A Thesis on

Seismic Behaviour of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on

RC Building
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree
Of

Master of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
With Specialization In
Structural Engineering
By
Md. Faisal Zia
(Roll No-1800102644)
Under the guidance of
Rajiv Banerjee
(Associate Professor)

Department of Civil Engineering

Integral University, Lucknow-226026, (U.P.)

2020

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria on the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowned my effort with success.

I would like take this opportunity to express heard felt gratitude for my dissertation guide
Mr. Rajiv Banerjee for his guidance, who provide me with valuable inputs at each and
every moment and also at critical stages of this dissertation.

I would like to thank our H.O.D Prof. Syed Aqeel Ahmad for his guidance and
motivation to complete my project.

I would also like to thank the whole Civil Engineering Department, Integral University,
Lucknow, for providing proper environment and encouragement for carrying out the
project.

DATE: SEPT 13, 2020 MD FAISAL ZIA

(Enrollment No- 1800102644)

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………..i
DECLARATION ……………………………………………………………………...ii
CERTIFICATE ………………………………………………………..………………iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………..iv
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………………………..v
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General……………………………………………………………..….….1
1.2 Types of Irregularities………………………………………………….....1
1.3 Plan Irregularity…………………………………………………………..1
1.4 Vertical Irregularity………………………………………………………3
1.5 Seismic Terminology…………………………………………………….5
1.6 Types of Analysis………………………………………………………..6
1.6.1 Dynamic Analysis……………………………………………………..6
1.6.2 Static Analysis…………………………………………………………7
1.7 Objective of Study……………………………………………………….7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General…………………………………………………………………..8
2.2 Review of previous work………………………………………………..8
2.3 conclusion and research gap of literature review……………………….16
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Basic Procedure…………………………………………………………17
3.2 Codal Provision…………………………………………………………17
3.3 Load Combination………………………………………………………18
3.4 Software Used………………………………………………………......18
3.5 Methodology Flow Chart………………………………………………19
CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1 Building Description…………………………………………………..20
4.2 Description of Models………………………………………………………..21
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 4.3 Step by Step Experimental Procedures………………………………………22
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Analysis Results…………………………..…………………………………37
5.2 Results in Tabular Form…………..…………………………………………47
5.3 Results in Graphs………..………………………………………………......53
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..…61
REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………….62
LIST OF PUBLICATION…………………………………………………………….65

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. 1: Max. story displacement (mm) in zone IV……………………………….47

Table No. 2: Max. story drift in zone IV……………………………………………….48

Table No. 3: Overturning moment in zone IV………...……………………………….49

Table No. 4: Max. story displacement (mm) in zone IV……………………………….50

Table No. 5: Max. story drift in zone V…………………….………………………….51

Table No. 6: Overturning moments in zone IV…………….………………………….51

Table No. 7: Base shear………………………………………………………………..52

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1 Torsional irregularities…………………………………………………………….02

Fig 2 Re-entrant corner…………………………………………………………………..02

Fig 3 Diaphragm discontinuity…………………………………………………………..02

Fig 4 Out of plane offsets in vertical elements…………………………………………..03

Fig 5 Non parallel lateral forces system…………………………………………………03

Fig 6 Stiffness irregularity………………………………………………………………04

Fig 7 Mass irregularity………………………………………………………………….04

Fig 8 Vertical geometric irregularity……………………………………………………04

Fig 9 Floating column…………………………………………………………………...05

Fig 10 Model R (plane)………………………………………………………………….22

Fig 11 Model R (3d)……………………………………………………………………..22

Fig 12 Model D1 (plane)………………………………………………………………...23

Fig 13 Model D1 (3d)……………………………………………………………..……..23

Fig 14 Model D2 (plane)…………………………………………………………….…..24

Fig 15 Model D2 (3d)…………………………………………………………….……..24

Fig 16 Model D3 (plane)………………………………………………………………...25

Fig 17 Model D3 (3d)…………………………………………………………………....25

Fig 18 Model R1 (plane)………………………………………………………………....26

Fig 19 Model R1 (3d)……………………………………………………………….........26

Fig 20 Model R2 (plane)………………………………………………………………….27

Fig 21 Model R2 (3d)……………………………………………………………………..27

Fig 22 Model R3 (plane)……………………………………………………………….....28

Fig 23 Model R3 (3d)…………………………………………………………………......28

Fig 24 Model DR1 (plane)………………………………………………………..……....29

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Fig 25 Model DR1 (3d)……………………………………………………………….......29

Fig 26 Model DR2 (plane)…………………………………………………………..…...30

Fig 27 Model DR2 (3d)………………………………………………………………......30

Fig 28 Model DR3 (plane)…………………………………………………………..…...31

Fig 29 Model DR3 (3d)…………………………………………………………………..31

Fig 30 Defining material properties………………………………………………………32

Fig 31 Defining section properties………………………………………………………..32

Fig 32 Assigning loads……………………………………………………………………33

Fig 33 Defining load combination………………………………………………………..33

Fig 34 Defining function……………………………………………………………...….34

Fig 35 Defining response spectrum………………………………………………..……..34

Fig 36 Defining Load cases…………………………………………………………..…..35

Fig 37 Defining modal cases…………………………………………………………..…35

Fig 38 Define mass source………………………………………………………..……...36

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 LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph No. 1: Max. story displacement in zone IV……………………………………53

Graph No. 2: Max. story drift in zone IV………..……………………………………53

Graph No. 3: Overturning moment in zone IV…………………………….….………54

Graph No. 4: Max. story displacement in zone V….…………………………………54

Graph No. 5: Max. story drift in zone V…………...…………………………………55

Graph No. 6: Overturning moment in zone V……..………………………………….55

Graph No. 7: Base shear………………………..……………….…………………….56

Graph No. 8: Max. story displacement in zone IV……………………………………57

Graph No. 9: Max. story drift in zone IV………..……………………………………57

Graph No. 10: Overturning moment in zone IV…………………………….….……..58

Graph No. 11: Max. story displacement in zone V….……………………………….58

Graph No. 12: Max. story drift in zone V…………...………………………………..59

Graph No. 13: Overturning moment in zone V……..………………………………..59

Graph No. 14: Base shear………………………..……………….…………………..60

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 ABSTRACT

“Seismic Behaviour of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on RC

Building”
The most important cause of damage of RC buildings during earthquake is the irregular
building configuration. An RC building which are unsymmetrical and has lack of
continuity in geometry, mass or load resisting elements is called as irregular buildings.
This obstructs the flow of inertia forces and cause lots of damage to buildings. There are
many studies carried out irregular buildings in seismic zones, but still more research is
needed in this field. Therefore, this study is about the seismic response of reinforced
concrete structures having combination of two plan irregularities, re-entrant corner and
diaphragm discontinuity buildings. Study is performed combining this two plan irregularity
criteria and analyzing the results in seismic zone 4 and 5. For this 1 is regular building, 3
re-entrant corner buildings with three variations in A/L ratio, three buildings with opening
in diaphragm with three varying percentage of opening. 9 structures are made combining
these buildings with the combination of two irregularities. Structures are analyzed in etas
software by response spectrum analysis. Parameters such as story displacement, story drift,
base shear, overturning moments are determined and compared with regular buildings.

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
When horizontal forces act at the base of the structure an inertia force are generated.
These inertia forces are directly proportional to mass of the building. These inertia forces
develop at the floor level as most of the building mass is present at the floor level. These
inertia forces are transferred to the walls or the columns by slabs and then to the foundation
which disperses them safely to ground. The flow of inertia force should be smooth and
continuous through the building. As inertia forces accumulate downwards from the top of
the building, the lower story experience higher forces than upper story. Therefore, the
lower story should be designed stronger than the upper. The buildings having
unsymmetrical geometrical configuration and discontinuity in diaphragm are more
unstable in seismic affect than regular one.

1.2 TYPES OF IREGULARITIES

As per IS 1893-part 1 irregularity in a building can be classified as: -
· Plan irregularity
· Vertical irregularity

1.3 PLAN IRREGULARITY

can be further classified as: -
· Torsional Irregularity:- a building is said to be torsional irregular, when floor in the
direction of lateral force at one end of the floor is more than 1.5 times its minimum
horizontal displacement at the far end of the same floor in that direction and the
natural period corresponding to the fundamental torsion mode of oscillation is more
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 than those of the first two translational modes of oscillation along each principle
plan direction.

Fig. 1 Torsional Irregularity

· Re-entrant corners: - A building is said to have a re-entrant corner in any plan
direction, when its structural configuration in plan has projection of size greater
than 15 percent of its overall plan dimension in that direction.in buildings with re-
entrant corners, three-dimensional dynamic analysis method shall be adopted.

Fig. 2 Re-entrant corner

· Floor slabs having excessive cut-outs or openings: - A building is said to have
discontinuity in their in-plane stiffness, when floor slabs have cut-outs or openings
of area more than 50 percent of the full area of the floor slab.

Fig. 3 Diaphragm discontinuity

· Out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements resisting lateral loads cause discontinuity
and detours in the load path, which is known to be detrimental to the earthquake
safety of the building. A building is said to have out of plane offset in vertical
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 elements, when structural walls or frames are moved out of plane in any story along
the height of the building.

Fig. 4 Out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements

· Non parallel lateral force system: - building undergo complex earthquake behaviour
and hence damage, when they do not have lateral force resisting system oriented
along two plane directions that are orthogonal to each other. A building is said to
have non-parallel system when the vertically oriented structural system resisting
lateral forces are not oriented along the two principle orthogonal axes in plan.

Fig. 5 Non parallel lateral force system

1.4 VERTICAL IRREGULARITY

Can be classified as: -
· Stiffness irregularity (soft story): a soft story is that story whose lateral stiffness is
less than that of story above.

3
 Fig. 6 Stiffness Irregularity
· Mass irregularity: mass irregularity shall be considered to exist, when the seismic
weight of any floor is more than 150% of that of the floor below. In a building with
mass irregularity and located in seismic zone III, IV and V, the earthquake shall be
estimated by dynamic analysis.

Fig. 7 Mass Irregularity

· Vertical geometric irregularity: vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered
to exist, when the horizontal dimension of the lateral force resisting system in any
story is more than 125% of story below.

Fig. 8 Vertical Geometric Irregularity

· Floating columns: such columns are likely to concentrated damage to structure.
This feature is undesirable and hence should be prohibited, if it is the part of or
supporting the primary lateral load resisting system.
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 Fig. 9 Floating Columns

1.5 SEISMIC TERMINOLOGY

· Base Shear: It is an estimate of the max. expected lateral force that will occur due
to seismic ground motion at the base of structure. It is represented by V
VB = Ah * W (refer IS 1893 PART 1 2016)
Where, Ah = {(Z/2) * (Sa/g)}/(R/I)

· Story Displacement: It is the total displacement of ith story with respect to ground.
Displacement estimates can be obtained by dynamic analysis method.
· Story Drift: The word “Drift” can be defined as the lateral displacement of the
structure; Storey drift is the slower and small movement of one level of a multilevel
building relative to the level below. Inner storey drift is the difference between the
floor and roof displacements of any given story as the building sways during the
earthquake, marked by the story height, more is the storey drift will cause more
damages to the structures, its value should not be beyond the limit 0.004h, where
(h) is height of the building.
· Overturning Moment: An overturning moment is quit literally the force that is
attempting to overturn an object. These are the applied moments, shears, and uplift
forces that seek to cause the footing to become unstable and turn over.

1.6 TYPES OF ANALYSIS

1.6.1 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
· Response spectrum analysis
· Time history analysis
5
1.6.2 STATIC ANALYSIS

· Static linear analysis.

· Static nonlinear analysis.

1.7 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Dynamic analysis is an analysis of the structure subjected to dynamic loads. Loads such as
wind load earthquake load, traffic, blasts, comes under dynamic loading. Inertia forces are
developed in a structure when the dynamic loading is subjected to it. Response of a
structure can be analyzed by dynamic analysis if load varies rapidly with respect to time.

1.7.1 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

It is a linear but dynamic analysis in which peak response of a structure subjected to

earthquake loading is analyzed or in other word response spectrum analysis (RSA) is a
linear-dynamic statistical analysis way which measures the contribution from each natural
mode of vibration to indicate the expected maximum seismic response of a necessary
elastic structure.

1.7.3 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

Is step wise analysis of the dynamic response of a RC structure to a particular loading that
may changes with changes of time And the time history analysis is used to determine the
seismic response of a building under dynamic loading of representative earthquake is a
nonlinear dynamic analysis which is used to analyze structure when the response is
nonlinear. From the Time history analysis, we can know the dynamic response of structure
for a specific loading that may changes with time.

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1.8 STATIC ANALYSIS

A static structural analysis determines the stresses, displacements, strains, and forces in
structures or components caused by loads that do not induce significant inertia and
damping effects, static analysis is are those analysis which are on rest. I have did only
seismic analysis for grid and flat slab, further work will be done latter.

1.9 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

To study the seismic behaviour of combination of intermittent diaphragm and Re-entrant
corners in RC building under seismic zones IV and V considering the parameters like
displacement, drift, base shear, overturning moment.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
As per the increasing demand of modern architecture irregularity in buildings have also
increased rapidly. This resulted more instability of the structure. Many research works
have been carried out on irregular structure of buildings. Static analysis method and
dynamic analysis method both plays a key role in the analysis of structure however
research shows that dynamic analysis of structure in seismic zone gives more acute results.

2.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

Dr. S.K. Dubey, P.D. Sangamnerkar (2011) [1]: this paper is concerned with the study of
torsional response due to plan a vertical irregularity of building. For this he analysed T-
shape building with seismic force acting and additional shear due to torsion in column. He
concluded that three-dimensional analysis of building by using general analysis computer
programme can only take care of eccentricity ‘e’, but can’t give magnitude of eccentricity.
This is because there is no any direct method to obtain centre of rigidity or shear centre for
each story in a building.
Anantwad Shiris, Rohit Nikam (2012) [2]: This paper aims at studying description of
different plan irregularities by analytical method during seismic events. Analyses have
been done to estimate the seismic performance of high-rise buildings and the effects of
structural irregularities in stiffness, strength, mass and combination of these factors are to
be going to be considered. T-section and Oval Shape plan geometry. These irregular plans
were modelled in ETABS 9.7v considering 35 and 39 storied buildings, to determine the
effect of the plan geometric form on the seismic behavior of structures with elastic

8
analyses. Also, effects of the gust factor are considering in T-shape and Oval Shape plans.
In structural configuration shear wall positions located are located in the form of core and
columns are considered as gravity as well as lateral columns. He concluded that the dual
system offered more economic construction along with the iconic architectural image.
Rakesh Sakale, R K Arora and Jitendra Chouhan (2014) [3]: this paper is the study of
seismic behaviour of horizontally irregular buildings with regular building. L-shape, T-
shape, C-shape and regular shape buildings of equal height are taken and lateral
displacement and story drift are derived after analysis. Results were compared and studied.
Analysis is performed in staad pro. For seismic zone II, III, IV, and V. Results were such
that from drift point of view for zone II TO IV all frames are within permissible limit and
there is no need to provide shear wall. Only with the building with plan C exceeds the
permissible limit and may require shear wall. For displacement point of view, all buildings
are withing permissible limit only for zone II. In zone III and above regular plan building
slightly exceeds the permissible limit but other requires shear wall to control the limit.
Komal R. Bele1, S. B. Borghate (2015) [4]: This paper is focused on buildings with large
projections of Re-entrant corners results in torsion. He took four models one regular and
other 3 with varying projections. The conclusion of this paper was base shear decreases
from Model R to` L5 (decreases with increase in projection). He also concluded that as
projection of increases there are more coupling of modes. Result obtained shows that
forces in column (common in all building) shows that the variation of P much higher with
increase in projection.
Babita Elizabath baby and shreeja s (2015) [5]: this paper is on the study of slab
discontinuity at different position that is at the centre, at corners, and at periphery.
Pushover analysis are performed in etabs software. Results were that the axial forces,
bending moment and story drift are more effectively resisted by the model having slab
opening in periphery. So, the opening is more effective to be located at periphery.
Md. Mahmud sazzad, Md. Samdani azad (2015) [6]: he conducted numerical study on
the response of different shapes of building on various wind and earthquake zones. So for
this he took three different shapes of the building subjected to lateral forces wind load and
earthquake load and comparison of the results are presented in the paper. Computer aided
analysis are performed for all structures. He concluded that L-shape building shows max.
displacement due to earthquake along y direction. This is due to the distribution of seismic

9
force depends upon stiffness. Story drift is max. along y- direction for earthquake and in x-
direction for wind load.
Atul Patane, Sachin Kadam (2015) [7]: he studied the seismic behaviour of plan irregular
building configuration plan with regular model. He analysed G+9 story building in sap
2000 by response spectrum method. He concluded that a regular general configuration
building is more stable in seismic effect than an unsymmetrical irregular building.

Milind V. Mohod (2015) [8]: this paper presents effects of plan and shape configuration
on irregular shaped structures. For he took regular building plan, H shape plan, L shape
plan, plus shape, E shape building shape, C shape and two of varying percentage of
diaphragm plan for analysis. Buildings were designed in Staad pro software having G+ 11
floors. His results were in the form of drift and displacement. He concluded that re- entrant
corner buildings show more displacement than diaphragm discontinuity irregular buildings.
Drift is within permissible limit but L and C shows maximum drift.

Shiva kumar hallale and H sharada bai (2016) [9]: this study is one three building, one
regular and another two with re-entrant corner building plan. Response spectrum method is
used for analyzing in etabs. Parameters such as eccentricity, maximum displacement and
drift, base shear, max. story acceleration, time period, member force in beam and column.
Results obtained were eccentricity, max displacements, max story, drift increases in both
direction x and y with the increase in plan irregularities.

Kazi Muhammed mustaqeem and md mansoor ahmad (2016) [10]: this paper consists
two types of configuration, one with opening in slabs and other re-entrant corner structure
having varying percentage of irregularities. Analysis was performed for static analysis,
dynamic analysis and push over analysis and parameters were displacement, drift, base
shear and time period. The results were such that the magnitude of displacement is more in
static method. Response spectrum showed more accurate results and can be better
considered for seismic activity. Pushover analysis gives higher value as it is analyzed for
extreme. More percentage of re-entrant corner max drift. Base shear is max. for regular
model less for re-entrant models. As base shear of the building increases, more seismic
forces will be attracted by the member.

Subodh.S.Patil, Shrinivas.R.Survanshi (2016) [11]: seismic response of regular multi-

storey building with asymmetrical plan is checked and compared with regular multi-storey
10
building. A building with g+20 and g+22 building having plan asymmetry is modelled and
analysed in finite element analysis stadd pro v8i. shear wall is provided at re-entrant corner
in the buildings. Results of this paper as increase in height of L-shape building directly
increase in relative displacement & stress at re-entrant corners. Increase in height of T-
shape building directly increase in relative displacement and stress will be developed at re-
entrant corner. T-shape building with shear wall and without shear wall after analysis
shows uniform stress developed at re-entrant corners. In T- shape building re-entrant
corners did not fail because of stresses carried by the shear wall. But without shear wall it
will fail.

P.S. Anil Kumar and Vinayak Vijapur (2016) [12]: he studied about seismic response of
re-entrant corners buildings in different soil strata. He took C, H, L and T shape building
with equal plan area and analysed them in different soil at seismic zone IV using dynamic
analysis. The results were obtained in terms of base shear, story displacement, story drift
and compared with the results of regular model having equal area of plan. He observed that
building with re-entrant corner are more prone to seismic damage and are responsive to
earthquake corresponding to time period of lower order. Therefore, a regular building is
more stable than re-entrant corner building configuration.

Vishwajit. V. Karkhanis & Dr. Y. M. Ghugal (2016) [13]: this paper is concerned with
performance of a building with plan irregularity in seismic effect by two method of
analysis, standard pushover analysis and modal pushover analysis. A G+6 story building
with configuration in plan as L- shaped, C-shaped, T-shaped and regular model are
generated n etabs software. Plan of area and loads are kept constant for all models.
Parameters such as pushover curves and performance curve are obtained. He concluded
that modal pushover analysis of seismic demand for an intense ground motion are accurate
for irregular buildings to similar degree for regular building.

Momen M. M. Ahmed, Shehata E. Abdel Raheem, Mohamed M. Ahmed and Aly G.

A. Abdel-Shafy (2016) [14]: The objective of this study is to study the seismic behavior of
the buildings with irregular plan of L-shape floor plan through the evaluation of the
configuration irregularity of re-entrant corners effects on measured seismic response
demands. The measured responses include inter-story drift; story shear force; overturning
moment; torsion moment at the base and along the building height; top floor displacement;

11
and torsional Irregularity Ratio. Three-dimensional finite element model of nine stories
moment resisting frame buildings as reference model is developed; six L-shaped models
are formulated with gradual reduction in the plan of the reference model. The models are
analyzed with ETABS using Equivalent Static Load (ESL) and Response Spectrum (RS)
Methods. The results prove that buildings with severe irregularity are more vulnerable than
those with regular configuration resulting from torsion behavior, and the additional shear
force produced in the perpendicular direction to the earthquake input. Also, in the Codal
empirical equation for the calculation of fundamental period of vibration could not grasp
significant higher vibration modes such as torsional vibration of irregular buildings that
could significantly affect seismic demands.

Mohaiminul Haque, Sourav Ray (2016) [15]: The objective of his study is to carry out
static and dynamic analysis i.e. equivalent static analysis, response spectrum analysis and
time history analysis over different regular and irregular shaped RCC building frame
considering the equal span of each frame as per Bangladesh National Building Code- 2006.
In this study, four different shaped (W-shape, L-shape, Rectangle, Square) ten storied RCC
building frames are analyzed using ETABS v9.7.1 and SAP 2000 v14.0.0 for seismic zone
3. Comparative study on the maximum displacement of different shaped buildings due to
static loading and dynamic response spectrum has been explored. From the analyzed
results it has been found that, for static load analysis, effects of earthquake force
approximately same to all models except model-1(W-shape). W-shape has been found
most vulnerable for earthquake load case. It is also found from the response spectrum
analysis that the displacements for irregular shaped building frames are more than that of
regular shaped building. The overall performance of regular structures is found better than
irregular structures.

Reena sahu and Ravi dwivedi (2017) [16]: this paper is the study of diaphragm
discontinuity taking 5 structures. One as regular and other 4 as the increasing percentage in
slab opening 0%, 4%, 16%, 24%, 36%. Response spectrum analysis using staad pro. is
done. Parameters like base shear, bending moment, story drift, shear force are obtained.
Results shows that the increase in opening percentages, increases the story drift. 24%
opening have less value of maximum shear force as compared to 16% opening.

12
Lohith kumar B C and Babu abera areda (2017) [17]: this paper focuses on the study of
plan configurations of structure having re-entrant corner and torsional irregularities for
10,15, 20 story as per I.S 1893 part 1 2002. Analysis was performed on etabs software and
results were formed in terms of torsional moment, fundamental time period and base shear
and compared. Results for re-entrant corner structures were such that parameters increase
with the height of the building. Fundamental time period is high in lower story and less in
higher. Results for torsion irregularity: - as the height of the building increases
fundamental parameters such as torsional moments, fundamental period and base shear
increases. He also found that there is a linear variation of base shear from 10 to 20 story for
all seismic zones and soil types.

Akash Panchal (2017) [18]: in this paper, a multi-storey building with 6 story RCC
framed structure has been designed and analysed using software STAAD. PRO. The
building is designed as per IS 1893 (part 1) 2002 in different seismic zones. Variation in
percentage of steel, maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, and maximum
deflection are studied. All the parameters show increase as from zone II to V

Arya V Manmathan, Aiswarya S, Aiswarya S (2017) [19]: this paper focus on seismic
response of different position of slab openings such as in centre, corner, and periphery of
the building. Response spectrum analysis were performed in etabs software for all
structures. He observed that story drift of slab opening in centre is reduced to 53.02%
when compared to corner and 64.13% to periphery position. Similarly, base shear of the
building with slab opening at centre is 46.44% compared to corner and 57.3% compared to
periphery position. Therefore, slab opening at centre is more effective in resisting lateral
forces, hence more stable. As the slab opening increases base shear also increases.

Dona Meriya Chacko, Akhil Eliyas (2017) [20]: this paper is a study of various shapes or
varying percentage of diaphragm opening at the positions such as centre, corner, and at the
periphery of the building. Along with it building taken are with base isolation technique
and one with fixed based having G+4 story. Response spectrum analysis is carried out and
parameters for seismic design such base shear, story displacement, time period, and story
drift are calculated and results are interpolated in tables and graphs. Results obtained for
base isolation building show increase in story displacement and time period and decrease
of base shear and story drift as compared with fixed base building.
13
Oman Sayyed, Suresh Singh Kushwah, Aruna Rawat (2017) [21]: In this paper, the
focus is made on the performance & behavior of regular & vertical irregular G+10
reinforced concrete (RC) buildings under seismic loading. Total nine building models
having irregularity due to partial infill and mass irregularity are modeled & analyzed.
Response spectrum analysis (RSA) is carried out for these building models for seismic
zone V and medium soil strata as per IS 1893:2002 (part I). Seismic responses like Storey
displacement, Storey drift, overturning moment, Storey shear force, Storey stiffness are
obtained. By using these responses comparison is made between the regular and irregular
building models. This study focuses on the effect of infill and mass irregularity on different
floor in RC buildings. The results conclude that the brick infill enhances the seismic
performance of the RC buildings and poor seismic responses are shown by the mass
irregular building, therefore it should be avoided in the seismic vulnerable regions.
Reshma K Bagawan and M Q Patel (2018) [22]: this paper focus on the study of seismic
effect of the building with diaphragm discontinuity- stiffeness irregularity and mass
irregularity are considered in slab. Analysis of building were performed by response
spectrum method and time history method. Parametrs such as modal period, story shear,
story displacement and forces in columns were found. The results were plotted and
compared with regular building.he concluded that discontinuity in diaphragm shows more
deflection, more story drift and story displacement as compared to regular model. Shear
force and time period shows greater results than irregular building. Hence irregular
building are more vulnerable to lateral forces.
Akshay Nagpure, S. S. Sanghai (2018) [23]: In this paper, RCC framed building
structures have been analyzed using ETABS software by linear time history analysis by
changing flexibility of the floors and simultaneously when plan irregularities are provided.
He took four plans- opening at the center, opening at the corners, opening at the horizontal
faces, opening at the vertical faces. Time history record of El Centro Earthquake has been
provided to the software. Responses of all those structures has been plotted and discussed.
An attempt is made in this paper to compare the responses of the structures when floor
diaphragm flexibility is changed and simultaneously plan irregularities are provided. He
concluded that floor Diaphragm Flexibility affects Base Shear of the Building, Column
Forces, Beam Forces but doesn’t show considerable difference in Time Period and Storey
Drift.

14
Shaik Muneer Hussain, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tengli (2018) [24]: this project focuses on
torsional effects of irregular building under seismic loads. He worked for understanding
the torsional behavior of asymmetric building by modelling and analyzing a 14-story
building using response spectrum method in etabs. For this a regular building model and
irregular building models have been analyzed. Parameters such as max. story drift,
displacement, time period and modes of frequencies are determined. Results showed that
there is an increase in shear force in columns especially in irregular structures due to
torsion. Irregular building shows increase in story drift and displacement.
Siva Naveen E, Nimmi mariam abraham, Anitha kumari (2019) [25]: this includes the
study of seismic response of series of irregular structures. There are 34 building with single
irregularity and 20 building plans with the combination of more than one irregularity as per
IS1893. Buildings having mass irregularity, stiffness irregularity, re-entrant corner,
torsional irregularity, vertical irregularity were taken. All structures are modelled and
designed in etabs. Results showed that it is not always necessary that irregularity will make
structure more stable than regular building in response to lateral force. For single
irregularity its shows an increase in response to lateral force. Vertical irregular building has
max. displacement whereas the combination of plane irregularity and vertical irregularity
shows less max. displacement.
Sanjay Naik, Thushar S Shetty (2019) [26]: The research paper involves the modeling
and analysis of G+10 storied building of Regular shape plan, L- shape plan and C shape
plan structure using ETABS 2016 software. The parameters such as displacement, drift,
shear and overturning moment are compared and it was found that Rectangular shape is the
best suited and L shape structure is the least desired shape for construction in seismic zone.
Aradhya B M S, Dr. B Shivakumara Swamy (2019) [27]: This project aims for the study
of performance of a Reinforced concrete frame building (G+13) with soft Storey and with
bare frame and also with masonry wall infill. Linear dynamic analysis (response spectrum
analysis) is done using the software SAP2000 as per IS 1893-2002 (part 1). She concluded
that Models having bare frame shows the maximum value of displacement in Both X and
Y direction and under both Earthquake zones II and V compare to all other models because
of less lateral stiffness of the Storey. The displacement value is considerably reduced in the
models with masonry wall infill in both X and Y direction under seismic forces at both
Earthquake zones II and V. from this we can conclude that we should prefer masonry wall
infill instead of bare frame structures under higher seismic zones.
15
S K Shanawaz, S. Amaresh Babu (2019) [28]: He studied the effect of combined plan,
vertical and mass irregularity on torsional performance of high raised buildings. For this he
took asymmetrical buildings of 12 storeys, 15 storeys and 18 storeys with same columns
sizes subjected to gravity loads and seismic loads are analyzed using non-linear dynamic
analysis. The structure is evaluated in accordance with IS 456-2000 and seismic code IS:
1893-2002 using non-linear time history method with the help of ETABS. He concluded
that Torsion percentage in asymmetrical buildings is significantly decreased by minimizing
the stiffness eccentricity. Thereby a maximum decrease in torsion is 90% for 18 Storey
building with openings. And maximum decrease in joint rotation is 86% for 18 Storey
building with openings.

2.3 CONCLUSION
INFLUENCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH GAP
Research works has been done for various plan irregularities and vertical irregularities.
Conclusion can be made after review of above literatures that unsymmetrical building
shows more instability than regular one. The various parameters such as displacements,
story drift, overturning moment shows large variations from regular building to plan
irregular building and then to vertical irregular building. Shear wall provided is of great
help in order to maintain the structural stability of the structure. Base isolation and seismic
dampers can also be applied in or to reduce base shear, lateral displacement, story drift.
But still much work on the combination of more than one irregularity in a structure has not
been done. Studies are performed for single irregularity and very less work for
combination of more than one irregularity.

16
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 BASIC PROCEDURE

We have to find the effect of re-entrant corner and opening slab on a building’s response to
seismic forces. So, in order to do these 10 building models are taken. 1 regular building, 3
re-entrant corner building with varying percentage of re-entrant corner, 3 building with
varying percentage of opening in diaphragm, and 3 building models with combination of
re-entrant corner and opening in slab with varying percentage. All these structures are
planned and designed in etabs for zone IV and V. Analysis are performed based on
response spectrum method and results such as base shear, max. story displacement, max,
drift, overturning moments are plotted in form of tables. These values in table are further
briefed in the form of graphs. These graphs are studied and conclusion based on these
experimental results conclusions are made.

3.2 CODAL PROVISION

In design and analysis of the models the codes which has been used in experimental work
can be listed below: -
1. IS 1893 PART 1 2016: - This is a general provision building code for earthquake
design of the structure. Altogether it has five parts, part 2 is for liquid retaining
tanks, part 3 bridge, part 4 industrial structures including stacks and part 5 for dams
and embankments.
2. IS 875 part 1: 1987: - This code is a code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures. This is only for dead loads on the
structures with includes unit weight of building materials and stored materials.
17
 3. IS 875 part 2: 1987: - This code is also for design loads other than earthquake
loads. This includes only live load acting on the structure.
4. IS 456: This code is used for the general design of RC building structures.
5. IS 13920 2016: Ductile detailing and design code.

3.3 LOAD COMBINATION

3.3.1 DEAD LOAD
First load which comes under dead load is self-weight of the structure. Etabs automatically
assigns the self-weight and we need not apply any extra self-weight. For extra dead load
acting on the floor we can refer to page 31 table 2 of IS 875 part 1. Dead loads on floor
includes mortar screeding and clay floor tiles load. Here dead load in addition is taken as
0.52 KN/m2 .

3.3.2 LIVE LOAD

For live load on floor of the structure we can refer to IS 875-part 2 table 1. Here we can see
that code specifies various loads value for different types of accommodation or rooms.
Live loads are uniformly distributed loads and are applied on floor. Here on an average live
load on floor is taken as 2.5 KN/m2.

3.3.3 MASONARY LOAD

For multistoried building, to reduce the weight of building we can replace clay bricks with
autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)blocks. Unit weight of AAC block is 6 KN/m3. So for
outer walls masonry load is calculated to be 4.59 KN/m and for inner wall it is 3.519
KN/m.

3.3.3 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

The earthquake load case is defined using etabs program and response spectrum in
accordance to IS 1893:2002 codes.

3.4 SOFTWARE USED

For planning and analysis of the models etabs software is used. Etabs is an engineering
software product that caters to multi-story building analysis and design. Modeling tools
18
and templates, code-based load prescription, analysis methods and solution techniques, all
coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of structure. For the analysis of
models etabs 2016 is used

3.5 METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

RIVIEW OF THE EXISTING LITERATURES BY DIFFERENT

RESEARCHES

SELECTING G+14 STORY RC BUILDING WITH VARYING % OF RE-ENTRANT

CORNER AND OPENING IN DIAPHRAGM AND COMBINATION OF BOTH

MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURES IN ETABS

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF MODELS IN ETABS

PARAMETERS SUCH AS MAX DISPLACEMENT, MAX DRIFT, BASE SHEAR AND

OVERTURNING MOMENT ARE DERIVED AND TABULATED AND BASED ON
THIS GRAPHS ARE PLOTTED.

STUDYING THE MOST STABLE AND UNSTABLE STRUCTURE IN ZONE IV AND

V

19
 CHAPTER-4

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.1 BUILDING DESCRIPTION

Aim of this study is to study the seismic behaviour of re-entrant corner RC building with
opening in diaphragm. Total of 10 RC building models are taken. Each building has a
common property as stated below –
For study purpose, the layout of the plan has 5 X 5 bays of equal length of 6m.

Building parameters are as follows –

· Type of building: SMRF

· Numbers of story: G+14
· Seismic zone: IV and V
· Floor height: 3m
· Grade of concrete: M35
· Grade of steel: Fe500
· Beam dimension: 400 x 600mm
· Column dimension: 400 x 750mm
· Slab depth: 150mm
· Floor finish load: 0.52 KN/m2
Mortar screeding – 0.21 x 2 (IS 875 PART 1 table 2 page 31)
Clay floor tiles – 0.10 (IS 875 PART 1 table 2 page 30)
· Live load on floor: 2.5 KN/m2 (IS 875 PART 2 table 1)
· Masonry load: 4.59 KN/m (outer wall) [(0.30 (t) x 2.55 (h) x 6 (unit wt.))]
3.519 KN/m (inner wall) [(0.30 (t) x 2.55 (h) x 6 (unit wt.)]

20
 [AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block) is used.]
(unit weight of AAC blocks – 6 KN/m3 )
· Importance factor: 1
· Response reduction factor: 5
· Soil type: II (medium)
· % imposed load: 25% of Live Load
· Time period: 0.7s {0.09h / Sq. root. d} IS 1893 part 1 2016

4.2 DISCRIPTION OF MODELS

Model R –This is a regular RC frame building model with 5 x 5 bay having G+14 story.
This is of equal height of story.
Model D1 – This model consists of 16% of diaphragm opening throughout the story with 5
x 5 bay and or equal height.
Model D2 – This RC framed building has 28% of opening in diaphragm throughout the
story with 5 x 5 bay and of equal height.
Model D3 – This RC framed building has 36% of opening in diaphragm throughout the
story with 5 x 5 bay and of equal height.
Model R1 – This model consists re-entrant irregular building plan with re-entrant 40% in x
direction and 40% in y direction throughout the story.
Model R2 – This model consists re-entrant irregular building plan with re-entrant 60% in x
direction and 40% in y direction throughout the story.
Model R3 – This model consists re-entrant irregular building plan with re-entrant 80% in x
direction and 40% in y direction throughout the story.
Model DR1 – This model consists re-entrant irregular building plan with re-entrant 60% in
x direction and 40% in y direction throughout the story and 15% opening in diaphragm
Model DR2 – This model consists re-entrant irregular building plan with re-entrant 80% in
x direction and 40% in y direction throughout the story and 17% diaphragm opening
Model DR3 – This model consists re-entrant irregular building plan with re-entrant 40% in
x direction and 40% in y direction throughout the story and 23% diaphragm opening.

21
4.3 STEP BY STEP EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Fig. 10 Model R (plan)

Fig. 11 Model R (3D)

22
Fig. 12 Model D1 (PLAN)

Fig. 13 Model D1 (3D)

23
 Fig 14 Model D2

Fig 15 Model D2 (3D)

24
 Fig. 16 Model D3

Fig. 17 Model D3 (3D)

25
 Fig. 18 Model R1

Fig. 19 Model R1 (3D)

26
 Fig. 20 Model R2

Fig. 21 Model R2 (3D)

27
 Fig. 22 Model R3

Fig. 23 Model R3 (3D)

28
 Fig. 24 Model DR1

Fig. 25 Model DR1 (3D)

29
 Fig. 26 Model DR2

Fig. 27 Model DR2 (3D)

30
 Fig. 27 Model DR3

Fig. 28 Model DR3 (3D)

31
4.3.2 Define Material Property
Grade of concrete – M35
Grade of steel - Fe 500

Fig. 30 Defining material properties

4.3.3 Define Section Property

Size of beams – 400 x 600m

Size of columns – 400 x 750m

Fig. 31 Defining section properties

32
4.3.4 Assign loads

Fig. 32 assigning loads

4.3.5 Define Load Combination

Fig. 33 Defining load combination

33
4.3.6 Define function (Response Spectrum)

Fig. 34 Defining function

Fig. 35 Defining response spectrum

34
4.3.7 Define load cases

Fig. 36 Defining load cases

4.3.8 Define modal case

Fig. 37 Defining modal case

35
4.3.9 Define mass source

Fig. 38 Defining mass source

36
 CHAPTER-5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 ANALYSIS RESULTS IN ETABS

5.1.1 Model R

max. story displacement

max. story drift

37
 overturning moment

5.1.2 Model D1

max. story displacement

max. story drift

38
 overturning moment

5.1.3 Model D2

max. story displacement

max. story drift

39
 overturning moment

5.1.4 Model D3

max. story displacement

max. story drift

40
 overturning moment

5.1.5 Model R1

max. story displacement

max. story drift

41
 overturning moment

5.1.6 Model R2

max. story displacement

max. story drift

42
 overturning moment

5.1.7 Model R3

max. story displacement

max. story drift

43
 overturning moment

5.1.8 Model DR1

max. story displacement

max. story drift

44
 overturning moment

5.1.9 Model DR2

max. story displacement

max. story drift

45
 overturning moment

5.1.10 Model DR3

max. story displacement

max. story drift

46
 overturning moment

5.2 RESULTS IN TABULAR FORM

ZONE IV

STOREY R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

1 6.80 6.53 13.17 4.45 6.84 7.31 6.39 6.95 7.65 6.81
2 10.69 10.29 16.72 7.47 10.79 11.55 10.27 11.06 12.26 10.85
3 14.42 13.89 20.09 10.47 14.60 15.63 14.04 15.04 16.73 14.76
4 17.97 17.32 23.31 13.37 18.23 19.53 17.66 18.84 21.02 18.50
5 21.31 20.54 26.37 16.14 21.65 23.23 21.10 22.44 25.11 22.05
6 24.44 23.57 29.26 18.77 24.87 26.71 24.37 25.83 28.98 25.39
7 27.36 26.39 31.99 21.25 27.88 29.98 27.44 29.01 32.63 28.53
8 30.06 29.01 34.53 23.57 30.67 33.04 30.31 31.97 36.05 31.46
9 32.54 31.40 36.88 25.72 33.23 35.86 32.97 34.71 39.22 34.17
10 34.79 33.98 39.02 27.70 35.57 38.43 35.41 37.20 42.14 36.64
11 36.78 35.50 40.94 29.48 37.64 40.75 37.61 39.43 44.77 38.86
12 38.50 37.16 42.61 31.03 39.43 42.76 39.53 41.37 47.09 40.80
13 39.90 38.51 43.99 32.34 40.91 44.45 41.15 42.98 49.06 42.42
14 40.95 39.52 45.08 33.39 42.03 45.76 42.46 44.23 50.66 43.67

Table No. 1: Max. Story displacement (mm)

47
St R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3
y.
1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
31 26 40 90 32 41 27 36 51 33
2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
30 25 19 01 32 41 29 37 54 35
3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
25 21 14 00 28 37 26 34 50 31
4 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
20 16 10 98 23 32 22 29 46 27
5 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
15 11 07 95 18 28 18 24 41 22
6 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
10 07 03 91 13 23 14 19 36 18
7 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
06 02 99 88 08 18 10 14 31 13
8 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
01 97 94 84 03 13 05 09 26 08
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
95 92 89 80 98 07 00 04 20 03
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
89 85 83 75 91 01 94 97 13 97
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
81 78 75 69 84 92 86 89 04 89
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
71 69 67 61 74 82 76 79 93 79
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
60 57 56 52 62 70 65 66 80 67
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
45 43 43 41 47 54 51 51 64 52

Table No. 2: Max. Story drift

48
Sty R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3
.
0 12084 11467 10000 7840 10222 8830 7491 8308 8411 8826
0 2 7 6 4 3 8 8 1 9
1 10850 10284 89784 7050 91783 7940 6716 7466 7572 7927
0 8 4 0 9 9 3 6
2 96672 91493 79966 6294 81776 7088 5972 6661 6773 7064
8 7 4 7 1 0
3 85336 80604 70519 5571 72187 6273 5258 5890 6009 6241
0 4 5 9 4 6
4 74454 70159 61407 4874 62982 5489 4573 5151 5275 5450
9 7 9 1 7 0
5 63983 60132 52611 4203 54127 4733 3917 4438 4566 4688
2 3 4 3 2 4
6 53909 50520 44139 3554 45608 4002 3288 3750 3877 3955
3 0 7 5 7 0
7 44253 41347 36030 2928 37442 3297 2689 3088 3209 3251
9 0 6 5 9 0
8 35076 32674 28358 2330 29682 2622 2123 2456 2566 2580
9 6 8 3 7 7
9 26492 24604 21233 1768 22422 1987 1598 1861 1956 1952
0 6 1 6 1 3
10 18670 17288 14806 1251 15805 1405 1122 1316 1391 1378
0 3 0 5 2 1
11 11820 10912 9252 7950 10007 8922 7075 8364 8890 8739
12 6196 5702 4778 4183 5246 4688 3692 4399 4705 4588
13 2130 1953 1617 1440 1803 1614 1261 1515 1633 1577
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No. 3 Overturning Moment

ZONE V

STOREY R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

1 10.20 9.805 19.75 6.67 10.24 10.97 9.59 10.43 11.48 10.22

2 16.04 15.42 25.08 11.20 16.19 17.33 15.41 16.60 18.39 16.28
3 21.64 20.84 30.13 15.70 21.90 23.45 21.07 22.57 25.10 22.15
4 26.95 25.98 34.96 20.05 27.34 29.30 26.49 28.27 31.54 27.76
5 31.96 30.82 39.55 24.21 32.48 34.84 31.66 33.67 37.67 33.08

6 36.66 35.36 43.90 28.16 37.31 40.07 36.55 38.75 43.47 38.09

49
 7 41.04 39.59 47.98 31.88 41.82 44.98 41.16 43.52 48.95 42.80
8 45.10 43.51 51.80 35.36 46.00 49.56 45.46 47.96 54.07 47.19

9 48.82 47.11 55.32 38.59 49.85 53.79 49.46 52.06 58.84 51.25
10 52.19 50.36 58.54 41.55 53.35 57.65 53.12 55.80 63.21 54.96
11 55.18 53.25 61.41 44.22 56.46 61.12 56.42 59.15 67.16 58.29

12 57.75 55.73 63.91 46.55 19.15 64.15 59.30 62.06 70.64 61.20
13 59.85 57.76 65.99 48.52 61.37 66.67 61.73 64.48 73.59 63.63
14 61.42 59.28 67.62 50.08 63.05 68.64 63.70 66.35 75.99 65.51

Table No. 4: Max. Story displacement (mm)

St R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

y.
1 .0019 .0018 .0021 .0014 .0019 .0021 .0019 .0020 .0022 .0020
6 9 0 1 9 2 1 4 7 0
2 .0019 .0018 .0017 .0015 .0019 .0021 .0019 .0020 .0023 .0020
5 8 9 2 8 2 4 6 1 2
3 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0015 .0019 .0020 .0019 .0020 .0022 .0019
8 2 1 1 2 6 0 0 6 7
4 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0014 .0018 .0019 .0018 .0019 .0021 .0019
1 5 6 7 5 9 4 3 9 1
5 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0014 .0017 .0019 .0017 .0018 .0021 .0018
3 7 0 2 7 2 7 6 1 4
6 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0013 .0017 .0018 .0017 .0017 .0020 .0017
6 0 5 7 0 4 1 9 4 7
7 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0013 .0016 .0017 .0016 .0017 .0019 .0017
9 3 8 2 3 7 5 2 7 0
8 .0015 .0014 .0014 .0012 .0015 .0017 .0015 .0016 .0018 .0016
1 6 2 6 5 0 2 4 9 3
9 .0014 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0014 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0018 .0015
3 8 4 0 7 1 0 6 0 5
1 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0013 .0015 .0014 .0014 .0017 .0014
0 3 8 5 8 7 1 1 6
1 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0012 .0013 .0012 .0013 .0015 .0013
1 2 7 3 3 6 9 9 4 6 3
1 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0009 00111 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0014 .0011
2 7 3 0 2 4 5 9 0 9
1 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0009 .0010 .0009 .0010 .0012 .0010
3 0 6 4 8 3 4 7 0 0 0
1 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0009 .0007
50
4 8 5 5 2 1 1 9 7 6

Table No. 5: Max. Story drift

STOR R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

EY
0 1812 1720 1500 1176 1533 1324 1123 1246 1261 1324
61 09 11 09 36 55 77 33 67 04
1 1627 1542 1346 1057 1376 1191 1007 1120 1135 1189
51 72 76 56 75 01 53 04 85 15
2 1450 1372 1199 9442 1226 1063 8958 9992 1015 1059
09 40 49 3 65 31 7 5 96 96
3 1280 1209 1057 8356 1082 9410 7887 8836 9014 9362
05 06 78 5 80 1 8 4 1 4
4 1116 1052 9211 7312 9447 8234 6860 7726 7913 8175
81 38 0 4 3 6 9 7 5 0
5 9597 9019 7891 6304 8119 7100 5876 6657 6849 7032
5 9 7 9 0 0 1 5 4 6
6 8086 7578 6620 5331 6841 6003 4933 5625 5816 5932
4 0 9 5 2 1 1 8 6 5
7 6637 6202 5404 4393 5616 4945 4034 4632 4814 4876
9 1 6 3 3 5 4 8 9 5
8 5261 4901 4253 3496 4452 3933 3185 3684 3850 3871
4 2 7 4 3 9 7 4 0 0
9 3973 3690 3185 2652 3363 2981 2397 2792 2934 2928
8 7 0 0 3 5 1 4 1 4
10 2800 2593 2220 1876 2370 2108 1683 1974 2086 2067
6 2 9 5 7 0 0 8 9 2
11 1773 1636 1387 1192 1501 1338 1061 1254 1333 1310
0 8 8 5 1 3 2 6 6 9
12 9294 8553 7168 6275 7870 7032 5538 6598 7057 6882
13 3195 2929 2426 2160 2704 2421 1892 2273 2449 2366
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No. 6 Overturning Moment

51
S.No. MODELS BASE SHEAR (ZONE IV) BASE SHEAR (ZONE
V)

1 R 4076.3465 6114.519

2 D1 3872.2100 5808.310

3 D2 3312.7800 4969.170

4 D3 3690.9300 5536.400

5 R1 3506.9188 5260.370

6 R2 3122.2062 4683.300

7 R3 2696.8046 4045.200

8 DR1 3074.9743 4612.46

9 DR2 3165.2912 4747.937

10 DR3 3160.2926 4740.438

Table No. 7 Base Shear

52
5.3 RESULTS IN GRAPHS
5.3.1 Graphs showing values of all Storey for all structures.

maxi. storey displacement in zone IV

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R D1 D2 D3 R1
R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph no. 1

max. storey drift in zone IV

0.0018
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R D1 D2 D3 R1
R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph no. 2

53
 overturning moments in zone IV
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R D1 D2 D3 R1
R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph no. 3

max. displacements in zone V

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R D1 D2 D3 R1
R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph no. 4

54
 max. storey drift in zone V
0.0025

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R D1 D2 D3 R1
R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph no. 5

overturning moments in zone V

200000

150000

100000

50000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R D1 D2 D3 R1
R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph no. 6

55
5.3.2 Line graph representing base shear values for all structures.

Base Shear
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

BASE SHEAR (ZONE IV) BASE SHEAR (ZONE V)

Graph no. 7

56
5.3.3 Bar graphs representing the maxi. Values of outcomes for different
RC buildings in zone IV

Max. storey displacement

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph No. 8 Max. story displacement

max. storey drift

0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph No. 9 Max Story Drift

57
 Overturning moment
140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph No. 10 Overturning Moment

5.3.4 Bar graphs representation of max. Values for different RC

buildings in zone V

Max. storey displacement

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph No. 11 Max. story displacement

58
 Max. storey drift
0.0012

0.001

0.0008

0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph No. 12 Max. Story Drift

overturning moments
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Graph No. 13 Overturning Moments

59
5.3.5 Line graph representing base shear values for all structures.

BASE SHEAR
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

Series1 Series2

Graph No. 14 Base Shear. (Series1 – Zone IV, Series 2 – Zone V)

60
 CHAPTER 6

6.1 CONCLUSION

Seismic response of plan irregular building in two different zones IV and V are studied.
After study of results obtained from the analysis of structure, following conclusion can be
made-

1) For base shear (refer graph no.14), regular building shows max. lateral force at the
base. Irregular plan building shows decrease in the value of base shear when
percentage of irregularity increases. Among irregular structure model D1 shows more
base shear, then R1 and very less variation among buildings having combination of
irregulaties. By this we can conclude that more weight of building – high base shear.
2) For max. displacement (graph no. 8 and 11), model DR2 shows maximum for both
zones.and model D3 show least displacement. By this we can say that diaphragm
opening not much effect the displacement but re-entrants do. And combination of both
makes structure more unstable.
3) When it comes to story drift (refer graph no. 9 and 12) from results, we can see that
more percentage of opening less drift value and more varying percentage re-entrant
more drift. Therefore, when it comes to the combination of two models DR2 shows
max. drift for both zones.
4) Models R shows max. overturning moment (graph no. 10 and 13) and as opening in
slabs increases it reduces. Similarly, it is for re-entrant corner models. But for the
combination of two irregularity there is an increase in overturning moment as varying
percentage increases. Hence, we can say that large slab opening results in less
overturning moment.

61
 REFERENCES

1. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete structures 456: 2000
2. Indian Standard code for Earthquake resistant design structures 1893 Part I: 2016
3. Indian Standard code for design loads 875 Part I and Part II
4. N. Subramanian, Design of reinforced concrete structures, Oxford university press.
5. Anantwad Shirish, Rohit Nikam (2012), “Study Of Plan Irregularity On High-Rise
Structures”, international journal of innovative research and development, volume 1,
issue 8
6. Komal R. Bele1, S. B. Borghate (2015) “Dynamic Analysis of Building with Plan
Irregularity”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology, ISSN:
2349-8404, Volume 2, April – June, 2015
7. Babita Elizabath baby and shreeja s (2015) “analysis of building with slab
discontinuity” international journal of science and research. ISSN: 2319-7064, volume
5 issue 9, September 2016.
8. Milind V. Mohod (2015) “Effect of Shape and Plan Configuration on Seismic
Response of Structure”, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research
Volume 4, ISSUE 09
9. Shiva kumar hallale and H sharada bai (2016) “seismic behavior of building with plan
irregularities with and without infill”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317041067, ISSN: 2347-2812, Volume-4,
issue 4
10. Kazi Muhammed mustaqeem and md mansoor ahmad (2016) “impact of intermittent
diaphragm and re-entrant corners on seismic response of multistoried RC framed
buildings” international journal of engineering research and technology. ISSN: 2278-
0181, vol. 5 issue 07, July-2016
11. Mohaiminul Haque1, Sourav Ray (2016) “Seismic Performance Analysis of RCC
Multi Storied Buildings with Plan Irregularity”, American Journal of Civil
Engineering, ISSN: 2330-8729, 2016.

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12. Subodh.S.Patil and Shrinivas.R.Survanshi (2017) “A Study of Plan Irregularity
Inducing Accidental Torsional Moment of Multi Story Building using Stadd Pro”,
International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-
ISSN 2347 –
13. Reena sahu and Ravi dwivedi (2017)” seismic analysis of RC frame with diaphragm
discontinuity” IOSR journals of mechanical and civil engineering. ISSN: 2320-334X,
volume 14, July 2017.
14. Lohith kumar B C and Babu abera areda (2017) “seismic effect of re-entrant and
torsional irregularities on multi-story buildings”, international research journal of
engineering and technology, ISSN: 2395-0056, volume 4, April 2017.
15. Oman Sayyed, Suresh Singh Kushwah, Aruna Rawat (2017), “Effect of Infill and Mass
Irregularity on RC Building under Seismic Loading”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2395-0072, Volume: 04 Issue: 02
16. Akshay Nagpure1, S. S. Sanghai (2018) “Effect of Diaphragm Flexibility on the
Seismic Response of RCC Framed Building Considering Diaphragm Discontinuity”,
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol. 3, No.5, 2018
www.ijies.net
17. Shaik Muneer Hussain, Dr. Sunil Kumar Tengli (2018), “Study on Torsional Effects of
Irregular Buildings Under Seismic Loads”, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13.
18. Madan Singh, Rajiv Banerjee, Syed Aqeel Ahmad and Anwar Ahmad (2018) “a study
of shear wall location in regular and irregular building”, International Journal of recent
scientific research, ISSN: 0976-3031, volume-9, issue-5, May, 2018
19. Sanjay Naik, Thushar S Shetty (2019) “Comparison of Rectangular shape, L shape and
C shape Multistory Structure Under the Effects of Earthquake”, International Advance
Journal of Engineering Research, ISSN: 2360-819X, Volume 2, Issue 5 (May- 2019).
20. Aradhya B M S, Dr. B Shivakumara Swamy (2019) “Study on Soft Storey Effect of
Plan Regular and Irregular RC Framed Structures under Different Seismic Zones using
Response Spectrum Method of Analysis”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2395-0072, Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019.
21. K Shanawaz, S. Amaresh Babu (2019), “Effect Of Combined Plan, Vertical And Mass
Irregularity On Torsional Performance Of High Raised Buildings”, International

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 Journal of Engineering Development and Research, Volume 7, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-
9939.
22. Rajiv Banerjee, J.B. Srivastava (2020) “Defining Optimum Location of Shear Wall in
an Irregular Building by Considering Torsion”, International Journal of Engineering
and Advanced Technology, ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-9 Issue-4, April 2020

64
PUBLICATIONS

65
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-9 Issue-1, May 2020

Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with

Opening in Diaphragm on RC Building
Md Faisal Zia, Rajiv Banerjee

R to` L5 (decreases with increase in projection). He also

Abstract: The most important cause of damage of RC buildings concluded that as projection of increases there are more
during earthquake is the irregular building configuration. An RC coupling of modes. Result obtained shows that forces in
building which are unsymmetrical and has lack of continuity in column (common in all building) shows that the variation of P
geometry, mass or load resisting elements is called as irregular much higher with increase in projection. Rakesh Sakale, R K
buildings. This obstructs the flow of inertia forces and cause lots
Arora and Jitendra Chouhan (2014) studied seismic
of damage to buildings. There are many studies carried out
irregular buildings in seismic zones, but still more research is behaviour of horizontally irregular buildings with regular
needed in this field. Therefore, this study is about the seismic building. L-shape, T-shape, C-shape and regular shape
response of reinforced concrete structures having combination of buildings of equal height are taken and lateral displacement
two plan irregularities, re-entrant corner and diaphragm and story drift are derived after analysis. Results were
discontinuity buildings. Study is performed combining this two compared and studied. Analysis is performed in staad pro. For
plan irregularity criteria and analyzing the results in seismic zone seismic zone II, III, IV, and V. Results were such that from
4 and 5. For this 1 is regular building, 3 re-entrant corner drift point of view for zone II TO IV all frames are within
buildings with three variations in A/L ratio, three buildings with
permissible limit and there is no need to provide shear wall.
opening in diaphragm with three varying percentage of opening. 9
structures are made combining these buildings with the Only with the building with plan C exceeds the permissible
combination of two irregularities. Structures are analyzed in etas limit and may require shear wall. For displacement point of
software. Parameters such as story displacement, story drift, base view, all buildings are withing permissible limit only for zone
shear, overturning moments are determined and compared with II. In zone III and above regular plan building slightly exceeds
regular buildings. the permissible limit but other requires shear wall to control
the limit. Babita Elizabath baby and shreeja s (2015) studied
Keywords: Re-entrant corner, diaphragm discontinuity slab discontinuity at different position that is at the centre, at
response spectrum, displacement, drift, base shear, overturning
moment.
corners, and at periphery. Pushover analysis are performed in
etabs software. Results were that the axial forces, bending
I. INTRODUCTION moment and story drift are more effectively resisted by the
model having slab opening in periphery. So, the opening is
more effective to be located at periphery. Shiva kumar hallale
W hen horizontal forces act at the base of the structure an and H sharada bai (2016) took three building, one regular and
inertia force are generated. These inertia forces are directly another two with re-entrant corner building plan. Response
proportional to mass of the building. These inertia forces spectrum method is used for analysing in etabs. Parameters
develop at the floor level as most of the building mass is such as eccentricity, maximum displacement and drift, base
present at the floor level. These inertia forces are transferred shear, max. story acceleration, time period, member force in
to the walls or the columns by slabs and then to the foundation beam and column. Results obtained were eccentricity, max
which disperses them safely to ground. The flow of inertia displacements, max story, drift increases in both direction x
force should be smooth and continuous through the building. and y with the increase in plan irregularities. Kazi
As inertia forces accumulate downwards from the top of the Muhammed mustaqeem and md mansoor ahmad (2016) his
building, the lower story experience higher forces than upper research paper consists two types of configuration, one with
story. Therefore, the lower story should be designed stronger opening in slabs and other re-entrant corner structure having
than the upper. The buildings having unsymmetrical varying percentage of irregularities. Analysis was performed
geometrical configuration and discontinuity in diaphragm are for static analysis, dynamic analysis and push over analysis
more unstable in seismic affect than regular one. and parameters were displacement, drift, base shear and time
Many researchers carried out research work on irregular period. The results were such that the magnitude of
building design ins seismic zones. Komal R. Bele1, S. B. displacement is more in static method. Response spectrum
Borghate (2015) focused on buildings with large projections showed more accurate results and can be better considered for
of Re-entrant corners results in torsion. He took four models seismic activity. Pushover analysis gives higher value as it is
one regular and other 3 with varying projections. The analyzed for extreme. More percentage of re-entrant corner
conclusion of this paper was base shear decreases from Model max drift. Base shear is max. for regular model less for
re-entrant models. As base shear of the building increases,
more seismic forces will be attracted by the member. Subodh.
Revised Manuscript Received on May 21, 2020. S.Patil, Shrinivas. R.Survanshi (2016) focused on seismic
* Correspondence Author
Md Faisal Zia*, P.G student, department of civil engineering, Integral
response of regular multi-storey building with asymmetrical
University, Lucknow, India. Email: [email protected] plan is checked and compared with regular multi-storey
Rajiv Banerjee, Associate professor, department of civil engineering, building.
Integral University, Lucknow, India. Email:
[email protected]

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 Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on RC Building

A building with g+20 and g+22 building having plan II. THEORY
asymmetry is modelled and analysed in finite element analysis
As per IS 1893 Part 1 irregularities of two types:
stadd pro v8i. shear wall is provided at re-entrant corner in the
paper in both email address.
buildings. Results of this paper as increase in height of
1. Plan irregularities
L-shape building directly increase in relative displacement &
stress at re-entrant corners. Increase in height of T-shape 2. Vertical irregularities
building directly increase in relative displacement and stress Re-entrant corners: inside corners of an asymmetrical
will be developed at re-entrant corner. T-shape building with building are subjected to stress concentration during
shear wall and without shear wall after analysis shows earthquake motion. Thus, these corners are more prone to
uniform stress developed at re-entrant corners. In T- shape damage during earthquakes.
building re-entrant corners did not fail because of stresses
carried by the shear wall. But without shear wall it will fail.
Reena sahu and Ravi dwivedi (2017) studied about
diaphragm discontinuity taking 5 structures. One as regular
and other 4 as the increasing percentage in slab opening 0%,
4%, 16%, 24%, 36%. Response spectrum analysis using staad
pro. is done. Parameters like base shear, bending moment,
story drift, shear force are obtained. Results shows that the
increase in opening percentages, increases the story drift.
24% opening have less value of maximum shear force as Fig. 1: Re-entrant corner
compared to 16% opening. Akshay Nagpure, S. S. Sanghai Diaphragm discontinuity: roof or floor acts as diaphragms
(2018) studied RCC framed building structures which have (horizontal resisting elements). The diaphragm discontinuity
been analyzed using ETABS software by linear time history is because of the cut-out or large openings. This causes
analysis by changing flexibility of the floors and reduction in the load carrying capacity of diaphragm and may
simultaneously when plan irregularities are provided. He took
cause damage during earthquake.
four plans- opening at the centre, opening at the corners,
opening at the horizontal faces, opening at the vertical faces.
Time history record of El Centro Earthquake has been
provided to the software. Responses of all those structures has
been plotted and discussed. An attempt is made in this paper
to compare the responses of the structures when floor
diaphragm flexibility is changed and simultaneously plan
irregularities are provided. He concluded that floor
Diaphragm Flexibility affects Base Shear of the Building,
Column Forces, Beam Forces but doesn’t show considerable Fig. 2: Diaphragm discontinuity
difference in Time Period and Storey Drift. Sanjay Naik,
Tushar S Shetty (2019) research paper involves the modelling III. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
and analysis of G+10 storied building of Regular shape plan,
L- shape plan and C shape plan structure using ETABS 2016 To study the retaliation of plan irregular structures as per IS
software. The parameters such as displacement, drift, shear 1893 part 1 in seismic zones IV and V and collate with
and overturning moment are compared and it was found that reaction of regular building model.
Rectangular shape is the best suited and L shape structure is
the least desired shape for construction in seismic zone. IV. METHODOLOGY
Research works has been done for various plan (A). Review of the existing literatures by different
irregularities and vertical irregularities. Conclusion can be
researchers.
made after review of above literatures that unsymmetrical
(B). G+14 story, 10 buildings are taken with 1 regular plan, 3
building shows more instability than regular one. The various
with varying re-entrant corner plan, 3 with varying opening in
parameters such as displacements, story drift, overturning
moment shows large variations from regular building to plan diaphragm, 3 with the combination of varying re-entrant
irregular building and then to vertical irregular building. corner and opening slab.
Shear wall provided is of great help in order to maintain the (C). Modelling and analysis are done as per IS 1893 part 1 by
structural stability of the structure. Base isolation and seismic response spectrum method in etabs software for zone IV and
dampers can also be applied in or to reduce base shear, lateral V.
displacement, story drift. Still very less work is carried out in (D). Parameters such as base shear, max. story displacement,
the field of combinations of plan irregularity. max. story drift, overturning moment are plotted in forms of
tables and then graphs.
(E)results are collated with regular building models.

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ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-9 Issue-1, May 2020

V. DETAILS OF THE BUILDING

For study purpose, the layout of the plan has 5 X 5 bays of
equal length of 6m.
Building parameters are as follows –
• Type of building: SMRF
• Numbers of Storey: G+14
• Seismic zone: IV and V
• Floor height: 3m
• Grade of concrete: M35
• Grade of steel: Fe500
• Beam dimension: 400 x 700mm
• Column dimension: 450 x 800mm
Fig. 4: MODEL D1 (16% OPENING)
• Slab depth: 150mm
• Dead load on floor: 0.52 KN/m2
Mortar screeding – 0.21 x 2 (IS 875
PART 1 table 2 page 31)
Clay floor tiles – 0.10 (IS 875 PART 1
table 2 page 30)
• Live load on floor: 2.5 KN/m2 (IS 875 PART 2 table 1)
• Masonry load: 4.59 KN/m (outer wall)
3.519 KN/m (inner wall)
[AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Block) is used.]
(unit weight of AAC blocks – 6 KN/m3)
• Importance factor: 1
• Response reduction factor®: 5
• Site type: II
• % imposed load: 25%
Fig. 5: MODEL D2 (28% OPENING)

VI. MODELS.

Fig. 6: MODEL D3 (36% OPENING)

Fig. 3: MODEL R-REGULAR

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 Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on RC Building

Fig. 7: MODEL R1 (RE ENTRANT CORNERS 40% IN X Fig. 10: MODEL DR1 (15% diaphragm opening and 60%
AND 40% IN Y) re-entrant in x)

Fig. 8: MODEL R2 (RE ENTRANT CORNERS 60% IN X

AND 40% IN Y)
Fig. 11: MODEL DR2 (17% diaphragm opening and 80%
re-entrant in x)

Fig. 12: MODEL DR3 (23% diaphragm opening and 40%

re-entrant in x)
Fig. 9: MODEL R3 (RE ENTRANT CORNERS 80% IN X
AND 40% IN Y)

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ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-9 Issue-1, May 2020

VII. RESULTS (Tables and graphs)

TABLE 1: Max. story displacement (mm) (ZONE IV)

STOREY R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

1 6.80 6.53 13.17 4.45 6.84 7.31 6.39 6.95 7.65 6.81
2 10.69 10.29 16.72 7.47 10.79 11.55 10.27 11.06 12.26 10.85
3 14.42 13.89 20.09 10.47 14.60 15.63 14.04 15.04 16.73 14.76
4 17.97 17.32 23.31 13.37 18.23 19.53 17.66 18.84 21.02 18.50
5 21.31 20.54 26.37 16.14 21.65 23.23 21.10 22.44 25.11 22.05
6 24.44 23.57 29.26 18.77 24.87 26.71 24.37 25.83 28.98 25.39
7 27.36 26.39 31.99 21.25 27.88 29.98 27.44 29.01 32.63 28.53
8 30.06 29.01 34.53 23.57 30.67 33.04 30.31 31.97 36.05 31.46
9 32.54 31.40 36.88 25.72 33.23 35.86 32.97 34.71 39.22 34.17
10 34.79 33.98 39.02 27.70 35.57 38.43 35.41 37.20 42.14 36.64
11 36.78 35.50 40.94 29.48 37.64 40.75 37.61 39.43 44.77 38.86
12 38.50 37.16 42.61 31.03 39.43 42.76 39.53 41.37 47.09 40.80
13 39.90 38.51 43.99 32.34 40.91 44.45 41.15 42.98 49.06 42.42
14 40.95 39.52 45.08 33.39 42.03 45.76 42.46 44.23 50.66 43.67

TABLE 2: Max. story drift (ZONE IV)

Sty. R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

1 0.00131 0.00126 0.00140 0.00090 0.00132 0.00141 0.00127 0.00136 0.00151 0.0013
3
2 0.00130 0.00125 0.00119 0.00101 0.00132 0.00141 0.00129 0.00137 0.00154 0.0013
5
3 0.00125 0.00121 0.00114 0.00100 0.00128 0.00137 0.00126 0.00134 0.00150 0.0013
1
4 0.00120 0.00116 0.00110 0.00098 0.00123 0.00132 0.00122 0.00129 0.00146 0.0012
7
5 0.00115 0.00111 0.00107 0.00095 0.00118 0.00128 0.00118 0.00124 0.00141 0.0012
2
6 0.00110 0.00107 0.00103 0.00091 0.00113 0.00123 0.00114 0.00119 0.00136 0.0011
8
7 0.00106 0.00102 0.00099 0.00088 0.00108 0.00118 0.00110 0.00114 0.00131 0.0011
3
8 0.00101 0.00097 0.00094 0.00084 0.00103 0.00113 0.00105 0.00109 0.00126 0.0010
8
9 0.00095 0.00092 0.00089 0.00080 0.00098 0.00107 0.00100 0.00104 0.00120 0.0010
3
10 0.00089 0.00085 0.00083 0.00075 0.00091 0.00101 0.00094 0.00097 0.00113 0.0009
7
11 0.00081 0.00078 0.00075 0.00069 0.00084 0.00092 0.00086 0.00089 0.00104 0.0008
9
12 0.00071 0.00069 0.00067 0.00061 0.00074 0.00082 0.00076 0.00079 0.00093 0.0007
9
13 0.00060 0.00057 0.00056 0.00052 0.00062 0.00070 0.00065 0.00066 0.00080 0.0006
7
14 0.00045 0.00043 0.00043 0.00041 0.00047 0.00054 0.00051 0.00051 0.00064 0.0005
2

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 Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on RC Building

TABLE 3: Overturning moment (ZONE IV)

Sty. R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

0 120840 114672 100007 78406 102224 88303 74918 83088 84111 88269
1 108500 102848 89784 70504 91783 79400 67169 74669 75723 79276
2 96672 91493 79966 62948 81776 70887 59724 66617 67731 7064
3 85336 80604 70519 55710 72187 62734 52585 58909 60094 62416
4 74454 70159 61407 48749 62982 54897 45739 51511 52757 54500
5 63983 60132 52611 42032 54127 47333 39174 44383 45662 46884
6 53909 50520 44139 35543 45608 40020 32887 37505 38777 39550
7 44253 41347 36030 29289 37442 32970 26896 30885 32099 32510
8 35076 32674 28358 23309 29682 26226 21238 24563 25667 25807
9 26492 24604 21233 17680 22422 19876 15981 18616 19561 19523
10 18670 17288 14806 12510 15805 14053 11220 13165 13912 13781
11 11820 10912 9252 7950 10007 8922 7075 8364 8890 8739
12 6196 5702 4778 4183 5246 4688 3692 4399 4705 4588
13 2130 1953 1617 1440 1803 1614 1261 1515 1633 1577
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE 4: MAX. STORY DISPLACEMENT (MM) (ZONE V)

STOREY R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

1 10.20 9.805 19.75 6.67 10.24 10.97 9.59 10.43 11.48 10.22
2 16.04 15.42 25.08 11.20 16.19 17.33 15.41 16.60 18.39 16.28
3 21.64 20.84 30.13 15.70 21.90 23.45 21.07 22.57 25.10 22.15
4 26.95 25.98 34.96 20.05 27.34 29.30 26.49 28.27 31.54 27.76
5 31.96 30.82 39.55 24.21 32.48 34.84 31.66 33.67 37.67 33.08
6 36.66 35.36 43.90 28.16 37.31 40.07 36.55 38.75 43.47 38.09
7 41.04 39.59 47.98 31.88 41.82 44.98 41.16 43.52 48.95 42.80
8 45.10 43.51 51.80 35.36 46.00 49.56 45.46 47.96 54.07 47.19
9 48.82 47.11 55.32 38.59 49.85 53.79 49.46 52.06 58.84 51.25
10 52.19 50.36 58.54 41.55 53.35 57.65 53.12 55.80 63.21 54.96
11 55.18 53.25 61.41 44.22 56.46 61.12 56.42 59.15 67.16 58.29
12 57.75 55.73 63.91 46.55 19.15 64.15 59.30 62.06 70.64 61.20
13 59.85 57.76 65.99 48.52 61.37 66.67 61.73 64.48 73.59 63.63
14 61.42 59.28 67.62 50.08 63.05 68.64 63.70 66.35 75.99 65.51

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Table 5: max. story drift (ZONE V)

Sty R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

.
1 .00196 .00189 .00210 .00141 .00199 .00212 .00191 .00204 .00227 .00200
2 .00195 .00188 .00179 .00152 .00198 .00212 .00194 .00206 .00231 .00202
3 .00188 .00182 .00171 .00151 .00192 .00206 .00190 .00200 .00226 .00197
4 .00181 .00175 .00166 .00147 .00185 .00199 .00184 .00193 .00219 .00191
5 .00173 .00167 .00160 .00142 .00177 .00192 .00177 .00186 .00211 .00184
6 .00166 .00160 .00155 .00137 .00170 .00184 .00171 .00179 .00204 .00177
7 .00159 .00153 .00148 .00132 .00163 .00177 .00165 .00172 .00197 .00170
8 .00151 .00146 .00142 .00126 .00155 .00170 .00152 .00164 .00189 .00163
9 .00143 .00138 .00134 .00120 .00147 .00161 .00150 .00156 .00180 .00155
10 .00133 .00128 .00125 .00128 .00137 .00151 .00141 .00146 .0017 .0014
11 .00122 .00117 .00113 .00103 .00126 .00139 .00129 .00134 .00156 .00133
12 .00107 .00103 .00100 .00092 00111 .00124 .00115 .00119 .00140 .00119
13 .00090 .00086 .00084 .00078 .00093 .00104 .00097 .00100 .00120 .00100
14 .00068 .00065 .00065 .00062 .00071 .00081 .00079 .00077 .00096 .0007

TABLE 6: overturning moment (ZONE V)

STORY R D1 D2 D3 R1 R2 R3 DR1 DR2 DR3

0 181261 172009 150011 117609 153336 132455 112377 124633 126167 132404
1 162751 154272 134676 105756 137675 119101 100753 112004 113585 118915
2 145009 137240 119949 94423 122665 106331 89587 99925 101596 105996
3 128005 120906 105778 83565 108280 94101 78878 88364 90141 93624
4 111681 105238 92110 73124 94473 82346 68609 77267 79135 81750
5 95975 90199 78917 63049 81190 71000 58761 66575 68494 70326
6 80864 75780 66209 53315 68412 60031 49331 56258 58166 59325
7 66379 62021 54046 43933 56163 49455 40344 46328 48149 48765
8 52614 49012 42537 34964 44523 39339 31857 36844 38500 38710
9 39738 36907 31850 26520 33633 29815 23971 27924 29341 29284
10 28006 25932 22209 18765 23707 21080 16830 19748 20869 20672
11 17730 16368 13878 11925 15011 13383 10612 12546 13336 13109
12 9294 8553 7168 6275 7870 7032 5538 6598 7057 6882
13 3195 2929 2426 2160 2704 2421 1892 2273 2449 2366
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on RC Building

TABLE 7: Base shear

S.No. MODELS BASE SHEAR (ZONE IV) BASE SHEAR (ZONE V)

1 R 4076.3465 KN 6114.519 KN

2 D1 3872.2100 KN 5808.310 KN
3 D2 3312.7800 KN 4969.170 KN
4 D3 3690.9300 KN 5536.400 KN
5 R1 3506.9188 KN 5260.370 KN
6 R2 3122.2062 KN 4683.300 KN

7 R3 2696.8046 KN 4045.200 KN
8 DR1 3074.9743 KN 4612.46 KN
9 DR2 3165.2912 KN 4747.937 KN
10 DR3 3160.2926 KN 4740.438 KN

GRAPHS

ZONE IV

Fig. 15: Overturning moment

ZONE V

Fig. 13: Max. story displacement

Fig. 16: max. story displacement

Fig. 14: max. story drift

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ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-9 Issue-1, May 2020

re-entrants do. And combination of both makes

structure more unstable.
3) When it comes to story drift (refer Fig. 14 and 17) from
results, we can see that more percentage of opening
less drift value and more varying percentage re-entrant
more drift. Therefore, when it comes to the
combination of two models DR2 shows max. drift for
both zones.
4) Models R shows max. overturning moment (refer fig. 18
and 15) and as opening in slabs increases it reduces.
Similarly, it is for re-entrant corner models. But for the
combination of two irregularity there is an increase in
overturning moment as varying percentage increases.
Fig.17: max. story drift Hence, we can say that large slab opening results in
less overturning moment.
Hence, it can be seen that due to more weight of the
building base shear and overturning moment is more and
due to unsymmetry of the structure max. displacement and
story drift is more.

REFERENCES
1. Komal R. Bele1, S. B. Borghate (2015) “Dynamic Analysis of
Building with Plan Irregularity”, Journal of Civil Engineering and
Environmental Technology, ISSN: 2349-8404, Volume 2, April –
June, 2015
2. Babita Elizabath baby and shreeja s (2015) “analysis of building
with slab discontinuity” international journal of science and
research. ISSN: 2319-7064, volume 5 issue 9, September 2016.
3. Shiva kumar hallale and H sharada bai (2016) “seismic behavior of
Fig. 18: overturning moments building with plan irregularities with and without infill”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317041067, ISSN:
2347-2812, Volume-4, issue 4
4. Kazi Muhammed mustaqeem and md mansoor ahmad (2016)
“impact of intermittent diaphragm and re-entrant corners on
seismic response of multistoried RC framed buildings”
international journal of engineering research and technology. ISSN:
2278-0181, vol. 5 issue 07, July-2016
5. Subodh.S.Patil and Shrinivas.R.Survanshi “A Study of Plan
Irregularity Inducing Accidental Torsional Moment of Multi Story
Building using Stadd Pro”, International Journal of Current
Engineering and Technology, E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 –
6. Reena sahu and Ravi dwivedi,” seismic analysis of RC frame with
diaphragm discontinuity” IOSR journals of mechanical and civil
engineering. ISSN: 2320-334X, volume 14, July 2017.
7. Lohith kumar B C and Babu abera areda, “seismic effect of
re-entrant and torsional irregularities on multi-story buildings”,
international research journal of engineering and technology, ISSN:
Fig. 19: base shear 2395-0056, volume 4, April 2017.
8. Akshay Nagpure1, S. S. Sanghai (2018) “Effect of Diaphragm
Flexibility on the Seismic Response of RCC Framed Building
VII. CONCLUSION Considering Diaphragm Discontinuity”, International Journal of
Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol. 3, No.5, 2018
Seismic response of plan irregular building in two different www.ijies.net
zones IV and V are studied. After study of results obtained 9. Sanjay Naik, Thushar S Shetty, “Comparison of Rectangular shape,
from the analysis of structure, following conclusion can be L shape and C shape Multistory Structure Under the Effects of
made- Earthquake”, International Advance Journal of Engineering
Research, ISSN: 2360-819X, Volume 2, Issue 5 (May- 2019).
1) For base shear (refer table 7 and fig. 19), regular
10. Rajiv Banerjee, J.B. Srivastava, “Defining Optimum Location of
building shows max. lateral force at the base. Irregular Shear Wall in an Irregular Building by Considering Torsion”,
plan building shows decrease in the value f base shear International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology,
when percentage of irregularity increases. But when it ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-9 Issue-4, April 2020
comes combined irregular building model DR2 shows 11. Madan Singh, Rajiv Banerjee, Syed Aqeel Ahmad and Anwar
Ahmad, “a study of shear wall location in regular and irregular
max. base shear. Hence, we can also say weight of building”, International Journal of recent scientific research, ISSN:
building also effects base shear, more weight more 0976-3031, volume-9, issue-5, May, 2018
base shear. 12. IS 1893 Part I 2016
2) For max. displacement (fig. 16 and 13), model DR2 13. IS 875 Part I and Part II
shows maximum for both zones.and model D3 show
least displacement. By this we can say that diaphragm
opening not much effect the displacement but

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 Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in Diaphragm on RC Building

AUTHORS PROFILE

Md Faisal Zia is a post graduate student from

specialization in structural engineering, department
of civil engineering from Integral University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. He did his Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering from Sharda
University, Greater Noida in the year 2016, Uttar
Pradesh. He is having two years of experience in
building construction. His area of interest is high rise
building design and analysis and seismic effect on
high rise building. He is also having good
communication skills and knowledge regarding
structure of buildings. He also has good working
experience in architectural design of building.
Presently he is pursuing master degree.

Mr. Rajiv Banerjee is currently working as an

Associate professor, department of civil engineering,
Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. He
completed his Master in Technology degree from
Calcutta University, West Bengal and Bachelor of
Tech from IIT, BHU. He is also a Ph.D. student from
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Technical University, Lucknow. He
retired from the post of executive Engineer in
municipal engineering directorate, Govt. of West
Bengal. He also has an experience of eight years in
academics and twenty-seven years of experience in
construction industry. He is also specialized in
environmental engineering, infrastructure Planning
and Contract Management.

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 CERTIFICATE
This certifies that the research paper entitled ‘Seismic Impact of Re-entrant Corner with Opening in
Diaphragm on RC Building’ authored by ‘Md Faisal Zia, Rajiv Banerjee’ was reviewed by experts
in this research area and accepted by the board of ‘Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences
Publication’ which has published in ‘International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering
(IJRTE)’, ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-9 Issue-1, May 2020. Page No.:2380-2389.
The Value of Citation (VoC) IJRTE is 6.04 for the year 2019. Your published paper and Souvenir are
available at: https://www.ijrte.org/download/volume-9-issue-1/

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