OSI MODEL

• A layer should only be created where the definite levels of abstraction are needed.
• The function of each layer should be selected as per the internationally standardized protocols.
• The number of layers should be large so that separate functions should not be put in the same layer. At the same
time, it should be small enough so that architecture doesn't become very complicated.
• In the OSI model, each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform primitive functions. Every level should
able to provide services to the next higher layer
• Changes made in one layer should not need changes in other lavers.

Why of OSI Model?

• Helps you to understand communication over a network
• Troubleshooting is easier by separating functions into different network layers.
• Helps you to understand new technologies as they are developed.
• Allows you to compare primary functional relationships on various network layers.

History of OSI Model

Here are essential landmarks from the history of OSI model:
• In the late 1970s, the ISO conducted a program to develop general standards and methods of networking.
• In 1973, an Experimental Packet Switched System in the UK identified the requirement for defining the higher-
level protocols.
• In the year 1983, OSI model was initially intended to be a detailed specification of actual interfaces.
• In 1984, the OSI architecture was formally adopted by ISO as an international standard

7 Layers of the OSI Model

OSI model is a layered server architecture system in which each layer is defined according to a specific function to
perform. All these seven layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one layer to another.
• The Upper Layers: It deals with application issues and mostly implemented only in software. The highest is
closest to the end system user. In this layer, communication from one end-user to another begins by using the
interaction between the application layer. It will process all the way to end-user.
• The Lower Layers: These layers handle activities related to data transport. The physical layer and datalink
layers also implemented in software and hardware.
Upper and Lower layers further divide network architecture into seven different layers as below
1. Application
2. Presentation
3. Session
4. Transport
5. Network
6. Data-link
7. Physical layers

Network Layers Diagram

Let's Study each layer in detail:

7. Physical Layer
The physical layer helps you to define the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection. This level
establishes the relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium. The physical layer is not concerned
with protocols or other such higher-layer items.
Examples of hardware in the physical layer are network adapters, ethernet, repeaters, networking hubs, etc.

6. Data Link Layer:

Data link layer corrects errors which can occur at the physical layer. The layer allows you to define the protocol to
establish and terminates a connection between two connected network devices.
It is IP address understandable layer, which helps you to define logical addressing so that any endpoint should be
identified.
The layer also helps you implement routing of packets through a network. It helps you to define the best path, which
allows you to take data from the source to the destination.
The data link layer is subdivided into two types of sublayers:
1. Media Access Control (MAC) layer- It is responsible for controlling how device in a network gain access to
medium and permits to transmit data.
2. Logical link control layer- This layer is responsible for identity and encapsulating network-layer protocols and
allows you to find the error.
Important Functions of Datalink Layer:
• Framing which divides the data from Network layer into frames.
• Allows you to add header to the frame to define the physical address of the source and the destination machine
• Adds Logical addresses of the sender and receivers
• It is also responsible for the sourcing process to the destination process delivery of the entire message.
• It also offers a system for error control in which it detects retransmits damage or lost frames.
• Datalink layer also provides a mechanism to transmit data over independent networks which are linked
together.

5. Transport Layer:
The transport layer builds on the network layer to provide data transport from a process on a source machine to a process
on a destination machine. It is hosted using single or multiple networks, and also maintains the quality of service
functions.
It determines how much data should be sent where and at what rate. This layer builds on the message which are received
from the application layer. It helps ensure that data units are delivered error-free and in sequence.
Transport layer helps you to control the reliability of a link through flow control, error control, and segmentation or de-
segmentation.
The transport layer also offers an acknowledgment of the successful data transmission and sends the next data in case
no errors occurred. TCP is the best-known example of the transport layer.
Important functions of Transport Layers:
• It divides the message received from the session layer into segments and numbers them to make a sequence.
• Transport layer makes sure that the message is delivered to the correct process on the destination machine.
• It also makes sure that the entire message arrives without any error else it should be retransmitted.

4. Network Layer:
The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from
one node to another connected in "different networks".
Message delivery at the network layer does not give any guaranteed to be reliable network layer protocol.
Layer-management protocols that belong to the network layer are:
1. routing protocols
2. multicast group management
3. network-layer address assignment.

3. Session Layer
Session Layer controls the dialogues between computers. It helps you to establish starting and terminating the
connections between the local and remote application.
This layer request for a logical connection which should be established on end user's requirement. This layer handles all
the important log-on or password validation.
Session layer offers services like dialog discipline, which can be duplex or half-duplex. It is mostly implemented in
application environments that use remote procedure calls.
Important function of Session Layer:
• It establishes, maintains, and ends a session.
• Session layer enables two systems to enter into a dialog
• It also allows a process to add a checkpoint to steam of data.

2. Presentation Layer
Presentation layer allows you to define the form in which the data is to exchange between the two communicating
entities. It also helps you to handles data compression and data encryption.
This layer transforms data into the form which is accepted by the application. It also formats and encrypts data which
should be sent across all the networks. This layer is also known as a syntax layer.
The function of Presentation Layers:
• Character code translation from ASCII to EBCDIC.
• Data compression: Allows to reduce the number of bits that needs to be transmitted on the network.
• Data encryption: Helps you to encrypt data for security purposes — for example, password encryption.
• It provides a user interface and support for services like email and file transfer.

1. Application Layer
Application layer interacts with an application program, which is the highest level of OSI model. The application layer
is the OSI layer, which is closest to the end-user. It means OSI application layer allows users to interact with other
software application.
Application layer interacts with software applications to implement a communicating component. The interpretation of
data by the application program is always outside the scope of the OSI model.
Example of the application layer is an application such as file transfer, email, remote login, etc.
The functions of the Application Layers are:
• Application-layer helps you to identify communication partners, determining resource availability, and
synchronizing communication.
• It allows users to log on to a remote host
• This layer provides various e-mail services
• This application offers distributed database sources and access for global information about various objects and
services.

Interaction Between OSI Model Layers

Information sent from a one computer application to another needs to pass through each of the OSI layers.
This is explained in the below-given example:
• Every layer within an OSI model communicates with the other two layers which are below it and its peer layer
in some another networked computing system.
• In the below-given diagram, you can see that the data link layer of the first system communicates with two
layers, the network layer and the physical layer of the system. It also helps you to communicate with the data
link layer of, the second system.
Protocols supported at various levels
LAYER NAME PROTOCOLS
Layer-7 Application SMTP, HTTP, FTP, POP3, SNMP

Layer-6 Presentation MGEP, ASCH, SSL, TLS

Layer-5 Session NetBIOS, SAP

Layer-4 Transport TCP, UDP

Layer-3 Network IPV4, IPV6, ICMP, IPSEC, ARP, MPLS

Layer-2 Data Link RAPA, PPP, Frame Relay, ATM, Fiber Cable

Layer-1 Physical RS232, 100BaseTX, ISDN, 11

Differences between OSI & TCP/IP

Here, are some important differences between the OSI & TCP/IP model:
OSI Model TCP/IP model
OSI model provides a clear distinction between TCP/IP doesn't offer any clear distinguishing points
interfaces, services, and protocols. between services, interfaces, and protocols.
OSI uses the network layer to define routing standards TCP/IP uses only the Internet layer.
and protocols.
OSI model use two separate layers physical and data link TCP/IP uses only one layer (link).
to define the functionality of the bottom layers
OSI model, the transport layer is only connection- A layer of the TCP/IP model is both connection-oriented
oriented. and connectionless.
In OSI model, data link layer and physical are separate In TCP data link layer and physical layer are combined as
layers. a single host-to-network layer.
The minimum size of the OSI header is 5 bytes. Minimum header size is 20 bytes.
Advantages of the OSI Model
Here, are major benefits/pros of using the OSI model:
• It helps you to standardize router, switch, motherboard, and other hardware
• Reduces complexity and standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Helps you to ensure interoperable technology
• Helps you to accelerate the evolution
• Protocols can be replaced by new protocols when technology changes.
• Provide support for connection-oriented services as well as connectionless service.
• It is a standard model in computer networking.
• Supports connectionless and connection-oriented services.
• Offers flexibility to adapt to various types of protocols

Disadvantages of the OSI Model

Here are some cons/ drawbacks of using OSI Model:
• Fitting of protocols is a tedious task.
• You can only use it as a reference model.
• Doesn't define any specific protocol.
• In the OSI network layer model, some services are duplicated in many layers such as the transport and data link
layers
• Layers can't work in parallel as each layer need to wait to obtain data from the previous layer.
Summary
• The OSI Model is a logical and conceptual model that defines network communication which is used by systems
open to interconnection and communication with other systems
• In OSI model, layer should only be created where the definite levels of abstraction are needed.
• OSI layer helps you to understand communication over a network
• In 1984, the OSI architecture was formally adopted by ISO as an international standard
Layer Name Function Protocols
Layer-7 Application To allow access to network resources. SMTP, HTTP, FTP, POP3,
SNMP
Layer-6 Presentation To translate, encrypt and compress data. MPEG, ASCH, SSL, TLS
Layer-5 Session To establish, manage, and terminate the session NetBIOS, SAP
Layer-4 Transport The transport layer builds on the network layer to TCP, UDP
provide data transport from a process on a source
machine to a process on a destination machine.
Layer-3 Network To provide internetworking to move packets from IPV5, IPV6, ICMP, IPSEC,
source to destination ARP, MPLS.
Layer-2 Data Link To organize bits into frames to provide hop-to-hop RAPA, PPP, Frame Relay,
delivery ATM, Fibre Cable, etc.
Layer-1 Physical To transmit bits over a medium to provide mechanical RS232, 100BaseTX, ISDN, 11.
and electrical specifications