OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE-IFE

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS TOPIC:

PUBLIC LIBRARY OTA, OGUN STATE.

A STUDY ON THE SPACE CONFIGURATION AND ADAPTATION
TO CHANGE IN LIBRARY DESIGN.

BY

NAME: OLAOYE AYODEJI JOSHUA

EDMP19/20/H/0999

SUPERVISOR: Dr. Akinjokun

JANUARY, 2023
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

People who choose not to or cannot afford to buy an extensive collection themselves, who need

material that no one can reasonably be expected to have, or who need professional assistance

with their research use the collection and services in libraries. A library can be a physical

building or room, a virtual space or both, and it can provide physical or digital access to material.

The word "library" has come to represent a collection of helpful materials for everyday use, and

is now used in disciplines like computer science, mathematics and statistics, electronics, and

biology to denote this kind of collection. In general, a library is a collection of sources, services,

sources, and information. Books, journals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, documents,

microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audiobooks, databases,

and more formats can all be found in a library's collection. Libraries might include a few book

shelves or millions of things, depending on their size.

There are various sorts of libraries to accommodate various needs, including the following

1. Public libraries that cater to the general populace

2. school libraries that provide services to staff and students through high school

3. a college or university library that provides services to staff and students in higher

education

4. Specialized libraries that provide services to several businesses, industries, and

governmental institutions

5. To meet the requirements of the community, each type of library has its own mission,

goal, collections, services, and facilities.

However, gathering, organizing, preserving, and facilitating access to knowledge, information,

and resources of a similar nature should be considered any type of library's primary aim. This

project mostly focuses on public libraries. A public library's main purpose is to give residents of

a community access to political, social, cultural, and educational information. In addition, public

libraries collect, organize, and disseminate information that is available in printed and non-

printed form for users' efficient usage.

Over time, a public library, also known as a circulating library, is a library that is open to the

general public, is primarily supported by public funds (like taxes), and may be run by civil

workers. Public libraries may be taxed by organizations at any level, from municipal to federal

government. It is maintained and organized for use by a public entity, a private person, or an

institution. It might be a real structure or room, a virtual location, or both that offers physical or

digital access to content.

Public libraries are common in many nations throughout the world and are frequently seen as a

crucial component of having a populace that is educated and literate, The purpose of public

libraries is to meet the information needs of the general population, making them different from

research libraries, school libraries, or other special libraries. generally, as well as providing

content for public pleasure and leisure purposes (rather than to serve a specific school,

institution, or research community).

Public libraries have five key traits in common:

1. Taxes (often local, though any level of government may contribute) are normally how

they are funded.

2. A board oversees its operations in the public interest.

 3. Every community member can access the collection because they are accessible to all.

4. There is never any pressure to use the services offered, thus they are completely

voluntary.

5. services are provided by public libraries without charge.

Public libraries typically function as "lending libraries," enabling patrons to borrow books and

other items for a short while outside of the building. Additionally, they maintain non-circulating

reference collections. Public libraries frequently offer educational and non-fiction items that are

of wide interest to the public in addition to popular materials like movies and popular fiction.

It is significant to remember that the word "library" derives from the Hebrew word "Liber,"

which means "book." However, the library's collection has often included a wide range of

materials. Public materials (as maintained by Microsoft student Encanta) comprise not only

printed resources like manuscripts, books, newspapers, and magazines but also art reproductions,

films, sound and historic video recordings, maps, pictures, CD-ROM, computer software, online

databases, and other media.

A public library's primary goal is to gather, arrange, conserve, and make knowledge and

information accessible. By accomplishing this objective, libraries safeguard a priceless record of

history and official papers that can be passed down to future generations.

Modern libraries are being reinvented as locations where people may access information without

restrictions in a variety of formats and from a variety of sources. Along with the materials, they

also provide the services of specialized librarians, who are pros at locating, compiling, and

interpreting information. More recently, the concept of a library has come to include resources
that can be accessed electronically as well as the assistance of librarians in accessing and

analyzing vast amounts of information using a range of digital technologies.

In addition to offering common places for collaborative work and group study, libraries

frequently offer quiet study spaces as well. Public access points to their electronic resources and

the internet are frequently offered by libraries. The word "library" has come to mean "a

collection of beneficial material for general use," and is now used in disciplines like computer

science, mathematics and statistics, electronics, and biology to denote this kind of collection of

helpful materials. In general, a library is a collection of sources, services, sources, and

information.

The Federal Government of Nigeria conducted the first regional symposium on the growth of

public libraries in Nigeria's several regions in 1951 with the assistance of UNESCO, with the

following goals: (Edoks, 2000)

1. Encouraging young people's imaginations and creativity.

2. Encouraging the appreciation of the arts, scientific research, and cultural understanding.

3. Granting accessibility to all performing arts forms as cultural expressions.

4. Encouraging cultural diversity and intercultural differences.

5. Encouraging the oral tradition.

6. Ensuring that residents have access to all types of local information

Finally, by having a component of the library dedicated to maintenance and an archive for

historical and government properties, all the aforementioned goals can be accomplished.

.
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY

Creating a legal foundation and governing structure, amassing a collection of

books and other media, and finding dependable financing sources, particularly government ones,

are all necessary for the founding or expansion of a public library. The majority of public

libraries are modest in size, serving less than 2,000 people, and were created in response to

particular local requirements.

A public entity, an institution, a business, or a private person can organize and maintain a library.

People who opt not to or cannot afford to buy a substantial collection for themselves may use

public and institutional collections and services. Additionally, they could seek out expert

assistance for their research.

1.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

There has never been a bigger danger of a widening divide between those with access to

information and those without it. This disparity affects groups and people within countries as

well as between countries at various stages of development. According to a United Nations

report, "Determined efforts are needed to bring disadvantaged people worldwide and developing

countries into the global conversation."

Public libraries offer a wonderful chance to help bridge the "digital gap" and include everyone in

this global debate. They can do this by making information technology accessible to the general

populace

According to a census of public libraries in the United States, there are 16,536 locations in all 50

states (ALA library information sheet), while Australia has approximately 1500 locations (1,418

fixed locations and 76 mobile locations) (ALIA) By having these resources available, which are
used by nearly 50% of the population, they were able to advance their country. Based on the

findings, UNESCO encourages and advises that the government devote resources to the

expansion of public libraries in the nation in order to succeed in various economic and political

initiatives and achieve the goal of becoming a developed country by 2030

Findings revealed that there had never been a public library in Ota since its founding. This,

coupled with the fact that Ota is the second largest local government area in ogun state. Also, it

is endowed with the presence of higher institutions like, Bells University, Covenant University,

Stars Polytechnic as well as 50+ secondary schools in the area. Worthy of note is its close

proximity to Lagos state. This gave me the idea to look for a public library nearby.

The town falls within the Ogun west senatorial zone, it occurred to me that for the library to be

most effectively utilized, it must be located close to the target users.

Free access to desired literature will increase public awareness among Nigerians, who are in

critical need of a location where their information may be found.

1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE DESIGN

The goal of the design is to create a design that has the best possible environment, is integrated

into a suitable structure, and takes into account technological advancements that will improve the

ease of knowledge acquisition and make the general public more relevant to the most basic facts.

The goals include the following in order to carry out this main purpose:

1. Use the current resources.

2. Analyze the client's brief and specifications to present a building that is functional and

reflects the specific library operations.

3. to offer a functional, stable, and easily available library.

 4. To encourage learning for life.

5. To fulfill the community's informational, recreational, and cultural needs.

6. To promote and improve the use of non-book media, such as audiovisuals and computers,

as a fresh and expanded component of education through the provision of functional spaces.

1.5 SCOPE OF DESIGN

The goal of the project is to give the public Library a thorough design proposal and construction

management know-how. In this role, the architect will be in charge of the overall design,

including the creation of necessary functional areas for learning as well as the final presentation

and presentation

1.6 ABOUT THE CLIENT

The Ogun State government in Nigeria is the proposed public library's client.

1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE CLIENT

Ogun state was created by the Murtala/Obasanjo administration on the 3rd of February, 1976

from the Old Western State. The state was named after the Ogun River, which runs right across

the state from north to south. It has its capital situated in Abeokuta. The state’s current governor

is Prince Dapo Abiodun. The state currently has a total of 20 local government area Ogun state

and has six major ethnic groups: the Egba, the Ijebu, the Remo, the Egbado, the Awori and the

Egun. There are also sub-groups like the Ikale, Ketu, Ohori and Anago. It is one of the most

educated state in Nigeria.

.
1.8 THE USERS

The major primary users of the library are the student, researchers and general public of the town

which the project is sited and the secondary users of the facility are visitors and guest from

neighboring town.

1.9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to reach the project aims of being a practical and beautiful facility, designing is a

difficult and gradual procedure. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the goals and

objectives the library is working to accomplish, a thorough examination of the usual facility must

be conducted. In order to create a decent and effective design for a public library, the following

steps will then be included in the data collection method:

i. Case study

ii. Photographic Survey

iii. Interviews

iv. Site visitation / investigation

2.0 TERMINOLOGIES

CIRCULATION DESK- Circulation desk is usually at the entrance of each department in a

library

that oversees the lending and retrieval of books and other items over a stipulated time.

CATALOG-A list of holdings in a library, usually arranged according to subject, tale, or author
CATALOG CABINET-A wooden or metallic cabinet where catalog cards are being kept

REGISTRY-A registry in the library is a place where registers and other records are kept, people

who wants to register also go there for registration.

ICT-The abbreviation for Information and Communication Technology

ISBN- This means International Standard Book Number. It is the number attached to book and it

is assigned by the National Book Library.

DDC-An abbreviation for Dewey decimal classification which means a system of classifying

library books that divides them into ten main classes, divided into categories with three-digit

numbers and sub-categories with numbers after a decimal point. It comprises of, (i) Schedule. (i)

Index and (iii) Table

BRAILLE-It means writing system for visually impaired people i.e. a writing system for vision -

Impaired or sightless people consisting of patterns of raised dots that are read by touch.This

section in the Library is meant for both the totally blind people and the partially blind people.

INTERNATIONAL BOOK-AID- This section houses books donated by foreign country and

international bodies.
CHAPTER TWO

CASE STUDY

Several research approaches were used to create an effective and useful design for a public

library, including, analysis of previous projects' literature. advice from past projects Internet

lookup, Case studies of public libraries that currently exist, both locally and globally Oral

interview and direction from the responsible supervisor.

An initial evaluation of the current building typology had to be completed in order to completely

comprehend the rationale behind its design. The typology would first be evaluated in terms of

space, functionality, equipment, and operating norms.

Four case studies would be assessed for the sake of this study. Those are:

1. National Library Enugu

2. Delta State Library (Branch) Asaba

3. Enugu State Central Library Enugu

4. Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham City

5. John Ryland Library

The aforementioned case studies were carefully investigated, images (both inside and external), a

floor plan drawing, and plans for the libraries were also produced in accordance with those

findings.
LIMITATION AND CONSTRAINTS

In the course of carrying out this study, one or two constraints were experienced which

apparently affected the amount of information gathered as well as the in depth study carried out.

Such limiting factor is majorly the lack of is release of vital information such the design

documents and carrying out detail and comprehensive study on the respective by library

administration for the fear of recent insecurity in the country.

CASE STUDY ONE

NATIONAL LIBRARY ENUGU

General Information

Project Architect: Architectural Section of Federal Ministry of Works

Client: The Federal Government of Nigeria

Location: Independence Layout Enugu, about 300m from the ESBN junction in

Enugu.

Plate 2.1: Approach view from the road into Plate .2: Pedestrain access from the access
road.
the library complex (Source: Author 2022) ( Source : Author 2022)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

The library was designed to serve the needs of the many schools in Enugu metropolis. It is a

prototype building for all the state branches of the National Library. It was established under the

National Library Act Number 6 of 1964. Prior to this Act, which was subsequently revised by the

National Library Act number of 1990, the library functioned as a division of the federal Ministry

of Education. The board of the National Library of Nigeria established by the degree is

constituted by members drawn from all the states of the federation. Prior to the completion of the

structure of National Library Enugu, it was located at Government Trade Centre, Abakiliki Road,

Enugu as a temporary accommodation for 18years.

General Appraisal

The building has two floors, the ground floor house most of the facilities needed by users. The

resding areas, lending section, junior staff offices, storage section, and reserved section are

located on the ground floor. On the first floor, the serial section, the auditorium, and senior staffs

‘offices.

Plate 2.3: Enclosed landscaped courtyard Plate 2.4: Public Parking lots (Source: Author
2022)
Plate 2.5: shading device ( Source Author 2022) Plate 2.6: Outdoor reading area

plate 2.7: Reading section under staircase plate .8: landscaped elements (Source: Author

2022)
Plate 2.9: Reading section and serial section

Plate 2.11: Reference Gallery Plate 2.12: staircase (Source: Author 202)

Ground Floor

 Reception Conveniences

 Reference section

 Reading areas

 Offices

First Floor

 Research section

 Administration department

 Foreign monograph

 Nigeria section

 Stores
Figure 2.1 Site Plan (Source: Author 2022)

Figure 2.2 Ground Floor Plan (Source: Author 2022)

 Figure 2.3 First Floor Plan (Source: Author 2022)

Merits

 Proper use of courtyard and wide windows that allows for adequate natural lighting and

ventilation

 The security unit is centrally located such that it can monitor the affairs of the users.

 The site is located within the quit zone of independence layout

 The positioning of the building on site is much that the noise from the road is buffered.

4.1.7 Demerits

 There is no provision for future expansion owing to the building and its position on the

site.

 There is no well-designed provision for parking for the staff and the users

 The pedestrian pathway was not clearly defined

 The existing reading rooms in the library inadequate and not spacious for it other allies.
CASE STUDY TWO

DELTA STATE BRANCH LIBRARY ASABA

Plate 2.13: Approach view

(Source: Author 2022)

Project Architect: Housing (Architecture Department Delta state (Formally Bendel state)

Ministry of Works and housing

Client: Delta State Government

Location: Nnebuisi road, Asaba

Capacity: 280,000volumes

Total floor area: 1,256m²

Background Information

The Delta State Library (Branch Library) is located along the ever busy Nnebuisi road Asaba

back the coast line of the River Niger. The library site is really a small area with a lots of noise

generated activities. The site originally housed the famous Mongo Park ‘s Museum, and the site

is rounded by public building.

Plate 2.14: Serial section / Reading Hall Plate .15: Reading Hall (Source: Author 2022)

Plate 2.16: Children Section Plate 2.17: E- learning Room (Source: Author

2022)

Plate 2.18: Periodical / Newspaper section Plate .19: Circulation desk

The Scope and Function

The library is a bungalow building. It has mobile facilities. The library consist of function like;

Entrance porch, Bookshop, Readers Hall / Books collection, E-learning center, Librarian office,

Children section.

Figure 2.4Delta State library Site Plan (Source: Author 2022)

Figure 2.5 Delta State Library Floor Plan (Source: Author 2022)
Merits

 The overall layout is compact and functional

 The location of the site is strategic and prominent, easily accessible thus it satisfied

the requirement of a public library

 The open hall approach adopted gives enough room for internal flexibility as the need

arises in the core area

 Though small in size, the organization of function and activities is less complex

 The library chamber is well ventilated naturally with large window

  Access into the library does not impede any difficulty for users ‘intern of comfort

ability.

Demerits

 It lacks proper landscaping.

 It lacks potential possibility of future expansion

 The Bookshop in front of the library outshines the main entrance of the library, thereby

giving it an impression of an entrance.

 The library lacks a lot of important facilities for better function of public library.

 There is no emergency exits and stance staff entrance into the building.

 Inadequate general usable spaces to cater for the people it was meant to serve
CASE STUDY THREE

ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU.

Plate 2.20: Library view from Access road

Project Architect: James cubit and Partner

Client: Eastern Region Government

Location: At about 32m away from the Ogbete main Market / Ogui junction in

Enugu

Background Information

It is Project sponsored by UNESCO under then Eastern Nigeria Library Board by then Eastern

House of Legislature. It was estimate d to serve a population of about 122,376 people as at the

time of construction commencement in 1958. The library became operational by the year 1969.

Site Analysis

It is on the ever busy road along the northern flank of the main market road, 30m, from the

Market / Ogui road junction. The entrance is welcomed by the evergreen lawn through an

undefined pedestrian walkway and public parking lot.

Figure 2.6 Enugu Central Library Site Plan (Source: Author 2022)

Scope and Function

He library complex contain three main functional areas, which includes;

The Adult library

The children’s library and

The administration section

Another section that is provided for it is the mobile library that serves the rural area of the state

Ground Floor

Figure 2.7 Enugu State Central Library Ground Floor Plan. (Source: Author 2022)
In the ground floor of the library complex, the children, s library is located between the main

library entrance and the control porch. The ground floor of the main library consists of staff

section of the library, circulation and control desk, research and training section, reference

section, adult lending. Also, on this floor is the bindery, librarian ‘s office auditorium and

technical service division and works department

Mezzanine Floor

In this floor, the section of Nigerian which overlooks the reference, lending, cataloguing,

exhibition and material (Books, Magazines, Journals etc.) on Africa and Nigeria are all located

Figure2. 8 Enugu State Central Library First Floor Plan (Source: Author 2022)

First Floor

This floor contains the Director and Assistance – Director of the library, the secretary to the

Board ‘s office, Accounts Department, Store and Staff Toilets.

Plate 2.21: Director ‘s Office Plate 2.22: Book Processing room
(Source Author 2022)

Plate 2.25: Serial section Plate 2.26: Cataloging section

(Source Author 2022)

Plate 2.27: Children section Plate 2.28: Group study room

(Source: Author 2022)
Plate 2.29: Main Reading Hall Plate 2.30 Circulation desk / Periodical

Plate 2.31: Library Entrance Plate 2.32: Sun shading device in use

Merits

 In the library complex, the children library is well separated from the adult library thus

distractions from the latter do not affect the former.

 Sun glare was adequately controlled by the use of sun breakers and the arrangement of

the seats.

 Significant use of sun shading devices and wide windows that allows for adequate natural

lighting and ventilation.

  Some aspect of security issues is rather proactive, giving rise to proper monitoring the

activities of the library users, since the security unit is centrally located.

 The place of physically challenged (wheelchair, blind) is well provided.

 The entrance of the library is defined.

Demerits

 The space provided for readers is not enough.

 There is no proper defined waiting room and entrance lobby

 There is no well- designed provision for parking for the staffs and the general public.

 There is no provision for future expansion owing to the building design and its position

on the site

 There are no outdoor reading spaces which sometime add to support activities of the

library

 Acoustic was not considered in the treatment of the floors.

 The positioning of the building of the building on the site is such that the noise from the

road is not buffered.

 The readers in the reading room is often distracted by constant noise pollution from the

entrance lobby.

 The location of the library is at the mercy of the ever busy road of main market / Ogui

road junction.
CASE STUDY FOUR

BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL LIBRARY

Architects: John Madin Design Group

Client: Birmingham District Council

Capacity: 1,123,050 Volumes.

Location: off inner road City center adjacent to city building on bridged over

section

Total Floor Area: 21,368m²

Background Information

This is the largest public library building in Europe. A Million books on over 30 miles of

shelving (with a capacity for expansion to house half as much again) and about 1,260 seats for

reader.

Plate 2.33: Birmingham Central Library. (Source Birmingham central library.com 2010)
The Birmingham central library was opened to the public in June 1973 and was to serve a

population of about 1,084,000 people.

Site Location and Approach

The library is located within the city center adjacent to city building on the bridge over section of

inner ring road. The site adjoins an area of five Victorian civic building grouped around Victoria

square.

Figure 2.9 Site Layout of the Birmingham District where the Central library is located
(Source: Birmingham district planning Authority 2010)

Description, Scope and Function

The Birmingham library was planned in such a way that the principal aspects of library services

which require different treatment and atmosphere were separated. First the central lending library
which had to cater for large numbers of readers visiting the library for short period to borrow

books with exceptionally heavy pressure at lunch time daily had to be separated from the

reference library which was divided into nine subject departments providing for a very wide

range of readers.

This famous Public library in it magnificent service, was considered as a building of cultural

center with various activities, such as exhibitions, lecture, films, conference, meeting area etc.

Plate 2.34: Reference section on the second floor of Birmingham central library

Plate 2.35: Collection desk section on the second floor of Birmingham central library

Design Analysis

The fact that the building is referred as the central libraries, in the plural, is reflected clearly in

the plan; for there are in effect two building touching at a corner. The seven-storey reference

library in the form of an inverted Ziggurat built around a large open courtyard is raised high

above the public pedestrian way with its lowest floor on a level with the top floor of the three-

storey lending library. The design of the structure is totally replaced should the need arise,

adequate floor loading taking account of even rolling stack requirements. The basic design
decision was to decline ate the three prime functions, reference, lending and administration with

meeting accommodation as peripheral from usual aspect. With a million books, the reference

library had to provide the mass significant visual form and penetrating image and this is achieved

by its inverted Ziggurat.

Circulation

The use of escalators for vertical circulation as against lifts or stairs creates on appreciable

impression of one space flowing into the next with the depth of the huge structure, from bright

bustle of the lending library to the solid quiet of the study areas. The escalators also allow times

for mental adjustment for some experience of the building volumes before doing business there.

Its ability to carry a large number of people at a time is obviously an added advantage to those of

quietness and ease of vertical movement in the tall building. Thus the need to build upwards

rather than laterally set the design approach.

Organization

In spite of the convenience and compensatory use of escalators in the building to ease vertical

movement, most people still want to be at the ground floor level. Consequently, duration of stay

proved as good a guide as any to the right location of department with exception of children ‘s

which really had to be on the ground floor. Stays for study at any of the upper reference

department might be of a day or more. Thus with a proper time be of a day a succession in

atmosphere is followed.

 The movement of the escalator to the first reference floor is in two stages, split half-way

by a station for the issue of date-stamped entry cards from a column, deeply covered low

ceiling and much reduced natural lighting combine to a marked shift in consciousness.
  Massive simplicity of scale, almost monumental but exactly right for the function is

achieved with the use of primitive opposites of weight and space. The proportion is

ample and solid but devoid of oppressiveness by the frequent use of double height

balconies spaces over most of the departments. Like the successive floors of the building,

these voids vary in size and therefore in atmosphere are from another, yet they are all of a

kind.

 The floor widths constantly increase because of the inverted ziggurat and this adds

flexibility and increases the charm of the whole place by making one floor different from

the other.

 Thus the four great floors from one consistent whole varied constantly by changes in

‗floor areas, lighting, placing of columns, position of voids and colours.

Figure 2.10 Ground floor Plan (Source: Birmingham district planning Authority 2010)
Figure 2.11 First floor Plan ( Source: Birmingham district planning Authority 2010)

Figure 2.12 Second floor Plan (Source: Birmingham district planning Authority 2010)

CASE STUDY FIVE

JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY

Architects: Basil Champneys

Client: Deans gate District Council

Capacity: 1,253,050 Volumes.

Location: Deans gate, Manchester United Kingdom

Total Floor Area: 30,121m²

Plate 2.36: John Rylands Library (Source: Manchester city planning .com 2011)

Background Information

The John Rylands Library is a Victorian Gothic building on Deans gate in Manchester, England.

The library, which opened to the public in 1900, was founded by Mrs Enrique Augustina

Rylands in memory of her late husband, John Rylands.[3] The John Rylands Library and the

library of the University of Manchester merged in July 1972 and were renamed the John Rylands

University Library of Manchester. Special collections built up by both libraries were

progressively concentrated in the Deansgate building.

Design Analysis

The special collections, believed to be among the largest in the United Kingdom, [4] include

medieval illuminated manuscripts and examples of the earliest forms of European printing,

including the Gutenberg Bible, the second largest collection of printing by William Caxton, [5]

and the most extensive collection of the editions of the Aldine Press of Venice.
Figure 2.13 Ground and Upper Floor Plan John Ryland Library (Source: www.John Rylands
Library.com)

Plate 2.36: Reading Room of the Rylands Library

The site, chosen by Mrs. Rylands was in a central and fashionable part of the city, but was

awkward in shape and orientation and surrounded by tall warehouses, derelict cottages and
narrow streets. The position was criticized for its lack of surrounding space and the fact that the

valuable manuscript collections were to be housed in "that dirty, uncomfortable city... [With] not

enough light to read by, and the books they already have are wretchedly kept" (written in 1901

about the Crawford MSS.) Mrs. Rylands negotiated Deeds of Agreement with her neighbors to

fix the heights of future adjacent buildings. The permissible height of the building was fixed at

just over 34 feet, but it was suggested that it could be taller at the center if there was an open area

around the edges, at the height of buildings that had been demolished to make way for the

construction. Champneys incorporated this suggestion into his design, building the two towers of

the main facade twelve feet back from the boundary and keeping the entrance block low, to

allow light into the library. He designed the building in a series of tiered steps with an almost flat

roof to give a 'liberal concession' to the neighbors’ 'right to light'. When the library was opened,

the main reading room on the first floor, 30 feet above the ground and 12 feet from all four

boundaries, was noted for the pleasant contrast between the 'sullen roar' of Manchester and the

'internal cloister quietude of Rylands' It was lit by oriel windows in the reading alcoves

supplemented by high clerestory windows along both sides.

Plate 2.37: Collection desk section on the ground floor of John Ryland library
CHAPTER THREE

PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN PROJECT

General books and other informational materials are available in public libraries and are readily

available on open shelves. Only the biggest public libraries offer systematic collections and

subject searches of information in print and other media. Public libraries typically lack or have

only minimal amounts of archives storage and are not required to maintain an academic

collection. They are utilized by kids, teens, and adults alike and are open to the public. Public

libraries tailor its level, variety, and services to the wants and needs of their patrons. As a venue

of communication "for all for all population groups, the library may contain browsing places, a

citizens' advice/enquiries desk, a canteen, music listening facilities, recreation and gathering

spaces, in addition to the conventional provision of books..

Table 3.1 Public library floor area as a function of collection size (Source: Architect Design
Notebook)
Periodicals, brochures, games, or new media (CDs, videos, PC software) may also be included

in the collection in addition to the books and newspapers. These items may be checked out or

utilized at the library. The layout of the space should entice parents, kids, and teenagers to
congregate in their own designated open-plan areas for various activities. Depending on how

large the collection is, the floor space will vary.

For every 10,000 units of media in the collection, there should be 300m2 of usable floor space.

Per resident, there should be a minimum of two media units.

The overall requirements will be specified in terms of square feet of floor space in the program

description, which also contains objectives, activities, and requirements. The total need can

generally be broken down into five categories: space for books, readers, staff, group meetings,

and mechanical operations (stairways, elevators, restrooms, etc.).

According to the library service program and community demands, actual space allocations will

frequently differ. General principles for programming the entire structure are provided in Table

1; end Guidelines for interior space are provided in Table 2 based on population and the size of

the book collection. Sliding stacks may be employed since space is frequently at a premium.

Depending on how often they are used and how many employees there are, these only allow for

one such 900mm aisle for, let's say, ten stacks. Due to the significant structural weight involved,

sliding stacks are typically restricted to the lowest level of the building. Additionally, there are

severe deflection constraints that could result in jamming if employed on suspended flooring.

Ideally, Large, open, expandable multipurpose spaces that are about square in shape, structured

horizontally rather than vertically, and a welcoming entrance should be included in the design. A

five or six shelf level area (with a maximum reach of 1.8m) is available for adult users. There

should be four shelf levels with a reach height of roughly 1.20 meters in the children's section.

Aisles between shelves shouldn't be longer than 3m, and they can be used to create display

stands and nooks. Transporting books should be done with 920mm x 990mm x 500mm book

carts. Book conveyors should be installed in the goods elevator. Floor loading in public libraries
shouldn't be more than 5.0 KN/m2, and in open access areas like archive storage and comparable

locations with closely spaced stacks, it should be a maximum of 7.5 KN/m2.

Table 3.2 Functional diagram of medium – sized library (Source: Architect Design Notebook)

3.1 DIAGRAMS OF ESSENTIAL OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY

To help with visualizing the functional relationships of the key areas in typical public library,

three diagrams have been created. These schematics represent libraries in towns with populations

of 5,000, 10,000, and 25,000 people, respectively. They are intended to make relationships, the

adaptability of a space's configuration, and circulation patterns more clear. They neither

constitute the only connection between the program parts nor are they building blueprints. Sat

(2003). (2003). They are meant to make it easier to grasp how the main program pieces interact

with one another. They serve as minimum criteria and are meant to serve as a starting point for

the planning of the library. The "Interim Standards for Small Public Libraries: Guidelines

Toward Achieving the Goals of Public Library Service" is where they were taken from. Public

Library ALA
3.2 CONFIGURED SPACE, ZONING CRITERIA AND CLASSIFICATION
OF LIBRARY BY FUNCTION (DEFI NITION OF TERM)
One million individuals may use a public library each year, with a peak daily attendance of

5000–6000 persons and a peak hourly attendance of up to 400.

3.2.1 Older teenage section

Between the children's library and the main lending library, there should be a space for this

group (both fiction and non-fiction) (literature and humanities sections).

3.2.2 Children’s library

This space, which is about 300 square meters in size and has over 12,000 books for readers who

are between the ages of 14 and their careers, should have its own identity and show all kids that

going to the library is a fun and secure experience. To provide the highest level of child security

and safety, visibility is essential. It should also be challenging for kids to go outside of this area.

For pre-school (there should be "kinder boxes," shelves with picture books, novelty cushions,

and kid chairs), there should be a series of informational books for all ages. early years of school

(easy-reader books, with appropriate shelves and browser units) young adolescence (stories, with

appropriate shelves and browser modules) primary school years (novels, with appropriate shelves

and browser units). cassettes of spoken word and other media3.2.3 Children ‘s activities room

A room for up to 35 children may be required for a variety of activities (63m²).

3.2.4 Exhibition area: Easily accessible from the main entrance, but with a distinct identity and

with suitable security, an area for exhibitions is desirable for 200 persons
3.2.5 Lavatories The requirement for customers is 38m² and also 15m² for the children ‘s library,

which should include a nappy changing room. Depending on the overall plan, one or two sets of

staff lavatories will be required (each of 32m²).

3.2.6 Meeting rooms

Include a room with a 60:40 divider that can accommodate 50 people (a total area of 200m2).

Additionally needed are minimal catering facilities and chair storage. There is also a need for a

small room that can hold six individuals. Good access from the entrance(s) is consequently

necessary because access may be needed when other areas of the library are closed.

3.2.7 Special collection library

This area may be required in larger or specialized libraries. An adjoining librarian ‘s office is

necessary.

3.2.8 Refreshment

For 20 customer’s maximum, providing drinks, snacks and light meals.

3.2.9 Sales point

The strategic location is crucial, although it can be paired with another region. A space to

encourage sales is required (this may be no more than a display case).

3.2.10 Study desks

These ought to work with personal computers, even ones owned by the customer, which calls

for straightforward plugin compatibility. It is crucial that PCs and study furniture work together.

Additionally, two power outlets are needed.

3.2.11 Art in architecture

Libraries are frequently seen as great venues for showcasing regional (or national) art, whether

through facilities for transient exhibitions, permanent murals or sculptures that are built into the

structure.

3.2.12 Access and circulation areas generally

As mentioned above, generally all public and staff areas should be accessible to people with

disabilities, particularly those with sight or hearing impairments. Other considerations are as

follows.

3.2.13 Customer services/reception

Since this is the first main point of contact for potential customers and the place where current

customers can get answers to questions (such about availability and overdue books), a casual and

inviting atmosphere is essential; room is needed for three employees (51m2). The peak daily

level of changes to registrations is estimated to be 200, while the peak level of inquiries is

estimated to be 600. There should be adequate space for queue systems. (See below for

Counters.) The general needs for the layout include: a polished, welcoming, and effective

reception area; a clear layout and set of instructions for customers; maximum flexibility in staff

resource allocation; appropriate customer supervision; and adequate staff security

.3.2.14 internal circulation

The movement of people and goods should be as simple as possible, with trolleys moving in both

directions in particular. As a result, circulation areas should be kept to a minimum, follow logical

routes, allow for visual staff control (closed-circuit TV may be installed), allow for segregation
of staff and public areas, allow for segregation to enable secure after-hours use of designated

areas, and allow for simple emergency evacuation

3.2.15 Internal vertical circulation

This ought to be accomplished by escalator, lift, and stairs. Lifts should be connected to the book

sorting office, enable public access to the main lending floors, and be acceptable for usage after

hours. They should also let staff, books, and materials to move between all floor levels. There

should only be four lifts available at a time

.3.2.16 Security generally

The regulation of access between personnel and public areas (during and after hours) and the

prevention of theft are the main issues. These problems can be resolved by security officers,

CCTV cameras, electronic book sensors at exit points, and strategically placed staff inquiry

points with line-of-sight supervision.

3.2.17 Trolleys

Allowance must be made for trolleys: for instance, by providing suitable protection to prevent

damage to wall surfaces, adequate door widths, and suitable flooring (studded and ribbed

flooring is not suitable).

3.2.18 Entry/access areas

One main entrance and two others are required, preferably separate:
  Main entrance foyer/lobby: (190m²) should be clear and inviting, and be sufficiently

spacious to cater both for visitors who have a specific destination and those who may

wish to wander around.

 Public out-of-hours entrance: must provide a short and secure access route from the street

to the meeting rooms etc. It could be combined with the main entrance, but a lift solely

for out of hours’ use is not acceptable.

 Staff/service entrance: to be a safe and secure area, particularly for staff leaving after

dark.

(See also Delivery area ‘and Counters ‘.) Queuing space should be allowed for 40 people to wait

(at 0.5 m²/person, 20m2 is required).

3.2.19 In-counters

There(51m²) will be one central counter for the whole building, after which customers will either

move to other departments, move to customer reception, or leave. Peak hourly levels of

customers are approximately 250-300, with a peak hourly level of returns of approximately 1000

items. Space is required for three staff plus computer terminals for customers. The layout must

allow for clear and direct flows.

3.2.20 Out-counters

The out-counter, which may have more than one depending on overall arrangement, will issue or

renew every item. Be aware that after visiting the out counter, some patrons might want to visit

other parts of the library (such the coffee bar). Peak levels correspond to in-counter levels. Two

staff members and customer computer terminals demand space. Clear and direct flows must be
accommodated by the layout, and consumers who do not intend to borrow products must be able

to avoid coming into contact with this area.

3.2.21 Library returns bin

This is required in the entrance area for returns during times when the library is closed. It must

be a secure unit.

3.2.22 Self-issue terminals

The space required is 3 m2/terminal and at least three terminals are required at various points in

the library.

3.2.23 Smartcards

It is more likely than ever that a smartcard system will be used to let clients pay for services (e.g.

photocopying, overdue charges, borrowing videos, etc.). The machines will be spread out across

the entire library

.3.2,24 Admin and staff accommodation

In addition to a general admin office space of roughly, provision will also include the following.

3.2.25 Enquiry desks

These should ideally be located so that they can service more than one department at quiet times

or during staff shortages.

3.2.26 Librarian’s office

The base for the manager in charge of the whole building, the room must be close to the

administrative support and interview rooms. Apart from everyday managerial tasks, the room

will be used for small discussions with up to two people and project work.

3.2.27 Library manager ‘s office

This includes one office for two assistants, shared desk, and also room for small meetings of one

to three people. Privacy is necessary, although easy access/overview is required for counters and

customer services. The office should be located near the branch library.

3.2.28 Delivery area

There will be a daily in ‘delivery of boxes containing: books from this library, but returned to

other libraries; books requested from other libraries; and new books. The out ‘delivery will be of

books sorted in the sorting office, and books requested by other libraries. This area will also act a

short-term reception and dispatch area for other equipment, furniture, exhibition equipment, etc.,

and sufficient space should be allowed for this.

3.2.29 Interview room

To be used by all staff for private meetings, appraisal interviews, meeting the public and

recruitment interviews, the room must accommodate up to four people and ensure confidentiality

is maintained.

3.2.30 Local studies reserve stack:

Most local studies stock will be reference only, in closed-access storage areas, obtained by staff

on customer request: access systems therefore need to be quick and simple. (Book stacks must be
designed in accordance with BS 5454: 1989.) A local studies workroom (38m²) will usually be

required adjacent to the local studies area.

3.2.31 Reserve stacks:

Certain sections of stock will be housed in closed-access rolling stack storage, including:

seasonal overflow (fewer items are borrowed during the summer and over Christmas); reference

stock; music sets; play sets. The weight of rolling stack storage is substantial and will need to be

taken into account in structural calculations.

3.2.32 Secure area for exhibits

A secure storage area is required, with easy access to both the delivery area and the exhibition

area.

3.2.33 Shelf storage

Adult non-fiction books are typical examples based on 900mm shelf modules. 30 adult novels,

60 sheet music, 44 young adult novels, 74 young adult non-fiction, and 74 local studies. Music

scores are 6 shelves high (with an overall height of a four-shelf unit), while children's nonfiction

books are 37 volumes high with a 900mm run of shelving. Except for: All shelving units should

have four shelves. Keep in mind that floor loadings must be carefully taken into account:

Lending floors must be built to withstand specific loads for books and open-access shelving,

such as 6.5kN/m2 for the floor-plate loading.

3.2.34 Sorting office

This is required for sorting of all returns. The main divisions are: for return (by trolley) to the

various departments; for return to other libraries; for special requests (e.g. customer

reservations); and for particular processes (e.g. book repair). Wall shelving for 1000 items is

required for temporary storage during peak flows or staff shortages. This area also acts as a

supervisory area for the counters and the customer reception, allowing the easy allocation of

additional staff when necessary and for general troubleshooting duties.

3.2.35 Staff room:

The staff room should have seating for 30 people and be appropriate for relaxing, socializing,

and casual meetings for the roughly 50 people that work there. There should be a nearby kitchen

area suitable for cooking light meals and drinks because personnel will operate outside of regular

business hours for special events; a dishwasher may be helpful. Storage for wet clothing is also

necessary, and staff lockers are best placed in a separate area3.2.36 Stock workroom:

For four to five staff, its functions are: processing books from the Delivery area, repairing stock;

binding requirements; stock exchanges; inter-library loans for music sets. Wall shelving is

required for approximately 2000 books.

3.2.37 Subject staff workroom:

Required for processing complex enquiries and selecting new stock, these rooms (five rooms) are

needed in humanities, literature and science libraries; for six librarians and support staff

(maximum). Wall shelving will be required.

3.2.38 System room: Needed to house computer equipment for library circulation and other

information systems.
3.2.39 Training room

Required for meetings and training sessions, facilities must be suitable for current technology

and equipment.

3.2.40 viewing facilities

Although the technology moves on all the time, it leaves its detritus in its wake. As many

libraries are archive depositories, they will need to be able to access many obsolete forms of

record. In particular, microform readers and printers of different types work load.

It is important to understand the functions of a state library, only then can one determine what

spaces is necessary to be provided or accommodated within the library.

Most state maintains libraries as agencies of the state governments and the principal function of

these libraries is to provide reference and loan services to governmental officials and staff. Most

also offer limited services to the general public. In addition, they administer state and federal aid

programs for all kinds of libraries, provide leadership and consultation for other libraries, and

coordinate interlibrary lending networks for libraries within their given state. Most state libraries

maintain archives divisions that collect and preserve official records and documents of state or

provincial history (Halsey, 2009).

3.2.41 Subject departments

Organization of a library into subject departments has always been a consideration namely;

3.2.41.1 Business, this department contains 2100 volumes covering all aspects of business

information (local, national and international). Customers will include: those hoping to set up
their own business, those undertaking research to develop their existing fax or phone.

Computerized information resources will probably be more prevalent here than in other

departments. Includes 40 study places and an enquiry point for two staff.

3.2.41.2 Community: With 9000 volumes, this holds social sciences and all quick-reference

works (e.g. directories, yearbooks, timetables, etc.), includes 30 study places and an enquiry desk

for three staff. Customers will be coming for both quick fact-finding and for longer-term study:

any potential conflict therefore needs to be resolved.

3.2.41.3 Humanities: Department for arts, recreational pursuits (e.g. gardening), religion, music

(books and scores), sound recordings (music cassettes and compact discs), and videos for hire.

With 495m2, 22 000 volumes, 9000 recordings (including videos), and 10500 sheet music,

includes 12 study spaces, four browsing seats and an enquiry desk for three staff. Note that there

is a noise problem with customers browsing through music cases, which can be distracting in the

study areas.

3.2.41.4 Literature and language Department for adult fiction (9000 volumes), large-print fiction,

spoken word cassettes, multi-media, drama (9000 volumes), single copies and play sets, covering

English and foreign languages, includes 12 study spaces, four browsing seats and an enquiry

desk for two staff.

3.2.41.5 Local studies/history 3000 volumes on public shelves; 50 study places; enquiry desk for

three staff. This area will be used by short-term browsers (e.g. tourists) and for long-term study

(students and researchers). It will also be used by those wanting information about local statutory
agencies, and those looking for a quiet study area. Environmental conditions for this area must

be designed in accordance with BS 5454: 1989.

3.2.41.6 People and places For information books on travel (guides and travel adventure),

biographies, and human geography, 15000 volumes; 15study places; four browsing places;

enquiry desk for two staff.

3.2.41.7Science and technology Area with 11000 volumes, covering computing and pure and

applied sciences: 20 study places; no browsing seats; enquiry desk for two staff.

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

There are seven broad classification of public/state library space (Dahlgren, 2009)

 Circulation space

 Collection space (including public electronic workstation space)

 User seating space

 Staff work space

 Meeting space

 Special use space

 Non-Assignable Areas/Concessions (including mechanical space)

Circulation spaces

 Entrance halls/lobbies

 Connecting lobbies

 Buffer zone
  Art exhibition lobbies

Collection space

 Children collection

 Audio-visuals

 Reference section

 Reserve section

 Serial section

 Governmental archive

 Electronic library section

User seating space

 Library halls/ reading rooms

 Children section

Staff workspace

These are room spaces provided to seat the distinct library and her board management staff. They

include offices of the:

 Executive secretary of the state library board

 State library board members

 Board Directors

 Finance officers

 Librarians and
  Personnel officers

Meeting space

 Board room

 Conference rooms

 Multi-purpose hall

Non-Assignable Areas/Concessions

 Conveniences

 Bindery

 Bookshops

 Restaurants

 Storage space

 Service area

Special use space

 Special group/ physically challenged persons

 Genealogy room

 Job center

 Government/Community Information room

SPACE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Careful analysis of the following will allow for a determination of the space needs for the seven

general spaces listed above, which are common to state/public libraries:

  Identification of the library's population of users

 Estimation of the collections provided by the library and the space needed to

accommodate those provisions to meet the future needs of its users

 Estimation of floor space needed to accommodate seating areas

 Estimation of floor space needed by staff

 Estimation of floor space needed for meeting rooms

 Estimation of miscellaneous public and staff-use space (special use space)

 Estimation of space needed for entry halls, mechanical rooms, bathrooms, etc. (non-

assignable space).

Design Functional Area Relationships

Table 3.7: Building Functional Area Relationships (Source: Author 2022)

Public Services Areas

The main components of all library facilities are the public services areas that primarily address

materials and resources for adults, including collections, reading areas, computer terminals, and

service desks. Growth and expansion should be added to these capacities, as required. The actual

size of the general, reference, and special collections spaces and the relative size of each type of

collection may vary considerably from library to library.

Table 3.8: Public Services Functional Relationships (Source: Author 2022)

Information Services Areas

Information services consist of computer workstation areas, computer labs, equipment, and

related infrastructure, as required. Information services are included or housed beside a local area

network (LAN) room for servers, wiring, backups, homepage administration, virtual out

processing, and report generation. Computers available for patron use are the primary

components of the information services areas. If the library is to be collocated with the BEC,

consider the need for a computer lab that may be shared.

Table 3.9: Information Services Functional Relationships Central (Source: Author 2022)
Children’s Areas
Dedicated children ‘s areas are needed at most facilities to serve the dependent population. The

children's areas should be visible for the protection of children and the staff. These areas feature

computer workstations, toys developmentally appropriate for children, special reading

collections, A/V materials and listening stations, and areas for group activities, such as

storytelling or reading programs.

Table3.10: Children ‘s Area Functional Relationships Central (Source: Author 2022)

Administration Areas
Administration areas include offices for the library director, assistant library director, and

information technology administrator, server room, staff break room, staff restrooms, staff

circulation areas, and sufficient storage for library materials. Administrative activities also

include work functions associated with general clerical office activities, customer service,

materials ordering and processing, library operations planning and direction, and supervision of

the facility and personnel.

Table 3.11: Administration Functional Relationships (Source: Author 2022)

Technical Services Areas

Technical services include areas for acquisitions, cataloging, receiving, processing, holds,

reserves, weeding areas, supply storage, and a sink with running water for repair of library

materials. The technical services area requires a large work room for conducting these activities

and significant storage space for a wide variety of collection materials and equipment.
Table 3.12: Technical Services Functional Relationships (Source: Author 2022)

Support Areas

Support areas include public and staff only areas. Public areas include book drops for customer

convenience, restrooms, payphones, exhibits, conference/meeting rooms, coffee cafes, and

similar customer use areas. Staff only areas include ―back of house‖ loading dock and receiving,

maintenance, mechanical, and storage areas.

Table 3.13: Support Functional Relationships Public (Source: Author 202)

PLANNING AND SPACE PROGRAMME

Structural grid

Book stacks and shelving systems are rigidly standardized on a length of 900 mm. Spacing of

book stacks, and therefore the capacity of the library, will be radically affected by the chosen

structural grid, and also by the dimensions of the vertical structural elements and other facilities

such as service ducts. In this building type, if in no other, careful integration of all structural and

service items is essential.

Layout

A layout for stacks within a 6900 mm structural grid is given in above capacity of structural

grids ranging from 5.6 to 8.4 m. To a large extent the amount of book shelving required will

depend on the size of the library service area and whether the library is a member of a library

system. Most library planners, when estimating the size of the book collection, apply a standard

which ranges from three books per capita (smallest communities) to one and one-half book per

capita (largest cities). In any event enough book shelving should be provided to plan for 20 years'

anticipated growth. The program statement should also include a detailed analysis of the amount

of shelving needed. It should be presented in terms of category, location, and linear feet.

Categories found in nearly all public libraries include adult fiction and nonfiction; children's

books ; books _for young adults ; reference books ; bound, unbound, and microfilmed

newspapers ; bound, unbound, and microfilmed periodicals ; local history books ; less used

books for the book stacks ; and special subject collections .Allowances should be made also for
non-book materials (i .e ., phonograph records) which are often accommodated on library

shelving . Despite the fact that there is considerable variation in the size of books, there are

several reliable formulas which may be used to estimate the amount of space required for books.

These are: open reading rooms, 7 volumes per lineal foot, or 50 books per foot of standard height

wall shelving, or 100 books per foot of double-faced shelving; book stack areas, 15 books per

square foot (includes aisles), Roth, Ed., Planning Library Buildings Harford SerL-. Vice,

American Library Association Chicago, 1964.

Space for Staff

Space requirements for the staff must also be stated in the program. These estimates will be

conditioned by (1) anticipated growth for a 20-year period and (2) the nature and extent of the

library's service program. The American Library Association recommends that space for staff be

calculated on the basis of "one staff member (full-time or equivalent) . . . for each 2,500 people

in the service area."' It is a minimum standard that includes pages but not maintenance personnel.

Although suitable for application to most situations, it must not be regarded as inflexible. As an

example, a library that is not affiliated with a system will probably require a somewhat larger

staff than libraries that have joined together in cooperative arrangements, such as centralized

technical processing centers Worthy (2000). Moreover, something as fundamental as the number

of hours per week the library is open will affect the size of the staff and, consequently, space

requirements. There are striking differences in staff requirements between libraries open 20, 38,

or 72 hours per week. Staff space requirements should be calculated on the basis of 100 sq ft per
staff member. It is important that this standard be met for there is ample evidence that space for

staff has been outgrown more rapidly than any other type of space in most library buildings.

Only too often is it easy to forget that an expanding service program will require the support of

an enlarged staff. The unit of measurement of 100 sq ft per staff member includes space for desk,

chair, books, and equipment. A checklist of staff work areas should include

 Administrative offices,

 Work rooms, and

 Staff lunch and lounge rooms. Administrative offices should include a combination

librarian's office-trustee room; spaces for the assistant librarian and a secretary-

receptionist; business office; and other related offices.

Work room areas should be provided for technical processing; reference, circulation, extension,

and other departments; subject specialists; and supply storage. Comfort facilities for the staff

should include cooking and lunchroom areas as well as appropriate locker, lounge, and toilet

facilities for both men and women.

Space for Mechanical Operations

Included within this category are halls, stairways, toilets, elevators and lifts, air ducts, heating

and air conditioning equipment, closets, and shops. Because it is exceedingly easy to

underestimate the amount of space required for mechanical operations, it is recommended that

the best available technical advice be secured to assure inclusion of an accurate estimate within

the program statement. Fortunately, with the development of new construction materials and

techniques combined with new concepts in planning, much less space is needed for these

purposes than was formerly the case. It is suggested that an allowance of 20 percent be made for
mechanical operations. In comparison, some planners allowed twice as much space not too many

years ago. It is of utmost importance that this space requirement not be overlooked. After the

amount of space needed has been estimated, it should be added to the total required for the other

activities to be provided in the building.

Service and Space Relationships

As a logical extension of the program statement, it is important that the members of the planning

team, especially the architect, acquire an understanding of the interrelationships between areas

within the library. It is not enough to simply know how much space is needed; it is equally

important to determine which element is to be placed where-and why. Toward this end, service

and space relationships can be most readily clarified by analyzing all of the activities that take

place in the library. This analysis of both public and staff use can be facilitated through

preparation of work flow studies. The central objective for the library planner is to arrange the

several elements in a manner which will assure maximum flexibility. Reduced expenses for

supervision, personnel, and construction are among the benefits derived from an "open," flexible

building. More specifically, flexibility implies successful, long-time use of the building. The

same area may be used for one or more purposes at different times. The amount of space

allocated for a certain use may be shrunk or expanded without structural changes. Furniture and

Equipment are not fixed and may be relocated. Ideally, all public services should be located on

the main floor of a library in the interests of user convenience, economy, and simplification of

operation. Where this is impossible, as in the case of libraries in large cities, every effort should

be made to visualize the vertical movement of persons and materials. Under any circumstances, a

careful study of the flow of traffic and material is basic to the development of successful service

and space relationships. Members of the planning team will find it useful to visualize the traffic
flow of library users according to age and purpose of their visit to the library from the point of

entrance into the building to the time of departure. Load bearing walls should be kept to a

minimum and maximum use of shelving and furniture made to separate different service areas.

Library Location

Central Location A library is a service organization intended to serve people. Therefore, it should

be centrally located where it will be accessible to the largest number of potential readers and

information seekers. This principle is neither new nor revolutionary. It has been advocated by a

vast majority of experienced public library administrators for well over a half century. The

concept of a centrally located library is just as valid now when there are more than 70 million

registered motor vehicles as it was when the first successful American automobile was

introduced in 1892. A central location is usually associated with a heavy concentration of retail

stores, office buildings, banks, public transportation points, and parking facilities.

A prominent, easily accessible location is required to attract a large number of persons.

Therefore, the library should be placed where people naturally converge-in the heart of the

shopping and business district, rather than in a remote location such as a park, civic center or

quiet side street.

The Site

In addition to central location, several other important criteria should be considered in library

Site selection:

 The site should be prominent. A corner site at a busy intersection where the library can

easily be seen is preferred. Maximum use should be made of display windows and views
 of the interior. The site should permit street level entrance. Although a site that slopes to

the rear has certain advantages, a level site should be acquired if possible.

 The site should be large enough for expansion, accessibility for service vehicles and

bookmobiles, and a modest amount of landscaping.

 The site should permit orientation of the front of the building to the north in order to

minimize glare from the sun. When this is not possible, orientation to the east is the

second choice. However, an otherwise excellent, centrally located site should not be

eliminated for lack of appropriate orientation. Modern year around temperature control

devices and artificial light can be used effectively to minimize sun exposure problems.

 Rectangular service areas within a building lend themselves to easy supervision. As a

result, a site which is rectangular in shape and permits construction of a rectangular

building should be obtained if possible.

 Ideally, a site should have uniform foundation conditions, either rock or soil. Test borings

should be made, preferably before a site is purchased. Certain other conditions should be

met if the community is to be adequately served. First, the library should be located

reasonably near adequate automobile parking.

PLANNING AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION

Emphasis on adaptability of function in a configured space in library design speaks of flexibility

rather than fixed function planning, certainly will be the major factor in the planning of library

building. The considerable elements here are as follow should be:

 Flexible with a structural layout and service layout which are easy to adapt.

 Compact for easy movement of users and books.

  Accessible from exterior into the building with less confusing traffic pattern needing

minimum supplementary directions

 Extendible to permit future growth

 Well organized to reduce the problem of locating the needed materials.

 Secure to control user’s behavior and loss of books

PLANNING CONSIDERATION

These are important factors to be considered in the process of planning the general layout and

concept of the library complex.

Growth and Expansion

A major consideration in planning of public libraries in the provision for future change and

expansion as a result of growth of library activities both in the number of volume s acquired and

increase number of patrons as a result of natural growth of the city or town which it serves.

Consequently, certain major steps have to be adopted, these include:

 Flexibility in the structural design frame of the building. These enable an easy way to add

to the structure without alteration, redesigning or mutilating extensively the original or

initial design of the structure when the need arises in the future.

 The use of curtain wall or partition system (Dry wall construction or any form of wall

partition system) in the design of the building, in order to facilitate easy removal when

necessary.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Libraries in present times should no longer function as a stagnant reservoir of books and other

literary materials as they did in the past. They are supposed to be a dynamic institution reacting

to the changing needs of patrons for effective dissemination of knowledge. (Okonta Charles

1997). Those words by Winston Churchill help describe the architectural philosophy of the

Public Library. This thinking goes beyond designing building to creating a Built Environment‖.

The Public Library would bring together function, nature, and human needs to create a design

balance that makes s lasting statement for the users.

The design make ups aim at addressing ever changing needs of public and quest for knowledge,

information and ideas. Change is a dynamic process and the library must reflect the changes of

need in the community for whom it is built to serve. The approach to the planning of the Public

Library Ota is such that the services provided would be as effective and appropriate at the end of

the projected time of 30years or more, as it was on the day of opening.

Consequently, the overriding guiding philosophy is the design of the library is that of Response

to change‖. Invariably, this means that the architecture should be as flexible and adaptable as

possible to the challenging needs and innovations of the future. In addition, it should also

respond to the architectural needs of the present time (-The Post Modern Era) externally. The

visual appearance of this Public library would be appetizer and magnetize potential patrons to

draw near and identify with this contemporary source of knowledge, with graphical display of

activities and tools use in the library in building to create a solid visual interest of what the

building is all about. Thus a simple but an esthetically dignifying architectural image is desirable.

In the full functional capacity, it should serve as one of Ogun states’ largest center for collection

of information and source of enlightenment. As much, it should admit all classes of information

seekers and offer comfortable and conducive learning environment.

DESIGN GOALS

The major design goal of the Public Library Ota shall be broadly classified in into four parts:

 To achieve flexibility of spaces so as to allow for adaptation to changes and expansion

through the use of Modular Structural System.

 To achieve a successful integration of the multiple activities of the modern Public

Library.

 To effectively knit the library building into the site through a well-planned beautiful

landscape which provides outdoor reading spaces with landscape which provides outdoor

reading with relaxation amenities, well defined pedestrian and vehicular traffic routes as

well as adequate parking facilities.

 To uphold the principles of good and efficient library design particularly in the tropics

within the context of the prevailing Post – Modern era.

SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

In the design of the Public Library Ota, certain design consideration would be considered. These

considerations are the follow;

 Configuration, Flexibility. Adaptability and Expansion

Solid frame construction, notably the use of solid walls externally, columns which carry the

structural load and most internal walls being merely curtain, hung from a frame platform thereby

given the architect freedom to design so that in effect, there are no irremovable internal divisions

(configured partition spaces). The only limit to absolute space configuration and adaptation to

change, therefore remain the services core, staircase, escalators, lift etc.
There is need to identify the way space (activity) functions in its special pattern (space

configuration) in the Public library services, most especially in the public and information

services department and the general pedestrian hierarchy of entire full library functions and

activity. This will increase space effectiveness to allow for various adapt to changes of peak

period and in the events of introduction of new technology. This would be achieved through:

 Use of dismountable partitions between large spaces. The partitions would be employed

for staff offices, technical departments etc. wherever necessary.

 The choice of structural grid would be such that will be well spaced in order to avoid

forest of column and allow for maximum free internal space

 The open floor single – room plan, divided only by bookshelves shall be adopted in the

lending section.

 Consideration for the Handicapped

Special provision shall be made for library patrons who are handicapped. This is in recognition

of the peculiars attention needed for their circulation (by way of using wheel chairs, circulation

etc.). Also their accessibility to fitting either in a sitting position or otherwise is of great concern.
Dimensions of adult female wheelchair users Source: Metric Handbook and Design Data.

Forward movement for wheelchair with attendant Source: Metric Handbook and Design

Wheelchair ramp of rise 650 mm Source: Metric Handbook and Design Data

Configured space for the handicapped encourages the provision of circulation wide enough to

accommodation wheel chair and attendants if necessary. Also the provision of ramps not too

steep for the use of wheel chair is equally important. Except for very short ramps, gradient

should not exceed 8 ½ (1:20) when the run exceeds 6,000mm. The following are some the

necessary consideration to be Provision of public facilities shall be big enough to accommodate

wheel chair conveniently. Toilet space standards is 1900mm x 1500mm. Clear minimum passage

of 900mm is recommended.
Provision of handicapped parking or drop-off which will be located enough to the main entrance.

Restriction of the use of inappropriate carpeting, so as not to impede the movement of wheel

chairs, crutches and other disabled mobility aid.

Elimination of spherical door knobs those are difficult to operate by the handicapped.

Appropriate door hardware will be adopted e.g. pull handles, push bars.

Position of drain slots transversely to the direction of passage so as to trap the wheel chair.

The operating hardware of entrance doors should be between 850mm 900mm above the floor for

reach of wheel chair users.

Use of safety glass vision panels in solid panel entrance doors in order to avoid accidents

Way finding with symbols and use of other architectural sign for the deaf, illiterate and people of

limited reading ability.

 Consideration for the Thermal comfort

Thermal design is concerned with the heat transfer processes that take place within a building,

and between the building and its surroundings and the external climate, 38.1. It is primarily

concerned with providing comfort and shelter for the building ‘s occupants and contents.

Thermal design therefore includes consideration of the

 Climate

 Building form and fabric

 Building environmental services, and

 Occupants and processes contained within the building.

It is also concerned with the energy used to provide heating, cooling and ventilation of buildings,

and the local and global impact of energy use. The thermal design should be integrated with the

visual and acoustic aspects of the design in order to achieve an overall satisfactory environmental

solution.

One storey solution for hot dry climate with low diurnal range. Climatic modification can be
achieved through manipulation of a building ‘s form and construction
Source: Metric Handbook and Design Data Second edition

Direct, diffuse and reflected solar radiation

Source: Metric Handbook and Design Data Second edition
Sun angle and overshadowing
Source: Metric Handbook and Design Data Second edition

Pressure coefficients can be manipulated by the form of the building

Source: Metric Handbook and Design Data Second edition.

THE DESIGN CONCEPT

The need for sustainability and energy efficient library design has energized the brain behind the

development of this public library design. Day lighting, Natural ventilation, Flow of space

(Space configuration) and general comfort of the library users remain the stream and sine qua

non of this design.

Ideally, a library should possess an efficient use of space with an accompanying ease of

supervision of such spaces. In other words, there should be maximum visual and physical

control, as well as supervision by minimum staff. This also applies to the external environment

within the library to the external environment within the library premises.

From the metaphoric points of view, the library building forms should be made to respond to the

site within where in it in located. Abstraction from the geometrical configuration of the site

should be related to the proposed building form. This will further enhance the efficient

supervision and economic use of space available within the site for optimum utility. Considering

the above factors in totality, it is realized that the perception and use of a particular geometry will

convey an essence in ordering the building and its form. Consequently, the architectural formal

concept of Public library Ota has been derived from the basic geometry of the three books place

on edge of each of them, (the major material of information preservation) – the rectangle. It

satisfies all the above criteria for its selection

The rectangle lends itself to efficient structural grid system, economic use of availablespace and

efficient supervision of the reading area, as well as forms the basic unit space for a reader. In

addition, it responds to the configuration of the site and leads itself suitable to site composition

and supervision.

Furthermore, in order to tackle problems of lighting, ventilation and circulation, the combination

of the three books combined, would usher the people of Ota an energy – efficient library.

CORE FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Most general libraries have six specific core functional areas with local variation in the scope of

operation under each category. These functional area categories include the following:

 Public Services Areas

 Information Services Areas

 Children ‘s Areas

 Administration Areas

 Technical Services Areas

 Support Areas

Functional Relationship

Core functional area (Source: Author 2022)

Design concept: Energy efficient design (Source: Author 2022)

In overall, idea of this library will be such that the major public domain (ground floor space)

should be able to orient the users ‘accessibility into various functions within the library. The

open plan space of the ground level should equally facilitate the dynamism in the flow of traffics

through the entrance into the core public service area. This intended hexagonal serves core, will

navigate users into enquiring circulation desk, where information and general knowledge about
the library operation is obtain. The vertical internal circulations acting as pulling string, will link

the general area to the more private ones. The general massing of the library complex will show

distinction of activities composed into a home of information collection and distribution while its

image will present an ideal library character.