EMSE Report
EMSE Report
EMSE Report
NAME OF STUDENTS
ROHAN BHAGAT (222040019)
UMESH MASKE (222040016)
ANUJ KADAM (222040018)
SHUBHAM AGROYA (222040017)
SAISH GURAV (222040020)
COURSE NAME
CIVIL ENGINEERING WITH SPECIALIZATION IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
INDEX:-
SR. PAGE
CONTENT
NO. NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4. GEOMETRICAL DESCRIPTION
5. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
6. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
9. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
10. CONCLUSION
EVALUATION REPORT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this experiment is to analyze the RCC beam
and steel plate for its free vibration characteristics under boundary
conditions (cantilever) and calculate natural frequencies for both sections.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4. GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTIONS
Concrete:
Dimension of Specimen = 150mm X 150mm x 700mm.
Steel:
Dimension of Specimen = 5mm X 40mm x 500mm.
5. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Required Data
Water-Cement Ratio
Effective water cement ratio for the design strength of 49.24mpa is not in
the below table. So, consider the minimum water cement ratio and that is
0.38.
For the slump of 35mm and 25mm maximum size of aggregate, water and
air contents are selected from the following table and they are
Water content = 180 kg/m3
Air content = 1.5%
Table 4- Water content and air content data related to aggregate size
Water content, kg/m3 of concrete for max size of
Slump/air aggregate
content
10mm 12.5mm 20mm 25mm 40mm 50mm 70mm 150mm
30-50mm 205 200 185 180 160 155 145 125
80-100mm 225 215 200 195 175 170 160 140
150-180mm 240 230 210 205 185 180 170 –
Air content % 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1 0.3 0.2
Cement Content
Fine Aggregate
6. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
After application of steel strain gauges main and shear reinforcement are
tied together using binding wire.
After 1 day of hardening, Specimens can be taken out of the mold. While
removing mold, utmost care must be taken to prevent edges chipping,
damage to specimens and breaking of strain gauge wires.
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7. TESTS ON SPECIMENS
The compressive strength of the concrete cube test provides an idea about
all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judges whether
Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength
for general construction varies from 15 MPa to 40 MPa and higher in
commercial and industrial structures.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as
water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality
control during the production of concrete, etc.
scale and is used to estimate the surface hardness and strength of the
concrete.
The rebound hammer test is a quick and simple method of assessing the
surface hardness and strength of concrete structures. The test is especially
useful for assessing the uniformity of concrete in a given structure.
However, it should be noted that the test provides only an estimate of the
surface hardness and strength of the concrete and cannot be used to
determine the properties of the concrete below the surface. The results of
the test should be interpreted with caution and should be verified by other
NDT techniques for a more comprehensive assessment of the concrete
structure.
The UPV test involves the use of two ultrasonic transducers that are placed
on opposite sides of the concrete surface. One transducer sends an
ultrasonic pulse through the concrete, while the other receives the pulse.
The time taken for the pulse to travel through the concrete is measured, and
the velocity of the pulse is calculated using the formula:
The distance between the two transducers is known, and the time taken for
the pulse to travel between them is measured using a timer or other
electronic device. The velocity of the ultrasonic pulse is influenced by the
density, homogeneity, and elasticity of the concrete. By measuring the
EVALUATION REPORT
velocity of the ultrasonic pulse, the UPV test can provide information about
the quality and integrity of the concrete structure.
The UPV test is a quick and simple method of assessing the quality and
integrity of concrete structures. It is commonly used for quality control and
assurance, maintenance, and repair of concrete structures. The results of
the test can be used to identify defects such as voids, cracks, and
delaminations in the concrete, and to monitor the progress of repairs or
maintenance work.
8. PRE-TEST ANALYSIS
EVALUATION REPORT
8.1 SDOF
Considering first the free vibration of the undamped system, Newton’s
equation is written for the mass m. The force m exerted by the mass on the
spring is equal and opposite to the force kx applied by the spring on the
mass:
m+ kx = 0
The solution of is
x = A sin ωt + B cos ωt
ωn = √ (k/m) rad/sec
The sinusoidal oscillation of the mass repeats continuously, and the time
interval to complete one cycle is the period: T
T = 2Π / ωn
fn = 1/T
fck = 40 N/mm2
ωn = √ (k/m) rad/sec
Where,
Therefore,
ωn = 785.732 rad/sec
fn = ωn / 2Π = 125.053 Hz
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8.2 MDOF
M x'' + C x' + K x = 0
x=Φq
Substituting this expression for x into the equation of motion and simplifying,
we get:
M Φ q'' + C Φ q' + K Φ q = 0
Φᵀ M Φ q'' + Φᵀ C Φ q' + Φᵀ K Φ q = 0
C* = Φᵀ C Φ and K* = Φᵀ K Φ
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Φᵀ M Φ q'' + C* q' + K* q = 0
Where A_i is the amplitude of vibration, ω_i is the natural frequency of the
ith mode, and ϕ_i is the phase angle.
The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system can be obtained by
solving the eigenvalue problem:
K* Φ = ω² M Φ
Matlab Program for solving a simple system is developed for finding the
natural frequency of the mentioned cantilever system below.
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close all
clear all
clc
%______________________________________________________________
____________
% Determine System Matrices/Determine Force
%______________________________________________________________
____________
%%%%-GIVEN VALUES-%%%%
E=31622.77*10^6; L=0.175; %E(N/m2), L(m.)
inertia = 0.00004218; %Second Moment of Inertia (m^4)
EI = E*inertia; %Beam stiffness
nodes =[0:L:4*L]; %Coordinates of nodes
debc=[1,2]; %Dofs are eliminated at supports
m_bar = 54; %Mass per unit length (kg/m)
dof = 2*length(nodes); %Total No. dofs
K= zeros(dof);
M= zeros(dof);
%%%Generate equations for each element and assemble them.
for i=1:4
lm=[2*(i-1)+1,2*(i-1)+2,2*(i-1)+3,2*(i-1)+4];
ke = BeamElement(EI, nodes([i:i+1]));
K(lm, lm) = K(lm, lm) + ke;
end
%%%Generate mass matrix for each element and assemble them.
for i=1:4
lm=[2*(i-1)+1,2*(i-1)+2,2*(i-1)+3,2*(i-1)+4];
m=BeamConsMass(m_bar, nodes([i:i+1]));
M(lm, lm) = M(lm, lm) + m;
end
K;
M;
%%%Define the load vector
F = zeros(dof,1); F(5) = 10000; %Applied force at specific dofs
%%%System Matrices
[Kf, Mf, Rf] = System(K, M, F, [1,2]);
Kf
Mf
Rf
%______________________________________________________________
_______
% Solve the eigenvalue problem and normalized eigenvectors
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%______________________________________________________________
_______
%%%Solve for eigenvalues (D) and eigenvectors (a)
[a, D] = eig(Kf, Mf);
[omegas,ii] = sort(sqrt(diag(D))) %Natural Frequencies
omegas
a = a(:,ii) %Mode Shapes
T = 2*pi./omegas; %Natural Periods
f = 1./T %Natural Frequency (cps)
save ('temp0.mat', 'Mf', 'Kf' ,'Rf');
function ke = BeamElement(EI, coord)
% ke = BeamElement(EI, w, coord)
% Generates equations for a beam element
% EI = beam stiffness
% coord = coordinates at the element ends
L=coord(2)-coord(1);
ke = [(12*EI)/L^3, (6*EI)/L^2, -((12*EI)/L^3), (6*EI)/L^2;
(6*EI)/L^2, (4*EI)/L, -((6*EI)/L^2), (2*EI)/L;
-((12*EI)/L^3), -((6*EI)/L^2), (12*EI)/L^3, -((6*EI)/L^2);
(6*EI)/L^2, (2*EI)/L, -((6*EI)/L^2), (4*EI)/L];
end
function m = BeamConsMass(m_bar, coord)
% BeamConsMass(m_bar, nodes(con,:))
% Generates mass matrix for a beam element
% m = Mass per unit length (kg/m)
% L = length
% coord = coordinates at the element ends
L=coord(2)-coord(1);
m = m_bar*L/420*[156 22*L 54 -13*L;
22*L 4*L^2 13*L -3*L^2;
54 13*L 156 -22*L;
-13*L -3*L^2 -22*L 4*L^2];
end
function [Kf, Mf, Rf] = System(K, M, R, debc)
%%% Computes System Matrix
%%% K = global stiffness matrix
%%% M = global mass matrix
%%% R = global right hand side vector
%%% debc = list of degrees of freedom to delete rows and columns
dof = length(R);
df = setdiff(1:dof, debc);
Kf = K(df, df);
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Mf = M(df, df);
Rf = R(df);
end
One End Fixed and the Other End Free (Cantilever Beam)
At the fixed end (x ¼ 0) of the cantilever beam, the deflection and the slope
must be zero, and at the free end (x ¼ L) the bending moment and the
shear force must be zero. Hence the boundary conditions for this beam are
as follows.
At x = 0,
At x = L,
These boundary conditions when substituted into the shape equation lead to
the frequency equation.
Where,
The first five natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes for
cantilever beams are presented in Table
EVALUATION REPORT
9. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1 44
2 45
3 43
1 43.8
2 42.22
3 45.73
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a.Concrete
b.Steel
EVALUATION REPORT
For Steel:
10. CONCLUSION