Fixed Point Theory On Fiberings
Fixed Point Theory On Fiberings
Fixed Point Theory On Fiberings
Given a function f from a space X into itself, any question which inquires
into the existence, nature and number of fixed points is called fixed point
theory.
In this article, we will focus on results which require X to be a fairly rea-
sonable space such as a compact polyhedron or a compact connected metric
ANR and f a continuous function. We first discuss fixed point theory, and-
then results concerning fiber preserving mappings.
(1) The essence of this survey article was delivered as an invited address at the Seoul
National University and the J eonbug National University in August 1976 while the author
was staying in Korea by an invitation of the Korean Mathematical Society and the Dep-
artment of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.
138 Soon-Kyu Kim
non·ne~ativeinteger NC/) that is a lower bound for the number of fixed points
of every map that is homotopic to f. Let 'P(j, X) = {x E Xlf(x) =x}. Then q,
is a compact space. We divide 'P by an equivalence relation given by XO"'Xh
Xo. Xl E 'P iff there is a path e: I--+X from Xo to Xl such that e is homotopic
(with ends fixed) to fee). Then the equivalence classes are a finite number
of disjoint sets F h F 2 , •••• F". If f is the identity map or the space is simply con·
nected. then there is only one class provided 'P*if>. We choose open set Uj
such that Ui:::>F j and cl(Uj ) n lP=F j for each j. Then the Nielsen number
is defined to be the number of Nielsen classes F j such that i(Fj)=i(X,j, V j )
*0 (see C).
THEOREMS ([3J, [4J, [15J. [19J. [22J).
Cl) Any map f: X--+X of a compact ANR space has at least N(f) jixetl
points.
(2) If f and g are homotopic in X. then NU) =N(g).
(3) Since L(f) =i(X,j, X) = t. i(X,j, Vj),
J~l
Vj:JF j • N(f) =0 implies L(j}
=0.
Ho-<iJever. there are manifolds in all dimensions and maps on them such that
L(f)=O but N(f»):2 (by B. McCord).
(4) Suppose X is simply connected. If L(J) =0, then N(f) =0. and if L
(f) :/; O. then N (f) = 1 (because there is only one Nielsen class).
(5) In general. if L(J):/; O. then N(f»):1.
(6) N(f) ~the Reidemeister number of f. R(J). The Reidemeister number of
f is the number of equivalence clQ,$ses of the fundamental group 0 1(X) divi-
ded by a rea/ation given by a rv 13. (a. 13 EO1 (X» iff there is an element fE
Ol(X) such that. a=rf3f*(r- 1 ). If 01(X) is abelian. then R(f) is the
cardinality of coker(l-f*).
[0, I]-+X such that H(x, 0) =f(x) =H(x, 1) and the loop H(xo, -) represe-
nts a.
THEoREMS ([12J, [19J).
(1) If X is a path connected space, then T(f,xo)=T(f,Xl), xo, Xl EX.
That is, the Jiang subgroup is independent, up to isomorphism, of the choice
of base point.
Let T(X) denote the Jiang -subgroup for the identity map id: X-+X. Then
we have
(2) T(X) =T(id) cT(f) cDl(X) for any map f: X-+x.
(3) If f and g are homotopic, then T(f)=T(g).
(4) T(X) r;;;P(X, xo) cZ(D1(X», (=the center of Dl(X», where P(X,
xo) is the set of elements that act trivially on all homotopy groups D,.(X).
Thus (a) if X is a simply connected polyhedron that is not the homotopy type
of SI, then T(X)=1 since Dl(X) has no center; (b) Since Dl (RP2a) does
not act trivially on Dz,.(RJ>2n), T(PR2a) =1 for all n>O; (c) If X is a
closed 2-manifold that is neither torus TZ nor Klein bottle KZ, then T(X) =1
because Dl(X) has trivial center if X is not one of RPz, TZ, and KZ.
(5) If X is a spherical space (e. g. Eilenberg-MacLane space), then T(X)
=Z(Dl(X». Thus T(K2)=Z(D l (K2».
(6) T(XxY)=T(x)E!1T(Y). However, the Jiangsubgroupsdo not behave
well with respect to a map f: X-+ Y, i. e., f * (T (X» may not be a subgroup
of T(Y)
A space X is called a Jiang space if T(X) =Dl (X). The fundamental
grouP of a Jiang space is necessarily abelian.
(7) All H-spaces, the quotient space of a topological grouP with respect to
a connected compact Lie subgroup, generalized lens spaces (see Section 2), and
odd dimensional real projective spaces RP2a+l are Jiang spaces.
(8) If a space is a Jiang space, then the following are true (true even if
TU, xo)=Dl(X, xo».
(a) All the Nielsen fixed point classes F h "', F,. of f: X-+X have the same
index, i.e., i(Fl)=···=i(F..)=k.
(b) Therefore we have L(f,Q)=El i(Fj)=kN(f).
(c) L(f)=O implies N(f)=o (see D(3) and D(4».
Fixed point theory on fiberings 141
THEoREMs.
(1) If X is a Wecken space, then X has a f.P·P· ijf N(f)+O for every'
map f:X...... X.
(2) If X is a Wecken-Jiang space, then X has a f· p. p. ijf L(f) *0 for·
every map f:X...... X.
(3) If X is a compact ANR space and Y is a Wecken space which has a
f.p.p., then the maPPing cylinder 1'4(1) for a map f:X-Y has a f.p.p·
(4) If X is a Wecken space which has a f. p. p., then Xx [0, 1J has a f. p.
p. since Xx [0, 1] = M(id).
(5) If A,B have a f.p.p., then the wedge product AVB has a f.p.p.
(6) We know that CP28 has a f. p. p. We can SMw that the suspension XCP21t
of Cp2" has a f. p. p.
However, there are examples tk4t show (4), (5) and (6) are not true in
general (see [5J, p. 148"'150).
(7) Bredlm El] considered a space x,.=$k ~ IJ4a, identified by a non-
triTJial element aE H2m-l(S'), X a has a homotopy invariant f.p.p. prooidea
that k is odd (l1I,d 2111-1--1<1--1. However, XaxX«, admits a fixed point
free map if tke order of a and the order of a' is relatively prime.
(8) Husseini [14J has constructed smooth manifolds M and M' that have a
f.P.P., but MXM' does not have a f.p.p. It is an open problem whether 01.'-
not the square Mx M of a manifold M which has a f. p. p. has a f. p. p.
I
X~X
tk
Y~Y
g Lk
11 D1 (X) is finite, then N(f)=N(g).
In 1976, Fadell improved this by using the mapping cone and a local index.
THEOREM 2.4 ([10J). Theorem 2.3 is true withcmt assuming the finiteness
of the fundamental grcmP D 1 (X).
We have noticed that L(f)=L(fB) . L(fb) for an orientable Hurewicz
fiber map p: E---+B and a fiber preserving map f: E---+E. We try to see whe-
ther or not a similar product formula holds for the Nielsen numbers; i. e. ,
This formula is not true in generel. An example can be formed in the Hopf
fibering S4S4S2 [8]. To this regard, Brown and FadelI were able to prove
the following theorem.
THEOREM 2.5 ([6], [8]). Let p: E---+B be a locally trivial fiberspace with
fiber F. Suppose E, B, F are connected finite polyhedra, f: E-+E a jiber'
preserving map. If (a) D1 (B)=D2 (B) =0 or
(b) D1(F) =0 or
(c) p:E-+B is trivial with D1(B) =0 or 1=/BX!h,
then N(f)=N(fB) . N(fb) for alllb, bEB.
Pak [20] formulated an obstruction to the product formula for the Nielsen
numbers. The obstruction number is defined algebraically and some calcu-
lations of numbers in various cases can be found in [17].
THEOREM 2.6 ([20J). Let p: E---+B be an orientable locally trivial jiber
map. Suppose E, B, p-l(b) are compact connected ANR Jiang spaces ana
a fiber preserving map I has non-zero Lefschetz number. Then there exists a
number P(f) such that N(f) ,P(f)=N(/B) ·N(!h).
EXAMPLE ([17J). Let Sl---+EtCP" be a circle bundle over a complex pro-
Fixed point theory on fiberings 14-5
holds iff P(f)=l; i.e., Il-dl=(l-k, lil). This implies that the product
formula holds for SI-bundle over CP" iff ll-deg(!b)! divides lil.
A fibering p: E-+B is called injective if the inclusion i: p-I (b)-+E induces
a monomorphism i*: OI(p-I(b»-+D1 (E) for all bEB. We note that the
HopE fibering Sl-+S3-+S2 is not injective.
THEoREM 2.7 ([17J). Let p: E-+B be an orientablelocally trivial injective
fiber map. Suppose E, B, p-I(b) are Jiang spaces and their fundamental
groups are finitely generated abelian groups. If the exact sequence
-dency of N(j,,). Fadell and Brown [6], [8]· showed it for a locally trivial
iiOOr map and polyhedra. and Fadell [11] shows the following: If p:E-+B is
an orientable Hurewicz fiOOr map, then N(!b) is well de1ined; i. e., it is
independent of the choice of path I'll: [0, l]-B from b to b' and points b, h'
EB.
THEOREM 2.9 ([l1J). Let p:E-+B be an orientable Hurewicz.fiher map (all
spaces are compact metrU: ANR) ana f: E~E a fiher Presemng mal'. Then
there exists Il locally trivial fiber map p':E'-+B' and fibcr preserving map
f: E'-+E' with E', B', p'-I(b) finite polyhedra suck that N(f)=N(f'),
N(fB) =N(f 's), and N(f,,)=N(fi). Consequently, FaJelllists the product
theorems.
THEOREM 2.10 ([11]). Let P:E-+B be an orientohle Hurewicz fiber map
with E and B ANR's (compact metric) and f:E-E be a jiber preserving
map. Then N(f)=NUB) . NU,,) in each of the folluwing cases:
(a) R 1 (B)=U 2 (B)=O ([6], [8]).
(b) U 1 (F)=O ([6], [8J).
(c) 1': E-+B is./iber homotopically trivial and 01(1J) =0 ([6J, [8]).
(d) There is a homotopy cMnniUtatitJe diagram
$Uch that ~Ip-l (b') is a homotiJpy equivalencef",. each b'E1J ([6], [8], [11]).
(e) D1 (B) =0 and p: E-+B is injeetif!e ([20]).
(n The sequence ~Dl(p-l(h))-+lll(1Z)-Jil(B)-o is $plit exact seq-
1I>ence with sPlitting map u, H=imo- is normal, Ii1(B) is all torsion and
D1(E) is torsion free ([17] for Jiang spaces).
(g) P:E-+B admits a section u: B-+E ~h that fir=q! and DI(E) is
4helian ([17]) ..
THEOREM 2.11 ([11]). Let p: E-+B be an orientahle Hurewic!J:. fiber map
with E, B, p-l(b) cqn.nected compact metrU: ANR and let f: E-+E be a}Wer
4 P*
preserving map. SuPPose tke sequence Q-+Ol(p-l(b))------)-1l1(E)------)-D1(B)-+O
Fixed point theory on fiberings 147
is exact and p* admits a right inverse (section) 0' such that tf H=invO',
then f*(H) cH, Then N(j)=N(jB) . N(fb)'
THEOREM 2.12 ([l1J, [17J). Let p: E---+B be an orientable injective Hure-
7.t'UZ fiber map with E and B connected compact metric ANR and let f: E---+
B be a jiber preserving map. If in.: 01(B)---+D1(B) fixes only the identity,
then NU) =N(fB) . N(!b).
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148 Soon-Kyn Kim
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