CHAPTER 1 : BIOGRAPHY TEXT

Task 1. Read the Internet article and decide if each statement is true or false!

Elon Musk
Early Life
Elon Musk (one of the richest people in the world with about $14 billion) was born
on June 28, 1971 in the city of Pretoria, in South Africa. His father is South African,
but his mother is from Canada (Elon is now a U.S. citizen). Elon was always very
interested in computers, and when he was only 12 years old he created a video
game called ‘Blastar’ and sold it for $500.

University Study
Elon left South Africa in 1989 for Canada, where he studied at Queen’s University in
Ontario. After two years, he decided to change to the University of Pennsylvania in
the United States. At the age of 24, he graduated with bachelor degrees in physics
and economics.

Career
After leaving university, still in his twenties, Elon Musk helped to create the PayPal
company. He later went on to create several other companies. Here are three of his
biggest companies:

SpaceX – SpaceX makes rockets. With these rockets, Elon Musk is making plans for
humans to travel to the planet Mars where, he hopes, people will soon live.

Tesla – Tesla is a car company that is different from most car companies. It sells
electric cars.

SolarCity – SolarCity makes and sells solar power (electricity made from sunlight). It
is the second largest solar power company in the United States. It may one day be
the biggest.

1. Elon Musk was born on July 28, 1971. TRUE / FALSE

2. Elon’s father is from South Africa. TRUE / FALSE
3. When he was only 12 years old, Elon bought his first video game. TRUE / FALSE
4. In 1989, Elon Musk was 24 years old. TRUE / FALSE
5. Elon studied at three different universities in Canada and the U.S. TRUE / FALSE
6. Elon helped to make the PayPal company before he was 30 years old. TRUE/ FALSE
7. He wants people to live on another planet. TRUE / FALSE
8. Tesla is famous because it sells cars and solar power. TRUE / FALSE
9. Tesla is an unusual car company. TRUE / FALSE
10. SolarCity is the biggest solar power company in the world. TRUE / FALSE

Task 2. Read the following text carefully!

William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955. He is one of the world's
richest people and perhaps the most successful businessman ever. He co-founded
the software giant Microsoft and turned it into the world’s largest software
company. He is the best-known entrepreneur of the PC revolution. He has also
written two best-selling books and started his own charity with his wife.

Gates was fascinated with electronics from a young age. In 1975 he read about a
small technology company. He contacted them to see if they were interested in a
computer programme he had written. This led to the creation of Microsoft. Gates
later struck a deal with IBM that put Microsoft's Windows on IBM computers. This
deal made Microsoft a major player in the IT industry.

Gates was in charge at Microsoft from 1975 until 2006. He was an active software
developer at the beginning. He had a vision that computers could change everyone’s
life. He helped make this vision come true and developed many products that are
now part of modern life. His management style has been studied and copied around
the world.

Gates stepped down as Microsoft CEO in June 2008. He now spends his time with his
wife, Melinda, focusing on their charitable foundation. They provide funds for global
problems that are ignored by governments and other organizations. ‘Time’ magazine
voted Gates as one of the biggest influences of the 20th Century. Scientists named
the Bill Gates flower fly after him.

Task 3. Match the words from the article on the left with their synonyms on the
right.
1. richest a. formation
2 giant b. interested
3. entrepreneur c. agreement
4. fascinated d. monster
5. creation e. wealthiest
6. deal f. businessman
7. beginning g. quit
8. vision h. passed over
9. style i. dream
10.stepped down j. give
11 provide k start
12 ignored l approach

Task 4. Read the biography below and then answer the questions!
1. Who started Roald’s love of stories?
2. What was the name of Roald Dahl’s younger sister?
3. Find and copy one word from the text that shows Roald Dahl’s mother told him

stories that were made-up.

4. Can you order the events below to show when they happen in the story?

A. Roald attended Repton Public School in Derbyshire.

B. James and the Giant peach was published.
C. Roald married Patricia Neal.
D. Roald worked in Africa for three years.
E. Roald’s sister sadly died.

5. What disability did Roald’s father have?

6. What inspired Roald to write the book ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’?
7. In your own words, explain what Roald thought a writer should do if they were

going to write books for children.

8. Suggest as many reasons as you can to explain why Roald Dhal started to write

children stories?

9. Why did Roald start writing for the Sunday Evening Post newspaper?

Name_________________________
My Autobiography Worksheet

1. I was born (month day, year):

The place (city, state) where I was born:
1. The people living in my home when I was born (introduce them):

2. The people living in my home now are (introduce any new family members; if
no change has been made, skip this section)

4. My parents chose to name me _________ because…

5. My earliest memory is…

6. Three major milestones of my life so far are…

7. The best, brightest and most wonderful memory of my life so far was when….

8. The worst memory of my life was when….

9. The characteristics that best describe me are…

Explain what you do that gives you those characteristics…

10. The meaning of friendship to me is…

11. My best friends are:

Of all my friends, I am closest to ______________ because….Autobiography

12. My thoughts about being an eleventh grader…

 13. My goals/dreams for the future are…

14. What I plan to do to help my dreams/goals come true:

15. If I could look ahead five years into the future I hope I’ll be …

15. If I had the power to change anything in the world, I’d (give details)…

17. Because (explain why that would be your choice)

CHAPTER 2 : FACTUAL REPORT

The Definition of Report

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result
of systematic observation and analysis Purpose: to presents information about
something, as it is.

The Generic Structure

3. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal,
public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail.

Language Feature of Report

• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense

PLATYPUS
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill.
Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered
with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud.
Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and
light. Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows
in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from
intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow
to stay.

The summary of the text above is :

The generic structures
General classification : Stating general classification of platypus.
Description : Describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life

Language Features
Simple present tense
For Example : Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REPORT AND DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Some text types are quite difficult to differ. Such report and descriptive text have the
similarity in the social function and generic structure. However if they are analyzed
carefully, the slight difference between the two text types will reveal.

The purpose of the two texts are to give the live-description of the
object/participant. Both the report and descriptive text try to show rather than tell
the reader about the factual condition of the object.

What makes different, between report and descriptive text, is the scope of the
written object. If we talk about ‘bicycle’, it belongs to report text. It will talk about
bicycle in general; its parts, physical strength, function for certain people or other
general characters of bike. In the other hand, descriptive text will convey more
focus, for example "my bicycle" with its specific characters; colour, length, wheel
style, etc.

In short, report text describes the way of certain things and frequently refer to
phenomenon of nature, animal and scientific object. Mostly, report is written after
getting careful observation. This scientific and technical sense make clearer
difference from descriptive text. The way of descriptive text in showing thing is
based on the objective fact of the thing. It describe the specific thing simply as the
thing is

The example of report text.

Task 1. Read the following text!
Task 2. Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. Are kangaroos and wallabies indigenous animals of Australia?
2. What does the word "these" in paragraph 2 refer t o?
3. What do people call the largest kangaroos?
4. Where do you find the pouch of the female kangaroo?
5. What does the word "it" in sentence . .. ‘it crawls at once’ … refer to?
6. Can you find the sentence considered the definition of a kangaroo? State it.
7. Which sentences tell you about the description of the kangaroo's appearance?

Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions!

1. What is meant by lightning?

2. When does lightning usually happen?
3. What does the word "this" in the last sentence of paragraph 1 refer to?
4. What does the word "it" in paragraph 2 refer to?

Task 4. Form questions in the Simple Present!

1) Frank / to read / comics
2) what / they / to eat / for breakfast
3) when / his mum / to come / home
4) to be / Peter / from Austria
5) Marie and Joe / to like / homework
6) you / to walk / to school
7) where / she / to live
8) why / you / to ride / your bike
9) how / Linda / to go / to the park
 Task 5. Negate the following sentences!
1) Kevin plays basketball.
2) Steve can make breakfast.
3) I run to school.
4) The kite flies into the air.
5) He is from Spain.
6) Mr Smith teaches French.
7) Sandy washes her hair.
8) The children know the answer.
9) She sits on a chair.
10) Anne and Sue carry a box.

Task 6.Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps.

1) Jill two children. (to have)

2) The pupils songs in the classroom. (to sing)
3) Andy's brother in an office. (to work)
4) She my sister. (to be)
5) you English? (to speak)
6) The boys computer games. (not/to play)
7) I often to the cinema. (to go)
8) she stamps? (to collect)
9) Peter e-mails. (not/to write)
10) She to Menorca every summer. (to fly)

CHAPTER 3 : ANALYTICAL AND HORTATORY EXPOSITION

1. The definition of the text: It is a kind of the text that presents one side of issue
(pro or cons, not both) in a form of arguments. It elaborates the writer’s idea
about the phenomenon surroundings.
2. The purpose of the text:
A. To persuade the readers that idea is important matter.
B. To persuade the readers or listeners that there is something that, certainly,
needs to get attention.
C. To analyze a topic and to persuade the reader that this opinion is correct and
supported by arguments
3. Language Features:
A. Using internal conjunction = Elaborating steps in an argument (Firstly, secondly, next,
finally)
B. Using causal conjunction = the cause of an event, because
 C. Using contrastive conjunction = but, nevertheless
D. Using simple present tense = Bruno is a quiet boy
E. Focusing on generic human and non-human participants, e.g.: car, pollution
F. Using relational processes, e.g.: It is important
G. Using modal verbs, e.g.: We must preserve
H. Using passive sentence
4. Generic Structure of the text: (Bagian-bagian bacaan)
1) Thesis
- Position : Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
- Preview : Outlines the main arguments.
2) Argument
- Point : Restate main argument.
- Elaboration : Develops and supports point.
3) Reiteration : Restate the writer’s position. We can use the following
phrase to make conclusion in reiteration :
From the fact above …
I personally believe …
Therefore, my conclusion is …
In conclusion …

Text Organization Banning of motorbikes is necessary in Language

housing areas. Features

Introduction (Thesis Motorbikes are a nuisance and a cause for great Mental verbs
statement) distress. Even though motorbikes are I think
considered as the most convenient form of
transportation, I think they are a hazard to believe
humans, animals as well as the environment. I
think motorbikes should be banned in housing
areas due to the following reasons: cause of
unreasonable amount of noise, air pollution,
diseases, and accidents.

Argument 1 First of all, I would like to point out that Conjunctive relations
motorbikes are a major contributor to the pollution First of all
+ in the world. Research has shown that motorbikes Secondly
emit a deadly gas that is dangerous for the Causal
elaboration environment. Consequently, long-term emission of gas conjunctions
from motorbikes is a major contributor of global Consequently
warming (Science Daily).

Secondly, according to a report from BBC News Generic reference

Argument 2 Channel, motorbikes are also responsible for Accidents
+ causing diseases such as bronchitis, cancer and are a
elaboration major trigger of asthma and high blood pressure.
Some of the diseases are so ghastly that they can
kill people (BBC News, 2009)

Argument 3 Furthermore, motorbikes create so much Children

+ noise. There is “vroom vroom” noise
 elaboration everywhere. It is extremely difficult to sleep. Parents
Parents with infants find it extremely
challenging. The moment their babies fall asleep, Expert opinion
one or another motorbike passes by and the baby
wakes up. It is also arduous for children to Expert
concentrate on their homework. Experts are Research show
of the opinion that if there is extreme noise, it
can lead to deafness and lack of concentration in
children and adults (Fields, 1993).
Argument 4 Finally, motorbikes are responsible for horrible Present tense Are
+ accidents. In some cases, there are deaths. responsible Go so
elaboration Motorbike riders go so fast that they are unable fast Are known
to stop on time thus they end up hing other
people or animals. Many times a lot of animals
are trampled and found dead on the road.
Motorbikes are known to be the biggest killers
on the road (Fields, 1993).
Conclusion (Reiteration of In conclusion, from the arguments above, I
thesis statement) strongly believe that motorbikes should be banned
from housing areas.

Task 1. The article given below is incomplete. Complete it using the format of an exposition text!
Introduction (thesis Television is the most popular form of entertainment in every household in
statement) Indonesia. However, I think watching television too much especially soap
operas and dramas can have negative impacts on the viewers.

Argument 1 + Elaboration

Argument 2 + Elaboration

Conclusion (restatement
of thesis statement)

Task 2. Read the two text below

Analytical Exposition 1
The Importance of English
I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say
that? Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all
around the world, either as a first or second language. Secondly, English is also the
key which opens doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the
economic and political development of many countries in the world. Thirdly, English
is a top requirement of those seeking jobs.

Applicants who master either active or passive English are more favorable than those
who for not. From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English
to greet the global era.
Analytical Exposition 2
START SAVING UP NOW!
People today tend to have high daily expenses, for example on cable subscriptions,
transport, and mobile phone bills. The need to pay those bills drives people to
consider saving money, even wealthy individuals. There are four reasons why people
consider saving money.

First, saving money is beneficial for emergency funds. Unexpected things can
happen, such as car repairs and hospital bills due to vehicular accidents, a sudden
loss of job, extra tuition for a school field trip, and an invitation to a friend‟s wedding
party.

Second, education is important and necessary for a better future, for oneself and
one‟s offspring. These days, the better the education, the higher the tuition will be.
Moreover, tuition from primary school to university increases each year. Without
saving money, paying tuition will be so hard that sometimes people decide not to
continue their studies due to a lack of funds.

Third, people need to save money for retirement. Life still goes on when people
retire from a job, so they will need to save money to fulfill their daily needs.

Finally, the last reason for saving money is for entertainment. Travelling on holiday
or hanging out with friends at a café is needed to relieve stress after working for a
long time.

Seeing how important it is to save money, don‟t wait until an unexpected expense
appear. Remember the proverb “forewarned is forearmed.” Start saving as soon as
possible.

Task 2. Analyze two examples of analytical exposition texts!

Text Function Generic Language Language Language

structures Features Features Features
(Simple Present (Causal (modal verb)
Tense) conjunction)
Analytical
Text 1
Analytical
Text 2

HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

1. The purpose of the text:
2. To persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be
the case.
3. The Generic structure of the text:
4. Thesis : Announcement of issue concern.
5. Arguments : Reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.
6. Recommendation : Statement of what ought or ought not to happen.

Example:
Should ads be banned from TV programs?
Thesis
We are writing to complain about ads on TV. They are so many ads, especially
during our favorite programs. We think they should be stopped for a number of
reasons.

Argument 1
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many.
Sometimes they seem to be so many ads in one programme.

Argument 2
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy
unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy, and chips. And they make people
want things they do not really need and can not afford. It can lead to
consumerism.

Argument 3
Finally, the people who make ads have to much say in what programs people
watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a
lot of people watch. Some programs that are not so popular get stopped because
they do not attract enough ads, even though those programs may be someone’s
favorite.

Recommendation
 For those reasons, we think your TV station should stop showing ads. They
interrupt programs. They are bad influence on people, and they are sometimes
put a stop to people’s favorite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly
watch other channels.

Task 3. Answer these questions based on the text.

1. How many reasons did the writer mention to support his argument?
2. Which part of the text contains the advice of the writer to do something better?
3. What is the difference between an analytical and a hortatory exposition text?

What are your kids watching?

Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course it is. Television can
expose your children to things that you have tried to protect them from, especially
violence, drug abuse, etc.

One study demonstrated that watching too much TV during the day or at bedtime.
Often causes bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay and anxiety around sleep,
followed by shortened sleep duration.

Another study found a significant association between the amount of time spent
watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the likelihood of
subsequent aggressive acts against others.

Meanwhile, many studies have found an association between kids watching a lot of
TV, being inactive or overweight.

Considering some fact above, protect your children with some following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to 1-2 hours each day
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedroom.
3. Review the ratings of TV shows that your children watch.
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening during the
show. Discuss alternative and more acceptable things that characters could
have done.
Answer these questions based on the text.
1. How many argument does support the thesis?
2. What is the last paragraph called?
3. What suggestion does the text give to the parents?

Task 4. Re-arrange the following paragraph to form a meaningful Hortatory

Exposition Text!
(B). To sum up, in my opinion, cloning will really help us, maybe not today, but
definitely tomorrow. Because of this reason, I really wait for tomorrow impatiently.
(A). Secondly, if we use this technology in the birth of children, we not only decrease
the risks of cancer, stroke and dementia, but also increase the cognitive potential
and talents of children, as Lee Silver mentioned in his article. I want to say that the
quality of new generation will increase, so better lives are waiting for us at least for
our children, after we improve and start cloning.
(C). Finally, some scientists believe that cloning has many disadvantages. For
example, cloned ones get older faster, and live shorter. On the other hand, we
shouldn’t forget that it is a very new technology and it needs some time to be
improved. I believe that after a while and after worked on seriously, it will really
provide us the advantages that I mentioned before, so I think at this moment, all we
can do is to wait and see what our scientists can do.

(E). First of all, even in our time, we still have some illnesses that have no cure or
treatment or that have long and painful treatments that are applied with difficulty.
We can give leukemia as an example. In the treatment of leukemia, you have to find
a person whose tissues match those of the person suffering from leukemia, and the
probability is very low, unless they are identical twins. If we use the cloning
technology in these cases, we can find a solution to these kinds of diseases easily.
Therefore, I think if it has such advantages why shouldn’t it be used?

(D). Do you want a twin that is cloned from you? Do you think it is necessary? Or do
you think it is unethical and should be banned? I strongly believe that cloning is a
new technology that is necessary for our world. I have various reasons for this: it is
necessary for the treatment of some illnesses such as leukemia and it provides our
children better lives. Some people claim that cloning causes some disadvantages, but
I think they are really making a mistake.

Task 5. Compose a Hortatory Exposition text based on the issue given. Write at
least 2 (two)arguments and a conclusion in your essay!

Transportation Should be Free

Cities need good public transportation. Growing cities in the developing world often
have traffic jams that choke up whole expressways for days. The reliance on the car
also leads to large amounts of pollution, both smog and CO2 emissions. The
solutions for these problems is more and better public transportation. I think
transportation for public should be free too for number of reasons.
CHAPTER 4 : BECAUSE, BECAUSE OF …, DUE TO …
Task 1. Complete each sentence by underlining either “because,” “because of,” or
“due to.”  
Example: They bought the couch (because / because of) it was on sale.
1. Sarah wants to go to the salon today (because / because of) her hair needs a trim.
2. (Because / Because of) the change in the weather, we have decided not to go to
the parade.
3. Diane missed her flight (due to / because) a traffic delay on her way to the airport.
4. (Due to / Because) my car was stolen, I will have to rent a car for the next few
days.
5. The doctors said that the man’s death was (due to / because) heart failure.
6. The teacher thinks the students didn’t learn the lesson well enough (because /
because of) they weren’t listening to her.
7. (Because / Because of) the lights don’t work, you’ll need a flashlight when you go
down into the basement.
8. The company won’t hire him (due to / because) he tested positive for drugs.
9. The door doesn’t close properly (because / because of) it’s broken.
10. School was canceled (due to / because) the weather.
Task 2. Complete each sentence by choosing from the clauses, phrases, and words
that are available to the right

1. We didn’t go to the beach because _________ a. it’s too high

2. The car crashed into the traffic light because of ____ b. the delay
3. Due to _____________, the store was forced to close. c. it was too cold outside
4. They can’t have any more candy because __________ d. a lightning strike on some dead
trees
5. Jimmy can’t reach the ball because ________ e. her lack of experience
6. My car won’t start because of ___________ f. the poor economy
7. Due to ___________, Cindy had trouble finding a job. g. the cold
8. The forest fire started because of _________ h. bad brakes
9. Because ________, they have decided to get married. i. they are in love
10. She’s frustrated because of _______ in the delivery j. they’ve eaten too much of it
of the package.
Task 3. Rewrite the following sentences using the expressions ‘due to’ or ‘because
of’.
(1) Inflation caused a rise in the cost of raw materials.
The cost of raw materials rose due to inflation

(2) Corruption caused a decline in efficiency.

(3) Poor quality control caused an increase in complaints.

(4) A price war among competitors caused a fluctuation in prices.

(5) An increase in accidents caused a dramatic increase in insurance rates.

(6) Higher safety standards led to a sharp drop in accidents.

Task 4.