =

p°A= 400mm of Hg

600 of Hg
ÑB =
mm

Ps =
ÑAXA + P°BXB
1 =

(P°axt)t(P°B×¥ )
ÑA ①
1- 3 Pfg 4 -

=
 ②
( ii.
E)+40B¥ )
> I
-

P0n.Xn.tPfsXBtPEXc1-fP0aX2-o1t@Bx2_oJtf0-8XEl2P0n.t
Ps =

5.2
-
③
4.8
Pfg
=
2 = 10 -

atm
P ; = 1.9 atm , p°B= 0.7

A =
GHG ,
B =
↳ Hsc Has
ÑA = 753
, Pfz = 290

YA 3,00-0=0.3
=

Ya =
PI =
P°A×A_
Ps ( Pon .
-
P ;) ✗
at Pfg

03 =
75€
290
463 Xp #
in
✗ 0.1416 14 -16 mole :/ benzene

liq state
=
A -
 Pa __ ÑAXA PB= ÑBXB

¥
=Ñ
+
P =ÑB
B

✗
Xp → B=0 XB →

T
slope -_p°B
PB

XB=0
•

✗
5-1 ←
XB

• p°
PB A
Pat
PI )xatP§
=

Ps=( PI
g. -

p°B •
PA

✗ I
n .

✗ =\
B. ← Xp
✗
B=0
pure B pure A
 If B is more volatile than A
•

pqz
Ps Pff
pops >

p°A •

PB Pa
-
✗

✗
B=O XB= I

✗
p.FI ✗ n=0
Pure A pure B

pops •
Ps

PB
•
!
p

PA

Xp -0 ¥1
✗ =L ✗ B=0
B.
Pure A
Pure B
 volatile than B
If A is more →

p°a > ÑB

p°A •
Ps
•
P°B

PB Pa

✗ ✗ =L
B=0 B.

✗ =L XA=0
A

pure B
pure A

Homeworker
24
1313--2 18,21 22,23 ,
,

53
DT 48,52 ,

D5 67

6,7 9,10 , 11 12/14,17/191

JEE-ma 2
, , ,

21 ,
25,28 ,
33,37 , 43 , 48,52