Rearing
Rearing
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Rearing grasscutters
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Rearing
grasscutters
Intervenants
ContRibutoRs
E. Lionelle Ngo-Samnick
Review
Kokou Edoh Adabe and Pascal Nondjock
illustRations
illustRa
Eric Mengaptche and Beatriz Garcia
layout
la
Stéphanie Leroy
2 Reproduction
2.1 Basic facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Selection for breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Mating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Handling grasscutters 12
4 Feeding
4.1 Dietary planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Providing food, water and
mineral supplements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Conserving and stocking food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 Production planning 16
6 Disease management
6.1 Preventative measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 Some symptoms of sick grasscutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3 Veterinary treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8 Other information
8.1 Financial planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.2 Useful contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
General
information
infor mation
Grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) are rodents widely found in grasslands,
clearings, wet or marshy areas in Africa. They are more commonly known as
“hedgehogs” in Central Africa, “agouti” in French-speaking West Africa, and
“cane rats” in English-speaking West Africa.
The building should be ventilated and offer enough light to facilitate rearing
activities. The long sides of the structure are made of a low wall 1.5 m
high, with the upper half covered with chicken wire. The roof can be made
out of corrugated iron, straw or any other kind of waterproof material.
5
1.3 Materials for the rearing pens
Rearing pen
The grasscutters are kept in pens inside the rearing shed. The number of
pens depends on the production objectives. It is recommended to have one
breeding female per pen. The recommended surface area per adult animal
in the pen is 0.2 m2.
The layout of the pens depends on the type of material used in their
construction. Metal pens can be moved around, whereas brick pens will
be fixed.
4m
12 m
An open pen
6
open pens are enclosures without any covering on top, and with a surface
area of about 3 m2 and 1.5 high. There is an opening in the side that gives
onto the aisle in order to facilitate easy access for the farmer.
Closed pens are covered by some kind of appropriate roofing material, and
may be divided into compartments using partitions. The height of the wall is
lower (80 cm) and the surface area can vary between 2 and 3 m2.
If there are two compartments, they should have the same surface area.
The compartments are separated with partitions, with a 15 cm opening to
allow the free movement of the animals from one compartment to another.
The covering can be made from various materials.
1,5 m
40 cm
1,5 m
The floor inside the building should be smooth and even, while the pens can
be plastered or not.
Feeding and drinking troughs can be made of cement or clay, and should
be heavy enough so that the grasscutters cannot knock them over. The
producer can make the troughs himself. All that is needed is to make a
mould out of wood or other scrap material. Calculate one trough per three
grasscutters.
7
7 cm
6 cm
The squeeze cage is used to handle the animals more easily. The dimen-
sions of the cage should be almost the same as the animal to be handled.
The producer can make it himself, by building a rectangular cage with fine
The dimensions meshed screening. The producer should base the size of the cage on the
of the cage average weight of the animals in his production, and will also depend on
should be almost the animal stock chosen (heavy or light variety). The squeeze cage should
the same as the
animal to be be built in such a way that the animal cannot turn around inside the cage.
handled.
80 cm
2m
1m
Squeeze cage for
handling grasscutters
8
2REPRODUCTION
9
2.3 Mating
the male grasscutter can mate with several females in a single period.
The male, who can be identified by his wrinkled, brown genitals, is placed
first in the pen so that he can mark his territory and thereby reduce the
risk of fights. The female, identified by the closeness of the anus to the ge-
nital area, is put in the pen with the male for 24 hours. During the mating
session, make sure the male is heavier than the female.
Type
of mating Advantages Disadvantages
2.4 Gestation
Gestation is around five months. After mating, it is recommended to check
that the female is pregnant by using a simple test.
10
>>> Pregnancy test
Four to eight weeks after mating, take a swab sample from the female’s
genitals by carefully inserting a cotton bud (for cleaning babies’ ears). If the
swab does not discolour, then the female is not in gestation. In contrast, if
the swab turns reddish brown, then the female is in gestation.
Gestation test
>>> birth
Newborn grasscutters, even when very small, already resemble fully grown
adults. They can move around easily within a few hours. After delivery, spe-
cial measures should be taken to ensure that the mother gets sufficient,
good quality food, and that she gets plenty of water, which is essential for
effective milk production.
11
3 HANDLING
GRASSCUTTERS
a young, light animal is lifted by the tail by holding at the base of the tail.
Then grab its back with the other hand (just behind the front legs and wit-
hout squeezing too hard). The animal is thereby turned on its back, while
holding the tail stretched out at the same time.
12
4 FEEDING
the food supplied should meet all the animal’s daily requirements.
In captivity, grasscutters can eat fresh or dried food, although their diet
consists mainly of green forage. It can be supplemented by feed with high
energy value, or added protein and minerals.
At the same time, insufficient forage can lead to digestive problems. It has
been calculated that a complete and balanced diet will produce an average
weight of 3.5 kg in males and 2.8 kg in females.
Examples of food
Arachide Fausse ca
Riz (appelée Pennnne
isetum)
blé
Blé ou son de
Maïs
Ananas,
papaye verte Pain rassis
13
some commonly used forage and concentrates
Type Name
by-products from agricultural Dry bread, corn or sorghum bran, groundnut and
processing palm kernel cakes, wheat bran, brewers’ dried
grain, broken rice at wheat grains
Roots and tubers Cassava, potato, yam or taro pellets, peels and
scraps from cassava or other tubers
14
4.2 Providing food, water and mineral
supplements
The animals should have continual access to food.
Fodder should be given two hours before giving concentrates, once or twice
a day, preferably in the morning and evening.
Grassy fodder should be dried in the sun at least 24 hours before being
given. Do not give damp fodder.
Bones, shells and pieces of wood help to wear down the teeth. After burning,
bones can be given in powder form, mixed in with the concentrate, and can
provide a source of minerals, especially phosphorus and calcium.
15
5 PRODUCTION
PLANNING
During weaning, the young males are separated from the young females.
Given that a single pen can hold a maximum of 15 young grasscutters, it is
possible to predict how many pens will be needed. The breeder should not
hesitate to sell surplus animals or to enlarge pens as soon as possible, in
A single pen order to reduce the risk of overpopulation.
can hold a
maximum of
15 young
grasscutters
16
6 DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
The key to good hygiene is disinfection, which includes the complete range
of actions targeting micro-organisms that cause disease. Disinfection
works against parasites as well as diseases.
Wash the equipment (feeding and drinking troughs, etc.) at least once
a week, and disinfect the pens and the shed each month. Keep the pen
empty in between two occupations, and enforce systematic quarantine for
all animals brought in from outside the farm.
Make sure rat poison is always in place around the shed and in the food
storage area. Give vitamins, sweetened lemon juice and mineral supple-
ments every two weeks.
17
Products to disinfect the buildings
Product Application
Disinfectant detergent
4% solution (40 ml in 1 l of water)
(for example, Crésyl)
The following symptoms may indicate the onset of illness: social with-
drawal, inability to escape capture, matted or dull-looking fur, loss of appe-
tite, abnormally long incisors, soft or liquid faeces, coughing, inflammation
of a body part, paralysis, etc.
18
overview of main problems and proposed solutions
Dull or matted fur • Check feed quantities and regularity of • Close any openings
feeding • Check the fur during the
• Check for dampness and cold warmest periods of the day
• Check the correct mix in the group
• Nothing to report if females are ending
a period of lactation
19
overview of main problems and proposed solutions
several dead Illness: Suspected • Check the feed quality • Disinfect the pen
animals at the disease • Transfer the grasscutters thoroughly
same time and to a separate area for • Standard disinfection
in the same pen quarantine of the rest of the shed
• Long-acting antibiotics for and equipment
all the grasscutters in the
pen
Damaged skin, Illness: Wound • Antiseptic and antibiotic in • Check there are no
exposed muscle powder form sharp or jagged points
• Sweetened lemon juice in the pen or cage
• Check there are no
reasons for fighting
(enough food, number
of feeding troughs,
homogenous group, for
example)
bulging at the Illness: Tail • Amputate the tail Treat the wound for five
base of the tail detached during days after the amputation
handling with antiseptic, powdered
antibiotic used externally
and long-acting antibiotic
by injection or as a pow-
der in the drinking water.
Sweetened lemon juice
lump under Illness: Abscess • Puncture the abscess and • Check feed quality
the skin empty it completely • Sweetened lemon
• Put antiseptic under the skin juice
• Powdered antibiotic applied • Disinfect the pen
externally
• Long-acting antibiotic by
injection or as a powder in
the drinking water
20
Symptoms Illness and Solution Additional actions
probable cause
soft or liquid Illness: Diarrhoea • Antibiotic in the drinking Disinfect the pen
stools Probable cause: water
Dirty anus Poor quality feed, • Reintroduce fibre diet
sudden change in (forage)
concentrate • Pay attention to feed quality
animal does Illness: Possible • Check for fractures by Avoid panic and handle
not move but fracture moving the limbs the animals carefully
appears to be Probable cause: • Get rid of the animal
in good health Fighting
Female unable Illness : Dystocia Get rid of the animal Take extra care in
to give birth or Probable cause: feeding gestating
kills own babies Unsuitable feeding females, avoiding fresh
cassava towards the
end of gestation
21
7 MONITORING THE FARM
7.1 Recordkeeping
make a document that records all activities carried out on the farm,
including future activities, as well as all daily events. Each animal
should have its own file or reference card, and all events that concern it
should be noted.
The files or cards should contain the following information (preferably using
both sides): For all animals: its origin (parentage or source farm), pen
number, sex and age.
FRont
22
baCK
Female n° Pen n°
origin: Date of entry: Date of removal:
age at first mating: Cause:
For males: date of mating, number of mating female, births resulting, etc.
male n° Pen n°
origin: Date of entry: Date of removal:
age at first mating: Cause :
23
A global record is also useful for noting different aspects of all the animals,
and allows the farmer to monitor and evaluate how his production is per-
forming.
The farmer will be able to quickly calculate the rates of birth, fertility and
mortality between birth and weaning, and assess the breeding potential of
the colony, for example.
Living
Dead
Added
Removed
Date
Number
Weight
A
Date Male
24
8 OTHER
INFORMATION
With a farm of sixteen mature females and four males, it is possible to get
48 grasscutters. Feeding costs will be on average 200 800 FCFA (306
euros), using forage and concentrates based on corn and wheat bran as
food sources. If the farm is well managed, then veterinary costs will be
minimal, covering only treatment for minor injuries.
The sale of 48 grasscutters at 10 000 FCFA per animal (15 euros) will
produce an income of 480 000 FCFA (720 euros).
Given an investment of 600 000 FCFA for the rearing shed, to be paid
back over 20 years, the profit in the second year will be 249 200 FCFA
(380 euros).
25
Accounting model for 48 grasscutters (in FCFA)
Income
26
8.2 Useful contacts
Q Centre SONGHAI
01BP:597 Porto-Novo - Benin
Tel.: +229 20 24 68 81 / +229 20 24 68 81
Fax: +229 20 24 72 50 / +229 20 24 72 50
http://www.songhai.org/
27
Rearing
grasscutters
Pro-Agro is a collection of practical, illustrated guides that are jointly published by CTA and
ISF Cameroon. They are an ideal source of information for farmers, rural communities
and extension workers in tropical and subtropical regions.
This manual is extension material for unconventional animal breeding. It describes
how to rear grasscutters, large rodents that are commonly found in the wild in areas
of grassland, clearing, wet or marshy areas in Africa. Grasscutters breed prolifically,
grow quickly and are easy to rear, thereby making them an ideal alternative to poaching
for meat. The manual highlights the agricultural value of grasscutter by-products unfit
for human consumption.
• The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) is a joint
international institution of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States
and the European Union (EU). Its mission is to advance food and nutritional secu-
rity, increase prosperity and encourage sound natural resource management in ACP
countries. It provides access to information and knowledge, facilitates policy dialogue
and strengthens the capacity of agricultural and rural development institutions and
communities. CTA operates under the framework of the Cotonou Agreement and is
funded by the EU.
• Engineers without Borders (ISF) is a network of professionals in more than 52
countries to promote human development through improved access to scientific and
technical knowledge. In Cameroon, ISF works together with local people to improve
their livelihoods and strengthen their technical capacity by sharing and diffusing infor-
mation adapted to their needs.