DVB T2
DVB T2
DVB T2
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................ 6 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 1 2
2.1 2.2
Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 References ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Informative references ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................... 8 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Symbols ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 13 DVB-T2 System architecture ................................................................................................................. 15 System overview .............................................................................................................................................. 15 System architecture .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Target performance .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Input processing ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Mode adaptation .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Input Formats ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Input Interface ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Input Stream Synchronization (Optional) .................................................................................................. 20 Compensating Delay for Transport Streams .............................................................................................. 20 Null Packet Deletion (optional, for TS only, NM and HEM) .................................................................... 21 CRC-8 encoding (for GFPS and TS, NM only) ......................................................................................... 21 Baseband Header (BBHEADER) insertion ................................................................................................ 22 Mode adaptation sub-system output stream formats .................................................................................. 23 Stream adaptation ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Scheduler .................................................................................................................................................... 27 Padding....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Use of the padding field for in-band signalling .......................................................................................... 27 BB scrambling............................................................................................................................................ 30 Bit-interleaved coding and modulation .................................................................................................. 30 FEC encoding .................................................................................................................................................. 30 Outer encoding (BCH) ............................................................................................................................... 31 Inner encoding (LDPC) .............................................................................................................................. 33 Inner coding for normal FECFRAME .................................................................................................. 33 Inner coding for short FECFRAME ..................................................................................................... 34 Bit Interleaver (for 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM) ............................................................................ 35 Mapping bits onto constellations ..................................................................................................................... 36 Bit to cell word de-multiplexer .................................................................................................................. 37 Cell word mapping into I/Q constellations................................................................................................. 40 Constellation Rotation and Cyclic Q Delay ..................................................................................................... 44 Cell Interleaver ................................................................................................................................................ 44 Time Interleaver............................................................................................................................................... 46 Mapping of Interleaving Frames onto one or more T2-frames .................................................................. 48 Division of Interleaving frames into Time Interleaving Blocks ................................................................. 48 Interleaving of each TI-block ..................................................................................................................... 49 Using the three Time Interleaving options with sub-slicing....................................................................... 51 Generation, coding and modulation of Layer 1 signalling ..................................................................... 53 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 53 L1 signalling data ............................................................................................................................................ 54 P1 Signalling data ...................................................................................................................................... 54
3
3.1 3.2 3.3
4
4.1 4.2 4.3
5
5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 5.1.8 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4
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6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.2.1 6.1.2.2 6.1.3 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4
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7.1 7.2 7.2.1
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7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.2.3.5 7.2.3.6 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.2.5 7.3.2.6 7.3.3 7.3.3.1 7.3.3.2
L1-Pre Signalling data................................................................................................................................ 56 L1-post signalling data ............................................................................................................................... 59 Configurable L1-post signalling ........................................................................................................... 60 Dynamic L1-post signalling ................................................................................................................. 64 Repetition of L1-post dynamic data ..................................................................................................... 65 L1-post extension field ......................................................................................................................... 66 CRC for the L1-post signalling ............................................................................................................ 66 L1 padding ............................................................................................................................................ 66 Modulation and error correction coding of the L1 data ................................................................................... 66 Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 66 Error correction coding and modulation of the L1-pre signalling ........................................................ 66 Error correction coding and modulation of the L1-post signalling ....................................................... 67 FEC Encoding ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Zero padding of BCH information bits ................................................................................................. 68 BCH encoding ...................................................................................................................................... 70 LDPC encoding .................................................................................................................................... 70 Puncturing of LDPC parity bits ............................................................................................................ 70 Removal of zero padding bits ............................................................................................................... 71 Bit interleaving for L1-post signalling ................................................................................................. 71 Mapping bits onto constellations................................................................................................................ 72 Demultiplexing of L1-post signalling ................................................................................................... 72 Mapping into I/Q constellations ........................................................................................................... 73
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.6.1 8.3.6.2 8.3.6.3 8.3.6.3.1 8.3.6.3.2 8.3.7 8.3.8 8.3.9 8.4 8.5
Frame Builder......................................................................................................................................... 73 Frame structure ................................................................................................................................................ 73 Super-frame ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 T2-Frame ......................................................................................................................................................... 75 Duration of the T2-Frame .......................................................................................................................... 75 Capacity and structure of the T2-frame ...................................................................................................... 75 Signalling of the T2-frame structure and PLPs .......................................................................................... 78 Overview of the T2-frame mapping ........................................................................................................... 78 Mapping of L1 signalling information to P2 symbol(s) ............................................................................. 79 Mapping the PLPs ...................................................................................................................................... 81 Allocating the cells of the Interleaving Frames to the T2-Frames ........................................................ 81 Addressing of OFDM cells for common PLPs and data PLPs ............................................................. 82 Mapping the PLPs to the data cell addresses ........................................................................................ 83 Mapping the Common and Type 1 PLPs ........................................................................................ 83 Mapping the Type 2 PLPs............................................................................................................... 84 Auxiliary stream insertion .......................................................................................................................... 85 Dummy cell insertion ................................................................................................................................. 86 Insertion of unmodulated cells in the Frame Closing Symbol ................................................................... 86 Future Extension Frames (FEF) ....................................................................................................................... 86 Frequency interleaver ...................................................................................................................................... 87 OFDM Generation ................................................................................................................................. 91 MISO Processing ............................................................................................................................................. 92 Pilot insertion ................................................................................................................................................... 92 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 92 Definition of the reference sequence .......................................................................................................... 93 Symbol level ......................................................................................................................................... 94 Frame level ........................................................................................................................................... 94 Scattered pilot insertion.............................................................................................................................. 95 Locations of the scattered pilots ........................................................................................................... 95 Amplitudes of the scattered pilots ........................................................................................................ 96 Modulation of the scattered pilots ........................................................................................................ 97 Continual pilot insertion ............................................................................................................................. 97 Locations of the continual pilots........................................................................................................... 97 Locations of additional continual pilots in extended carrier mode ....................................................... 97 Amplitudes of the Continual Pilots....................................................................................................... 97 Modulation of the Continual Pilots....................................................................................................... 97 Edge pilot insertion .................................................................................................................................... 98 P2 pilot insertion ........................................................................................................................................ 98
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9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.2.1 9.2.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.3.1 9.2.3.2 9.2.3.3 9.2.4 9.2.4.1 9.2.4.2 9.2.4.3 9.2.4.4 9.2.5 9.2.6
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9.2.6.1 9.2.6.2 9.2.6.3 9.2.7 9.2.7.1 9.2.7.2 9.2.7.3 9.2.8 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.6.1 9.6.2 9.6.2.1 9.7 9.8 9.8.1 9.8.2 9.8.2.1 9.8.2.2 9.8.2.3 9.8.2.4 9.8.2.4.1 9.8.2.4.2
Locations of the P2 pilots ..................................................................................................................... 98 Amplitudes of the P2 pilots .................................................................................................................. 98 Modulation of the P2 pilots .................................................................................................................. 98 Insertion of frame closing pilots................................................................................................................. 99 Locations of the frame closing pilots.................................................................................................... 99 Amplitudes of the frame closing pilots ................................................................................................. 99 Modulation of the frame closing pilots ................................................................................................. 99 Modification of the pilots for MISO .......................................................................................................... 99 Dummy tone reservation ................................................................................................................................ 101 Mapping of data cells to OFDM carriers ....................................................................................................... 101 IFFT - OFDM Modulation ............................................................................................................................. 101 PAPR Reduction ............................................................................................................................................ 103 Active Constellation Extension ................................................................................................................ 103 PAPR reduction using tone reservation.................................................................................................... 105 Algorithm of PAPR reduction using tone reservation ........................................................................ 106 Guard interval insertion ................................................................................................................................. 107 P1 Symbol insertion ....................................................................................................................................... 107 P1 Symbol overview ................................................................................................................................ 107 P1 Symbol description ............................................................................................................................. 107 Carrier Distribution in P1 symbol....................................................................................................... 108 Modulation of the Active Carriers in P1............................................................................................. 109 Boosting of the Active Carriers .......................................................................................................... 111 Generation of the time domain P1 signal............................................................................................ 111 Generation of the main part of the P1 signal................................................................................. 111 Frequency Shifted repetition in Guard Intervals ........................................................................... 112
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Annex A (normative): Addresses of parity bit accumulators for Nldpc = 64 800 ................................. 114 Annex B (normative): Addresses of parity bit accumulators for Nldpc = 16 200................................... 121 Annex C (normative): Additional Mode Adaptation tools ....................................................................... 124 C.1
C.1.1
Input stream synchronizer .................................................................................................................... 124 Receiver Buffer Model .................................................................................................................................. 126
Annex D (normative): Splitting of input MPEG-2 TSs into the data PLPs and common PLP of a group of PLPs............................................................................................... 128 D.1 D.2
D.2.1 D.2.2
Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 128 Splitting of input TS into a TSPS stream and a TSPSC stream ........................................................... 129 General........................................................................................................................................................... 129
TS packets carrying any other type of content than Service Description Table (SDT) or Event Information Table (EIT), i.e. with PID values not equal to 0x0011 or 0x0012 ............................................. 130 TS packets carrying Service Description Table (SDT), i.e. with PID=0x0011 ............................................. 130 TS packets carrying Event Information Table (EIT), i.e. with PID=0x0012 ................................................. 131 Required operations ................................................................................................................................. 132 Conditions ................................................................................................................................................ 132
D.3
Annex E (informative): T2-frame structure for Time-Frequency Slicing............................................... 135 E.1 E.2
E.2.1 E.2.2 E.2.3 E.2.4 E.2.5 E.2.6
General ................................................................................................................................................. 135 T2-frame structure ................................................................................................................................ 136 Duration and capacity of the T2-frame .......................................................................................................... 136 Overall structure of the T2-frame .................................................................................................................. 136 Structure of the Type-2 part of the T2-frame ................................................................................................. 137 Restrictions on frame structure to allow tuner switching time....................................................................... 138 Signalling of the dynamic parameters in a TFS configuration....................................................................... 139 Indexing of RF channels ................................................................................................................................ 139
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E.2.7 Mapping the PLPs.......................................................................................................................................... 140 E.2.7.1 Mapping the Common and Type 1 PLPs ................................................................................................. 140 E.2.7.2 Mapping the Type 2 PLPs ........................................................................................................................ 140 E.2.7.2.1 Allocating the cells of the Interleaving Frame to the T2-Frames ....................................................... 141 E.2.7.2.2 Size of the sub-slices .......................................................................................................................... 142 E.2.7.2.3 Allocation of cell addresses to the sub-slices on RFstart ...................................................................... 142 E.2.7.2.4 Allocation of cell addresses to the sub-slices on the other RF channels ............................................. 143 E.2.7.2.5 Mapping the PLP cells to the allocated cell addresses ....................................................................... 144 E.2.8 Auxiliary streams and dummy cells ............................................................................................................... 144
Annex F (normative): Calculation of the CRC word ................................................................................ 145 Annex G (normative): Locations of the continual pilots ........................................................................... 146 Annex H (normative): Reserved carrier indices for PAPR reduction ..................................................... 151 Annex I (informative): Transport Stream regeneration and clock recovery using ISCR ..................... 153 Annex J (informative): Pilot patterns ......................................................................................................... 154 Annex K (informative): Allowable sub-slicing values ............................................................................... 162 Annex L (informative): Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 164 History ............................................................................................................................................................ 165
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Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by Joint Technical Committee (JTC) Broadcast of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), Comit Europen de Normalisation ELECtrotechnique (CENELEC) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and is now submitted for the Public Enquiry phase of the ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure. NOTE: The EBU/ETSI JTC Broadcast was established in 1990 to co-ordinate the drafting of standards in the specific field of broadcasting and related fields. Since 1995 the JTC Broadcast became a tripartite body by including in the Memorandum of Understanding also CENELEC, which is responsible for the standardization of radio and television receivers. The EBU is a professional association of broadcasting organizations whose work includes the co-ordination of its members' activities in the technical, legal, programme-making and programme-exchange domains. The EBU has active members in about 60 countries in the European broadcasting area; its headquarters is in Geneva.
European Broadcasting Union CH-1218 GRAND SACONNEX (Geneva) Switzerland Tel: +41 22 717 21 11 Fax: +41 22 717 24 81
Founded in September 1993, the DVB Project is a market-led consortium of public and private sector organizations in the television industry. Its aim is to establish the framework for the introduction of MPEG-2 based digital television services. Now comprising over 200 organizations from more than 25 countries around the world, DVB fosters market-led systems, which meet the real needs, and economic circumstances, of the consumer electronics and the broadcast industry.
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Scope
The present document describes a second generation baseline transmission system for digital terrestrial television broadcasting. It specifies the channel coding/modulation system intended for digital television services and generic data streams. The scope is as follows: it gives a general description of the Baseline System for digital terrestrial TV; it specifies the digitally modulated signal in order to allow compatibility between pieces of equipment developed by different manufacturers. This is achieved by describing in detail the signal processing at the modulator side, while the processing at the receiver side is left open to different implementation solutions. However, it is necessary in this text to refer to certain aspects of reception.
References
For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following cases: if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the purposes of the referring document; for informative references.
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably, the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper case and lower case letters. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity.
2.1
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. [1] ETSI TR 101 162: "Allocation of Service Information (SI) codes for DVB systems"
2.2
Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. [i.1] ISO/IEC 13818-1: "Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems".
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[i.2] [i.3]
ETSI TS 102 606: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE) Protocol". ETSI EN 302 307: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second generation framing structure, channel coding and modulation systems for Broadcasting, Interactive Services, News Gathering and other broadband satellite applications". ETSI EN 300 468: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Specification for Service Information (SI) in DVB systems". ETSI EN 300 744: " Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television".
[i.4] [i.5]
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3.1
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: active cell: OFDM cell carrying a constellation point for L1 signalling or a PLP auxiliary stream: sequence of cells carrying data of as yet undefined modulation and coding, which may be used for future extensions or as required by broadcasters or network operators BBFRAME: set of Kbch bits which form the input to one FEC encoding process (BCH and LDPC endcoding) common PLP: PLP having one slice per T2-frame, transmitted just after the L1 signalling, which may contain data shared by multiple PLPs configurable L1-signalling: L1 signalling consisting of parameters which remain the same for the duration of one super-frame data cell: OFDM cell which is not a pilot or tone reservation cell (may be an unmodulated cell in the Frame Closing Symbol) data symbol: OFDM symbol in a T2-frame which is not a P1 or P2 symbol data PLP: PLP of Type 1 or Type 2 dummy cell: OFDM cell carrying a pseudo-random value used to fill the remaining capacity not used for L1 signalling, PLPs or Auxiliary Streams dynamic L1-signalling: L1 signalling consisting of parameters which may change from one T2-frame to the next elementary period: time period which depends on the system bandwidth and is used to define the other time periods in the T2 system FEC Block: A set of Ncells OFDM cells carrying all the bits of one LDPC FECFRAME FECFRAME: set of Nldpc (16 200 or 64 800) bits from one LDPC encoding operation FEF part: part of the super-frame between two T2-frames which contains FEFs NOTE: A FEF part always starts with a P1 symbol. The remaining contents of the FEF part should be ignored by a DVB-T2 receiver.
FFT size: nominal FFT size used for a particular mode, equal to the active symbol period Ts expressed in cycles of the elementary period T frame closing symbol: OFDM symbol with higher pilot density used at the end of a T2-frame in certain combinations of FFT size, guard interval and scattered pilot pattern
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interleaving frame: unit over which dynamic capacity allocation for a particular PLP is carried out, made up of an integer, dynamically varying number of FEC blocks and having a fixed relationship to the T2-frames NOTE: The Interleaving Frame may be mapped directly to one T2-frame or may be mapped to multiple T2-frames. It may contain one or more TI-blocks.
L1-post signalling: signalling carried in the P2 symbol carrying more detailed L1 information about the T2 system and the PLPs L1-pre signalling: signalling carried in the P2 symbols having a fixed size, coding and modulation, including basic information about the T2 system as well as information needed to decode the L1-post signalling NOTE: L1-pre signalling remains the same for the duration of a super-frame.
MISO group: group (1 or 2) to which a particular transmitter in a MISO network belongs, determining the type of processing which is performed to the data cells and the pilots NOTE: Signals from transmitters in different groups will combine in an optimal manner at the receiver
normal symbol: OFDM symbol in a T2-frame which is not a P1, P2 or Frame Closing symbol OFDM cell: modulation value for one OFDM carrier during one OFDM symbol, e.g. a single constellation point OFDM symbol: waveform Ts in duration comprising all the active carriers modulated with their corresponding modulation values and including the guard interval P1 signalling: signalling carried by the P1 symbol and used to identify the basic mode of the DVB-T2 symbol P1 symbol: fixed pilot symbol that carries S1 and S2 signalling fields and is located in the beginning of the frame within each RF-channel NOTE: The P1 symbol is mainly used for fast initial band scan to detect the T2 signal, its timing, frequency offset, and FFT-size.
P2 symbol: pilot symbol located right after P1 with the same FFT-size and guard interval as the data symbols NOTE: The number of P2 symbols depends on the FFT-size. The P2 symbols are used for fine frequency and timing synchronization as well as for initial channel estimate. P2 symbols carry L1 and L2 signalling information and may also carry data.
PLP_ID: this 8-bit field identifies uniquely a PLP within the T2 system, identified with the T2_system_id NOTE: The same PLP_ID may occur in one or more frames of the super-frame
physical layer pipe: physical layer TDM channel that is carried by the specified sub-slices NOTE: A PLP may carry one or multiple services.
sub-slice: group of cells from a single PLP, which before frequency interleaving, are transmitted on active OFDM cells with consecutive addresses over a single RF channel T2 system: second generation terrestrial broadcast system whose input is one or more TS or GSE streams and whose output is an RF signal NOTE: The T2 system: means an entity where one or more PLPs are carried, in a particular way, within a DVB-T2 signal on one or more frequencies. is unique within the T2 network and it is identified with T2_system_id. Two T2 systems with the same T2_system_id and network_id have identical physical layer structure and configuration, except for the cell_id which may differ. is transparent to the data that it carries (including transport streams and services) T2_SYSTEM_ID: this 16-bit field identifies uniquely the T2 system within the T2 network
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T2 Super-frame: set of T2-frames consisting of a particular number of consecutive T2-frames NOTE: A super-frame may in addition include FEF parts
T2-frame: fixed physical layer TDM frame that is further divided into variable size sub-slices. T2-frame starts with one P1 and one or multiple P2 symbols type 1 PLP: PLP having one slice per T2-frame, transmitted before any Type 2 PLPs type 2 PLP: PLP having two or more sub-slices per T2-frame, transmitted after any Type 1 PLPs slice: set of all cells of a PLP which are mapped to a particular T2-frame NOTE: A slice may be divided into sub-slices.
time interleaving block (TI-block): set of cells within which time interleaving is carried out, corresponding to one use of the time interleaver memory div: integer division operator, defined as: x div y = mod: modulo operator, defined as:
x y
x x mod y = x y y
Re(x): real part of x Im(x): imaginary part of x reserved for future use: not defined by the present document but may be defined in future revisions of the present document NOTE: Further requirments concerning the use of fields indicated as "reserved for future use" are given in clause 7.1
for i=0..xxx-1: the corresponding signalling loop is repeated as many times as there are elements of the loop NOTE: If there are no elements, the whole loop is omitted.
nnD: digits 'nn' should be interpreted as a decimal number 0xkk: digits 'kk' should be interpreted as a hexadecimal number
3.2
Symbols
Exclusive OR / modulo-2 addition operation Guard interval duration LDPC codeword bits number of transmitted bits per constellation symbol (for PLP i) Vector containing ones at positions corresponding to reserved carriers and zeros elsewhere Frequency-Interleaved cell value, cell index p of symbol l of T2-frame m Amplitude of the continual pilot cells Amplitude of the P2 pilot cells Amplitude of the scattered pilot cells Bit j of the BB scrambling sequence
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
i MOD, MOD(i)
a m,l,p ACP AP2 ASP bBS,j
1TR
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be,do c(x) C/N C/N+I Cdata CFC cm,l,k CP2 CSSS1,i CSSS2,i Ctot Di Di,aux Di,common Di,j DL1 DL1post DL1pre dn,s,r,q DPLP dr,q Dx Dy em,l,p fc f_postm,i f_prem,i fq fSH g(x) g1(x), g2(x), , g12(x) gq H(p) H0(p) H1(p) IJUMP, IJUMP(i) ij j k' k Kbch Kbit Kext KL1_PADDING Kldpc Kmax Kmin Kmod kp1(i) Kpost Kpost_ex_pad Kpre Ksig Ktotal
Output bit of index do from substream e from the bit-to-sub-stream demultiplexer BCH codeword polynomial Carrier-to-noise power ratio Carrier-to-(Noise+Interference) ratio Number of active cells in one normal symbol Number of active cells in one frame closing symbol Cell value for carrier k of symbol l of T2-frame m Number of active cells in one P2 symbol Bit i of the S1 modulation sequence Bit i of the S2 modulation sequence Number of active cells in one T2-frame Number of cells mapped to each T2-frame of the Interleaving Frame for PLP i Number of cells carrying auxiliary stream i in the T2-frame Number of cells mapped to each T2-frame for common PLP i Number of cells mapped to each T2-frame for PLP i of type j Number of OFDM cells in each T2-frame carrying L1 signalling Number of OFDM cells in each T2-frame carrying L1-post signalling Number of OFDM cells in each T2-frame carrying L1-pre signalling Time Interleaver input / Cell interleaver output for cell q of FEC block r of TI-block s of Interleaving Frame n Number of OFDM cells in each T2-frame available to carry PLPs Cell interleaver output for cell q of FEC block r Difference in carrier index between adjacent scattered-pilot-bearing carriers Difference in symbol number between successive scattered pilots on a given carrier Cell value for cell index p of symbol l of T2-frame m following MISO processing Centre frequency of the RF signal Cell i of coded and modulated L1-post signalling for T2-frame m Cell i of coded and modulated L1-pre signalling for T2-frame m Constellation point normalized to mean energy of 1 Frequency shift for parts 'B' and 'C' of the P1 signal BCH generator polynomial polynomials to obtain BCH code generator polynomial OFDM cell value after constellation rotation and cyclic Q delay Frequency interleaver permutation function, element p Frequency interleaver permutation function, element p, for even symbols Frequency interleaver permutation function, element p, for odd symbols Frame interval: difference in frame index between successive T2-frames to which a particular PLP is mapped (for PLP i) BCH codeword bits which form the LDPC information bits 1 Carrier index relative to the centre frequency OFDM carrier index number of bits of BCH uncoded Block 1024 bits Number of carriers added on each side of the spectrum in extended carrier mode Length of L1_PADDING field number of bits of LDPC uncoded Block Carrier index of last (highest frequency) active carrier Carrier index of first (lowest frequency) active carrier Modulo value used to calculate continual pilot locations Carrier index k for active carrier i of the P1 symbol Length of L1-post signalling field including the padding field Number of information bits in L1-post signalling excluding the padding field Information length of the L1-pre signalling Number of signalling bits per FEC block for L1-pre- or L1-post signalling Number of OFDM carriers
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l Ldata LF Lnormal Lr(q) m Maux Mbit Mbit/s Mcommon mi Mj Mmax MSS_DIFFi MSS_SCRi MSS_SEQi MTI n Nbch Nbch_parity NBLOCKS_IF(n), NBLOCKS_IF(i,n) NBLOCKS_IF_MAX Ncells, Ncells(i) Ndata Ndummy NFEC_TI (n,s) NFEF NFFT Ngroup Nldpc NMOD_per_Block NMOD_Total NP2 Npad NPN Npost Npost_FEC_Block Npost_temp Npunc Npunc_groups Npunc_temp Nr NRF Nsubslices Nsubslices_total Nsubstreams NT2 NTI p P(r) p1(t) p1A(t) PI , PI(i) pi pnl q
Index of OFDM symbol within the T2-frame Number of data symbols per T2-frame including any frame closing symbol but excluding P1 and P2 Number of OFDM symbols per T2-frame excluding P1 Number of normal symbols in a T2-frame, i.e. not including P1, P2 or any frame closing symbol Cell interleaver permutation function for FEC block r of the TI-block T2-frame number Number of auxiliary streams in the T2 system 220 bits Data rate corresponding to 106 bits per second Number of common PLPs in the T2 system BCH message bits Number of PLPs of type j in the T2 system Sequence length for the frequency interleaver Bit i of the differentially modulated P1 sequence Bit i of the scrambled P1 modulation sequence Bit i of the overall P1 modulation sequence Maximum number of cells required in theTI memory Interleaving Frame index within the super-frame number of bits of BCH coded Block Number of BCH parity bits Number of FEC blocks in Interleaving Frame n (for PLP i) Maximum value of NBLOCKS_IF(n) Number of OFDM cells per FEC Block (for PLP i) Number of data cells in an OFDM symbol (including any unmodulated data cells in the frame closing symbol) Number of dummy cells in the T2-frame Number of FEC blocks in TI-block s of Interleaving Frame n Number of FEF parts in one super-frame FFT size Number of bit-groups for BCH shortening number of bits of LDPC coded Block Number of modulated cells per FEC block for the L1-post signalling Total number of modulated cells for the L1-post signalling Number of P2 symbols per T2-frame Number of BCH bit-groups in which all bits will be padded for L1 signalling Length of the frame-level PN sequence Length of punctured and shortened LDPC codeword for L1-post signalling Number of FEC blocks for the L1-post signalling Intermediate value used in L1 puncturing calculation Number of LDPC parity bits to be punctured Number of parity groups in which all parity bits are punctured for L1 signalling Intermediate value used in L1 puncturing calculation Number of bits in Frequency Interleaver sequence Number of RF channels used in a TFS system Number of sub-slices per T2-frame on each RF channel Number of subslices per T2-frame across all RF channels Number of substreams produced by the bit-to-sub-stream demultiplexer Number of T2-frames in a super-frame Number of TI-blocks in an Interleaving Frame Data cell index within the OFDM symbol in the stages prior to insertion of pilots and dummy tone reservation cells Cyclic shift value for cell interleaver in FEC block r of the TI-block Time-domain complex baseband waveform for the P1 signal Time-domain complex baseband waveform for part 'A' of the P1 signal Number of T2-frames to which each Interleaving Frame is mapped (for PLP i) LDPC parity bits Frame level PN sequence value for symbol l Index of cell within coded and modulated LDPC codeword
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Qldpc r Reff_16K_LDPC_1_2 Reff_post ri Ri R'i rl,k RRQD s Si T tc TF TF TFEF TP TP1 TP1A TP1B TP1C TS TSF TU ui vi wi
Code-rate dependent LDPC constant FEC block index within the TI-block Effective code rate of 16K LDPC with nominal rate 1/2 Effective code rate of L1-post signalling BCH remainder bits Value of element i of the frequency interleaver sequence following bit permutations Value of element i of the frequency interleaver sequence prior to bit permutations Pilot reference sequence value for carrier k in symbol l Complex phasor representing constellation rotation angle Index of TI-block within the Interleaving Frame Element i of cell interleaver PRBS sequence Elementary time period for the bandwidth in use Column-twist value for column c Duration of one T2-frame Frame duration Duration of one FEF part Time interleaving period Duration of the P1 symbol Duration of part 'A' of the P1 signal Duration of part 'B' of the P1 signal Duration of part 'C' of the P1 signal Total OFDM symbol duration Duration of one super-frame Active OFDM symbol duration Parity-interleaver output bits column-twist-interleaver output bits Bit i of the symbol-level reference PRBS Round towards minus infinity: the most positive integer less than or equal to x Round towards plus infinity: the most negative integer greater than or equal to x Complex conjugate of x The set of bits in group j of BCH information bits for L1 shortening Complex cell modulation value for cell index p of OFDM symbol l of T2-frame m Bit i of cell word q from the bit-to-cell-word demultiplexer Constellation point prior to normalization Permutation operator defining parity bit groups to be punctured for L1 signalling Permutation operator defining bit-groups to be padded for L1 signalling
x
x* Xj xm,l,p yi,q zq p s
The symbols s, t, i, j, k are also used as dummy variables and indices within the context of some clauses or equations. In general, parameters which have a fixed value for a particular PLP for one processing block (e.g. T2-frame, Interleaving Frame, TI-block as appropriate) are denoted by an upper case letter. Simple lower-case letters are used for indices and dummy variables. The individual bits, cells or words processed by the various stages of the system are denoted by lower case letters with one or more subscripts indicating the relevant indices.
3.3
16-QAM 256-QAM 64-QAM ACM BB BCH
Abbreviations
16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 256-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 64-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Adaptive Coding and Modulation BaseBand Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem multiple error correction binary block code
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
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BICM CBR CCM CI CRC D DBPSK DFL DNP DVB DVB-T NOTE: DVB-T2 EBU EIT FEC FEF FFT FIFO GCS GF GFPS GS GSE HEM HEX IF IFFT IS ISCR ISI ISSY ISSYI LDPC LSB MIS MISO NOTE:
Bit Interleaved Coding and Modulation Constant Bit Rate Constant Coding and Modulation Cell Interleaver Cyclic Redundancy Check Decimal notation Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying Data Field Length Deleted Null Packets Digital Video Broadcasting project DVB system for Terrestrial broadcasting Specified in EN 300 744 [i.5]. DVB-T2 System as specified in the present document European Broadcasting Union Event Information Table Forward Error Correction Future Extension Frame Fast Fourier Transform First In First Out Generic Continuous Stream Galois Field Generic Fixed-length Packetized Stream Generic Stream Generic Stream Encapsulation High Efficiency Mode Hexadecimal notation Intermediate Frequency Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Interactive Services Input Stream Time Reference Input Stream Identifier Input Stream SYnchronizer Input Stream SYnchronizer Indicator Low Density Parity Check (codes) Least Significant Bit Multiple Input Stream Multiple Input, Single Output Meaning multiple transmitting antennas but one receiving antenna. MODulation and CODing Moving Pictures Experts Group Most Significant Bit In DVB-T2 the MSB is always transmitted first. Modulation Signalling Sequences Not Applicable Normal Mode Null-Packet Deletion Original User Packet Length Peak to Average Power Ratio Programme Clock Reference (MPEG TS) Packet Error Rate Packet IDentifier Phase Locked Loop Physical Layer Pipe Pseudo Random Binary Sequence Quasi Error Free
MODCOD MPEG MSB NOTE: MSS NA NM NPD O-UPL PAPR PCR PER PID PLL PLP PRBS QEF
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QPSK RF SDT SIS SISO SoAC TDM TF TFS TS TSPS TSPSC TTO TV UP UPL VCM
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying Radio Frequency Service Description Table Single Input Stream Single Input Single Output (meaning one transmitting and one receiving antenna) Sum of AutoCorrelation Time Division Multiplex Time/Frequency Time-Frequency Slicing Transport Stream Transport Stream Partial Stream Transport Stream Partial Stream Common Time To Output TeleVision User Packet User Packet Length Variable Coding and Modulation
4
4.1
The generic T2 system model is represented in Figure 1. The system input(s) may be one or more MPEG-2 Transport Stream(s) [i.1] and/or one or more Generic Stream(s) [i.2]. The Input Pre-Processor, which is not part of the T2 system, may include a Service splitter or de-multiplexer for Transport Streams (TS) for separating the services into the T2 system inputs, which are one or more logical data streams. These are then carried in individual Physical Layer Pipes (PLPs). The system output is typically a single signal to be transmitted on a single RF channel. Optionally, the system can generate a second set of output signals, to be conveyed to a second set of antennas in what is called MISO transmission mode. The present document defines a single profile which incorporates time-slicing but not time-frequency-slicing (TFS). Features which would allow a possible future implementation of TFS (for receivers with two tuners/front-ends) can be found in annex E. It is not intended that a receiver with a single tuner should support TFS.
Input processing
Frame Builder
OFDM generation
T2 system
Figure 1: High level T2 block diagram The input data streams shall be subject to the constraint that, over the duration of one physical-layer frame (T2-frame), the total input data capacity (in terms of cell throughput, following null-packet deletion, if applicable, and after coding and modulation), shall not exceed the T2 available capacity (in terms of data cells, constant in time) of the T2-frame for the current frame parameters. Typically, this will be achieved by arranging that PLPs within a group of PLPs will always use same modulation and coding (MODCOD), and interleaving depth, and that one or more groups of PLPs with the same MODCOD and interleaving depth originate from a single, constant bit-rate, statistically-multiplexed source. Each group of PLPs may contain one common PLP, but a group of PLPs need not contain a common PLP. When the DVB-T2 signal carries a single PLP there is no common PLP. It is assumed that the receiver will always be able to receive one data PLP and its associated common PLP, if any.
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More generally, the group of statistically multiplexed services can use variable coding and modulation (VCM) for different services, provided they generate a constant total output capacity (i.e. in terms of cell rate including FEC and modulation). When multiple input MPEG-2 TSs are transmitted via a group of PLPs, splitting of input TSs into TSPS streams (carried via the data PLPs) and a TSPSC stream (carried via the associated common PLP), as described in annex D, shall be performed immediately before the Input processing block shown in Figure 1. This processing shall be considered an integral part of an extended DVB-T2 system. The maximum input rate for any TS, including null packets, shall be 72 Mbit/s. The maximum achievable throughput rate, after deletion of null packets when applicable, is more than 50 Mbit/s (in an 8 MHz channel).
4.2
System architecture
The T2 system block diagram is shown in Figure 2, which is split into several parts. Figure 2(a) shows the input processing for input mode 'A' (single PLP), and Figure 2(b) and Figure 2(c) show the case of input mode 'B' (multiple PLPs). Figure 2(d) shows the BICM module and Figure 2(e) shows the frame builder module. Figure 2(f) shows the OFDM generation module.
Single input stream
Input interface
CRC-8 encoder
BB Header insertion
Padding insertion
BB Scrambler
To BICM module
Mode adaptation
Stream adaptation
Figure 2: System block diagram (a) Input processing module for input mode 'A' (single PLP)
Input Stream Synchroniser Input Stream Synchroniser Compensating delay Compensating delay Nullpacket deletion Nullpacket deletion BB Header insertion BB Header insertion
PLP0
Input interface
CRC-8 encoder
PLP1
Input interface
CRC-8 encoder
To stream adaptation
Figure 2(b): Mode adaptation for input mode 'B' (multiple PLP)
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frame m
frame m-1
PLP0
frame delay
BB Scrambler
L1 dynPLP0 (m)
Scheduler
PLP1 frame delay In-band signalling or (if relevant) padding insertion BB Scrambler
L1 dynPLP1 (m)
To BICM module
frame delay In-band signalling or (if relevant) padding insertion BB Scrambler
PLPn
L1 dynPLPn (m)
L1 dynPLP0-n (m)
Figure 2(c): Stream adaptation for input mode 'B' (multiple PLP)
PLP0
Bit interleaver
Map cells to constellations (Gray mapping) Map cells to constellations (Gray mapping)
Constellation rotation and cyclic Q-delay Constellation rotation and cyclic Q-delay
Cell interleaver
Time interleaver
PLP1
Bit interleaver
Cell interleaver
Time interleaver
PLPn
L1-dynPLP0-n
L1 signalling generation
L1-pre
Bit interleaver
L1 Configuration
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PLP0
Assembly of common PLP cells Cell Mapper (assembles modulated cells of PLPs and L1 signalling into arrays corresponding to OFDM symbols. Operates according to dynamic scheduling information produced by scheduler)
PLP1
Sub-slice processor
To OFDM generation
Frequency interleaver
PLPn
L1 Signalling
compensating delay
Assembly of L1 cells
Compensates for frame delay in input module and delay in time interleaver
MISO processing
IFFT
PAPR reduction
P1 Symbol insertion
To transmitter(s)
4.3
Target performance
If the received signal is above the C/N+I threshold, the Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique adopted in the System is designed to provide a "Quasi Error Free" (QEF) quality target. The definition of QEF adopted for DVB-T2 is "less than one uncorrected error-event per transmission hour at the level of a 5 Mbit/s single TV service decoder", approximately corresponding to a Transport Stream Packet Error Ratio PER < 10-7 before the de-multiplexer.
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5
5.1
Input processing
Mode adaptation
The input to the T2 system shall consist of one or more logical data streams. One logical data stream is carried by one Physical Layer Pipe (PLP). The mode adaptation modules, which operate separately on the contents of each PLP, slice the input data stream into data fields which, after stream adaptation, will form baseband frames (BBFRAMEs). The mode adaptation module comprises the input interface, followed by three optional sub-systems (the input stream synchronizer, null packet deletion and the CRC-8 encoder) and then finishes by slicing the incoming data stream into data fields and inserting the baseband header (BBHEADER) at the start of each data field. Each of these sub-systems is described in the following clauses. Each input PLP may have one of the formats specified in clause 5.1.1. The mode adaptation module can process input data in one of two modes, normal mode (NM) or high efficiency mode (HEM), which are described in clauses 5.1.7 and 5.1.8 respectively. NM is in line with the Mode Adaptation in [i.3], whereas in HEM, further stream specific optimizations may be performed to reduce signalling overhead. The BBHEADER (see clause 5.1.7) signals the input stream type and the processing mode.
5.1.1
Input Formats
The Input Pre-processor/Service Splitter (see Figure 1) shall supply to the Mode Adaptation Module(s) a single or multiple streams (one for each Mode Adaptation Module). In the case of a TS, the packet rate will be a constant value, although only a proportion of the packets may correspond to service data and the remainder may be null-packets. Each input stream (PLP) of the T2 system shall be associated with a modulation and FEC protection mode which is statically configurable. Each input PLP may take one of the following formats: Transport Stream (TS) [i.1]. Generic Encapsulated Stream (GSE) [i.2]. Generic Continuous Stream (GCS) (a variable length packet stream where the modulator is not aware of the packet boundaries). Generic Fixed-length Packetized Stream (GFPS); this form is retained for compatibility with DVB-S2 [i.3], but it is expected that GSE would now be used instead.
A Transport Stream shall be characterized by User Packets (UP) of fixed length O-UPL = 188 8 bits (one MPEG packet), the first byte being a Sync-byte (47HEX). It shall be signalled in the BBHEADER TS/GS field, see clause 5.1.7. NOTE: The maximum achievable throughput rate, after deletion of null packets when applicable, is approximately 50.3 Mbit/s (in an 8 MHz channel).
A GSE stream shall be characterized by variable length packets or constant length packets, as signalled within GSE packet headers, and shall be signalled in the BBHEADER by TS/GS field, see clause 5.1.7. A GCS shall be characterized by a continuous bit-stream and shall be signalled in the BBHEADER by TS/GS field and UPL = 0D, see clause 5.1.7. A variable length packet stream where the modulator is not aware of the packet boundaries, or a constant length packet stream exceeding 64 kbit, shall be treated as a GCS, and shall be signalled in the BBHEADER by TS/GS field as a GCS and UPL = 0D, see clause 5.1.7. A GFPS shall be a stream of constant-length User Packets (UP), with length O-UPL bits (maximum O-UPL value 64 K), and shall be signalled in the base-band header TS/GS field, see clause 5.1.7. O-UPL is the Original User Packet Length. UPL is the transmitted User Packet Length, as signalled in the BBHEADER.
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5.1.2
Input Interface
The input interface subsystem shall map the input into internal logical-bit format. The first received bit will be indicated as the Most Significant Bit (MSB). Input interfacing is applied separately for each single physical layer pipe (PLP), see Figure 2. The Input Interface shall read a data field, composed of DFL bits (Data Field Length), where: 0 < DFL < (Kbch - 80) where Kbch is the number of bits protected by the BCH and LDPC codes (see clause 6.1). The maximum value of DFL depends on the chosen LDPC code, carrying a protected payload of Kbch bits. The 10-byte (80 bits) BBHEADER is appended to the front of the data field, and is also protected by the BCH and LDPC codes. The Input Interface shall either allocate a number of input bits equal to the available data field capacity, thus breaking UPs in subsequent data fields (this operation being called "fragmentation"), or shall allocate an integer number of UPs within the data field (no fragmentation). The available data field capacity is equal to Kbch - 80 when in-band signalling is not used (see clause 5.2.3), but less when in-band signalling is used. When the value of DFL < Kbch - 80, a padding field shall be inserted by the stream adapter (see clause 5.2) to complete the LDPC / BCH code block capacity. A padding field, if applicable, shall also be allocated in the first BBFRAME of a T2-Frame, to transmit in-band signalling (whether fragmentation is used or not).
5.1.3
Data processing in the DVB-T2 modulator may produce variable transmission delay on the user information. The Input Stream Synchronizer subsystem shall provide suitable means to guarantee Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and constant end-to-end transmission delay for any input data format. The use of the Input Stream Synchronizer subsystem is optional, except that it shall always be used for PLPs carrying transport streams where the number of FEC blocks per T2-frame may vary. This process shall follow the specification given in annex C, which is similar to [i.3]. Examples of receiver implementation are given in annex I. This process will also allow synchronization of multiple input streams travelling in independent PLPs, since the reference clock and the counter of the input stream synchronizers shall be the same. The ISSY field (Input Stream Synchronization, 2 bytes or 3 bytes) carries the value of a counter clocked at the modulator clock rate (1/T where T is defined in clause 9.5) and can be used by the receiver to regenerate the correct timing of the regenerated output stream. The ISSY field carriage shall depend on the input stream format and on the Mode, as defined in clauses 5.1.7 and 5.1.8 and Figures 4 to 8. In Normal Mode the ISSY Field is appended to UPs for packetized streams. In High Efficiency Mode a single ISSY field is transmitted per BBFRAME in the BBHEADER, taking advantage that UPs of a BBFRAME travel together, and therefore experience the same delay/jitter. When the ISSY mechanism is not being used, the corresponding fields of the BBHEADER, if any, shall be set to '0'. A full description of the format of the ISSY field is given in annex C.
5.1.4
The interleaving parameters PI and NTI (see clause 6.5), and the frame interval IJUMP (see clause 8.2) may be different for the data PLPs in a group and the corresponding common PLP. In order to allow the Transport Stream recombining mechanism described in annex D without requiring additional memory in the receiver, the input Transport Streams shall be delayed in the modulator following the insertion of Input Stream Synchronization information. The delay (and the indicated value of TTO - see annex C) shall be such that, for a receiver implementing the buffer strategy defined in clause C.1.1, the partial transport streams at the output of the dejitter buffers for the data and common PLPs would be essentially co-timed, i.e. packets with corresponding ISCR values on the two streams would be output within 1ms of one another.
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5.1.5
Transport Stream rules require that bit rates at the output of the transmitter's multiplexer and at the input of the receiver's demultiplexer are constant in time and the end-to-end delay is also constant. For some Transport-Stream input signals, a large percentage of null-packets may be present in order to accommodate variable bit-rate services in a constant bit-rate TS. In this case, in order to avoid unnecessary transmission overhead, TS null-packets shall be identified (PID = 8191D) and removed. The process is carried-out in a way that the removed null-packets can be re-inserted in the receiver in the exact place where they were originally, thus guaranteeing constant bit-rate and avoiding the need for time-stamp (PCR) updating. When Null Packet Deletion is used, Useful Packets (i.e. TS packets with PID 8 191D), including the optional ISSY appended field, shall be transmitted while null-packets (i.e. TS packets with PID = 8 191D, including the optional ISSY appended field, may be removed. See Figure 3. After transmission of a UP, a counter called DNP (Deleted Null-Packets, 1 byte) shall be first reset and then incremented at each deleted null-packet. When DNP reaches the maximum allowed value DNP = 255D, then if the following packet is again a null-packet this null-packet is kept as a useful packet and transmitted. Insertion of the DNP field (1 byte) shall be after each transmitted UP according to clause 5.1.8 and Figures 5 and 6.
Reset after DNP insertion
Null-packet deletion
DNP Counter
Input
Usefulpackets Nullpackets
Output
Input
S Y N C
Optional
UP
I S S Y S Y N C
UP
I S S Y
S Y N C
UP
I S S Y
S Y N C
UP
I S S Y
S Y N C
UP
I S S Y
DNP=0
DNP=0
S Y N C
DNP=1
I S S Y D N P S Y N C
DNP=2
I S S Y D N P
Output
UP
UP
5.1.6
CRC-8 is applied for error detection at UP level (Normal Mode and packetized streams only). When applicable (see clause 5.1.8), the UPL-8 bits of the UP (after sync-byte removal, when applicable) shall be processed by the systematic 8-bit CRC-8 encoder defined in annex F. The computed CRC-8 shall be appended after the UP according to clause 5.1.8 and Figure 5.
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5.1.7
A fixed length BBHEADER of 10 bytes shall be inserted in front of the baseband data field in order to describe the format of the data field. The BBHEADER shall take one of two forms as shown in Figure 4(a) for normal mode (NM) and in Figure 4(b) for high efficiency mode (HEM). The current mode (NM or HEM) may be detected by the MODE field (EXORed with the CRC-8 field).
M A TYP E (2 bytes)
UPL (2 b ytes)
D FL (2 b ytes)
S YN C (1 b yte)
S YN C D (2 byte s)
C R C -8 MODE (1 b yte)
M A TYP E (2 bytes)
IS S Y 2MS B (2 b ytes)
D FL (2 b ytes)
IS S Y 1LS B (1 b yte)
S YN C D (2 byte s)
C R C -8 MODE (1 b yte)
The use of the bits of the MATYPE field is described below. The use of the remaining fields of the BBHEADER is described in Table 2. MATYPE (2 bytes): describes the input stream format and the type of Mode Adaptation as explained in Table 1. First byte (MATYPE-1): TS/GS field (2 bits), Input Stream Format: Generic Packetized Stream (GFPS); Transport Stream; Generic Continuous Stream (GCS); Generic Encapsulated Stream (GSE). SIS/MIS field (1 bit): Single or Multiple Input Streams (referred to the global signal, not to each PLP). CCM/ACM field (1 bit): Constant Coding and Modulation or Variable Coding and Modulation.
NOTE 1: The term ACM is retained for compatibility with DVB-S2 [i.3]. CCM means that all PLPs use the same coding and modulation, whereas ACM means that not all PLPs use the same coding and modulation. In each PLP, the modulation and coding will be constant in time (although it may be statically reconfigured). ISSYI (1 bit), (Input Stream Synchronization Indicator): If ISSYI = 1 = active, the ISSY field shall be computed (see annex C) and inserted according to clause 5.1.8. NPD (1 bit): Null-packet deletion active/not active. If NPD active, then DNP shall be computed and appended after UPs. EXT (2 bits), media specific (for T2, EXT=0: reserved for future use). Table 1: MATYPE-1 field mapping
TS/GS (2 bits) SIS/MIS (1 bit) CCM/ACM (1 bit) ISSYI (1 bit) NPD (1 bit) EXT (2 bits) 00 = GFPS 1 = single 1 = CCM 1 = active 1 = active Reserved for future 11 = TS 0 = multiple 0 = ACM 0 = not-active 0 = not-active use 01 = GCS (see note 1) 10 = GSE NOTE 1: For T2, EXT=reserved for future use and for S2, EXT=RO =transmission roll-off. NOTE 2: For compatibility with DVB-S2 [i.3], when GSE is used with normal mode, it shall be treated as a Continuous Stream and indicated by TS/GS = 01.
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Second byte (MATYPE-2): If SIS/MIS = Multiple Input Stream, then second byte = Input Stream Identifier (ISI); else second byte = '0' (reserved for future use).
NOTE 2: The term ISI is retained here for compatibility with DVB-S2 [i.3], but has the same meaning as the term PLP_ID which is used throughout the present document. Table 2: Description of the fields of the BBHEADER
Field MATYPE UPL DFL SYNC SYNCD Size (Bytes) 2 2 2 1 2 As described above User Packet Length in bits, in the range [0,65535] Data Field Length in bits, in the range [0,53760] A copy of the User Packet Sync-byte. In the case of GCS, SYNC=0x00-0xB8 is reserved for transport layer protocol signaling and shall be set according to Reference [1], SYNC=0xB9-0xFF user private The distance in bits from the beginning of the DATA FIELD to the beginning of the first transmitted UP which starts in the data field. SYNCD=0D means that the first UP is aligned to the beginning of the Data Field. SYNCD = 65535D means that no UP starts in the DATA FIELD; for GCS, SYNCD is reserved for future use and shall be set to 0D unless otherwise defined. The XOR of the CRC-8 (1-byte) field with the MODE field (1-byte). CRC-8 is the error detection code applied to the first 9 bytes of the BBHEADER (see annex F). MODE (8 bits) shall be: 0D Normal Mode. 1D High Efficiency Mode. Other values: reserved for future use. Description
CRC-8 MODE
5.1.8
This clause describes the Mode Adaptation processing and fragmentation for the various Modes and Input Stream formats, as well as illustrating the output stream format. Normal Mode, GFPS and TS See clause 5.1.7 for BBHEADER signalling. For Transport Stream, O-UPL=188x8 bits, and the first byte shall be a Sync-byte (47HEX). UPL (the transmitted user packet length) shall initially be set equal to O-UPL The Mode Adaptation unit shall perform the following sequence of operations (see Figure 5): Optional input stream synchronization (see clause 5.1.3); UPL increased by 16D or 24D bits according to ISSY field length; ISSY field appended after each UP. For TS, either the short or long format of ISSY may be used; for GFPS, only the short format may be used. If a sync-byte is the first byte of the UP, it shall be removed, and stored in the SYNC field of the BBHEADER, and UPL shall be decreased by 8D. Otherwise SYNC in the BBHEADER shall be set to 0 and UPL shall remain unmodified. For TS only, optional null-packet deletion (see clause 5.1.5); DNP computation and storage after the next transmitted UP; UPL increased by 8D. CRC-8 computation at UP level (see clause 5.1.6); CRC-8 storage after the UP; UPL increased by 8D. SYNCD computation (pointing at the first bit of the first transmitted UP which starts in the Data Field) and storage in BBHEADER. The bits of the transmitted UP start with the CRC-8 of the previous UP, if used, followed by the original UP itself, and finish with the ISSY and DNP fields, if used. Hence SYNCD points to the first bit of the CRC-8 of the previous UP.
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NOTE 1: O-UPL in the modulator may be derived by static setting (GFPS only) or un-specified automatic signalling. NOTE 2: Normal Mode is compatible with DVB-S2 BBFRAME Mode Adaptation [i.3]. SYNCD=0 means that the UP is aligned to the start of the Data Field and when present, the CRC-8 (belonging to the last UP of the previous BBFRAME) will be replaced in the receiver by the SYNC byte or discarded.
Tim e P acketised S tream
C R C 8
U PL
C R C 8
TS only
I S S Y D N P C R C 8
O riginal UP
I S S Y
D N P
O riginal UP
I S S Y
D N P
C R C 8
O riginal UP
O riginal UP
I S S Y
D N P
C R C 8
O riginal UP
I S S Y
D N P
80 bits
B B H EA DE R
S YN C D
D FL
D AT A FIELD
O ptional
M A T YP E (2 b ytes)
UPL (2 bytes)
D FL (2 bytes)
S YN C (1 b yte)
S YN C D (2 bytes)
C R C -8 M O D E (1 byte)
Figure 5: Stream format at the output of the MODE ADAPTER, Normal Mode, GFPS and TS High Efficiency Mode, Transport Streams For Transport Streams, the receiver knows a-priori the sync-byte configuration and O-UPL=188x8 bits, therefore UPL and SYNC fields in the BBHEADER shall be re-used to transmit the ISSY field. The Mode Adaptation unit shall perform the following sequence of operations (see Figure 6): Optional input stream synchronization (see clause 5.1.3) relevant to the first complete transmitted UP of the data field; ISSY field inserted in the UPL and SYNC fields of the BBHEADER. Sync-byte removed, but not stored in the SYNC field of the BBHEADER. Optional null-packet deletion (see clause 5.1.5); DNP computation and storage after the next transmitted UP. CRC-8 at UP level shall not be computed nor inserted. SYNCD computation (pointing at the first bit of the first transmitted UP which starts in the Data Field) and storage in BBHEADER. The bits of the transmitted UP start with the original UP itself after removal of the sync-byte, and finish with the DNP field, if used. Hence SYNCD points to the first bit of the original UP following the sync-byte. UPL not computed nor transmitted in the BBHEADER.
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O riginal UP
D N P
O riginal UP
D N P
O riginal UP
D N P
O riginal UP
D N P
O riginal UP O ptional
S YN C D
80 bits
B B HEA DE R
D FL
D AT A FIELD
M AT YPE (2 bytes)
IS S Y (2 M S B )
D FL (2 b yte s)
IS S Y (1 LSB )
S YN C D (2 bytes)
C R C -8 M O D E (1 byte)
O ptional
Figure 6: Stream format at the output of the MODE ADAPTER, High Efficiency Mode for TS, (no CRC-8 computed for UPs, optional single ISSY inserted in the BBHEADER, UPL not transmitted) Normal Mode, GCS and GSE See clause 5.1.7 for BBHEADER signalling. For GCS the input stream shall have no structure, or the structure shall not be known by the modulator. For GSE the first GSE packet shall always be aligned to the data field (no GSE fragmentation allowed). For both GCS and GSE the Mode Adaptation unit shall perform the following sequence of operations (see Figure 7): Set UPL=0D; set SYNC=0x00-0xB8 is reserved for transport layer protocol signaling and should be set according to Reference [1], SYNC=0xB9-0xFF user private; SYNCD is reserved for future use and shall be set to 0D when not otherwise defined. Null packed deletion (see clause 5.1.5) and CRC-8 computation for Data Field (see clause 5.1.6) shall not be performed.
Tim e G eneric Continuous S tream
80 bits
B B HEA DE R
D FL
D AT A FIELD
M A TYP E (2 byte s)
UPL (2 b ytes)
D FL (2 b ytes)
S YN C (1 byte )
S YN C D (2 byte s)
C R C -8 M O D E (1 byte)
Figure 7: Stream format at the output of the MODE ADAPTER, Normal Mode (GSE & GCS) High Efficiency Mode, GSE GSE variable-length or constant length UPs may be transmitted in HEM. If GSE packet fragmentation is used, SYNCD shall be computed. If the GSE packets are not fragmented, the first packet shall be aligned to the Data Field and thus SYNCD shall always be set to 0D. The receiver may derive the length of the UPs from the packet header [i.2], therefore
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UPL transmission in BBHEADER is not performed. As per TS, the optional ISSY field is transmitted in the BBHEADER. The Mode Adaptation unit shall perform the following sequence of operations (see Figure 8): Optional input stream synchronization (see clause 5.1.3) relevant to the first transmitted UP which starts in the data field; ISSY field inserted in the UPL and SYNC fields of the BBHEADER. Null-packet Deletion and CRC-8 at UP level shall not be computed nor inserted. SYNCD computation (pointing at the first bit of the first transmitted UP which starts in the Data Field) and storage in BBHEADER. The transmitted UP corresponds exactly to the original UP itself. Hence SYNCD points to the first bit of the original UP. UPL not computed nor transmitted.
U P L (in G S E H eaders)
GSE UP UP UP UP Tim e UP
S YN C D
80 bits
B B H EADE R
U ser P acket
D FL
D AT A FIELD
M A TYP E (2 byte s)
IS S Y (2 M S B )
D FL (2 byte s)
IS S Y (1 LSB )
S YN C D (2 byte s)
C R C -8 M O D E (1 byte)
O ptional
Figure 8: Stream format at the output of the MODE ADAPTER, High Efficiency Mode for GSE, (no CRC-8 computed for UPs, optional single ISSY inserted in the BBHEADER, UPL not transmitted) High Efficiency Mode, GFPS and GCS These modes are not defined (except for the case of TS, as described above).
5.2
a) b) c)
Stream adaptation
scheduling (for input mode 'B'), see clause 5.2.1; padding (see clause 5.2.2) to complete a constant length (Kbch bits) BBFRAME and/or to carry in-band signalling according to clause 5.2.3; scrambling (see clause 5.2.4) for energy dispersal.
The input stream to the stream adaptation module shall be a BBHEADER followed by a DATA FIELD. The output stream shall be a BBFRAME, as shown in Figure 9.
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80 bits
BBHEADER
DFL
DATA FIELD
Kbch-DFL-80
PADDING AND/OR INBAND SIGNALLING
BBFRAME
(Kbch bits)
5.2.1
Scheduler
In order to generate the required L1 dynamic signalling information, the scheduler must decide exactly which cells of the final T2 signal will carry data belonging to which PLPs, as shown in Figure 2(c). Although this operation has no effect on the data stream itself at this stage, the scheduler shall define the exact composition of the frame structure, as described in clause 8. The scheduler works by counting the FEC blocks from each of the PLPs. Starting from the beginning of the Interleaving Frame (which corresponds to either one or more T2-frames - see clause 6.5), the scheduler counts separately the start of each FEC block received from each PLP. The scheduler then calculates the values of the dynamic parameters for each PLP for each T2-frame. This is described in more detail in clause 8 (or in the case of TFS, in annex E). The scheduler then forwards the calculated values for insertion as in-band signalling data, and to the L1 signalling generator. The scheduler does not change the data in the PLPs whilst it is operating. Instead, the data will be buffered in preparation for frame building, typically in the time interleaver memories as described in clause 6.5.
5.2.2
Padding
Kbch depends on the FEC rate, as reported in Table 5. Padding may be applied in circumstances when the user data available for transmission is not sufficient to completely fill a BBFRAME, or when an integer number of UPs has to be allocated in a BBFRAME. (Kbch-DFL-80) zero bits shall be appended after the DATA FIELD. The resulting BBFRAME shall have a constant length of Kbch bits.
5.2.3
In input mode 'B', the PADDING field may also be used to carry in-band signalling. An in-band signalling carrying L1/L2 update information and co-scheduled information is defined as in-band type A. When IN-BAND_FLAG field in L1-post signalling, defined in clause 7.2.3, is set to '0', the in-band type A is not carried in the PADDING field. The use of in-band type A is mandatory for PLPs that appear in every T2-frame and for which one Interleaving Frame is mapped to one T2-frame (i.e. the values for PI and IJUMP for the current PLP are both equal to 1; see clauses 8.3.6.1 and 8.2). The L1 dynamic signalling for Interleaving Frame n+1 (Interleaving Frame n+2 in the case of TFS, see annex E) of a PLP or multiple PLPs is inserted in the PADDING field of the first BBFRAME of Interleaving Frame n of each PLP. If NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND=0 (see below), the relevant PLP carries only its own in-band L1 dynamic information. If NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND>0, it carries L1 dynamic information of other PLPs as well as its own information, for shorter channel switching time. Figure 10 illustrates the signalling format of the PADDING field when in-band type A is delivered.
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Figure 10: PADDING format at the output of the STREAM ADAPTER for in-band type A Table 3 indicates the detailed use of fields for in-band signalling. Table 3: Padding field mapping for in-band type A
Field
PADDING_TYPE PLP_L1_CHANGE_COUNTER RESERVED_1 For j=0..PI-1 { SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL START_RF_IDX CURRENT_PLP_START RESERVED_2 } CURRENT_PLP_NUM_BLOCKS NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND For i=0..NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND-1 { PLP_ID PLP_START PLP_NUM_BLOCKS RESERVED_3 } For j=0..PI-1 { TYPE_2_START } RESERVED_4
Size 2 bits 8 bits 8 bits 22 bits 3 bits 22 bits 8 bits 10 bits 8 bits 8 bits 22 bits 10 bits 8 bits 22 bits Remainder of BBFRAME
PADDING_TYPE: This 2-bit field indicates the type of the PADDING field within the current BBFRAME. The mapping of different types is given in Table 4. Table 4: The mapping of PADDING types
Value 00 01 10 11 Type In-band type A Reserved for future use Reserved for future use Reserved for future use
PLP_L1_CHANGE_COUNTER: This 8-bit field indicates the number of super-frames ahead where the configuration (i.e. the contents of the fields in the L1-pre signalling or the configurable part of the L1-post signalling) will change in a way that affects the PLPs referred to by this in-band signalling field. The next super-frame with changes in the configuration is indicated by the value signalled within this field. If this field is set to the value '0', it means that no scheduled change is foreseen. E.g. value '1' indicates that there is change in the next super-frame. This counter shall always start counting down from a minimum value of 2. RESERVED_1: This 8-bit field is reserved for future use.
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For the current PLP, the in-band signalling shall be repeated, in order of T2-frame index, for each of the PI T2-frames to which the next Interleaving Frame is mapped (see clauses 6.5.1 and 8.3.6.1). In the case of TFS, the next-but-one Interleaving Frame shall be signalled. The following fields appear in the PI loop: SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL: This 22-bit field indicates the number of OFDM cells from the start of one sub-slice of one PLP to the start of the next sub-slice of the same PLP on the same RF channel for the relevant T2-frame. If the number of sub-slices per frame equals the number of RF channels, then the value of this field indicates the number of OFDM cells on one RF channel for the type 2 data PLPs in the relevant T2-frame. If there are no type 2 PLPs, this field shall be set to '0'. The use of this parameter is defined with greater detail in clause 8.3.6.3.2. START_RF_IDX: This 3-bit field indicates the ID of the starting frequency of the TFS scheduled frame, for the relevant T2-frame, as described in annex E. The starting frequency within the TFS scheduled frame may change dynamically. When TFS is not used, the value of this field shall be set to '0'. CURRENT_PLP_START: This 22-bit field signals the start position of the current PLP in the relevant T2-frame. The start position is specified using the addressing scheme described in clause 8.3.6.2. RESERVED_2: This 8-bit field is reserved for future use. CURRENT_PLP_NUM_BLOCKS: This 10-bit field indicates the number of FEC blocks used for the current PLP within the next Interleaving Frame (or the next-but-one Interleaving Frame in the case of TFS). NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND: This 8-bit field indicates the number of other PLPs excluding the current PLP for which L1 dynamic information is delivered via the current in-band signalling. This mechanism shall only be used when the values for PI and IJUMP for the current PLP are both equal to 1 (otherwise NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND shall be set to zero and the loop will be empty). The following fields appear in the NUM_OTHER_PLP_IN_BAND loop: PLP_ID: This 8-bit field identifies uniquely a PLP. If the PLP_ID corresponds to a PLP whose PLP_TYPE (see clause 7.2.3.1) is one of the values reserved for future use, the remaining bits of this other PLP loop shall still be carried, and they too shall be reserved for future use and shall be ignored. PLP_START: This 22-bit field signals the start position of PLP_ID in the next T2-frame (or the next-but-one T2-frame in the case of TFS). When PLP_ID is not mapped to the relevant T2-frame, this field shall be set to '0'. The start position is specified using the addressing scheme described in clause 8.3.6.2. PLP_NUM_BLOCKS: This 10-bit field indicates the number of FEC blocks for PLP_ID contained in the Interleaving Frame which is mapped to the next T2-frame (or the Interleaving Frame which is mapped to the next-but-one T2-frame in the case of TFS). It shall have the same value for every T2-frame to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped. When PLP_ID is not mapped to the next T2-frame (or the next-but-one T2-frame in the case of TFS), this field shall be set to '0'. RESERVED_3: This 8-bit field is reserved for future use. TYPE_2_START: This 22-bit field indicates the start position of the first of the type 2 PLPs using the cell addressing scheme defined in 8.3.6.2. If there are no type 2 PLPs, this field shall be set to '0'. It has the same value on every RF channel, and with TFS can be used to calculate when the sub-slices of a PLP are 'folded' (see clause E.2.7.2.4). The value of TYPE_2_START shall be signalled for each of the PI T2-frames to which the next Interleaving Frame is mapped (see clauses 6.5.1 and 8.3.6.1). In the case of TFS, the next-but-one Interleaving Frame shall be signalled. RESERVED_4: The remaining bits in the BBFRAME, if any, shall currently be set to '0' and are reserved for future use. If there is no user data for a PLP in a given Interleaving Frame, the scheduler shall either: allocate no blocks (previously indicated by PLP_NUM_BLOCKS equal to 0); or allocate one block (previously indicated by PLP_NUM_BLOCKS equal to 1), with DFL=0, to carry the in-band signalling (and the remainder of the BBFRAME will be filled with padding by the input processor).
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NOTE 1: In the case when the value of PLP_NUM_BLOCKS referring to the current Interleaving Frame equals 0 (as signalled in a previous Interleaving Frame), the dynamic signalling normally carried in the in-band signalling for the relevant PLP will still be present in the L1 signalling in P2 (see clause 7.2.3.2), and may also be carried in the in-band signalling of another PLP. NOTE 2: In order to allow in-band signalling to be used together with GSE [i.2] it is assumed that, for Baseband frames containing in-band signalling, the data field, containing the GSE packets, does not fill the entire Baseband frame capacity, but leaves space for a padding field including in-band signalling, at the end of the Baseband frame.
5.2.4
BB scrambling
The complete BBFRAME shall be randomized. The randomization sequence shall be synchronous with the BBFRAME, starting from the MSB and ending after Kbch bits. The scrambling sequence shall be generated by the feed-back shift register of Figure 11. The polynomial for the Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator shall be: 1 + X14 + X15 Loading of the sequence (100101010000000) into the PRBS register, as indicated in Figure 11, shall be initiated at the start of every BBFRAME.
Initialization sequence 1 1 0 2 0 3 1 4 0 5 1 6 0 7 1 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 0 0 14 0 15 12 13
6
6.1
This sub-system shall perform outer coding (BCH), Inner Coding (LDPC) and Bit interleaving. The input stream shall be composed of BBFRAMEs and the output stream of FECFRAMEs. Each BBFRAME (Kbch bits) shall be processed by the FEC coding subsystem, to generate a FECFRAME (Nldpc bits). The parity check bits (BCHFEC) of the systematic BCH outer code shall be appended after the BBFRAME, and the parity check bits (LDPCFEC) of the inner LDPC encoder shall be appended after the BCHFEC field, as shown in Figure 12.
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Nbch-Kbch
BCHFEC
Nldpc-Kldpc
LDPCFEC
(Nldpc bits)
Figure 12: format of data before bit interleaving (Nldpc = 64 800 bits for normal FECFRAME, Nldpc = 16 200 bits for short FECFRAME) Table 5(a) gives the FEC coding parameters for the normal FECFRAME (Nldpc = 64 800 bits) and Table 5(b) for the short FECFRAME (Nldpc = 16 200 bits). Table 5(a): coding parameters (for normal FECFRAME Nldpc = 64 800)
LDPC Code 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6 BCH Uncoded Block Kbch 32 208 38 688 43 040 48 408 51 648 53 840 BCH coded block Nbch LDPC Uncoded Block Kldpc 32 400 38 880 43 200 48 600 51 840 54 000 BCH t-error correction 12 12 10 12 12 10 Nbch-Kbch LDPC Coded Block Nldpc 64 800 64 800 64 800 64 800 64 800 64 800
1/4 3 072 12 168 (see note) 1/2 7 032 7 200 12 168 3/5 9 552 9 720 12 168 2/3 10 632 10 800 12 168 3/4 11 712 11 880 12 168 4/5 12 432 12 600 12 168 5/6 13 152 13 320 12 168 NOTE: This code rate is only used for protection of L1-pre signalling and not for data.
NOTE:
For Nldpc = 64 800 as well as for Nldpc =16 200 the LDPC code rate is given by Kldpc / Nldpc. In Table 5(a) the LDPC code rates for Nldpc = 64 800 are given by the values in the 'LDPC Code' column. In Table 5(b) the LDPC code rates for Nldpc = 16 200 are given by the values in the 'Effective LDPC rate' column, i.e. for Nldpc = 16 200 the 'LDPC Code identifier' is not equivalent to the LDPC code rate.
6.1.1
A t-error correcting BCH (Nbch, Kbch) code shall be applied to each BBFRAME to generate an error protected packet. The BCH code parameters for Nldpc = 64 800 are given in Table 5(a) and for Nldpc = 16 200 in Table 5(b). The generator polynomial of the t error correcting BCH encoder is obtained by multiplying the first t polynomials in Table 6(a) for Nldpc = 64 800 and in Table 6(b) for Nldpc = 16 200.
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bch
mK bch 1 is the first bit of the BBHEADER and m0 is the last bit of the BBFRAME (or padding field if present). BCH
encoding of information bits M = (mKbch 1 , mKbch 2 ,..., m1 , m0 ) onto a codeword is achieved as follows: Multiply the message polynomial m(x) = mKbch 1 x Divide
kbch 1
x Nbch Kbch m(x) by g(x), the generator polynomial. Let d ( x) = d Nbch Kbch 1 x Nbch Kbch 1 + ... + d1 x + d 0 be the remainder.
Construct the output codeword I, which forms the information word I for the LDPC coding, as follows:
I = (i0 , i1 ,..., i Nbch 1 ) = (mKbch 1 , mKbch 2 ,..., m1 , m0 , d Nbch Kbch 1 , d Nbch Kbch 2 ,..., d1 , d 0 )
NOTE: The equivalent codeword polynomial is c ( x) = x
N bch K bch
m( x ) + d ( x ) .
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6.1.2
The LDPC encoder treats the output of the outer encoding, I = (i0 , i1 ,..., iKldpc 1 ) , as an information block of size
K ldpc = N BCH , and systematically encodes it onto a codeword of size N ldpc , where:
=
(0 , 1, 2 ,..., N
LDPC 1
) = (i0 , i1,..., iK
ldpc
6.1.2.1
The task of the encoder is to determine N ldpc K ldpc parity bits ( p0 , p1 ,..., pnldpc k ldpc 1 ) for every block of k ldpc information bits, (i0 , i1 ,..., iK ldpc 1 ) . The procedure is as follows: Initialize p0 = p1 = p2 = ... = p Nldpc Kldpc 1 = 0 Accumulate the first information bit, i0 , at parity bit addresses specified in the first row of tables A.1 through A.6. For example, for rate 2/3 (see table A.3), (all additions are in GF(2)):
p0 = p0 i0 p10491 = p10491 i0 p16043 = p16043 i0 p506 = p506 i0 p12826 = p12826 i0 p8065 = p8065 i0 p8226 = p8226 i0 p2767 = p2767 i0 p240 = p240 i0 p18673 = p18673 i0 p9279 = p9279 i0 p10579 = p10579 i0 p20928 = p20928 i0
For the next 359 information bits, i m , m = 1, 2, ..., 359 accumulate im at parity bit addresses
{x + m mod 360 Qldpc } mod( N ldpc K ldpc ) where x denotes the address of the parity bit accumulator
corresponding to the first bit i0 , and Qldpc is a code rate dependent constant specified in Table 7(a). Continuing with the example, Qldpc = 60 for rate 2/3. So for example for information bit i1 , the following operations are performed:
p60 = p60 i1 p10551 = p10551 i1 p16103 = p16103 i1 p2827 = p2827 i1 p300 = p300 i1 p18733 = p18733 i1 p9339 = p9339 i1 p10639 = p10639 i1 p20988 = p20988 i1
p566 = p566 i1
p12886 = p12886 i1
p8125 = p8125 i1 p8286 = p8286 i1
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For the 361st information bit i360 , the addresses of the parity bit accumulators are given in the second row of the Tables A.1 through A.6. In a similar manner the addresses of the parity bit accumulators for the following 359 information bits im , m = 361, 362, ..., 719 are obtained using the formula
{x + (m mod 360) Qldpc } mod( N ldpc K ldpc ) where x denotes the address of the parity bit
accumulator corresponding to the information bit i360 , i.e. the entries in the second row of the Tables A.1 through A.6. In a similar manner, for every group of 360 new information bits, a new row from tables A.1 through A.6 are used to find the addresses of the parity bit accumulators.
After all of the information bits are exhausted, the final parity bits are obtained as follows: Sequentially perform the following operations starting with i = 1 .
pi = pi pi 1 ,
Qldpc
90 72 60 45 36 30
6.1.2.2
K ldpc BCH encoded bits shall be systematically encoded to generate N ldpc bits as described in clause 6.1.2.1,
replacing Table 7(a) with Table 7(b), the tables of annex A with the tables of annex B.
Table 7(b): Qldpc values for short frames
Code Rate 1/4 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6
Qldpc
36 25 18 15 12 10 8
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6.1.3
The output of the LDPC encoder shall be bit interleaved, which consists of parity interleaving followed by column twist interleaving. The parity interleaver output is denoted by U and the column twist interleaver output by V. In the parity interleaving part, parity bits are interleaved by:
ui = i for 0 i < K ldpc (information bits are not interleaved.) u K ldpc + 360t + s = K ldpc + Qldpc s + t for 0 s < 360 , 0 t < Qldpc
where Qldpc is defined in Table 7(a)/(b). The configuration of the column twist interleaving for each modulation format is specified in Table 8.
Table 8: Bit Interleaver structure
Modulation 16-QAM 64-QAM 256-QAM Rows Nr Nldpc = 64 800 Nldpc = 16 200 8 100 2 025 5 400 1 350 4 050 2 025 Columns Nc 8 12 16 8
In the column twist interleaving part, the data bits ui from the parity interleaver are serially written into the column-twist interleaver column-wise, and serially read out row-wise (the MSB of BBHEADER is read out first) as shown in Figure 13, where the write start position of each column is twisted by tc according to Table 9. This interleaver is described by the following: The input bit ui with index i, for 0 i < Nldpc, is written to column ci, row ri of the interleaver, where:
r j = j div N c c j = j mod N c
So for 64-QAM and Nldpc = 64 800, the output bit order of column twist interleaving would be:
(v0 , v1, v2 ,...v64799 ) = (u0 , u5400 , u16198 ,..., u53992 , u59231, u64790 ) .
A longer list of the indices on the right hand side, illustrating all 12 columns, is: 0, 5 400, 16 198, 21 598, 26 997, 32 396, 37 796, 43 195, 48 595, 53 993, 59 392, 64 791, 5 399, 10 799, 16 197, 21 597, 26 996, 32 395, 37 795, 43 194, 48 594, 53 992, 59 391, 64 790.
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WRITE Row 1
MSB of BBHeader
READ
Figure 13: Bit Interleaving scheme for normal FECFRAME length and 16-QAM Table 9: Column twisting parameter tc
Modulation 16-QAM 64-QAM 256-QAM Columns Nc 8 12 16 8 Nldpc 64 800 16 200 64 800 16 200 64 800 16 200 Col. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 4 4 7 3 2 2 7 5 5 20 4 2 3 20 Twisting parameter tc 6 7 8 9 10 7 7 20 21 4 5 5 7 8 3 3 3 6 7 7 15 16 20 22 20 21 11 9 7 22 12 27 13 27 14 28 15 32 -
6.2
Each FECFRAME (which is a sequence of 64 800 bits for normal FECFRAME, or 16 200 bits for short FECFRAME), shall be mapped to a coded and modulated FEC block by first de-multiplexing the input bits into parallel cell words and then mapping these cell words into constellation values. The number of output data cells and the effective number of bits per cell MOD is defined by Table 10. De-multiplexing is performed according to clause 6.2.1 and constellation mapping is performed according to clause 6.2.2.
Table 10: Parameters for bit-mapping into constellations
LDPC block length (Nldpc) 64 800 Modulation mode 256-QAM 64-QAM 16-QAM QPSK 256-QAM 64-QAM 16-QAM QPSK
MOD
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2
16 200
Number of output data cells 8 100 10 800 16 200 32 400 2 025 2 700 4 050 8 100
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6.2.1
The bit-stream vdi from the bit interleaver is de-multiplexed into Nsubstreams sub-streams, as shown in Figure 14. The value of Nsubstreams is defined in Table 11.
Table 11: Number of sub-streams in de-multiplexer
Modulation QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM 256-QAM Nldpc Any Any Any 64 800 16 200 Number of sub-streams, Nsubstreams 2 8 12 16 8
The de-multiplexing is defined as a mapping of the bit-interleaved input bits, vdi onto the output bits be,do, where: do = di div Nsubstreams; e vdi di is the de-multiplexed bit substream number (0 e < Nsubstreams), which depends on di as defined in Table 12; is the input to the de-multiplexer; is the input bit number;
be,do is the output from the de-multiplexer; do is the bit number of a given stream at the output of the de-multiplexer.
b0,0, b0,1, b0,2, ... v0, v1, v2, ... b1,0, b1,1, b1,2, ... Demux bNsubstreams-1,0, bNsubstreams-1,1,... Input Outputs
Figure 14: De-multiplexing of bits into sub-streams
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Table 12(a): Parameters for de-multiplexing of bits to sub-streams for code rates 1/2, 3/4, 4/5 and 5/6
Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e QPSK 0 0 1 1 16-QAM 0 7 1 1 2 4 3 2 64-QAM 0 11 1 7 2 3 3 10 4 6 5 2 6 9 7 5 8 1 9 8 10 4 11 0 4 5 5 3 6 6 7 0
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Table 12(b): Parameters for de-multiplexing of bits to sub-streams for code rate 3/5 only
Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e QPSK 0 0 1 1 16-QAM (Nldpc = 64 800) 0 0 1 5 2 1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 3 7 6
64-QAM(Nldpc = 64 800) 0 2 1 7 2 6 3 9 4 0 5 3 6 1 7 8 8 4 9 11 10 5 11 10
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Table 12(c): Parameters for de-multiplexing of bits to sub-streams for code rate 2/3 only
Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e Modulation format Input bit-number, di mod Nsubstreams Output bit-number, e QPSK 0 0 1 1 16-QAM 0 7 1 1 2 4 3 2 64-QAM 0 11 1 7 2 3 3 10 4 6 5 2 6 9 7 5 8 1 9 8 10 4 11 0 4 5 5 3 6 6 7 0
NOTE:
Table 12(c) is the same as Table 12(a) except for the modulation format 256-QAM with Nldpc = 64 800
Except for QPSK (Nldpc = 64 800 or 16 200) and 256-QAM (Nldpc=16 200 only), the words of width Nsubstreams are split into two cell words of width MOD= Nsubstreams /2 at the output of the demultiplexer. The first mod =Nsubstreams /2 bits [b0,do..bNsubstreams/2-1,do] form the first of a pair of output cell words [y0,2do.. y mod-1, 2do] and the remaining output bits [bNsubstreams/2, do..bNsubstreams-1,do] form the second output cell word [y0, 2do+1..ymod-1,2do+1] fed to the constellation mapper. In the case of QPSK (Nldpc = 64 800 or 16 200) and 256-QAM (Nldpc=16 200 only), the words of width Nsubstreams from the demultiplexer form the output cell words and are fed directly to the constellation mapper, so: [y0,do..ymod-1,do] = [b0,do..bNsubstreams-1,do]
6.2.2
Each cell word (y0,q..ymod-1,q) from the demultiplexer in clause 6.2.1 shall be modulated using either QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM or 256-QAM constellations to give a constellation point zq prior to normalization. BPSK is only used for the L1 signalling (see clause 7.3.3.2) but the constellation mapping is specified here. The exact values of the real and imaginary components Re(zq) and Im(zq) for each combination of the relevant input bits ye,q are given in Table 13(a-i) for the various constellations:
Table 13(a): Constellation mapping for BPSK
y0,q Re(zq) Im(zq) 1 -1 0 0 1 0
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The constellations, and the details of the Gray mapping applied to them, are illustrated in Figures 15 and 16.
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Figure 15: The QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM mappings and the corresponding bit patterns
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Figure 16: The 256-QAM mapping and the corresponding bit pattern
The constellation points zq for each input cell word (y0,q..ymod-1,q) are normalized according to Table 14 to obtain the correct complex cell value fq to be used.
Table 14: Normalization factors for data cells
Modulation BPSK QPSK Normalization
f q = zq
fq = zq 2
16-QAM
fq = fq = fq =
zq 10 zq 42 zq 170
64-QAM
256-QAM
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6.3
When constellation rotation is used, the normalized cell values of each FEC block F=(f0, f1, , fNcells-1), coming from the constellation mapper (see clause 6.2.2) are rotated in the complex plane and the imaginary part cyclically delayed by one cell within a FEC block. Ncells is the number of cells per FEC block and is given in Table 16. The output cells G=(g0, g1, , gNcells-1) are given by: g0 = Re(RRQD f0) + j Im(RRQD fNcells-1), gq = Re(RRQD fq) + j Im(RRQD fq -1), q=1,2, Ncells-1, where the rotation phasor RRQD = e Table 15.
Table 15: Rotation angle for each modulation type
Modulation (degrees) QPSK 29,0 16-QAM 16,8 64-QAM 8,6 256-QAM atan (1/16)
j 2 360
where atan(1/16) denotes the arctangent of 1/16 expressed in degrees. Constellation rotation shall only be used for the common PLPs and the data PLPs and never for the cells of the L1 signalling. When constellation rotation is not used (i.e. PLP_ROTATION=0, see clause 7.2.3.1), the cells are passed onto the cell interleaver unmodified, i.e. gq=fq.
6.4
Cell Interleaver
The Pseudo Random Cell Interleaver (CI), which is illustrated in Figure 17, shall uniformly spread the cells in the FEC codeword, to ensure in the receiver an uncorrelated distribution of channel distortions and interference along the FEC codewords, and shall differently "rotate" the interleaving sequence in each of the FEC blocks of one Time Interleaver Block (see clause 6.5). The input of the CI, G(r)=(gr,0, gr,1, gr,2,..., gr,Ncells-1) shall be the data cells (g0, g1, g2,..., gNcells-1) of the FEC block of index 'r', generated by the constellation rotation and cyclic Q delay (see clause 6.3), 'r' represents the incremental index of the FEC block within the TI-block and is reset to zero at the beginning of each TI-block. When time interleaving is not used, the value of 'r' shall be 0 for every FEC block. The output of the CI shall be a vector D(r) = (dr,0, dr,1, dr,2,..., dr,Ncells-1) defined by: dr,Lr(q) = gr,q for each q = 0,1,...,Ncells-1, where Ncells is the number of output data cells per FEC block as defined by Table 16 and Lr(q) is a permutation function applied to FEC block r of the TI-block. Lr(q) is based on a maximum length sequence, of degree (Nd-1), where N d = log 2 ( N cells ) , plus MSB toggling at each new address generation. When an address is generated larger than or equal to Ncells, it is discarded and a new address is generated. To have different permutations for different FEC blocks, a constant shift (modulo Ncells) is added to the permutation, generated as a bit-reversed Nd-bit sequence, with values greater than or equal to Ncells discarded. The permutation function Lr(q) is given by: Lr(q) = [L0(q) +P(r)] mod Ncells, where L0(q) is the basic permutation function (used for the first FEC block of a TI-block) and P(r) is the shift value to be used in FEC block r of the TI-block. The basic permutation function L0(q) is defined by the following algorithm.
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An Nd bit binary word Si is defined as follows: For all i, Si [Nd-1] = (i mod 2) // (toggling of top bit) i = 0,1: Si [Nd-2, Nd-3,...,1,0] = 0,0,...,0,0 i = 2: S2 [Nd-2, Nd-3,...,1,0] = 0,0,...,0,1
2 < i < 2 Nd :
Si [Nd-3, Nd-4,...,1,0] = Si-1 [Nd -2, Nd -3,...,2,1]; for Nd = 11: Si [9] = Si-1 [0] Si-1 [3] for Nd = 12: Si [10] = Si-1 [0] Si-1 [2] for Nd = 13: Si [11] = Si-1 [0] Si-1 [1] Si-1[4] Si-1 [6] for Nd = 14: Si [12] = Si-1 [0] Si-1 [1] Si-1[4] Si-1 [5] Si-1 [9] Si-1 [11] for Nd = 15: Si [13] = Si-1 [0] Si-1 [1] Si-1[2] Si-1 [12]. The sequence L0(q) is then generated by discarding values of Si greater than or equal to Ncells as defined in the following algorithm: q = 0; for (i = 0; i < 2Nd; i = i + 1) {
L0 (q ) =
N d 1 j =0
S ( j) 2
i
if (L0(q) < Ncells) q = q+1; } The shift P(r) to be applied in FEC block index r is calculated by the following algorithm. The FEC block index r is the index of the FEC block within the TI-block and counts up to NFEC_TI (n,s) - 1, where NFEC_TI (n,s) is the number of FEC blocks in TI-block index 's' of Interleaving Frame 'n' (see clause 6.5.2). P(r) is the conversion to decimal of the bit-reversed value of a counter k in binary notation over Nd bits. The counter is incremented if the bit-reversed value is too great. k=0; for (r=0; r<NFEC_TI (n,s); r++) { P(r)=Ncells; while (P(r)>=Ncells) {
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P (r ) =
N d 1 k
j =0
k j +1 2 2 j +1 2 N d 1 j ; j 2
k= k+1; } } So for Ncells= 10 800, Nd= 14, and the shift P(r) to be added to the permutation for r =0, 1, 2, 3, etc. would be 0, 8 192, 4 096, 2 048, 10 240, 6 144, 1 024, 9 216, etc.
r=0
r=1
r=2
r=3
Modulation order
Ncell=NLDPC/mod
6.5
Time Interleaver
The time interleaver (TI) shall operate at PLP level. The parameters of the time interleaving may be different for different PLPs within a T2 system. The FEC blocks from the cell interleaver for each PLP shall be grouped into Interleaving Frames (which are mapped onto one or more T2-frames). Each Interleaving Frame shall contain a dynamically variable whole number of FEC blocks. The number of FEC blocks in the Interleaving Frame of index n is denoted by NBLOCKS_IF(n) and is signalled as PLP_NUM_BLOCKS in the L1 dynamic signalling. NBLOCKS may vary from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value NBLOCKS_IF_MAX. NBLOCKS_IF_MAX is signalled in the configurable L1 signalling as PLP_NUM_BLOCKS_MAX. The largest value this may take is 1023. Each Interleaving Frame is either mapped directly onto one T2-frame or spread out over several T2-frames as described in clause 6.5.1. Each Interleaving Frame is also divided into one or more (NTI) TI-blocks, where a TI-block corresponds to one usage of the time interleaver memory, as described in clause 6.5.2. The TI-blocks within a Interleaving Frame can contain a slightly different number of FEC blocks. If an Interleaving Frame is divided into multiple TI-blocks, it shall be mapped to only one T2-frame.
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There are therefore three options for time interleaving for each PLP: 1) Each Interleaving Frame contains one TI-block and is mapped directly to one T2-frame as shown in Figure 18(a). This option is signalled in the L1-signalling by TIME_IL_TYPE='0' and TIME_IL_LENGTH='1'. Each Interleaving Frame contains one TI-block and is mapped to more than one T2-frame. Figure 18(b) shows an example in which one Interleaving Frame is mapped to two T2-frames, and FRAME_INTERVAL(IJUMP)=2. This gives a greater time diversity for low data-rate services. This option is signalled in the L1-signalling by TIME_IL_TYPE='1'. Each Interleaving Frame is mapped directly to one T2-frame and the Interleaving Frame is divided into several TI-blocks as shown in Figure 18(c). Each of the TI-blocks may use up to the full TI memory, thus increasing the maximum bit-rate for a PLP. This option is signalled in the L1-signalling by TIME_IL_TYPE='0'.
2)
3)
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6.5.1
Each Interleaving Frame is either mapped directly onto one T2-frame or spread out over several T2-frames. The number of T2-frames in one Interleaving Frame, PI, is signalled in the L1 configurable signalling by TIME_IL_LENGTH in conjunction with TIME_IL_TYPE. The length of the time interleaving period TP shall not exceed one super-frame. The time interleaving period is calculated as: TP = TF PI(i) IJUMP (i), where TF is the T2-frame length in time (see clause 8.3.1) and IJUMP (i) is the interval of T2-frames for PLP i, e.g. if the PLP occurs in every third T2-frame IJUMP(i)=3 (see clause 8.2). PI(i) is the value of PI for PLP i. NOTE: There will be an integer number of FEC blocks in an Interleaving Frame, but the number of FEC blocks per T2-frame need not be an integer if the Interleaving Frame extends over several T2-frames.
There shall be an integer number of Interleaving Frames in a super-frame so that: NT2 / (PI IJUMP) = integer number of Interleaving Frames per super-frame, where NT2 is the number of T2-frames in a super-frame. EXAMPLE: The super-frame length of a T2 system is NT2 =20. The system carries among others the following PLPs: PLP1 with interleaving length PI(1) = 1 frame occurring in every T2-frame: IJUMP(1)= 1; PLP2 with interleaving length PI(2) = 2 frames occurring in every second T2-frame: IJUMP(2)= 2; and PLP3 with interleaving length PI(3) = 4 frames occurring in every fifth T2-frame: IJUMP(3) = 5. The number of Interleaving Frames per super-frame is 20 / (11) = 20 Interleaving Frames for PLP1, 20 / (22) = 5 Interleaving Frames for PLP2 and 20 / (45) = 1 Interleaving Frames for PLP3.
6.5.2
The time interleaver interleaves cells over one TI-block, which contains a dynamically variable integer number of FEC blocks. In one Interleaving Frame there may be one or more TI-blocks. The number of TI-blocks in an Interleaving Frame, denoted by NTI, shall be an integer and is signalled in the L1 configurable signalling by TIME_IL_LENGTH in conjunction with TIME_IL_TYPE. NOTE: If an Interleaving Frame extends over multiple T2-frames, then NTI will be 1, i.e. one Interleaving Frame will contain exactly one TI-block.
The number of FEC blocks in TI-block index 's' of Interleaving Frame 'n' is denoted by NFEC_TI (n,s), where 0 s < NTI. If NTI =1, then there will be only one TI-block, with index s=0, per Interleaving Frame and NFEC_TI(n,s) shall be equal to the number of FEC blocks in the Interleaving Frame, NBLOCKS_IF(n). If NTI >1, then the value of NFEC_TI(n,s) for each TI-block (index s) within the Interleaving Frame (index n) shall be calculated as follows:
N BLOCKS _ IF (n) s < NTI [ N BLOCKS _ IF (n) mod NTI ] NTI N FEC _ TI (n, s ) = N BLOCKS _ IF (n) + 1 s N [ N TI BLOCKS _ IF ( n) mod NTI ] NTI
This ensures that the values of NFEC_TI(n,s) for the TI-blocks within an Interleaving Frame differ by at most one FEC block and that the smaller TI-blocks come first.
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NFEC_TI(n,s) may vary in time from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value NFEC_TI_MAX. NFEC_TI_MAX may be determined from NBLOCKS_IF_MAX (see clause 6.5 above) by the following formula:
6.5.3
The TI shall store in the TI memories (one per PLP) the cells (dn,s,0,0, dn,s,0,1,, dn,s,0,Ncells-1, dn,s,1,0, dn,s,1,1,, dn,s,1,Ncells-1, , dn,s,NFEC_TI(n,s)-1,0, dn,s, NFEC_TI(n,s)-1,1,, dn,s, NFEC_TI(n,s)-1, Ncells -1) of the NFEC_TI(n,s) FEC blocks from the output of the cell interleaver, where dn,s,r,q is the output cell dr,q from the cell interleaver belonging to the current TI-block s of the current Interleaving Frame n. Typically, the time interleaver will also act as a buffer for PLP data prior to the process of frame building (see clause 8). This can be achieved by means of two memory banks for each PLP. The first TI-block is written to the first bank. The second TI-block is written to the second bank whilst the first bank is being read from and so on, see Figure 19.
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PLP1 Memory PLP2 Memory PLPk Memory Memory Bank A PLP1 Memory PLP2 Memory PLPk Memory Memory Bank B
WRITE
READ
The TI shall be a row-column block interleaver: the number of rows Nr in the interleaver is equal to the number of cells in the FEC block (Ncells) divided by 5, and the number of columns Nc = 5NFEC(n,s). Hence the number of columns filled will vary TI-block by TI-block depending on its cell-rate. The parameters of the interleaver are defined in Table 16.
Table 16: Parameters for time interleaver
LDPC block length (Nldpc) 64 800 Modulation mode 256-QAM 64-QAM 16-QAM QPSK 256-QAM 64-QAM 16-QAM QPSK Number of cells per LDPC block (NCELLS) 8 100 10 800 16 200 32 400 2 025 2 700 4 050 8 100 Number of rows Nr 1 620 2 160 3 240 6 480 405 540 810 1 620
16 200
A graphical representation of the time interleaver is shown in Figure 20. The first FEC block is written column-wise into the first 5 columns of the time interleaver, the second FEC block is written column-wise into the next 5 columns and so on. The cells are read out row-wise.
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WRITE Row 1
READ
6.5.4
In order to allow the maximum flexibility to select TI characteristics, the Interleaving Frames at the output of the time interleaver may be split into multiple sub-slices, as described in clause 8.3.6.3.2. The case where sub-slicing is used together with time-interleaving option (1) (where PI=1 and NTI=1 as defined above) is shown in Figure 21, where the output from the TI-block is split into Nsubslices sub-slices.
First cell of first FEC block of T2-frame (for the current PLP) READ
Sub-slice 0 Sub-slice 1
Figure 21: An example showing the output from a single TI-block, when interleaving over an integer number of T2-frames for a single RF channel
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Sub-slicing may also be used together with time-interleaving option (2), where the output Interleaving Frame is mapped to more than one T2-frame as described in clause 6.5.1. This is similar to case (1), except that the Interleaving Frame is split into a total of NsubslicesPI sub-slices, as shown in Figure 22.
First cell of first FEC block of Interleaving Frame READ Sub-slice 0 Sub-slice 1 T2-frame 0 Sub-slice Nsubslices-2 Sub-slice Nsubslices-1
T2-frame PI -1
Figure 22: The output from a single TI-block, split into Nsubslices sub-slices in each of PI T2-frames
Finally, sub-slicing may be used in combination with time interleaving option (3), where the Interleaving Frame is divided into multiple TI-blocks. The TI-blocks within the Interleaving Frame may be of different sizes, as described in clause 6.5.2, and the number of sub-slices need not have any particular relationship to the number NTI of TI-blocks in the Interleaving Frame. Therefore, the sub-slices will not necessarily contain a whole number of rows from the time interleaver, and furthermore a sub-slice can contain cells from more than one TI-block. EXAMPLE 1: In Figure 23 the data PLPs of type 2 are transmitted in four sub-slices and one Interleaving Frame is mapped to one T2-frame for all PLPs. PLP1 has three TI-blocks, PLP2 has two TI-blocks and PLP4 has four TI-blocks in the Interleaving Frame; the others have one TI-block. PLP1 and PLP2 contain different numbers of FEC blocks in each TI-block of the Interleaving Frame. Some subslices for PLP1 and PLP2 contain cells from different TI-blocks.
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EXAMPLE 2:
A PLP is interleaved using multiple TI-blocks per Interleaving Frame, so that one T2-frame contains two TI-blocks. The scheduler counts 23 received FEC blocks during a frame (PLP_NUM_BLOCKS = 23 in L1-post signalling). These are divided into two TI-blocks so that the first TI-block is interleaving over 11 FEC blocks and the second TI-block is interleaving over 12 FEC blocks, following the rule of interleaving over the smaller TI-block first. The number of sub-slices per T2-frame for type 2 data PLPs is 240. The first TI-block is then carried in sub-slices 1 to 115, the latter in sub-slices 115 to 240, with sub-slice 115 containing cells from both TIblocks.
Whichever time interleaving option is used, all sub-slices of a PLP in a T2-frame shall contain an equal number of cells. This condition will automatically be satisfied because PI and Nsubslices shall be chosen in order to satisfy a more restrictive condition as described in clause 8.3.6.3.2. For Time-Frequency Slicing using multiple RF channels a different condition applies: see annex E. If time interleaving is not used (i.e. TIME_IL_LENGTH=0), the output of the time interleaver shall consist of the cells presented at the input in the same order and without modification. As explained above, the time interleaver will typically act as a buffer for PLP data and therefore the output may be delayed by a varying amount with respect to the input even when time interleaving is not used. In this case, a compensating delay for the dynamic configuration information from the scheduler will still be required, as shown in Figure 2(e).
7
7.1
This clause describes the layer 1 (L1) signalling. The L1 signalling provides the receiver with a means to access physical layer pipes within the T2-frames. Figure 24 illustrates the L1 signalling structure, which is split into three main sections: the P1 signalling, the L1-pre signalling and L1-post signalling. The purpose of the P1 signalling, which is carried by the P1 symbol, is to indicate the transmission type and basic transmission parameters. The remaining signalling is carried by the P2 symbol(s), which may also carry data. The L1-pre signalling enables the reception and decoding of the L1-post signalling, which in turn conveys the parameters needed by the receiver to access the physical layer pipes. The L1-post signalling is further split into two main parts: configurable and dynamic, and these may be followed by an optional extension field. The L1-post finishes with a CRC and padding (if necessary). For more details of the frame structure, see clause 8.
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Throughout the present document, some of the signalling fields or parts of fields are indicated as "reserved for future use" the meaning of such fields are not defined by the present document and shall be ignored by receivers. Where the value of such a field, or part of the field, is not otherwise defined, it shall be set to '0'. Fields, or parts of fields, whose value is not explicitly defined by the present document shall be treated as though they were defined to be reserved for future use.
7.2
L1 signalling data
All L1 signalling data, except for the dynamic L1-post signalling, shall remain unchanged for the entire duration of one super-frame. Hence any changes implemented to the current configuration (i.e. the contents of the L1-pre signalling or the configurable part of the L1-post signalling) shall be always done within the border of two super-frames.
7.2.1
P1 Signalling data
The P1 symbol has the capability to convey 7 bits for signalling. Since the preamble (both P1 and P2 symbols) may have different formats, the main use of the P1 signalling is to identify the preamble itself. The information it carries is of two types: the first type (associated to the S1 bits of the P1) is needed to distinguish the preamble format (and, hence, the frame type); the second type helps the receiver to rapidly characterize the basic TX parameters. The S1 field: Preamble Format: The preamble format is carried in the S1 field of the P1 symbol. It identifies the format of the P2 symbol(s) that take part of the preamble.
Table 17: S1 Field
S1 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Preamble Format / P2 Type T2_SISO T2_MISO Non-T2 Reserved for future use Description The preamble is a T2 preamble and the P2 part is transmitted in its SISO format The preamble is a T2 preamble and the P2 part is transmitted in its MISO format See Table 18(b) These combinations may be used for future systems, including a system containing both T2-frames and FEF parts, as well as future systems not defined in the present document
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The S2 field 1: Complementary information: The first 3 bits of the S2 field are referred to as S2 field 1. When the preamble format is of the type "T2" (either "T2_MISO" or "T2_SISO"), S2 field 1indicates the FFT size and gives partial information about the guard interval for the remaining symbols in the T2-frame, as described in Table 18(a). When the preamble is of the type "Non-T2", S2 field 1 is described by Table 18(b). When the S1 field is equal to one of the values reserved for future use, the value of the S2 field 1 shall also be reserved for future use.
Table 18(a): S2 Field 1 (for T2 preamble types, S1=00X)
S1 00X 00X S2 000X 001X FFT/GI size FFT Size: 2K any guard interval FFT Size: 8K guard intervals 1/32; 1/16; 1/8 or 1/4 FFT Size: 4K any guard interval FFT Size: 1K any guard interval FFT Size: 16K any guard interval FFT Size: 32K guard intervals 1/32; 1/16; 1/8 or 1/4 FFT Size: 8K guard intervals 1/128; 19/256 or 19/128 FFT Size: 32K guard intervals 1/128; 19/256 or 19/128 Description Indicates the FFT size and guard interval of the symbols in the T2-frame
00X
110X
00X
111X
010
001 111
The S2 field 2: 'Mixed' bit: This bit indicates whether the preambles are all of the same type or not. The bit is valid for all values of S1 and S2 field 1. The meaning of this bit is given in Table 19.
Table 19: S2 field 2
S1 XXX XXX S2 field 1 XXX XXX S2 field 2 0 1 Meaning Not mixed Mixed Description All preambles in the current transmission are of the same type as this preamble. Preambles of different types are transmitted
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7.2.2
Figure 25 illustrates the signalling fields of the L1-pre signalling, followed by the detailed definition of each field.
Figure 25: The signalling fields of L1-pre signalling TYPE: This 8-bit field indicates the types of the Tx input streams carried within the current T2 super-frame. The mapping of different types is given in Table 20. Table 20: The mapping of Tx input stream types
Value 0x00 0x01 0x02 0x03 to 0xFF type Transport Stream (TS) [i.1] only Generic Stream (GSE [i.2] and/or GFPS and/or GCS) but not TS Both TS and Generic Stream (i.e. TS and at least one of GSE, GFPS, GCS) Reserved for future use
BWT_EXT: This 1-bit field indicates whether the extended carrier mode is used in the case of 8K, 16K and 32K FFT sizes. When this field is set to '1', the extended carrier mode is used. If this field is set to '0', the normal carrier mode is used. See clause 9.5. S1: This 3-bit field has the same value as in the P1 signalling. S2: This 4-bit field has the same value as in the P1 signalling.
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L1_REPETITION_FLAG: This 1-bit flag indicates whether the dynamic L1-post signalling is provided also for the next frame. If this field is set to value '1', the dynamic signalling shall be also provided for the next frame within this frame. When this field is set to value '0', dynamic signalling shall not be provided for the next frame within this frame. If dynamic signalling is provided for the next frame within this frame, it shall follow immediately after the dynamic signalling of the current frame, see clause 7.2.3.3. GUARD_INTERVAL: This 3-bit field indicates the guard interval of the current super-frame, according to Table 21. Table 21: Signalling format for the guard interval
Value 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Guard interval fraction 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/128 19/128 19/256 Reserved for future use
PAPR: This 4-bit field describes what kind of PAPR reduction is used, if any. The values shall be signalled according to Table 22. Table 22: Signalling format for PAPR reduction
Value 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 to 1111 constellation No PAPR reduction is used ACE-PAPR only is used TR-PAPR only is used Both ACE and TR are used Reserved for future use
L1_MOD: This 4-bit field indicates the constellation of the L1-post signalling data block. The constellation values shall be signalled according to Table 23. Table 23: Signalling format for the L1-post constellations
Value 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 to 1111 constellation BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM Reserved for future use
L1_COD: This 2-bit field describes the coding of the L1-post signalling data block. The coding values shall be signalled according to Table 24. Table 24: Signalling format for the L1-post code rates
Value 00 01 to 11 Code rate 1/2 Reserved for future use
L1_FEC_TYPE: This 2-bit field indicates the type of the L1 FEC used for the L1-post signalling data block. The L1_FEC_TYPE shall be signalled according to Table 25.
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L1_POST_SIZE: This 18-bit field indicates the size of the coded and modulated L1-post signalling data block, in OFDM cells. L1_POST_INFO_SIZE: This 18-bit field indicates the size of the information part of the L1-post signalling data block, in bits, including the extension field, if present, but excluding the CRC. The value of Kpost_ex_pad (see clause 5.8.2.2.3.2) may be calculated by adding 32 (the length of the CRC) to L1_POST_INFO_SIZE. This is shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26: The size indicated by the L1_POST_INFO_SIZE field PILOT_PATTERN: This 4-bit field indicates the scattered pilot pattern used for the data OFDM symbols. Each pilot pattern is defined by the Dx and Dy spacing parameters (see clause 9.2.3). The used pilot pattern is signalled according to Table 26. Table 26: Signalling format for the pilot pattern
Value 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 to 1111 Pilot pattern type PP1 PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 Reserved for future use
TX_ID_AVAILABILITY: This 8-bit field is used to signal the availability of transmitter identification signals within the current geographic cell. When no transmitter identification signals are used this field is set to 0x000. All other bit combinations are reserved for future use. CELL_ID: This is a 16-bit field which uniquely identifies a geographic cell in a DVB-T2 network. A DVB-T2 cell coverage area may consist of one or more frequencies, depending on the number of frequencies used per T2 system. If the provision of the CELL_ID is not foreseen, this field shall be set to '0'. NETWORK_ID: This is a 16-bit field which uniquely identifies the current DVB-T2 network. T2_SYSTEM_ID: This 16-bit field uniquely identifies a T2 system within the DVB-T2 network. NUM_T2_FRAMES: This 8-bit field indicates NT2, the number of T2-frames per super-frame. The minimum value of NUM_T2_FRAMES shall be 2. NUM_DATA_SYMBOLS: This 12-bit field indicates Ldata= LF - NP2, the number of data OFDM symbols per T2-frame, excluding P1 and P2. The minimum value of NUM_DATA_SYMBOLS is defined in clause 8.3.1.
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REGEN_FLAG: This 3-bit field indicates how many times the DVB-T2 signal has been re-generated. Value '000' indicates that no regeneration has been done. Each time the DVB-T2 signal is regenerated this field is increased by one. L1_POST_EXTENSION: This 1-bit field indicates the presence of the L1-post extension field (see clause 7.2.3.4). When the extension field is present in the L1-post, this bit shall be set to a 1, otherwise it shall be set to a 0. NUM_RF: This 3-bit field indicates NRF, the number of frequencies in the current T2 system. The frequencies are listed within the configurable parameters of the L1-post signalling. CURRENT_RF_IDX: If the TFS mode is supported, this 3-bit field indicates the index of the current RF channel within its TFS structure, between 0 and NUM_RF-1. In case the TFS mode is not supported, this field is set to '0'. RESERVED: This 10-bit field is reserved for future use. CRC-32: This 32-bit error detection code is applied to the entire L1-pre signalling. The CRC-32 code is defined in annex F.
7.2.3
The L1-post signalling contains parameters which provide sufficient information for the receiver to decode the desired physical layer pipes. The L1-post signalling further consists of two types of parameters, configurable and dynamic, plus an optional extension field. The configurable parameters shall always remain the same for the duration of one superframe, whilst the dynamic parameters provide information which is specific for the current T2-frame. The values of the dynamic parameters may change during the duration of one super-frame, while the size of each field shall remain the same.
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7.2.3.1
Figure 27 illustrates the signalling fields of the configurable L1-post signalling, followed by the detailed definition of each field.
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SUB_SLICES_PER_FRAME: This 15-bit field indicates Nsubslices_total, the total number of sub-slices for the type 2 data PLPs across all RF channels in one T2-frame. When TFS is used, this is equal to, NsubslicesNRF, i.e. the number of sub-slices in each RF channel multiplied by the number of RF channels. When TFS is not used, Nsubslices_total = Nsubslices. If there are no type 2 PLPs, this field shall be set to '1D'. Allowable values of this field are listed in annex K. NUM_PLP: This 8-bit field indicates the number of PLPs carried within the current super-frame. The minimum value of this field shall be '1'. NUM_AUX: This 4-bit field indicates the number of auxiliary streams. Zero means no auxiliary streams are used, and clause 5.8.6 shall be ignored. AUX_CONFIG_RFU: This 8-bit field is reserved for future use.
The FREQUENCY fields can be used by a receiver to assist in finding the signals which form a part of the TFS system. Since the value will usually be set at a main transmitter but not modified at a transposer, the accuracy of this field shall not be relied upon. The following fields appear only if the LSB of the S2 field is '1' (i.e. S2='xxx1'):
FEF_TYPE: This 4-bit field shall indicate the type of the associated FEF part. The FEF types are signalled according to Table 27. Table 27: Signalling format for the FEF type
Value 0000 to 1111 FEF type Reserved for future use
FEF_LENGTH: This 22-bit field indicates the length of the associated FEF part as the number of elementary periods T (see clause 9.5), from the start of the P1 symbol of the FEF part to the start of the P1 symbol of the next T2-frame. FEF_INTERVAL: This 8-bit field indicates the number of T2-frames between two FEF parts (see Figure 35). The T2-frame shall always be the first frame in a T2 super-frame which contains both FEF parts and T2-frames.
If value of the PLP_TYPE field is one of the values reserved for future use, the total number of bits in the PLP loop shall be the same as for the other types, but the meanings of the fields other than PLP_ID and PLP_TYPE shall be reserved for future use and shall be ignored.
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PLP_PAYLOAD_TYPE: This 5-bit field indicates the type of the payload data carried by the associated PLP. PLP_PAYLOAD_TYPE shall be signalled according to Table 29. See clause 5.1.1 for more information. Table 29: Signalling format for the PLP_PAYLOAD_TYPE field
Value 00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 to 11111 Payload type GFPS GCS GSE TS Reserved for future use
FF_FLAG: This flag is set to '1' if a PLP of type 1 in a TFS system occurs on the same RF channel in each T2-frame. This flag is set to '0' if inter-frame TFS is applied as described in annex E. When TFS is not used, or when TFS is used but PLP_TYPE is not equal to '001', this field shall be set to 0 and has no meaning. FIRST_RF_IDX: This 3-bit field indicates on which RF channel a type 1 data PLP occurs in the first frame of a super-frame in a TFS system. If FF_FLAG = '1', the field indicates the RF channel the PLP occurs on in every T2-frame. When TFS is not used, or when TFS is used but PLP_TYPE is not equal to '001', this field shall be set to 0 and has no meaning. FIRST_FRAME_IDX: This 8-bit field indicates the IDX of the first frame of the super-frame in which the current PLP occurs. The value of FIRST_FRAME_IDX shall be less than the value of FRAME_INTERVAL. PLP_GROUP_ID: This 8-bit field identifies with which PLP group within the T2 system the current PLP is associated. This can be used by a receiver to link the data PLP to its associated common PLP, which will have the same PLP_GROUP_ID. PLP_COD: This 3-bit field indicates the code rate used by the associated PLP. The code rate shall be signalled according to Table 30 for PLP_FEC_TYPE=00 and 01. Table 30: Signalling format for the code rates for PLP_FEC_TYPE=00 and 01
Value 000 001 010 011 100 101 110, 111 Code rate (see note) 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6 Reserved for future use
PLP_MOD: This 3-bit field indicates the modulation used by the associated PLP. The modulation shall be signalled according to Table 31. Table 31: Signalling format for the modulation
Value 000 001 010 011 100 to 111 Modulation QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM 256-QAM Reserved for future use
PLP_ROTATION: This 1-bit flag indicates whether constellation rotation is in use or not by the associated PLP. When this field is set to the value '1', rotation is used. The value '0' indicates that the rotation is not used. PLP_FEC_TYPE: This 2-bit field indicates the FEC type used by the associated PLP. The FEC types are signalled according to Table 32.
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PLP_NUM_BLOCKS_MAX: This 10-bit field indicates the maximum value of PLP_NUM_BLOCKS (see below) for this PLP. FRAME_INTERVAL: This 8-bit field indicates the T2-frame interval (IJUMP) within the super-frame for the associated PLP. For PLPs which do not appear in every frame of the super-frame, the value of this field shall equal the interval between successive frames. For example, if a PLP appears on frames 1, 4, 7 etc, this field would be set to '3'. For PLPs which appear in every frame, this field shall be set to '1'. For further details, see clause 8.2. TIME_IL_LENGTH: The use of this 8-bit field is determined by the values set within the TIME_IL_TYPE -field as follows:
If the TIME_IL_TYPE is set to the value '1', this field shall indicate PI, the number of T2-frames to which each Interleaving Frame is mapped, and there shall be one TI-block per Interleaving Frame (NTI=1). If the TIME_IL_TYPE is set to the value '0', this field shall indicate NTI, the number of TI-blocks per Interleaving Frame, and there shall be one Interleaving Frame per T2-frame (PI=1).
If there is one TI-block per Interleaving Frame and one T2-frame per Interleaving Frame, TIME_IL_LENGTH shall be set to the value '1' and TIME_IL_TYPE shall be set to '0'. If time interleaving is not used for the associated PLP, the TIME_IL_LENGTH-field shall be set to the value '0' and TIME_IL_TYPE shall be set to '0'.
TIME_IL_TYPE: This 1-bit field indicates the type of time-interleaving. A value of '0' indicates that one Interleaving Frame corresponds to one T2-frame and contains one or more TI-blocks. A value of '1' indicates that one Interleaving Frame is carried in more than one T2-frame and contains only one TI-block. IN-BAND_FLAG: This 1-bit field indicates whether the current PLP carries in-band signalling information. When this field is set to the value '1' associated PLP carries in-band signalling information. When set to the value '0', in-band signalling information is not carried. RESERVED_1: This 16-bit field is reserved for future use. RESERVED_2: This 32-bit field is reserved for future use.
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7.2.3.2
The dynamic L1-post signalling is illustrated in Figure 28, followed by the detailed definition of each field.
L1 padding CRC (8 bits) (22 bits) (22 bits) (8 bits) (3 bits) (8 bits) (8 bits) (22 bits) (10 bits) (8 bits) (8 bits) (48 bits)
FRAME_IDX SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL TYPE_2_START L1_CHANGE_COUNTER START_RF_IDX RESERVED_1 for i=0..NUM_PLP-1 { PLP_ID PLP_START PLP_NUM_BLOCKS RESERVED_2 } RESERVED_3 for i=0..NUM_AUX-1 { AUX_RFU }
Figure 28: The signalling fields of the dynamic L1-post signalling FRAME_IDX: This 8-bit field is the index of the current T2-frame within a super-frame. The index of the first frame of the super-frame shall be set to '0'. SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL: This 22-bit field indicates the number of OFDM cells from the start of one sub-slice of one PLP to the start of the next sub-slice of the same PLP on the same RF channel for the current T2-frame (or the next T2-frame in the case of TFS). If the number of sub-slices per frame equals the number of RF channels, then the value of this field indicates the number of OFDM cells on one RF channel for the type 2 data PLPs. If there are no type 2 PLPs in the relevant T2-frame, this field shall be set to '0'. The use of this parameter is defined with greater detail in clause 8.3.6.3.2. TYPE_2_START: This 22-bit field indicates the start position of the first of the type 2 PLPs using the cell addressing scheme defined in 8.3.6.2. If there are no type 2 PLPs, this field shall be set to '0'. It has the same value on every RF channel, and with TFS can be used to calculate when the sub-slices of a PLP are 'folded' (see clause E.2.7.2.4). L1_CHANGE_COUNTER: This 8-bit field indicates the number of super-frames ahead where the configuration (i.e. the contents of the fields in the L1-pre signalling or the configurable part of the L1-post signalling) will change. The next super-frame with changes in the configuration is indicated by the value signalled within this field. If this field is set to the value '0', it means that no scheduled change is foreseen. E.g. value '1' indicates that there is change in the next super-frame. This counter shall always start counting down from a minimum value of 2. START_RF_IDX: This 3-bit field indicates the ID of the starting frequency of the TFS scheduled frame, for the next T2-frame, as described in annex E. The starting frequency within the TFS scheduled frame may change dynamically. When TFS is not used, the value of this field shall be set to '0'.
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NOTE:
The PLP_ID is provided again within this loop to provide an additional check that the correct PLP has been located.
If the PLP_ID corresponds to a PLP whose PLP_TYPE is one of the values reserved for future use, the total number of bits in the PLP loop shall be the same as for the other types, but the meanings of the fields other than PLP_ID shall be reserved for future use and shall be ignored.
PLP_START: This 22-bit field indicates the start position of the associated PLP within the current T2-frame (the next T2-frame in the case of TFS) using the cell addressing scheme defined in 8.3.6.2. For type 2 PLPs, this refers to the start position of the first sub-slice of the associated PLP. The first PLP starts immediately after the L1-post signalling. The PLP_START of the first PLP of the frame shall be always set to value '0'. When the current PLP is not mapped to the current T2-frame, or when there are no FEC blocks in the current Interleaving Frame for the current PLP, this field shall be set to '0'. PLP_NUM_BLOCKS: This 10-bit field indicates the number of FEC blocks contained in the current Interleaving Frame for the current PLP (in the case of TFS, this refers to the Interleaving Frame which is mapped to the next T2-frame). It shall have the same value for every T2-frame to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped. When the current PLP is not mapped to the current T2-frame (or the next T2-frame in the case of TFS), this field shall be set to '0'. RESERVED_2: This 8-bit field is reserved for future use. RESERVED_3: This 8-bit field is reserved for future use.
The protection of L1 dynamic signalling is further enhanced by transmitting the L1 signalling also in a form of in-band signalling, see clause 5.2.3.
7.2.3.3
To obtain increased robustness for the dynamic part of L1-post signalling, the information may be repeated in the preambles of two successive T2-frames. The use of this repetition is signalled in L1-pre parameter L1_REPETITION_FLAG. If the flag is set to '1', dynamic L1-post signalling for the current and next T2-frames are present in the P2 symbol(s) as illustrated in Figure 29. Thus, if repetition of L1-post dynamic data is used, the L1-post signalling consists of one configurable and two dynamic parts as depicted. When TFS is used, these two parts shall signal the information for the next T2-frame and the next-but-one T2-frame respectively.
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The L1-post signalling shall not change size between the frames of one super-frame. If there is to be a configuration change at the start of super-frame j, the loops of both parts of the dynamic information of the last T2-frame of super-frame j-1 shall contain only the PLPs and AUXILIARY_STREAMs present in super-frame j-1. If a PLP or AUXILIARY_STREAM is not present in super-frame j, the fields of the relevant loop shall be set to '0' in super-frame j-1. EXAMPLE: Super-frame 7 contains 4 PLPs, with PLP_IDs 0, 1, 2 and 3. A configuration change means that super-frame 8 will contain PLP_IDs 0, 1, 3 and 4 (i.e. PLP_ID 2 is to be dropped and replaced by PLP_ID 4). The last T2-frame of super-frame 7 contains 'current frame' and 'next frame' dynamic information where the PLP loop signals PLP_IDs 0, 1, 2 and 3 in both cases, even though this is not the correct set of PLP_IDs for the next frame. In this case the receiver will need to read all of the new configuration information at the start of the new super-frame.
7.2.3.4
The L1-post extension field allows for the possibility for future expansion of the L1 signalling. Its presence is indicated by the L1-pre field L1_POST_EXTENSION. Receivers not aware of the meaning of this field shall ignore its contents.
7.2.3.5
A 32-bit error detection code is applied to the entire L1-post signalling including the configurable, the dynamic for the current T2-frame, the dynamic for the next T2-frame, if present, and the L1-post extension field, if present. The location of the CRC field can be found from the length of the L1-post, which is signalled by L1_POST_INFO_SIZE. The CRC-32 is defined in annex F.
7.2.3.6
L1 padding
This variable-length field is inserted following the L1-post CRC field to ensure that multiple LDPC blocks of the L1-post signalling have the same information size when the L1-post signalling is segmented into multiple blocks and these blocks are separately encoded. Details of how to determine the length of this field are described in clause 7.3.1.2. The values of the L1 padding bits, if any, are set to 0.
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.1.1
The L1-pre signalling is protected by a concatenation of BCH outer code and LDPC inner code. The L1-pre signalling bits have a fixed length and they shall be first BCH-encoded, where the BCH parity check bits of the L1-pre signalling shall be appended to the L1-pre signalling. The concatenated L1-pre-signalling and BCH parity check bits are further protected by a shortened and punctured 16K LDPC code with code rate 1/4 (Nldpc=16 200). Note that effective code rate of the 16K LDPC code with code rate 1/4 is 1/5, where the effective code rate is defined as the information length over the encoder output length. Details of how to shorten and puncture the 16K LDPC code are described in clauses 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.4 and 7.3.2.5. Note that an input parameter used for defining the shortening operation, Ksig shall be 200, equivalent to the information length of the L1-pre signalling, Kpre. An input parameter used for defining the puncturing operation, Npunc shall be as follows:
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After the shortening and puncturing, the encoded bits of the L1-pre signalling shall be mapped to: K sig + N bch _ parity
1 = 1 840 BPSK symbols where Nbch_parity denotes the number of BCH parity bits, 168 Reff
for 16K LDPC codes. Finally, the BPSK symbols are mapped to OFDM cells as described in clause 7.3.3.
7.3.1.2
The number of L1-post signalling bits is variable, and the bits shall be transmitted over one or multiple 16K LDPC blocks depending on the length of the L1-post signalling. The number of LDPC blocks for the L1-post signalling, Npost_FEC_Block shall be determined as follows:
K post _ ex _ pad K L1_ PADDING = N post _ FEC _ Block K post _ ex _ pad . N post _ FEC _ Block
The final length of the whole L1-post signalling including the padding field, Kpost shall be set as follows:
K sig =
Each block with information size of Ksig is protected by a concatenation of BCH outer codes and LDPC inner codes. Each block shall be first BCH-encoded, where its Nbch_parity (= 168) BCH parity check bits shall be appended to information bits of each block. The concatenated information bits of each block and BCH parity check bits are further protected by a shortened and punctured 16K LDPC code with code rate 1/2 (effective code rate of the 16K LDPC with code rate 1/2, Reff_16K_LDPC_1_2 is 4/9). Details of how to shorten and puncture the 16K LDPC code are described in clauses 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.4 and 7.3.2.5. For a given Ksig and modulation order (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM are used for the L1-post signalling), Npunc shall be determined by the following steps: Step 1) N punc _ temp = 6 ( K bch K sig ) , 5 where the operation x means the largest integer less than or equal to x. This makes sure that the effective LDPC code rate of the L1-post signalling, Reff_post is always lower than or equal to Reff_16K_LDPC_1_2 (= 4/9). Furthermore, Reff_post tends to decrease as the information length Ksig decreases. Step 2) N post _ temp = K sig + N bch _ parity + N ldpc (1 Reff _ 16 K _ LDPC _ 1 _ 2 ) N punc _ temp For the 16K LDPC code with effective code rate 4/9, N ldpc (1 Reff _ 16 K _ LDPC _ 1 _ 2 ) = 9 000 .
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N post
Step 3)
If N P 2 = 1, = Otherwise,
where MOD denotes the modulation order and it is 1, 2, 4, and 6 for BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM, respectively, and NP2 is the number of P2 symbols of a given FFT size as shown in Table 45 in clause 8.3.2. This step guarantees that Npost is a multiple of the number of columns of the bit interleaver (described in clause 7.3.2.6) and that Npost/MOD is a multiple NP2. Step 4) N punc = N punc _ temp ( N post N post _ temp ) . Npost means the number of the encoded bits for each information block. After the shortening and puncturing, the encoded bits of each block shall be mapped to N MOD _ per _ Block =
N post
MOD
modulation symbols of Npost_FEC_Block blocks, N MOD _ Total is N MOD _ Total = N MOD _ per _ Block N post _ FEC _ Block . Note that L1_POST_SIZE (an L1-pre signalling field) shall be set to N MOD _ Total . When 16-QAM or 64-QAM is used, a bit interleaving shall be applied across each LDPC block. Details of how to interleave the encoded bits are described in clause 7.3.2.6. When BPSK or QPSK is used, bit interleaving shall not be applied. Demultiplexing is then performed as described in clause 7.3.3.1. The demultiplexer output is then mapped to either BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM constellation, as described in clause 6.2.2. Finally, the modulation symbols are then mapped to carriers as described in clause 8.3.5.
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
FEC Encoding
Zero padding of BCH information bits
Ksig bits defined in clauses 7.3.1.1 and 7.3.1.2 shall be encoded into a 16K (Nldpc=16 200) LDPC codeword after BCH encoding. If the Ksig is less than the number of BCH information bits (= Kbch) for a given code rate, the BCH code will be shortened. A part of the information bits of the 16K LDPC code shall be padded with zeros in order to fill Kbch information bits. The padding bits shall not be transmitted. All Kbch BCH information bits, denoted by {m0, m1, , mKbch-1 }, are divided into Ngroup (= Kldpc/360) groups as follows:
For 0 j N group 2 , each bit group X j has 360 bits and the last bit group X N 1 has 360 - (Kldpc - Kbch)=192 group bits, as illustrated in Figure 30.
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For the given Ksig, the number of zero-padding bits is calculated as (Kbch - Ksig). Then, the shortening procedure is as follows: Step 1) Compute the number of groups in which all the bits shall be padded, Npad such that: If 0 < K sig 360 , N pad = N group 1 Otherwise, N pad =
Step 2) For Npad groups X S (0) , X S (1) , , X S ( m 1) X S ( N pad 1) , all information bits of the groups shall be padded with zeros. Here,
described in Table 34 and Table 35. Step 3) If N pad = N group 1 , (360 K sig ) information bits in the last part of the bit group X S ( N group 1) shall be additionally padded. Otherwise, for the group X S ( N pad ) , K bch K sig 360 N pad bits in the last part of X S ( N pad ) shall be additionally padded. Step 4) Finally, Ksig information bits are sequentially mapped to bit positions which are not padded in Kbch BCH information bits, {m0, m1, , mKbch-1 }by the above procedure. Suppose for example the value of Ksig is 1 172 and Kbch is 3 072. In this case, from step (1), 5 groups would have all zero padded bits, and from step (2) these groups would be those with numbers 7, 3, 6, 5, 2. From step (3), an additional 100 bits would be zero padded in group 4. Finally from step (4) the 1172 bits would be mapped sequentially to groups 0, 1 (360 bits each), the first part of group 4 (260 bits) and group 8 (192 bits). Figure 31 illustrates the shortening of the BCH information part in this case, i.e. filling BCH information bit positions not zero padded with Ksig information bits.
Kbch BCH Information bits
BCHFEC
) information
EXAMPLE:
8 0th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Bit Bit Group Bit Group Bit Group Bit Group Bit Group Bit Group Bit Group Bit Group Group
th
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Table 34: Permutation sequence of information bit group to be padded for L1-pre signalling
Modulation and Code rate BPSK 1/4 Ngroup 9
S ( j)
S (0)
7
(0 j < Ngroup)
S (1)
3
S (2)
6
S (3)
5
S (4)
2
S (5)
4
S (6)
1
S (7)
8
S (8)
0
Table 35: Permutation sequence of information bit group to be padded for L1-post signalling
Modulation and Code rate BPSK / QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM 1/2 1/2 1/2
S ( j)
Ngroup
(0 j < Ngroup)
S (0) S (1) S (2) S (3) S (4) S (5) S (6) S (7) S (8) S (9) S (10) S (11) S (12) S (13) S (14) S (15) S (16) S (17) S (18) S (19)
18 9 18 9 18 10 17 8 17 8 17 9 16 3 16 7 16 2 15 2 15 3 4 8 14 7 14 2 15 7 13 6 13 1 14 1 12 5 12 6 13 6 11 1 11 5 12 5 4 19 4 19 3 19 10 0 10 0 11 0
20 20 20
7.3.2.2
BCH encoding
The Kbch information bits (including the Kbch - Ksig zero padding bits) shall first be BCH encoded according to clause 6.1.1 to generate Nbch = Kldpc output bits (i0 iNbch-1).
7.3.2.3
LDPC encoding
The Nbch=Kldpc output bits (i0 iNbch-1) from the BCH encoder, including the (Kbch - Ksig) zero padding bits and the (Kldpc - Kbch) BCH parity bits form the Kldpc information bits I = (i0, i1, , iKldpc-1) for the LDPC encoder. The LDPC encoder shall systematically encode the Kldpc information bits onto a codeword of size Nldpc:
= (i0, i1, , iKldpc-1, p0, p1, , p Nldpc- Kldpc-1) according to clause 6.1.2.
7.3.2.4
When the shortening is applied to encoding of the signalling bits, some LDPC parity bits shall be punctured after the LDPC encoding. These punctured bits shall not be transmitted. All Nldpc - Kldpc LDPC parity bits, denoted by {p0, p1, , pNldpc- Kldpc -1}, are divided into Qldpc parity groups where each parity group is formed from a sub-set of the Nldpc - Kldpc LDPC parity bits as follows:
for
0 j < q,
where Pj represents the jth parity group and Qldpc is given in Table 7(b). Each group has (Nldpc- Kldpc)/Qldpc = 360 bits, as illustrated in Figure 32.
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For the number of parity bits to be punctured, Npunc given in clauses 7.3.1.1 and 7.3.1.2. Step 1) Compute the number of groups in which all parity bits shall be punctured, Npunc_groups such that:
described in Table 36 and Table 37. Step 3) For the group P P ( N punc _ groups ) , N punc 360 N punc _ groups shall be additionally punctured.
Table 36: Permutation sequence of parity group to be punctured for L1-pre signalling
Order of parity group to be punctured, { P ( j ) , 0 j < Qldpc = 36} Modulation and Code rate P(0) P(1) P(2) P(3) P(4) P(5) P(6) P(7) P(8) P(9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34) P(35) 27 13 29 32 5 0 11 21 33 20 25 28 18 35 8 3 9 31 BPSK 1/4 22 24 7 14 17 4 2 26 16 34 19 10 12 23 1 6 30 15
Table 37: Permutation sequence of parity group to be punctured for L1-post signalling
Modulation and Code rate BPSK / QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM 1/2 1/2 1/2 Order of parity group to be punctured, { P ( j ) , 0 j < Qldpc = 25}
P(0) P(13) 6 22 6 7 6 24
P(1) P(14) 4 12 4 12 15 7
P(2) P(15) 18 3 13 1 13 18
P(3) P(16) 9 16 9 16 10 1
P(4) P(17) 13 23 18 23 3 12
P(5) P(18) 8 1 8 14 17 20
P(6) P(19) 15 14 15 0 21 0
P(7) P(20) 20 0 20 21 8 4
P(8) P(21) 5 21 5 10 5 14
P(9) P(22) 17 19 17 19 19 9
7.3.2.5
The (Kbch-Ksig) zero padding bits are removed and shall not be transmitted. This leaves a word consisting of the Ksig information bits, followed by the 168 BCH parity bits and (Nldpc-Kldpc - Npunc) LDPC parity bits.
7.3.2.6
When 16-QAM or 64-QAM modulation is used for the L1-post signalling, the LDPC codeword of length Npost, consisting of Ksig information bits, 168 BCH parity bits, and (9 000 - Npunc) LDPC parity bits, shall be bit-interleaved using a block interleaver. The configuration of the bit interleaver for each modulation is specified in Table 38.
Table 38: Bit Interleaver structure
Modulation and Code rate 16-QAM 1/2 64-QAM 1/2 Rows Nr Npost / 8 Npost / 12 Columns Nc 8 12
The LDPC codeword is serially written into the interleaver column-wise, and serially read out row-wise (the MSB of the L1-post signalling is read out first) as shown in Figure 33. When BPSK or QPSK is used, bit interleaving shall not be applied.
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WRITE Row 1
READ
Row (Npost / 8)
Column 1
Column 8
7.3.3
Each bit-interleaved LDPC codeword shall be mapped onto constellations. Each bit of the L1-pre signalling is mapped directly into a BPSK constellation according to clause 7.3.3.2, whereas the L1-post signalling is first demultiplexed into cell words according to clause 7.3.3.1 and then the cell words are mapped into constellations according to clause 7.3.3.2.
7.3.3.1
Each bit-interleaved punctured and shortened LDPC codeword, a sequence of Npost bits, V = (v0 ..v N
1 ), where
Npost = Ksig + 168 + 9 000 - Npunc, shall be mapped onto constellations by first de-multiplexing the input bits into parallel cell words and then mapping these cell words into constellation values. The number of output data cells and the effective number of bits per cell, MOD are defined by Table 39. The input bit-stream vdi is demultiplexed into Nsubstreams sub-streams be,do, as shown in Figure 14 in clause 6.2.1. The value of Nsubstreams is defined in Table 39. Details of demultiplexing are described in clause 6.2.1. For QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM, the parameters for de-multiplexing of bits to cells are the same as those of Table 12(a) in clause 6.2.1. For BPSK, the input number and the output bit-number are 0, and in this case the demultiplexing has no effect.
Table 39: Parameters for bit-mapping into constellations
Modulation mode BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM
MOD
1 2 4 6
Number of output data cells per codeword Npost Npost / 2 Npost / 4 Npost / 6
into two words of width MOD =Nsubstreams /2 [y0,2do.. y mod-1, 2do] and [y0, 2do+1..ymod-1,2do+1] as described in clause 6.2.1. For BPSK and QPSK, the output words are fed directly to the constellation mapper, so [y0,do..ymod-1,do] = [b0,do..bNsubstreams-1,do].
For 16-QAM and 64-QAM, the output words from the demultiplexing of width Nsubstreams [b0,do..bNsubstreams-1,do] are split
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7.3.3.2
The bits of the L1-pre signalling y0,q and the cell words of the L1-post signalling [y0,q..ymod-1,q] are mapped into constellations f_preq and f_postq respectively according to clause 6.2.2, where q is the index of the cells within each bit-interleaved LDPC codeword. For the L1-pre signalling, 0 q < 1 840, and for the L1-post signalling 0 q < NMOD_per_Block. The coded and modulated cells of the L1-post signalling corresponding to each codeword of T2-frame number m are then concatenated to form a single block of cells f_postm,i, where i is the index of the cells within the single block 0 i < NMOD_Total. The coded and modulated cells of the L1-pre signalling for T2-frame number m form a single block of cells f_prem,i, where i is the index of the cells within the single block 0 i < 1 840. The coded and modulated cells of the L1-pre and L1-post signalling are then mapped onto the P2 symbol(s) as described in clause 8.3.5.
Frame Builder
This clause defines the frame builder functions that always apply for a T2 system with a single RF channel. Some of the frame builder functions for a TFS system with multiple RF channels differ from those defined in this clause. The TFS specific frame builder functions are defined in annex E. Other frame builder functions for a TFS system than those specified in annex E apply as they are described in this clause. The function of the frame builder is to assemble the cells produced by the time interleavers for each of the PLPs and the cells of the modulated L1 signalling data into arrays of active OFDM cells corresponding to each of the OFDM symbols which make up the overall frame structure. The frame builder operates according to the dynamic information produced by the scheduler (see clause 5.2.1) and the configuration of the frame structure.
8.1
Frame structure
The DVB-T2 frame structure is shown in Figure 34. At the top level, the frame structure consists of super-frames, which are divided into T2-frames and these are further divided into OFDM symbols. The super-frame may in addition have FEF parts (see clause 8.4).
Figure 34: The DVB-T2 frame structure, showing the division into super-frames, T2-frames and OFDM symbols
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8.2
Super-frame
A super-frame can carry T2-frames and may also have FEF parts, see Figure 35.
The number of T2-frames in a super-frame is a configurable parameter NT2 that is signalled in L1-pre signalling, i.e. NT2 = NUM_T2_FRAMES (see clause 7.2.2). The T2-frames are numbered from 0 to NT2-1. The current frame is signalled by FRAME_IDX in the dynamic L1-post signalling. A FEF part may be inserted between T2-frames. There may be several FEF parts in the super-frame, but a FEF part shall not be adjacent to another FEF part. The location in time of the FEF parts is signalled based on the super-frame structure. The super-frame duration TSF is determined by: TSF = NT2TF + NFEFTFEF, where NFEF is the number of FEF parts in a super-frame and TFEF is the duration of the FEF part and is signalled by FEF_LENGTH. NFEF can be derived as: NFEF = NT2 / FEF_interval. If FEFs are used, the super-frame ends with a FEF part. The maximum value for the super-frame length TSF is 64s if FEFs are not used (equivalent to 255 frames of 250 ms) and 128s if FEFs are used. Note also that the indexing of T2-frames (see FRAME_IDX in clause 7.2.3.2) and NT2 are independent of Future Extension Frames. The L1-pre signalling and the configurable part of the L1-post signalling can be changed only on the border of two super-frames. If the receiver receives only the in-band type A, there is a counter that indicates the next super-frame with changes in L1 parameters. Then the receiver can check the new L1 parameters from the P2 symbol(s) in the first frame of the announced super-frame, where the change applies. A data PLP does not have to be mapped into every T2-frame. It can jump over multiple frames. This frame interval (IJUMP) is determined by the FRAME_INTERVAL parameter. The first frame where the data PLP appears is determined by FIRST_FRAME_IDX. FRAME_INTERVAL and FIRST_FRAME_IDX shall be signalled in the L1-post signalling (see clause 7.2.3.1). In order to have unique mapping of the data PLPs between super-frames, NT2 shall be divisible by FRAME_INTERVAL for every data PLP. The PLP shall be mapped to the T2-frames for which: (FRAME_IDX-FIRST_FRAME_IDX) mod FRAME_INTERVAL = 0. Note that when the in-band signalling is determined and inserted inside the data PLP, this requires buffering of FRAME_INTERVAL+1 T2-frames in a T2 system with one RF channel. If using TFS, the buffering is over FRAME_INTERVAL+2 T2-frames. In order to avoid buffering, in-band type A is optional for PLPs that do not appear in every frame and for PLPs that are time interleaved over more than one frame. NT2 must be chosen so that for every data PLP there is an integer number of Interleaving Frames per super-frame.
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8.3
T2-Frame
The T2-frame comprises one P1 preamble symbol, followed by one or more P2 preamble symbols, followed by a configurable number of data symbols. In certain combinations of FFT size, guard interval and pilot pattern (see clause 9.2.7), the last data symbol shall be a frame closing symbol. The details of the T2-frame structure are described in clause 8.3.2). The P1 symbols are unlike ordinary OFDM symbols and are inserted later (see clause 9.8). The P2 symbol(s) follow immediately after the P1 symbol. The main purpose of the P2 symbol(s) is to carry L1 signalling data. The L1 signalling data to be carried is described in clause 7.2, its modulation and error correction coding are described in clause 7.3 and the mapping of this data onto the P2 symbol(s) is described in clause 8.3.5.
8.3.1
The beginning of the first preamble symbol (P1) marks the beginning of the T2-frame. The number of P2 symbols NP2 is determined by the FFT size as given in Table 45, whereas the number of data symbols Ldata in the T2-frame is a configurable parameter signalled in the L1-pre signalling, i.e. Ldata = NUM_DATA_SYMBOLS. The total number of symbols in a frame (excluding P1) is given by LF = NP2+Ldata. The T2-frame duration is therefore given by: TF = LFTs+TP1, where Ts is the total OFDM symbol duration and TP1 is the duration of the P1 symbol (see clause 9.5). The maximum value for the frame duration TF shall be 250 ms. Thus, the maximum number for LF is as defined in Table 40 (for 8 MHz bandwidth).
Table 40: Maximum frame length LF in OFDM symbols for different FFT sizes and guard intervals (for 8 MHz bandwidth)
FFT size 32K 16K 8K 4K 2K 1K Tu [ms] 3,584 1,792 0,896 0,448 0,224 0,112 1/128 68 138 276 NA NA NA 1/32 66 135 270 540 1081 NA 1/16 64 131 262 524 1 049 2 098 Guard interval 19/256 1/8 64 60 129 123 259 247 NA 495 NA 991 NA 1 982 19/128 60 121 242 NA NA NA 1/4 NA 111 223 446 892 1 784
The minimum number of OFDM symbols LF shall be NP2+3 when the FFT size is 32K and NP2+7 in other modes. When the FFT size is 32K, the number of OFDM symbols LF shall be even. The P1 symbol carries only P1 specific signalling information (see clause 7.2.1). P2 symbol(s) carry all the remaining L1 signalling information (see clauses 7.2.2 and 7.2.3) and, if there is free capacity, they also carry data from the common PLPs and/or data PLPs. Data symbols carry only common PLPs or data PLPs as defined in clauses 8.3.6.3.1 and 8.3.6.3.2. The mapping of PLPs into the symbols is done at the OFDM cell level, and thus, P2 or data symbols can be shared between multiple PLPs. If there is free capacity left at the end of the T2-frame, it is filled with auxiliary streams (if any) and dummy cells as defined in clauses 8.3.7 and 8.3.8. In the T2-frame, the common PLPs are always located before the data PLPs. The mapping of PLPs into the T2-frame is defined in clause 8.3.6.1.
8.3.2
The frame builder shall map the cells from both the time interleaver (for the PLPs) and the constellation mapper (for the L1-pre and L1-post signalling) onto the data cells xm,l,p of each OFDM symbol in each frame, where: m is the T2- frame number; l is the index of the symbol within the frame, starting at 0 for the first P2 symbol, 0 l < LF; p is the index of the data cell within the symbol prior to frequency interleaving and pilot insertion.
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Data cells are the cells of the OFDM symbols which are not used for pilots or tone reservation. The P1 symbol is not an ordinary OFDM symbol and does not contain any active OFDM cells (see clause 9.8). The number of active carriers, i.e. carriers not used for pilots or tone reservation, in one P2 symbol is denoted by CP2 and is defined in Table 41. Thus, the number of active carriers in all P2 symbol(s) is NP2CP2. The number of active carriers, i.e. carriers not used for pilots, in one normal symbol is denoted by Cdata. Table 42 gives values of Cdata for each FFT mode and scattered pilot pattern for the case where tone reservation is not used. The values of Cdata when tone reservation is used (see clause 9.6.2) are calculated by subtracting the value in the "TR cells" column from the Cdata value without tone reservation. For 8K, 16K and 32K two values are given corresponding to normal carrier mode and extended carrier mode (see clause 9.5). In some combinations of FFT size, guard interval and pilot pattern, as described in clause 9.2.7, the last symbol of the T2-frame is a special frame closing symbol. It has a denser pilot pattern than the other data symbols and some of the cells are not modulated in order to maintain the same total symbol energy (see clause 8.3.9). When there is a frame closing symbol, the number of data cells it contains is denoted by NFC and is defined in Table 43. The lesser number of active cells, i.e. data cells that are modulated, is denoted by CFC, and is defined in Table 44. Both NFC and CFC are tabulated for the case where tone reservation is not used and the corresponding values when tone reservation is used (see clause 9.6.2) are calculated by subtracting the value in the "TR cells" column from the value without tone reservation. Hence the cell index p takes the following range of values: 0 p < CP2 for 0 l < NP2; 0 p < Cdata for NP2 l < LF - 1; 0 p < NFC for l = LF -1 when there is a frame closing symbol; 0 p < Cdata for l = LF -1 when there is no frame closing symbol.
Table 41: Number of available data cells CP2 in one P2 symbol
FFT Size 1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 32K CP2 SISO 558 1 118 2 236 4 472 8 944 22 432 MISO 546 1 098 2 198 4 398 8 814 17 612
Table 42: Number of available data cells Cdata in one normal symbol
FFT Size Cdata (no tone reservation) TR cells
PP1 PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 1K 764 768 798 804 818 10 2K 1522 1 532 1 596 1 602 1 632 1 646 18 4K 3 084 3 092 3 228 3 234 3 298 3 328 36 Normal 6 208 6 214 6 494 6 498 6 634 6 698 6 698 72 8K Extended 6 296 6 298 6 584 6 588 6 728 6 788 6 788 72 Normal 12 418 12 436 12 988 13 002 13 272 13 288 13 416 13 406 144 16K Extended 12 678 12 698 13 262 13 276 13 552 13 568 13 698 13 688 144 Normal 24 886 26 022 26 592 26 836 26 812 288 32K Extended 25 412 26 572 27 152 27 404 27 376 288 NOTE: An empty entry indicates that the corresponding combination of FFT size and pilot pattern is never used.
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Table 43: Number of data cells NFC in the frame closing symbol
NFC for frame closing symbol (no tone reservation) TR cells PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 1K 710 710 780 780 10 2K 1 420 1 420 1 562 1 562 1 632 18 4K 2 840 2 840 3 124 3 124 3 266 36 Normal 5 680 5 680 6 248 6 248 6 532 72 8K Extended 5 760 5 760 6 336 6 336 6 624 72 Normal 11 360 11 360 12 496 12 496 13 064 13 064 144 16K Extended 11 600 11 600 12 760 12 760 13 340 13 340 144 Normal 22 720 24 992 26 128 288 32K Extended 23 200 25 520 26 680 288 NOTE: An empty entry indicates that frame closing symbols are never used for the corresponding combination of FFT size and pilot pattern. FFT Size PP1 568 1 136 2 272 4 544 4 608 9 088 9 280
Table 44: Number of available active cells CFC in the frame closing symbol
FFT Size CFC (no tone reservation) TR cells 10 18 36 72 72 144 144 288 288
PP1 PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 1K 402 654 490 707 544 2K 804 1 309 980 1 415 1 088 1 396 4K 1 609 2 619 1 961 2 831 2 177 2 792 Normal 3 218 5 238 3 922 5 662 4 354 5 585 8K Extended 3 264 5 312 3 978 5 742 4 416 5 664 Normal 6 437 10 476 7 845 11324 8 709 11 801 11 170 16K Extended 6 573 10 697 8 011 11563 8 893 12 051 11 406 Normal 20 952 22649 23 603 32K Extended 21 395 23127 24 102 NOTE: An empty entry indicates that frame closing symbols are never used for the corresponding combination of FFT size and pilot pattern.
Thus, the number of active OFDM cells in one T2-frame (Ctot) depends on the frame structure parameters including whether or not there is a frame closing symbol (see clause 9.2.7) and is given by:
when there is a frame closing symbol when there is no frame closing symbol
The number of P2 symbols NP2 is dependent on the used FFT size and is defined in Table 45.
Table 45: Number of P2 symbols denoted by NP2 for different FFT modes
FFT size 1k 2k 4k 8k 16k 32k NP2 16 8 4 2 1 1
The number of OFDM cells needed to carry all L1 signalling is denoted by DL1. The number of OFDM cells available for transmission of PLPs in one T2-frame is given by:
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All cells DL1 are mapped into P2 symbol(s) as described in clause 8.3.5. The common PLPs and data PLPs are mapped onto the remaining active OFDM cells of the P2 symbol(s) (if any) and the data symbols. The mapping of L1 data is described in clause 8.3.5 and the mapping of common PLPs and data PLPs is described in clause 8.3.6. A data PLP is carried in sub-slices, where the number of sub-slices is between 1 and 6 480. The data PLPs of type 1 are carried in one sub-slice per T2-frame and the data PLPs of type 2 are carried in between 2 and 6 480 sub-slices. The number of sub-slices is the same for all PLPs of type 2. The number of OFDM cells allocated to data PLPs of type 2 in one T2-frame must be a multiple of Nsubslices. The structure of the T2-frame is depicted in Figure 36. Following the data PLPs of type 2 there may be one or more auxiliary streams (see clause 8.3.7) which can be followed by dummy cells. Together, the auxiliary streams and dummy cells exactly fill the remaining capacity of the T2-frame.
8.3.3
The configuration of the T2-frame structure is signalled by the L1-pre and L1-post signalling (see clause 7.2). The locations of the PLPs themselves within the T2-frame can change dynamically from T2-frame to T2-frame, and this is signalled both in the dynamic part of the L1-post signalling in P2 (see clause 7.2.3.2), and in the in-band signalling (see clause 5.2.3). Repetition of the dynamic part of the L1-post signalling may be used to improve robustness, as described in clause 7.2.3.3. In a system with one RF channel, the L1-post dynamic signalling transmitted in P2 refers to the current T2-frame (and the next T2-frame when repetition is used, see clause 7.2.3.3) and the in-band signalling refers to the next Interleaving Frame. This is depicted in Figure 37. In a TFS system the L1-post dynamic signalling transmitted in P2 refers to the next T2-frame and the in-band signalling refers to the next-but-one Interleaving Frame, as described in annex E. When the Interleaving Frame is spread over more than one T2-frame, the in-band signalling carries the dynamic signalling for each T2-frame of the next Interleaving Frame, as described in clause 5.2.3.
8.3.4
The slices and sub-slices of the PLPs, the auxiliary streams and dummy cells are mapped into the symbols of the T2frame as illustrated in Figure 38. The T2-frame starts with a P1 symbol followed by NP2 P2 symbols. The L1-pre and L1-post signalling are first mapped into P2 symbol(s) (see clause 8.3.5). After that, the common PLPs are mapped right after the L1 signalling. The data PLPs follow the common PLPs starting with type 1 PLP1. The type 2 PLPs follow the type 1 PLPs. The auxiliary stream or streams, if any, follow the type 2 PLPs, and this can be followed by dummy cells. Together, the PLPs, auxiliary streams and dummy data cells shall exactly fill the remaining cells in the frame.
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8.3.5
Coded and modulated L1-pre and L1-post cells for T2-frame m (f_prem,i and f_postm,i) are mapped to the P2 symbol(s) as follows: 1) L1-pre cells are mapped to the active cells of P2 symbol(s) in row-wise zig-zag manner as illustrated in Figure 39 by the blue blocks and described in the following equation:
DL1 pre N P2
DL1pre is the number of L1-pre cells per T2-frame, DL1 pre = 1 840 NP2 is the number of P2 symbols as shown in Table 45, and xm,l,p are the active cells of each OFDM symbol as defined in clause 8.3.2.
2)
L1-post cells are mapped to the active cells of the P2 symbol(s) after the L1-pre cells in row-wise zig-zag manner as shown by the green blocks in Figure 39 and described in the following equation:
m ,l , p +
DL1 post N P2
where DL1post is the number of L1-post cells per T2-frame, DL1 post = N MOD _ Total NOTE: The zig-zag writing may be implemented by the time interleavers presented in Figure 40. The data is written to the interleaver column-wise, while the read operation performs row-wise. The number of rows in the interleaver is equal to NP2. The number of columns depends on the amount of data to be interleaved and is equal to DL1pre and DL1post respectively.
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Figure 39: Mapping of L1 data into P2 symbol(s), showing the index of the cells within the L1-pre and L1-post data fields
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8.3.6
After the L1 data has been mapped to the P2 symbol(s), the remaining active data cells xm,l,p in the P2 symbol(s) and data symbols are available for PLPs. PLPs are classified into 3 types, signalled in L1-post signalling field PLP_TYPE; common PLP, data PLP Type 1 and data PLP type 2. Common and Type 1 PLPs have exactly one sub-slice per T2-frame, whereas type 2 PLPs have between 2 and 6 480 sub-slices per T2-frame. The common PLPs are transmitted at the beginning of the T2-frame. Data PLPs of type 1 are transmitted directly after the common PLPs. Data PLPs of type 2 are transmitted directly after the data PLPs of type 1.
8.3.6.1
If the Interleaving Frame for a given PLP is mapped directly to one T2-Frame (see clause 6.5), then the cells to be allocated to the T2-frame shall be all of the cells of the corresponding Interleaving Frame from the output of the Time Interleaver. In general the Interleaving Frame for PLP i will be mapped to PI(i) T2-frames (see clause 6.5.1), and the Interleaving Frame shall be divided into PI(i) slices, each containing an equal number of cells Di given by:
Di =
where NBLOCKS_IF(i,n) is the number of LDPC blocks NBLOCKS_IF(n) in the current Interleaving Frame (index n) for PLP i; Nldpc(i) is the LDPC block length and MOD(i) is the number of bits per cell for PLP i. NBLOCKS_IF(n) was defined in clause 6.5 for the Time Interleaver. The values of PI(i) shall be chosen such that Di is an integer for all PLPs. Further restrictions apply for Type 2 PLPs: see clause 8.3.6.3.2. The first Di cells shall be allocated to the first T2-frame to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped, the next Di cells to the next T2-frame to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped, and so on for each T2-frame to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped. Clause 8.2 describes how to determine the T2-frames to which a given PLP is mapped, which will not be successive T2-frames if a frame interval (IJUMP) value greater than 1 is used. Figure 41 depicts the OFDM cells for data PLPs of a T2-frame. Mcommon common PLPs, M1 PLPs of type 1 and M2 PLPs of type 2 are carried in the frame. The scheduler shall allocate values for NBLOCKS_IF (i,n) for each Interleaving Frame for each PLP such that the total number of cells of all PLPs plus any auxiliary streams (see clause 8.3.7) shall not exceed the number of cells reserved for data. Hence the NBLOCKS_IF (i,n) shall be allocated such that the resulting values Di satisfy the following:
M common i =1
M1
M2
M AUX i =1
i , aux
DPLP
where Di,common is the number of OFDM cells Di needed for carrying the common PLP index i, Di,j is the number of OFDM cells Di needed for carrying the data PLP i of type j, Maux is the number of auxiliary streams, and Di,aux is the number of cells occupied by auxiliary stream i.
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T2-frame
1 ...
Mcommon
1 ... M1 1 2 3
M2
common type 1
type 2
Figure 41: Allocation of Mcommon common PLPs, M1 data PLPs of type1 and M2 data PLPs of type 2 transmitted in one T2-frame
8.3.6.2
A one-dimensional addressing scheme (0..DPLP-1) is defined for the active data cells that are not used for L1 signalling. The addressing scheme defines the order in which the cells from the sub-slices of the PLPs are allocated to the active data cells, and is also used to signal the locations of the sub-slices of all PLPs in the dynamic part of the L1-post signalling. Address 0 shall refer to the cell x
m, 0, DL 1 NP 2
, the cell immediately following the last cell carrying L1-post signalling in the
first P2 symbol. The addresses 0,1,2, shall refer to the cells in the following sequence:
m ,l ,
DL 1 NP 2
xm , l , C P 2 1
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Figure 42: Addressing of the OFDM cells for common PLPs and data PLPs The numbers (cell addresses) are exemplary
8.3.6.3
The allocation of slices and subslices to the T2-frames is done by the scheduler. The scheduler may use any method to perform the allocation and may map the PLPs to the T2-frame in any order, provided the requirements in the following clauses are met and also that the locations of the cells of the PLPs are as described by the L1 signalling, interpreted as described in the following clauses.
8.3.6.3.1
The cells of a Common PLP for a particular T2-frame shall be mapped sequentially into a single contiguous range of cell addresses of the frame, in order of increasing address. The Common PLPs, if any, shall be mapped starting from address 0. If more than one Common PLP is used the cells of a following Common PLP start from the address immediately after the last cell of a preceding Common PLP, always with data written with increasing address. Although the present document specifies that the mapping shall be done in the way described above, this method shall not be assumed by the receiver, but instead the signalled addressing scheme shall be followed. This will allow future versions of the present document to use different methods, without requiring changes to receivers. In the case of TFS each Common PLP shall be sent on all RF frequencies with identical scheduling in a T2-frame (see annex E). The cells of a Type 1 PLP for a particular T2-frame shall also be mapped sequentially into a single contiguous range of cell addresses of the frame, in order of increasing address. The cells of the first Type 1 PLP, if any, shall start from the address immediately after the last cell of the last Common PLP, or from address 0 if there are no common PLPs. The addressing of the Common and Type 1 PLPs is given by L1-post signalling, see clause 7.2.3. The address of the first cell of a common or Type 1 PLP, slice_start, shall be signalled directly by the PLP_START field of the dynamic L1 signalling.
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The address of the last cell, 'slice_end', occupied by a common or Type 1 PLP, shall be calculated as follows:
slice_end = PLP_START +
PLP_NUM_BLOCKS N cells 1 PI
where Ncells is the number of OFDM cells in an LDPC block as given in Table 16 and PI is the number of T2-frames to which an Interleaving Frame is mapped. PLP_START and PLP_NUM_BLOCKS are defined in clause 7.2.3.2.
8.3.6.3.2
The cells of each Type 2 PLP that are allocated to a particular T2-frame shall be divided into Nsubslices sub-slices, where Nsubslices (in the non-TFS case) is equal to Nsubslices_total, signalled by SUB_SLICES_PER_FRAME in the L1 configurable signalling. The number of sub-slices per T2-frame, Nsubslices, the number of T2-frames PI(i) to which each Interleaving Frame for PLP i is mapped, (and also the number NRF of channels when TFS is applied, see annex E) shall comply with the following limitation: NCELLS(i) mod {5. Nsubslices_total.PI(i)} = 0, for all i {1..M2} where Nsubslices_total= NRF Nsubslices, M2 is the number of type 2 PLPs and NCELLS(i) is the number of cells in one FEC block for PLP i. This shall be achieved by a suitable choice of Nsubslices and PI given the FEC block sizes and modulation types in use. Suitable values for Nsubslices_total, for the case where the Interleaving Frame is mapped to one T2-frame for all the PLPs (PI=1), are listed in annex K. Each of the sub-slices of any one PLP shall contain an equal number of cells Di,2/Nsubslices, where Di,2 is the number of cells in the T2-frame for PLP i of Type 2 and is defined in clause 8.3.6.1 above. The first sub-slice shall contain the first Di,2/Nsubslices cells, the second sub-slice shall contain the next Di,2/Nsubslices cells, and so on for each sub-slice. NOTE 1: The number of OFDM cells for each PLP, Di,2, may be different, but every Di,2 will be a multiple of Nsubslices, so that all sub-slices carrying the same PLP have equal size. This is guaranteed if the above (more restrictive) limitation is met. Each sub-slice of a PLP shall be mapped to a contiguous range of cell addresses of the frame, in order of increasing address. The cells of the first sub-slice of the first Type 2 PLP shall start from the address immediately after the last cell of the last Type 1 PLP. These shall be followed immediately by the cells of the first sub-slice of the other Type 2 PLPs, followed by the cells of the second sub-slice for each PLP in turn, with the PLPs taken in the same order, and so on until the last sub-slice of the last PLP has been mapped. Although the present document specifies that the mapping shall be done in the way described above, this method shall not be assumed by the receiver, but instead the signalled addressing scheme shall be followed. This will allow future versions of the present document to use different methods, without requiring changes to receivers. The address of the first cell of the first sub-slice of a PLP is indicated by the PLP_START field of the dynamic L1 signalling. The length of the sub-slice in OFDM cells can be calculated directly from the fields PLP_NUM_BLOCKS and SUB_SLICES_PER_FRAME, together with PI, which is signalled by TIME_IL_LENGTH in conjunction with TIME_IL_TYPE. The start address of the subsequent sub-slices can be calculated from the PLP_START and SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL fields. The signalling fields are described in detail in clause 7.2. The address of the first and last cell for the sub-slice j of a type 2 data PLP are given by:
for j=0, 1, , Nsubslices-1. Here Nsubslices = SUB_SLICES_PER_FRAME and Ncells is the number of OFDM cells in an LDPC block as given in Table 16 and PI is the number of T2-frames to which an Interleaving Frame is mapped. PLP_START, SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL, and PLP_NUM_BLOCKS are defined in clause 7.2.3.2.
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NOTE 2: SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL is the difference in cell address between the first cell of one sub-slice and the first cell of the next sub-slice for a given PLP, and is given by:
D
i =1
M2
i,2
N subslices
A receiver shall not assume that SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL can be calculated as described in the note above, but instead shall use the signalled value (see clause 7.2.3.2). The allocation of the M1 Type 1 and M2 Type 2 PLPs to the cell addresses of the T2-frame is illustrated in Figure 43.
EXAMPLE:
The first four symbols in a T2-frame have the structure presented in Figure 42. The frame carries one common PLP, followed by data PLPs. The common PLP is carried in one 16200 bit LDPC block in the current frame. The modulation used for the common PLP is 64-QAM, thus 2700 cells are needed to carry 16200 bits. The PLP loop in the dynamic L1-post signalling is as follows: PLP_ID=0;PLP_START = 0; PLP_ NUM_BLOCKS = 1; PLP_ID=1;PLP_START = 2700; The first row describes the signalling for the common PLP and the second row the signalling for the first data PLP.
8.3.7
Following the Type 2 PLPs, one or more auxiliary streams may be added. Each auxiliary stream consists of a sequence of Di,aux cell values xm,l,p in each T2-frame, where i is the auxiliary stream index. The cell values shall have the same mean power as the data cells of the data PLPs, i.e. E(xm,l,p. xm,l,p *)=1, but apart from this restriction they may be used as required by the broadcaster or network operator. The auxiliary streams are mapped one after another onto the cells in order of increasing cell address, starting from the first address following the last cell of the last sub-slice of the last Type 2 PLP. The start position and number of cells Di,aux for each auxiliary stream may vary from T2-frame to T2-frame, and bits are reserved to signal these parameters in the L1 dynamic signalling. The cell values for auxiliary streams need not be the same for all transmitters in a single frequency network. However, if MISO is used as described in clause 9.1, care shall be taken to ensure that the auxiliary streams do not interfere with the correct decoding of the data PLPs. Specific uses of auxiliary streams, including coding and modulation, will be defined either in future editions of the present document or elsewhere. The auxiliary streams may be ignored by the receiver. If the number of auxiliary streams is signalled as zero, this clause is ignored.
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8.3.8
If the data PLPs and auxiliary streams do not exactly fill the cells allocated to data, dummy cells shall be inserted in the remaining Ndummy cells of the T2-frame, where:
M AUX M2 M1 N dummy = Ddata Di ,1 + Di , 2 + Di ,aux i =1 i =1 i =1
The dummy cell values are generated by taking the first Ndummy values of the BB scrambling sequence defined in clause 5.2.4. The sequence is reset at the beginning of the dummy cells of each T2-frame. The resulting bits bBS,j, 0 j < Ndummy, are then mapped to cell values xm,l,p according to the following rule: Re{xm,l,p} = 2 (1/2 -bBS,j) Im{ xm,l,p} = 0, where the bits bBS,j are mapped to cells xm,l,p in order of increasing cell address starting from the first address following the last auxiliary stream, if any, or the last PLP otherwise.
8.3.9
When a frame closing symbol is used (see clauses 8.3.2 and 9.2.7), some of its data cells carry no modulation in order to maintain constant symbol power in the presence of a higher pilot density. The last NFC-CFC cells of the Frame Closing Symbol, (xm, LF-1,CFC xm, LF-1,NFC-1), shall all be set to 0+j0.
8.4
Future Extension Frame (FEF) insertion enables carriage of frames defined in a future extension of the DVB-T2 standard in the same multiplex as regular T2-frames. The use of future extension frames is optional. A future extension frame may carry data in way unknown to a DVB-T2 receiver addressing the current standard version. A receiver addressing the current standard version is not expected to decode future extension frames. All receivers are expected to detect FEF parts. A FEF part shall begin with a P1 symbol that can be detected by all DVB-T2 receivers. The maximum length of a FEF part is 250 ms. All other parts of the future extension frames will be defined in future extensions of the present document or elsewhere. The detection of FEF parts is enabled by the L1 signalling carried in the P2 symbol(s) (see clause 7.2.3.1). The configurable L1 fields signal the size and structure of the super-frame. The NUM_T2_FRAMES describes the number of T2-frames carried during one super-frame. The location of the FEF parts is described by the L1 signalling field FEF_INTERVAL, which is the number of T2-frames at the beginning of a super-frame, before the beginning of the first FEF part. The same field also describes the number of T2-frames between two FEF parts. The length of the FEF part is given by the FEF_LENGTH field of the L1 signalling. This field describes the time between two DVB-T2 frames preceding and following a FEF part as the number of elementary time periods T, i.e. samples in the receiver (see clause 9.5). The parameters affecting the configuration of FEFs shall be chosen to ensure that, if a receiver obeys the TTO signalling (see annex C) and implements the model of buffer management defined in C.1.1, the receiver's de-jitter buffer and time de-interleaver memory shall neither overflow nor underflow. NOTE: In order not to affect the reception of the T2 data signal, it is assumed that the receiver's automatic gain control will be held constant for the duration of FEF part, so that it is not affected by any power variations during the FEF part.
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8.5
Frequency interleaver
The purpose of the frequency interleaver, operating on the data cells of one OFDM symbol, is to map the data cells from the frame builder onto the Ndata available data carriers in each symbol. Ndata = CP2 for the P2 symbol(s), Ndata = Cdata for the normal symbols (see clause 8.3.2), and Ndata = NFC for the Frame Closing symbol, if present. For the P2 symbol(s) and all other symbols, the frequency interleaver shall process the data cells Xm,l = (xm,l,0, xm,l,1, , xm,l, Ndata-1) of the OFDM symbol l of T2-frame m, from the frame builder. Thus for example in the 8k mode with scattered pilot pattern PP7 and no tone reservation, blocks of 6 698 data cells from the frame builder during normal symbols form the input vector Xm,l = (xm,l,0, xm,l,1, xm,l,2,...xm,l,6697). A parameter Mmax is then defined according to Table 46.
Table 46: Values of Mmax for the frequency interleaver
FFT Size 1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 32K Mmax 1 024 2 048 4 096 8 192 16 384 32 768
The interleaved vector Am,l = (am,l,0, am,l,1, am,l,2...am,l,Ndata-1) is defined by: am,l,H(p) = xm,l,p for even symbols of the frame (l mod 2 = 0) in mode 32K for p= 0,...,Ndata-1. a m,l,p = x m,l,H(p) for odd symbols of the frame (l mod 2 = 1) in mode 32K for p = 0,...,Ndata-1. For other modes: 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K: a m,l,p = x m,l,H0(p) for even symbols of the frame (l mod 2 = 0) for p = 0,...,Ndata-1; and a m,l,p = x m,l,H1(p) for odd symbols of the frame (l mod 2 = 1) for p = 0,...,Ndata-1. H(p), H0(p) and H1(p) are permutation functions based on sequences R'i defined by the following. An (Nr - 1) bit binary word R'i is defined, with Nr = log2 Mmax, where R'i takes the following values: i = 0,1: i = 2: R'i [Nr-2, Nr-3,...,1,0]= 0,0,...,0,0 R'i [Nr-2, Nr-3,...,1,0] = 0,0,...,0,1
2 < i < Mmax: { R'i [Nr-3, Nr-4,...,1,0] = R'i-1 [Nr-2, Nr-3,...,2,1]; in the 1k mode: R'i [8] = R'i-1 [0] R'i-1 [4] in the 2k mode: R'i [9] = R'i-1 [0] R'i-1 [3] in the 4k mode: R'i [10] = R'i-1 [0] R'i-1[2] in the 8k mode: R'i [11] = R'i-1 [0] R'i-1 [1] R'i-1[4] R'i-1 [6] in the 16k mode: R'i [12] = R'i-1 [0] R'i-1 [1] R'i-1[4] R'i-1 [5] R'i-1 [9] R'i-1 [11] in the 32k mode: R'i [13] = R'i-1 [0] R'i-1 [1] R'i-1[2] R'i-1 [12] }
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A vector Ri is derived from the vector R'i by the bit permutations given in tables 47(a) to 47(f).
Table 47 (a): Bit permutations for the 1k mode
R'i bit positions Ri bit positions (H0) Ri bit positions (H1) 8 4 3 7 3 2 6 2 5 5 1 0 4 0 1 3 5 4 2 6 7 1 7 8 0 8 6
The permutation function H(p) is defined by the following algorithm: p = 0; for (i = 0; i < Mmax; i = i + 1) { H ( p ) = (i mod 2).2
N r 1
N r 2
j =0
Ri ( j ).2 j ;
if (H(p)<Ndata) p = p+1; }
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A schematic block diagram of the algorithm used to generate the permutation function is represented in Figures 44(a) to 44(f).
XOR
T
Ctrl Unit
R R
Wires Permutation
9 skip
Addr Check
10
H(p)
Figure 44(a): Frequency interleaver address generation scheme for the 1k mode
Figure 44(b): Frequency interleaver address generation scheme for the 2k mode
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Figure 44(c): Frequency interleaver address generation scheme for the 4k mode
Figure 44(d): Frequency interleaver address generation scheme for the 8k mode
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XOR
T
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Ctrl Unit
R R
Wires Permutation
13 skip
Addr Check
14
H(p)
Figure 44(e): Frequency interleaver address generation scheme for the 16k mode
Figure 44(f): Frequency interleaver address generation scheme for the 32k mode
The output of the frequency interleaver is the interleaved vector of data cells Am,l = (am,l,0, am,l,1, am,l,2,...am,l,Ndata-1) for symbol l of T2-frame m.
OFDM Generation
The function of the OFDM generation module is to take the cells produced by the frame builder, as frequency domain coefficients, to insert the relevant reference information, known as pilots, which allow the receiver to compensate for the distortions introduced by the transmission channel, and to produce from this the basis for the time domain signal for transmission. It then inserts guard intervals and, if relevant, applies PAPR reduction processing to produce the completed T2 signal. An optional initial stage, known as MISO processing, allows the initial frequency domain coefficients to be processed by a modified Alamouti encoding, which allows the T2 signal to be split between two groups of transmitters on the same frequency in such a way that the two groups will not interfere with each other.
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9.1
MISO Processing
All symbols of the DVB-T2 signal may have MISO processing applied on cell level. It is assumed that all DVB-T2 receivers shall be able to receive signals with MISO processing applied. MISO processing consists of taking the input data cells and producing two similar sets of data cells at the output, each of which will be directed to the two groups of transmitters. A modified Alamouti encoding is used to produce the two sets of data cells, except that the encoding is never applied to the preamble symbol P1 and the pilots are processed as described in clause 9.2.8. The encoding process is done on pairs of OFDM payload cells (am,l,p, am,l,p+1) from the output of the frequency interleaver. The encoded OFDM payload cells em,l,p(Tx1) for MISO transmitter group 1 and em,l,p(Tx2) for MISO transmitter group 2 shall be generated from the input cells according to:
where * denotes the complex conjugation operation and Ndata is the number of cells at the frequency interleaver output for the current symbol l, as defined in clause 8.5. The scheme is illustrated in Figure 45. NOTE 1: The MISO processing for transmitters in MISO group 1 copies the input cells unmodified to the output. NOTE 2: Ndata will always be an even number, even in the frame closing symbol, even though the values CFC might not be even.
Figure 45: Multiple Input, Single Output, Encoder processing of OFDM payload cells
The encoding process is repeated for each pair of payload cells in turn. MISO processing shall not be applied to the P1 symbol. The contents of the P1 symbol will be identical between the two groups of transmitters. If MISO is not used, the input cells shall be copied directly to the output, i.e. em,l,p= am,l,p. for p=0,1,2,,Ndata-1.
9.2
9.2.1
Pilot insertion
Introduction
Various cells within the OFDM frame are modulated with reference information whose transmitted value is known to the receiver. Cells containing reference information are transmitted at "boosted" power level. The information transmitted in these cells are scattered, continual, edge, P2 or frame-closing pilot cells. The locations and amplitudes of these pilots are defined in clauses 9.2.3 to 9.2.7 for SISO transmissions, and are modified according to clause 9.2.8 for MISO transmissions. The value of the pilot information is derived from a reference sequence, which is a series of values, one for each transmitted carrier on any given symbol (see clause 9.2.2). The pilots can be used for frame synchronization, frequency synchronization, time synchronization, channel estimation, transmission mode identification and can also be used to follow the phase noise.
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Table 48 gives an overview of the different types of pilot and the symbols in which they appear.
Table 48: Presence of the various types of pilots in each type of symbol (X=present)
Symbol Scattered P1 P2 Normal Frame closing Continual PILOT TYPE Edge P2 X X X X X X FRAME-CLOSING
The following clauses specify values for cm,l,k, for certain values of m, l and k, where m and l are the T2-frame and symbol number as previously defined, and k is the OFDM carrier index (see clause 9.5).
9.2.2
The pilots are modulated according to a reference sequence, rl,k, where l and k are the symbol and carrier indices as previously defined. The reference sequence is derived from a symbol level PRBS, wk (see clause 9.2.2.1) and a frame level PN-sequence, pnl (see clause 9.2.2.2). This reference sequence is applied to all the pilots (i.e. Scattered, Continual Edge, P2 and Frame Closing pilots) of each symbol of a T2-frame, including both P2 and Frame Closing symbols (see clause 8.3). The output of the symbol level sequence, wk, is inverted or not inverted according to the frame level sequence, pnl, as shown in Figure 46. The symbol-level PRBS is mapped to the carriers such that the first output bit (w0) from the PRBS coincides with the first active carrier (k= Kmin) in 1K, 2K and 4K. In 8K, 16K and 32K bit w0 coincides with the first active carrier (k=Kmin) in the extended carrier mode. In the normal carrier mode, carrier k=Kmin is modulated by the output bit of the sequence whose index is Kext (see Table 60 for values of Kext). This ensures that the same modulation is applied to the same physical carrier in both normal and extended carrier modes. A new value is generated by the PRBS on every used carrier (whether or not it is a pilot). Hence:
PRBS sequence
Symbol clock
Frame reset
PN-sequence
Figure 46: Formation of the reference sequence from the PN and PRBS sequences
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9.2.2.1
Symbol level
The symbol level PRBS sequence, wi is generated according to Figure 47. The shift register is initialized with all '1's so that the sequence begins w0, w1, w2 = 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0
The polynomial for the PRBS generator shall be: X11 + X2 + 1 (see Figure 47) NOTE: This sequence is used regardless of the FFT size and provides a unique signature in the time domain for each FFT size and also for each pilot pattern configuration.
9.2.2.2
Frame level
Each value of the frame level PN-sequence is applied to one OFDM symbol of the T2-frame. The length of the frame level PN-sequence NPN is therefore equal to the T2-frame length LF (see clause 8.3.1) i.e. the number of symbols in the T2-frame excluding P1. Table 49 shows the maximum length of PN-sequence for different FFT modes in 8 MHz channels. The maximum number of symbols per frame will be different for channel bandwidths other than 8 MHz (see Table 59). The greatest possible value of NPN is 2 624 (for 10 MHz bandwidth).
Table 49: Maximum lengths of PN-sequences for different FFT modes (8 MHz channel)
FFT mode 1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 32K Maximum sequence length, NPN (chips) 2 098 1 081 540 276 138 69
The sequence (pn0, pn1, , pnNPN-1) of length NPN =LF, shall be formed by taking the first NPN bits from an overall PN-sequence. The overall PN-sequence is defined by Table 50, and each four binary digits of the overall sequence are formed from the hexadecimal digits in Table 50 taking the MSB first. NOTE: The overall PN-sequence has been optimized by fragment by using as starting point the fully optimized short PN-sequence of length 15. Each relevant length of a given PN-sequence derives from this latter sequence. This unique sequence can be used to achieve frame synchronization efficiently.
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Table 50: PN-sequence Frame level (up to 2 624 chips) Hexadecimal description
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
9.2.3
Reference information, taken from the reference sequence, is transmitted in scattered pilot cells in every symbol except P1, P2 and the frame-closing symbol (if applicable) of the T2-frame. The locations of the scattered pilots are defined in clause 9.2.3.1, their amplitudes are defined in clause 9.2.3.2 and their modulation is defined in clause 9.2.3.3.
9.2.3.1
A given carrier k of the OFDM signal on a given symbol l will be a scattered pilot if the appropriate equation below is satisfied:
k mod( D X .DY ) = D X (l mod DY ) normal carrier mode (k K ext ) mod( D X .DY ) = DX (l mod DY ) extended carrier mode
where: DX, DY are defined in Table 51: k [Kmin; Kmax]; and l [NP2; LF-2] when there is a frame closing symbol; and l [NP2; LF-1] when there is no frame closing symbol. NP2 and LF are as defined in clause 8.3.1 and Kext is defined in Table 60.
Table 51: Parameters defining the scattered pilot patterns
Pilot pattern PP1 PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 Separation of pilot bearing carriers (DX) 3 6 6 12 12 24 24 6 Number of symbols forming one scattered pilot sequence (DY) 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 16
The combinations of scattered pilot patterns, FFT size and guard interval which are allowed to be used are defined in Table 52 for SISO mode and in Table 53 for MISO mode. NOTE 1: The modifications of the pilots for MISO mode are described in clause 9.2.8.
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Table 52: Scattered pilot pattern to be used for each allowed combination of FFT size and guard interval in SISO mode
FFT size 32K 1/128 PP7 1/32 PP4 PP6 PP7 PP4 PP6 PP7 PP4 PP7 PP4 NA 1/16 PP2 PP8 PP4 PP2 PP8 PP4 PP5 PP8 PP4 PP5 PP4 PP5 PP4 PP5 Guard interval 19/256 1/8 PP2 PP2 PP8 PP8 PP4 PP2 PP2 PP8 PP3 PP4 PP8 PP5 PP8 PP2 PP4 PP3 PP5 PP8 PP2 NA PP3 PP2 NA PP3 19/128 PP2 PP8 PP2 PP3 PP8 PP2 PP3 PP8 NA NA 1/4 NA PP1 PP8 PP1 PP8 PP1 PP1
16K
PP7
8K 4K, 2K 1K
PP7 NA NA
Table 53: Scattered pilot pattern to be used for each allowed combination of FFT size and guard interval in MISO mode
FFT size 32K 16K 8K 4K, 2K 1K 1/128 PP8 PP4 PP6 PP8 PP4 PP5 PP8 PP4 PP5 NA NA 1/32 PP8 PP4 PP8 PP4 PP5 PP8 PP4 PP5 PP4 PP5 NA 1/16 PP2 PP8 PP3 PP8 PP3 PP8 PP3 PP3 Guard interval 19/256 1/8 PP2 PP8 PP3 PP8 PP3 PP8 NA NA NA PP1 PP8 PP1 PP8 PP1 PP1 19/128 NA PP1 PP8 PP1 PP8 NA NA 1/4 NA NA NA NA NA
NOTE 2: For the 32K case (SISO or MISO), it is not expected that a receiver will need to implement linear temporal interpolation of the pilots over more than 2 OFDM symbols. For all other cases, a maximum of four symbols of linear temporal interpolation are assumed. For the pilot pattern PP8, it is assumed that a receiver will use a "zero-order-hold" technique, although other more advanced techniques may be used if desired. NOTE 3: When the value DXDY (with DX and DY taken from Table 51) is less than the reciprocal of the guard interval fraction, it is assumed that frequency only interpolation will be used in SISO mode, and hence the frame closing symbol is also not required. The scattered pilot patterns are illustrated in annex J.
9.2.3.2
The amplitudes of the scattered pilots, ASP, depend on the scattered pilot pattern as shown in Table 54.
Table 54: Amplitudes of the scattered pilots
Scattered pilot pattern PP1, PP2 PP3, PP4 PP5, PP6, PP7, PP8 Amplitude (ASP) 4/3 7/4 7/3 Equivalent Boost (dB) 2,5 4,9 7,4
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9.2.3.3
The phases of the scattered pilots are derived from the reference sequence given in clause 9.2.2. The modulation value of the scattered pilots is given by: Re{cm,l,k} = 2 ASP (1/2 -rl,k) Im{ cm,l,k } = 0 where ASP is as defined in clause 9.2.3.2, rl,k is defined in clause 9.2.2, m is the T2-frame index, k is the frequency index of the carriers and l is the time index of the symbols.
9.2.4
In addition to the scattered pilots described above, a number of continual pilots are inserted in every symbol of the frame except for P1 and P2 and the frame closing symbol (if any). The number and location of continual pilots depends on both the FFT size and scattered pilot pattern PP1-PP8 in use (see clause 9.2.3).
9.2.4.1
The continual pilot locations are taken from one or more "CP groups" depending on the FFT mode. Table 55 indicates which CP groups are used in each FFT mode. The pilot locations belonging to each CP group depend on the scattered pilot pattern in use; Table G.1 gives the carrier indices ki,32K for each pilot pattern in the 32K mode. In other FFT modes, the carrier index for each CP is given by k = ki,32K mod Kmod, where Kmod for each FFT size is given in Table 55.
Table 55: Continual Pilot groups used with each FFT size
FFT size 1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 32K CP Groups used CP1 CP1, CP2 CP1, CP2, CP3 CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4 CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5 CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6 Kmod 1 632 1 632 3 264 6 528 13 056 NA
9.2.4.2
In extended carrier mode, extra continual pilots are added to those defined in the previous clause. The carrier indices k for the additional continual pilots are given in Table G.2 (see annex G) for each FFT size and scattered pilot pattern.
9.2.4.3
The continual pilots are transmitted at boosted power levels, where the boosting depends on the FFT size. Table 56 gives the modulation amplitude ACP for each FFT size.
Table 56: Boosting for the continual pilots
FFT size ACP 1K 4/3 2K 4/3 4K (42)/3 8K 8/3 16K 8/3 32K 8/3
When a carrier's location is such that it would be both a continual and scattered pilot, the boosting value for the scattered pilot pattern shall be used (ASP).
9.2.4.4
The phases of the continual pilots are derived from the reference sequence given in clause 9.2.2.
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The modulation value for the continual pilots is given by: Re{cm,l,k} = 2 ACP (1/2 -rl,k) Im{ cm,l,k } = 0. where ACP is as defined in clause 9.2.4.3.
9.2.5
The edge carriers, carriers k=Kmin and k=Kmax, are edge pilots in every symbol except for the P1 and P2 symbol(s). They are inserted in order to allow frequency interpolation up to the edge of the spectrum. The modulation of these cells is exactly the same as for the scattered pilots, as defined in clause 9.2.3.3: Re{cm,l,k} = 2 ASP (1/2 -rl,k) Im{ cm,l,k } = 0.
9.2.6
9.2.6.1
P2 pilot insertion
Locations of the P2 pilots
In 32K SISO mode, cells in the P2 symbol(s) for which k mod 6 = 0 are P2 pilots. In all other modes (including 32K MISO), cells in the P2 symbol(s) for which k mod 3 = 0 are P2 pilots. In extended carrier mode, all cells for which Kmin k < Kmin + Kext and for which Kmax - Kext < k Kmax are also P2 pilots.
9.2.6.2
The pilot cells in the P2 symbol(s) are transmitted at boosted power levels. Table 57 gives the modulation amplitude AP2 for the P2 pilots.
Table 57: Amplitude of P2 pilots
Mode 32K SISO AP2
37 5 31 5
9.2.6.3
The phases of the continual pilots are derived from the reference sequence given in clause 9.2.2. The corresponding modulation is given by: Re{cm,l,k} = 2 AP2 (1/2 - rl,k) Im{cm,l,k} = 0 Where m is the T2-frame index, k is the frequency index of the carriers and l is the symbol index.
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9.2.7
When any of the combinations of FFT size, guard interval and scattered pilot pattern listed in Table 58 (for SISO mode) is used, the last symbol of the frame is a special frame closing symbol (see also clause 8.3.2). Frame closing symbols are always used in MISO mode, except with pilot pattern PP8, when frame closing symbols are never used.
Table 58: Combinations of FFT size, guard interval and pilot pattern for which frame closing symbols are used in SISO mode
Guard interval 1/16 19/256 1/8 19/128 1/4 32K PP4 PP4 PP2 PP2 NA PP4 PP4 PP2 PP2 16K PP1 PP5 PP5 PP3 PP3 PP4 PP4 PP2 PP2 8K PP7 PP1 PP5 PP5 PP3 PP3 PP4 PP2 4K, 2K NA PP7 NA NA PP1 PP5 PP3 PP4 PP2 1K NA NA NA NA PP1 PP5 PP3 NOTE: The entry 'NA' indicates that the corresponding combination of FFT size and guard interval is not allowed. An empty entry indicates that the combination of FFT size and guard interval is allowed, but frame closing symbols are never used. FFT size 1/128 1/32 PP6 PP7 PP6
9.2.7.1
The cells in the frame closing symbol for which k mod DX = 0, except when k = Kmin and k = Kmax, are frame closing pilots, where DX is the value from Table 51 for the scattered pilot pattern in use. With an FFT size of 1K with pilot patterns PP4 and PP5, and with an FFT size of 2K with pilot pattern PP7, carrier Kmax-1 shall be an additional frame closing pilot. NOTE: Cells in the frame closing symbol for which k = Kmin or k = Kmax are edge pilots, see clause 9.2.5.
9.2.7.2
The frame closing pilots are boosted by the same factor as the scattered pilots, ASP.
9.2.7.3
The phases of the continual pilots are derived from the reference sequence given in clause 9.2.2. The corresponding modulation is given by: Re{cm,l,k} = 2 ASP (1/2 - rl,k) Im{cm,l,k} = 0 Where m is the T2-frame index, k is the frequency index of the carriers and l is the time index of the symbols.
9.2.8
In MISO mode, the phases of the scattered, continual, edge and frame-closing pilots are modified in the signal transmitted from any transmitter from transmitters in MISO group 2. The scattered pilots from transmitters in MISO group 2 are inverted compared to MISO group 1 on alternate scattered-pilot-bearing carriers:
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The continual pilots from transmitters in MISO group 2 falling on scattered-pilot-bearing carriers are inverted compared to MISO group 1 on carriers for which the scattered pilots are inverted; continual pilots on non-scattered-pilot-bearing carriers are not inverted:
Im{ cm,l,k } = 0. NOTE: Those cells which would be both a continual and a scattered pilot are treated as scattered pilots as described above and therefore have the amplitude ASP.
The edge pilots from transmitters in MISO group 2 are inverted compared to MISO group 1 on odd-numbered OFDM symbols: Re{cm,l,k} = 2 (-1)l ASP (1/2-rl,k) Im{ cm,l,k } = 0. The P2 pilots from transmitters in MISO group 2 are inverted compared to MISO group 1 on carriers whose indices are odd multiples of three:
k + 1 ki mod 3 = 1, ki S P 2 , ki + 1 S P 2 k= i ki 1 ki mod 3 = 2, ki S P 2 , ki 1 S P 2
and SP2 is the set of reserved tones in the P2 symbol given in Table H.1.
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9.3
Some OFDM cells can be reserved for the purpose of PAPR reduction and they shall be initially set to cm,l,k=0+0j. In P2 symbol(s), the set of carriers corresponding to carrier indices defined in Table H.1 shall be always reserved in normal carrier mode. In extended carrier mode, the reserved carrier indices shall be equal to the values from the table plus Kext. The reserved carrier indices shall not change across the P2 symbol(s), i.e. keep the same positions across the P2 symbol(s). In the data symbols excluding any frame closing symbol, the set of carriers corresponding to carrier indices defined in Table H.2 (see annex H) or their circularly shifted set of carriers shall be reserved depending on OFDM symbol index of the data symbol, when TR is activated by a relevant L1-pre signalling field, 'PAPR'. The amount of shift between two consecutive OFDM symbols shall be determined by the separation of pilot bearing carriers, DX and the number of symbols forming one scattered pilot sequence, DY (See Table 51 in clause 9.2.3.1). In the data symbol corresponding to data symbol index l of a T2-frame, the reserved carrier set, Sl shall be determined as:
ik + DX * (l mod DY ) normal carrier mode K Sl = i S 0 ,0 n < N RT , N P 2 l < N P 2 + Lnormal ik + DX * l + ext mod DY extended carrier mode n DX
where S0 represents the set of reserved carriers corresponding to carrier indices defined in Table H.2 and Lnormal denotes the number of normal symbols in a T2-frame, i.e. not including P1, P2 or any frame closing symbol. When the frame closing symbol is used (see clause 9.2.7), the set of carriers in the frame closing symbol corresponding to the same carrier indices as for the P2 symbol(s), defined in Table H.1, shall be reserved when TR is activated.
9.4
Any cell cm,l,k in the P2 or data symbols which has not been designated as a pilot (see clause 9.2) or as a reserved tone (see clause 9.3) shall carry one of the data cells from the MISO processor, i.e. cm,l,k = em,l,p. The cells em,l,p for symbol l in T2-frame m shall be taken in increasing order of the index p, and assigned to cm,l,k of the symbol in increasing order of the carrier index k for the values of k in the range Kmin k Kmax designated as data cells by the definition above.
9.5
This clause specifies the OFDM structure to use for each transmission mode. The transmitted signal is organized in frames. Each frame has a duration of TF, and consists of LF OFDM symbols. NT2 frames constitute one super-frame. Each symbol is constituted by a set of Ktotal carriers transmitted with a duration TS. It is composed of two parts: a useful part with duration TU and a guard interval with a duration . The guard interval consists of a cyclic continuation of the useful part, TU, and is inserted before it. The allowed combinations of FFT size and guard interval are defined in Table 61. The symbols in an OFDM frame (excluding P1) are numbered from 0 to LF-1. All symbols contain data and reference information. Since the OFDM signal comprises many separately-modulated carriers, each symbol can in turn be considered to be divided into cells, each corresponding to the modulation carried on one carrier during one symbol. The carriers are indexed by k [Kmin; Kmax] and determined by Kmin and Kmax. The spacing between adjacent carriers is 1/TU while the spacing between carriers Kmin and Kmax are determined by (Ktotal-1)/TU. The emitted signal, when neither FEFs nor PAPR reduction are used, is described by the following expression:
LF 1 Kmax 5 j2 fc t s(t) = Re e p1(t mTF ) + 27K cm,l,k m,l,k (t) total l=0 k=Kmin m=0
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Where
j 2 Tk' (t TP1 lTs mTF ) U mTF + TP1 + lTS t mTF + TP1 + (l + 1)TS m,l,k (t ) = e 0 otherwise
and: k l m denotes the carrier number; denotes the OFDM symbol number starting from 0 for the first P2 symbol of the frame; denotes the T2-frame number;
Ktotal is the number of transmitted carriers defined in Table 60; LF TS TU fc k' number of OFDM symbols per frame; is the total symbol duration for all symbols except P1, and TS = TU + ; is the active symbol duration defined in Table 60; is the duration of the guard interval, see clause 9.7; is the central frequency of the RF signal; is the carrier index relative to the centre frequency, k' = k - (Kmax + Kmin) / 2;
cm,l,k is the complex modulation value for carrier k of the OFDM symbol number l in T2-frame number m; TP1 TF p1(t) is the duration of the P1 symbol, given by TP1=2048T, and T is defined below; is the duration of a frame, TF = LF Ts + TP1 ; is the P1 waveform as defined in clause 9.8.2.4.
NOTE 1: The power of the P1 symbol is defined to be essentially the same as the rest of the frame, but since the rest of the frame is normalized based on the number of transmitted carriers, the relative amplitudes of carriers in the P1 compared to the carriers of the normal symbols will vary depending whether or not extended carrier mode is used. NOTE 2: The normalization factor 5/ 27 in the above equation approximately corrects for the average increase in power caused by the boosting of the pilots, and so ensures the power of the P1 symbol is virtually the same as the power of the remaining symbols. The OFDM parameters are summarized in Table 60. The values for the various time-related parameters are given in multiples of the elementary period T and in microseconds. The elementary period T is specified for each bandwidth in Table 59. For 8K, 16K and 32K FFT, an extended carrier mode is also defined.
Table 59: Elementary period as a function of bandwidth
Bandwidth 1,7 MHz 5 MHz 6 MHz 7 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz (see note) Elementary period T 71/131 s 7/40 s 7/48 s 1/8 s 7/64 s 7/80 s NOTE: This configuration is only intended for professional applications and is not expected to be supported by domestic receivers.
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normal carrier mode 853 1 705 3 409 6 817 extended carrier NA NA NA 6 913 13 921 27 841 mode normal carrier mode 0 0 0 0 0 0 Value of carrier number extended carrier Kmin NA NA NA 0 0 0 mode normal carrier mode 852 1 704 3 408 6 816 13 632 27 264 Value of carrier number extended carrier Kmax NA NA NA 6 912 13 920 27 840 mode Number of carriers added on each side in 0 0 0 48 144 288 extended carrier mode Kext (see note 2) Duration TU 1 024T 20 48T 40 96T 81 92T 16 384T 32 768T 112 224 448 896 1 792 3 584 Duration TU s (see note 3) Carrier spacing 1/TU (Hz) 8 929 4 464 2 232 1 116 558 279 (see notes 1 and 2) 7,61 MHz 7,61 MHz 7,61 MHz 7,61 MHz 7,61 MHz 7,61 MHz Spacing between carriers normal carrier mode Kmin and Kmax (Ktotal-1)/TU extended carrier NA NA NA 7,71 MHz 7,77 MHz 7,77 MHz (see note 3) mode NOTE 1: Numerical values in italics are approximate values. NOTE 2: This value is used in the definition of the pilot sequence in both normal and extended carrier mode. NOTE 3: Values for 8 MHz channels.
9.6
PAPR Reduction
Two modifications of the transmitted OFDM signal are allowed in order to decrease PAPR. One or both techniques may be used simultaneously. The use (or lack thereof) of the techniques shall be indicated in L1 signalling (see clause 7.2). The Active Constellation Extension technique is described in clause 9.6.1 and the Tone Reservation Technique is described in clause 9.6.2. Both techniques, when used, are applied to the active portion of each OFDM symbol (except P1), and following this, guard intervals shall be inserted (see clause 9.7). The active constellation extension technique shall not be applied to pilot carriers or reserved tones nor when rotated constellations are used (see clause 6.3). When both techniques are used, the Active Constellation Extension technique shall be applied to the signal first.
9.6.1
The Active Constellation Extension algorithm produces a time domain signal x ACE that replaces the original time domain signal x = x0 , x1 ,L, x N FFT 1 produced by the IFFT from a set of frequency domain values
X = X 0 , X 1 ,L, X N FFT 1 .
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Threshold : Vclip
x
IFFT 4 LPF
x
Clip
+ Xc
xc
FFT 4 LPF
Gain : G
+ +
X c
Saturate
X c
Extendable & Extended & Same sign?
Re yes no Re Im Im
Extension Limit : L
X ACE
Re Im
IFFT
x ACE
The combination of IFFT, oversampling and lowpass filtering is implemented using zero padding and a four times oversized IFFT operator.
x = x0 , x1,L, x4 N FFT 1 is obtained by applying a clipping operator to x .
The combination of lowpass filtering, downsampling and FFT is implemented using a four times oversized FFT operator.
X c is obtained from x c through FFT.
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Re X c, k
} }
Re X c, k if Re X c, k L = if Re X c, k L L L if Re X < L c, k Im X c, k if Im X c, k L if Im X c, k L L = L if Im X < L c, k
{ } { } { }
Im X c, k
{ } { } { }
Re X c, k Re X ACE , k = Re{X } k
if Re{X k } is extendable
{ {
} }
Im X c, k Im X ACE , k = Im{X } k
if Im{X k } is extendable
{ {
} }
A component is defined as extendable if it belongs to a data modulated cell, and if its absolute value is equal to the maximal component value associated to the modulation constellation used for that cell. As an example, a component belonging to a 256 QAM modulated cell is extendable if it value is 15 sqrt (170 ) . The value for the gain G shall be selectable in the range between 0 and 31 in steps of 1. The clipping threshold Vclip shall be selectable in the range between +0 dB and +12,7 dB in 0,1 dB steps above the standard deviation of the original time-domain signal. The maximal extension value L shall be selectable in the range between 0,7 and 1,4 in 0,1 steps. NOTE: If L is set to 0,7 there will be no modification of the original signal. When L is set to its maximum value, the maximal power increase per carrier after extension is obtained for QPSK and bounded to +6 dB.
9.6.2
The reserved carriers described in clause 9.3 shall not carry data nor L1/L2 signalling, but arbitrary complex values to be used for PAPR reduction. The signal power of each reserved carrier shall not exceed 10 times the average power of data carriers.
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9.6.2.1
Signal peaks in the time domain are iteratively cancelled out by a set of impulse-like kernels made using the reserved carriers. A reference kernel signal, is defined as:
p= N FFT IFFT (1TR ) N TR
where NFFT and NTR indicate the FFT size and the number of reserved carriers, respectively. The (NFFT, 1) vector 1TR has NTR elements of ones at the positions corresponding to the reserved carrier indices and has (NFFT - NTR) elements of zeros at the others. IFFT represents the inverse Fast Fourier Transform defined by:
2ik j 1 N 1 X (k ) = IFFT ( x) = x(i) e N N i =0
Denote the vector of peak reduction signal by c, and the vector of time domain data signal by x, then the procedures of the PAPR reduction algorithm are as follows:
Initialization:
The initial values for peak reduction signal are set to zeros:
c( 0 ) = [ 0L 0 ]
T
where c(i) means the vector of the peak reduction signal computed in ith iteration.
Iteration:
1) 2)
i starts from 1. Find the maximum magnitude of (x+ c(i)), yi and the corresponding sample index, mi in the ith iteration.
y = max x + c (i 1) n n i n , (i 1) mi = arg max xn + cn n for n = 0,1,...N FFT 1,
where xn and cn(i) represent the nth element of vector x and c(i), respectively. If yi is less than or equal to a desired clipping magnitude level, Vclip then decrease i by 1 and go to the step 5. 3) Update the vector of peak reduction signal c(i) as:
c( ) = c (
i i 1)
i p ( mi ) , where i =
( xmi + cmii1)
yi
( y V ) ,
i clip
where p(mi) denotes the vector circularly shifted by mi, of which k-th element is 4) 5)
pk ( mi ) = p( k mi ) mod N FFT
If i is less than a maximum allowed number of iterations, increase i by 1and return to step 2. Otherwise, go to step 5. Terminate the iterations. Transmitted signal, x is obtained by adding the peak reduction signal to the data signal:
x = x + c ( i )
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9.7
Seven different guard interval fractions (/Tu) are defined. Table 61 gives the absolute guard interval duration , expressed in multiples of the elementary period T (see clause 9.5) for each combination of FFT size and guard interval fraction. Some combinations of guard interval fraction and FFT size shall not be used and are marked 'NA' in Table 59.
Table 61: Duration of the guard interval in terms of the elementary period T
FFT size 32K 16K 8K 4K 2K 1K 1/128 256T 128T 64T NA NA NA 1/32 1 024T 512T 256T 128T 64T NA Guard interval fraction (/Tu) 1/16 19/256 1/8 19/128 2 048T 2 432T 4 096T 4 864T 1 024T 1 216T 2 048T 2 432T 512T 608T 1 024T 1 216T 256T NA 512T NA 128T NA 256T NA 64T NA 128T NA 1/4 NA 4 096T 2 048T 1 024T 512T 256T
The emitted signal, as described in clause 9.5, includes the insertion of guard intervals when PAPR reduction is not used. If PAPR reduction is used, the guard intervals shall be inserted following PAPR reduction.
9.8
9.8.1
P1 Symbol insertion
P1 Symbol overview
Preamble symbol P1 has four main purposes. First it is used during the initial signal scan for fast recognition of the T2 signal, for which just the detection of the P1 is enough. Construction of the symbol is such that any frequency offsets can be detected directly even if the receiver is tuned to the nominal centre frequency. This saves scanning time as the receiver does not have to test all the possible offsets separately. The second purpose for P1 is to identify the preamble itself as a T2 preamble. The P1 symbol is such that it can be used to distinguish itself from other formats used in the FEF parts coexisting in the same super-frame. The third task is to signal basic TX parameters that are needed to decode the rest of the preamble which can help during the initialization process. The fourth purpose of P1 is to enable the receiver to detect and correct frequency and timing synchronization.
9.8.2
P1 Symbol description
P1 is a 1K OFDM symbol with two 1/2 "guard interval-like" portions added. The total symbol lasts 224 s in 8 MHz system, comprising 112 s, the duration of the useful part 'A' of the symbol plus two modified 'guard-interval' sections 'C' and 'B' of roughly 59 s (542 samples) and 53 s (482 samples), see Figure 49.
BODY P1 P2 BODY
1K Symbol
C A B
fSH
fSH
TP1C = 59s
TP1A = 112 s
TP1B = 53s
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Out of the 853 useful carriers of a 1K symbol, only 384 are used, leaving others set to zero. The used carriers occupy roughly 6,83 MHz band from the middle of the nominal 7,61 MHz signal bandwidth. Design of the symbol is such that even if a maximum offset of 500 kHz is used, most of the used carriers in P1 symbol are still within the 7,61 MHz nominal bandwidth and the symbol can be recovered with the receiver tuned to nominal centre frequency. The first active carrier corresponds to 44, while the last one is 809 (see Figure 50).
4 4 4 2 2 2 5 6 7 Unused Carrier
8 8 8 0 0 0 5 6 7 8 8 0 1 9 0
8 5 2
The scheme in Figure 51 shows how the P1 symbol is generated. Later clauses describe each functional step in detail.
Scrambling
Padding to 1K carriers
IFFT 1K
P1
Signalling to MSS
9.8.2.1
The active carriers are distributed using the following algorithm: out of the 853 carriers of the 1K symbol, the 766 carriers from the middle are considered. From these 766 carriers, only 384 carry pilots; the others are set to zero. In order to identify which of the 766 carriers are active, three complementary sequences are concatenated: the length of the two sequences at the ends is 128, while the sequence in the middle is 512 chips long. The last two bits of the third concatenated sequence are zero, resulting in 766 carriers where 384 of them are active carriers. The resulting carrier distribution is shown in Table 62.
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kP1(320)..kP1(383) CSSS1
9.8.2.2
Active carriers are DBPSK modulated with a modulation pattern. The patterns, described later, encode two signalling fields S1 and S2. Up to 8 values (can encode 3 bits) and 16 values (can encode 4 bits) can be signalled in each field, respectively. Patterns to encode S1 are based on 8 orthogonal sets of 8 complementary sequences of length 8 (total length of each S1 pattern is 64), while patterns to encode S2 are based of 16 orthogonal sets of 16 complementary sequences of length 16 (total length of each S2 pattern is 256). The two main properties of these patterns are: a) The sum of the auto-correlations (SoAC) of all the sequences of the set is equal to a Krnecker delta, multiplied by KN factor, being K the number of the sequences of each set and N the length of each sequence. In the case of S1 K=N=8; in the case of S2, K=N=16. Each set of sequences are mutually uncorrelated (also called "mates").
b)
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S2
The bit sequences CSSS1 =(CSSS1,0 CSSS1,63) and CSSS2=(CSSS2,0 CSSS2,255) for given values of S1 and S2 respectively is obtained by taking the corresponding hexadecimal sequence from left to right and from MSB to LSB, i.e. CSSS1,0 is the MSB of the first hexadecimal digit and CSSS1,63 is the LSB of the last digit of the S1 sequence. The final modulation signal is obtained as follows: 1) The Modulation sequence is obtained by concatenating the two CSSS1 and CSSS2 sequences; the CSSS1 sequence is attached at both sides of the CSSS2:
{MSS _ SEQ0 ..MSS _ SEQ383} = {CSS S1 , CSS S 2 , CSS S1} = {CSS S1, 0 ,..., CSS S1, 63 , CSS S 2,0 , ..., CSS S 2, 255 , CSS S 1,0 ,..., CSS S 1,63 }
2) Then, the sequence is modulated using DBPSK:
MSS _ DIFF = DBPSK ( MSS _ SEQ)
The following rule applies for the differential modulation of element i of the MSS_SEQ:
The differential encoding is started from "dummy" value of +1, i.e. MSS_DIFF-1 = +1 by definition. This bit is not applied to any carrier. 3) A scrambling is applied on the MSS_DIFF by bit-by-bit multiplying by a 384-bit scrambler sequence:
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EXAMPLE:
1247...2E7 B , 1214 7 B8B , 1247...2E 7B} D... 4 MSS _ SEQ = { 14 244 14243 14 244 4 3 4 3 1 = {0,0,0,1,...,1,0,1,1 , 0,0,0,1240,3 , 0,0,0,1,...,1,0,1,1} 4,...,1, 4,1 144 44 144 44 14 2 3 2 3
CSS S 1 CSS S 2 CSS S 1 CSS S 1 CSS S 2 CSS S 1
1 SCR _ SEQ = 2( PRBSi ) 2 = { 1,1,1,1,...,1,1,1,1 , 141,4244441 , 1,1,1,1,...,1,1,1,1} , 1, 1,...,1,1,3 1, 1444 444 1 4 4 2 3 144 2444 4 3
64 256 64
after scrambling:
The scrambled modulation MSS is mapped to the active carriers, MSB first:
c44 = 1, c45 = 1, c47 = 1, c51 = 1,..., c171 = 1 c172 = 1, c173 = 1, c175 = 1,..., c683 = 1 c684 = 1,..., c805 = 1, c806 = 1, c807 = 1, c809 = 1
where ck is the modulation applied to carrier k. The equation for the modulation of the P1 carriers is given in clause 9.8.2.4.
9.8.2.3
Taking into account that in a 1K OFDM symbol only 853 carriers are used, and in P1 there are only 384 active carriers, the boosting applied to the P1 active carriers is a voltage ratio of all Ktotal of the used carriers of a 1K normal symbol.
9.8.2.4
9.8.2.4.1
The useful part 'A' of the P1 signal is generated from the carrier modulation values, according to the following equation:
j 2 1 383 p1 A (t ) = MSS _ SCRi e 384 i=0 kP 1 ( i ) 426 t 1024T
where kp1(i) for i=0,1,, 383 are the indices of the 384 active carriers, in increasing order, as defined in clause 9.8.2.1. MSS_SCRi for i=0,1, , 383 are the modulation values for the active carriers as defined in clause 9.8.2.2, and T is the elementary time period and is defined in Table 59.
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NOTE:
This equation, taken together with the equation in clause 9.5, includes the effect of the boosting described in clause 9.8.2.3, which ensures the power of the P1 symbol is virtually the same as the power of the remaining symbols.
9.8.2.4.2
In order to improve the robustness of the P1, two guard intervals are defined at both sides of the useful part of the symbol. Instead of cyclic continuation like normal OFDM symbols, a frequency shift version of the symbol is used. Thus, denoting P1[C], the first guard interval, P1[A] the main part of the symbol and P1[B] the last guard interval of the symbol, P1[C] carries the frequency shifted version of the first 542T of P1[A], while P1[B] conveys the frequency shifted version of the last 482T of P1[A] (see Figure 49). The frequency shift fSH applied to P1[C] and P1[B] is:
f SH = 1 /(1 024T )
The time-domain baseband waveform p1(t) of the P1 symbol is therefore defined as follows:
2 j t p (t )e 1024T 1A p (t 542T ) p1 (t ) = 1A 2 j t 1 024T p1A (t 1 024T )e 0
10
Spectrum characteristics
The OFDM symbols constitute a juxtaposition of equally-spaced orthogonal carriers. The amplitudes and phases of the data cell carriers are varying symbol by symbol according to the mapping process previously described. The power spectral density Pk' (f) of each carrier at frequency:
fk ' = fc +
is defined by the following expression:
The overall power spectral density of the modulated data cell carriers is the sum of the power spectral densities of all these carriers. A theoretical DVB transmission signal spectrum is illustrated in Figure 52 (for 8 MHz channels). Because the OFDM symbol duration is larger than the inverse of the carrier spacing, the main lobe of the power spectral density of each carrier is narrower than twice the carrier spacing. Therefore the spectral density is not constant within the nominal bandwidth. NOTE 1: This theoretical spectrum takes no account of the variations in power from carrier to carrier caused by the boosting of the pilot carriers.
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Figure 52(a): Theoretical DVB-T2 signal spectrum for guard interval fraction 1/8 (for 8 MHz channels and with extended carrier mode for 8K, 16K and 32K)
Figure 52(b): Detail of theoretical DVB-T2 spectrum for guard interval fraction 1/8 (for 8 MHz channels)
No specific requirements are set in terms of the spectrum characteristics after amplification and filtering, since it is considered to be more appropriately defined by the relevant national or international authority, depending on both the region and the frequency band in which the T2 system is to be deployed. NOTE 2: The use of PAPR reduction techniques described here can significantly help to reduce the level of out-of-band emissions following high power amplification. It is assumed that these techniques are likely to be needed when the extended carrier modes are being used.
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: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
p14302 = p14302 i359 p8507 = p8507 i359 p27471 = p27471 i359 p26819 = p26819 i359
p55 = p55 i360 p7263 = p7263 i360 p4635 = p4635 i360 p2530 = p2530 i360 p3033 = p3033 i360 p23830 = p23830 i360 p3651 = p3651 i360
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
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Annex C (normative): Additional Mode Adaptation tools C.1 Input stream synchronizer
Delays and packet jitter introduced by DVB-T2 modems may depend on the transmitted bit-rate and may change in time during bit and/or code rate switching. The "Input Stream Synchronizer" (see Figure C.1) shall provide a mechanism to regenerate, in the receiver, the clock of the Transport Stream (or packetized Generic Stream) at the modulator Mode Adapter input, in order to guarantee end-to-end constant bit rates and delays (see also Figure I.1, example receiver implementation). Table C.1 gives the details of the coding of the ISSY field generated by the input stream synchronizer. When ISSYI = 1 in MATYPE field (see clause 5.1.7) a counter shall be activated (22 bits), clocked by the modulator sampling rate (frequency Rs=1/T, where T is defined in clause 9.5). The Input Stream SYnchronization field (ISSY, 2 or 3 bytes) shall be transmitted according to clause 5.1.8. ISSY shall be coded according to Table C.1, sending the following variables: ISCR (short: 15 bits; long: 22 bits) (ISCR = Input Stream Time Reference), loaded with the LSBs of the counter content at the instant the relevant input packet is processed (at constant rate RIN), and specifically the instant the MSB of the relevant packet arrives at the modulator input stream interface. In case of continuous streams the content of the counter is loaded when the MSB of the Data Field is processed. BUFS (2+10 bits) (BUFS = maximum size of the requested receiver buffer to compensate delay variations). This variable indicates the size of the receiver buffer assumed by the modulator for the relevant PLP. It shall have a maximum value of 2 Mbit. When a group of data PLPs share a common PLP, the sum of the buffer size for any data PLP in the group plus the buffer size for the common PLP shall not exceed 2 Mbit. BUFSTAT (2+10 bits) This variable is retained for compatibility with DVB-S2 [i.3]. It need not be transmitted in DVB-T2 and may be ignored by a receiver. TTO (7/15 bits mantissa + 5 bits exponent). This provides a mechanism to manage the de-jitter buffer in DVB-T2. The value of TTO is transmitted in a mantissa+exponent form and is calculated from the transmitted fields TTO_M, TTO_L and TTO_E by the formula: TTO=(TTO_M+TTO_L/256)2TTO_E. If ISCRshort is used, TTO_L is not sent and shall equal zero in the above calculation. TTO defines the time, in units of T (see clause 9.5), between the beginning of the P1 symbol of the first T2frame to which the Interleaving Frame carrying the relevant User Packet is mapped, and the time at which the MSB of the User Packet should be output, for a receiver implementing the model defined in clause C.1.1. This value may be used to set the receiver buffer status during reception start-up procedure, and to verify normal functioning in steady state. TTO shall be transmitted at least with the first transmitted UP of an Interleaving Frame for each PLP.
The choice of the parameters of a DVB-T2 system and the use of TTO shall be such that, if a receiver obeys the TTO signalling and implements the model of buffer management defined in clause C.1.1, the receiver's de-jitter buffer and time de-interleaver memory shall neither overflow nor underflow. NOTE: Particular attention should be paid to the frame length, the PLP type, the number of sub-slices per frame, the number of TI-blocks per Interleaving Frame and number of T2-frames to which an Interleaving Frame is mapped, the scheduling of subslices within the frame, the peak bit-rate, and the frequency and duration of FEFs.
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Rs
S Y N C
UP
S Y N C
UP
I S S Y
First Byte bit-6 bit-5 and bit-4 bit-3 and bit-2 bit-1 and bit-0 MSB of next 6 bits of ISCRshort ISCRshort 6 MSBs of ISCRlong 0= ISCRlong 1 00 = BUFS BUFS unit 2 MSBs of BUFS 00 = bits 01 = Kbits 10 = Mbits 11 = 8Kbits 1 10 = BUFSTAT BUFSTAT unit 2 MSBs of BUFSTAT 00 = bits 01 = Kbits 10 = Mbits 11 = BUFS/1 024 1 01 = TTO 4 MSBs of TTO_E
Second Byte bit-7 to bit-0 next 8 bits of ISCRshort next 8 bits of ISCRlong next 8 bits of BUFS
next 8 bits of ISCRlong not present when ISCRshort is used; else reserved for future use next 8 bits of not present BUFSTAT when ISCRshort is used; else reserved for future use Bit 7:LSB of not present TTO_E when ISCRshort Bit 6-Bit0: TTO_M is used; else TTO_L Reserved for future not present use when ISCRshort is used; else reserved for future use
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C.1.1
The following receiver buffer model, illustrated in Figure C.2, shall be assumed. The receiver consists of an RF input, followed by a number of stages of demodulation including the FFT, channel equalization and frequency de-interleaving producing output cells xm,l , p representing estimates of the cells xm,l , p produced by the frame builder (see clause 8.3.2). The equalized cells from the frequency de-interleaver belonging to the selected PLP are then extracted and written into the time de-interleaver (TDI) memory. Cells are later read out of the time de-interleaver and fed to further processing stages including LDPC decoding and extraction of the user packets. Decoded bits are then written into a de-jitter buffer (DJB), which also provides an efficient way of recording the position of deleted null packets. Bits are read out from the buffer according to a read clock and the de-jitter buffer inserts deleted null packets at the output. When the receiver is decoding a data PLP together with its associated common PLP, it shall be assumed that the Time De-interleaver, other processing stages, and de-jitter buffer are duplicated as shown in Figure C.2. NOTE: In this case, although separate time de-interleaving and de-jitter operations are applied to the data PLP and the common PLP, the total memory for the time de-interleaver and the total memory for the de-jitter buffer are shared between the data PLP and the common PLP.
The following assumptions shall be made about the receiver: The receiver will not be required to store the cells from more than two TI-blocks at any one time in its time deinterleaver memory (where the cells from one TI-block are being written into the memory and the cells from the previous TI-block are being read out)
The demodulation stages have no delay, and the cells xm,l , p carried in a particular OFDM symbol 'l' are output from the frequency de-interleaver at a uniform rate and in order of the cell index p during the time (Ts) that the OFDM symbol is being received.
The cells at the output of the demodulation stages belonging to a particular PLP are written immediately into the TDI memory. As soon as all the cells of a TI-block have been written to the TDI memory, the TDI will start to read and output the de-interleaved cells of that block. The TDI will read out cells at a rate of 7,6106 cells/s, as long as cells remain from the TI-block being read, and unless doing so would cause the de-jitter buffer to overflow. If this maximum rate of reading would cause the de-jitter buffer to overflow, the TDI will read out cells as fast as possible without causing the DJB to overflow. The de-jitter buffer will initially discard all input bits until it receives a bit for which a value of TTO is indicated. Subsequent input bits will be written to the de-jitter buffer. Any deleted null packets output from the decoding stages will conceptually be stored in the de-jitter buffer, but will not occupy any memory space. No bits will be output until the time indicated by the value of TTO for the first bit written. The bits will then be read and output from the de-jitter buffer at a constant rate calculated from the received ISCR values, using a read clock generated from a recovered clock perfectly synchronized to the modulator's sampling rate clock. The size of the de-jitter buffer is 2Mbit. When a group of data PLPs share a common PLP, the sum of the buffer size for any one data PLP in the group plus the buffer size for the common PLP shall not exceed 2 Mbit The size of the TDI memory is 219+215 OFDM cells. When a group of data PLPs share a common PLP, the sum of the memory size for time de-interleaving any one data PLP and the memory size for time de-interleaving the common PLP shall not exceed 219+215 OFDM cells - see clause 6.5.2).
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RF input
Demodulation
Other processing
Other processing
The following features of a real receiver need not be taken into account by the modulator and should be considered by receiver implementers when interpreting the TTO values and choosing the exact size of the memory to allocate to the de-jitter buffer: Additional delays incurred in the various processing stages for practical reasons. Error in the regenerated output read-clock frequency and phase. Adjustments made to the read-clock frequency and phase in order to track successive ISCR and TTO values. A possible mechanism for doing this is outlined in annex I. The limited precision of the TTO signalling.
An example receiver scheme to regenerate the output packet stream and the relevant clock R'IN is given in Figure I.1.
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Annex D (normative): Splitting of input MPEG-2 TSs into the data PLPs and common PLP of a group of PLPs D.1 Overview
This annex defines an extension of the DVB-T2 system in the case of MPEG-2 Transport Streams [i.1], which allows the separation of data to be carried in the common PLP for a group of TSs. It includes the processing (demultiplexing) that shall be applied for transporting N (N2) MPEG-2 TSs (TS_1 to TS_N) over N+1 data PLPs (PLP1 to PLPN)), one of which is the common PLP (CPLP) of a group of PLPs, see Figure D.1. If this processing is not applied to a group of Transport Streams, there shall be no common PLP for this group, and each PLP of the group shall carry the input TS without modification. When several groups of PLPs are used to carry TSs, each such group has its own independent extension functionality. This annex also describes the processing that can be carried out by the receiver to reconstruct a single input TS from the received data PLP and its corresponding common PLP.
TS_1 TS_2
TSPS1 (PLP1)
Remux
TSPS2 (PLP2)
Mux
TS_N
Network processing
The extension consists on the network side conceptually of a remultiplexer and on the receiver side of a multiplexer. In-between the remultiplexer and the multiplexer we have the DVB-T2 system, as described in other parts of the present document. The inputs/outputs to the DVB-T2 system are syntactically correct TSs, each with unique transport_stream_ids, containing all relevant layer 2 (L2) signalling information (i.e. PSI/SI - see [i.1] and [i.4]). The various input TSs may have PSI/SI tables, or other L2 data, in common with other input TSs. When the extension is used the generated TSPS (Transport Stream Partial Stream) and TSPSC (Transport Stream Partial Stream Common) streams are however typically not syntactically correct MPEG-2 TSs. NOTE: The parallel TSs may only exist internally in equipment generating the DVB-T2 signal. The parallel TSs may e.g. be generated from a single high bit rate TS source, or may alternatively be generated by centrally-controlled parallel encoders, each producing a constant bit rate TS, with variable proportion of null packets. The bit rates of the input TSs may be significantly higher than the capacity of the respective PLPs, because of the existence of a certain proportion of null packets, which are removed by the DNP procedure.
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An input MPEG-2 TS shall be transported either: in its entirety within a single PLP, in which case the TS does not belong to any group of PLPs (and there is no common PLP); or split into a TSPS stream, carried in a data PLP, and a TSPSC stream, carried in the common PLP. This annex specifies the splitting and describes how the recombination of the output streams from a data PLP and a common PLP can conceptually be achieved by the receiver to form the output TS.
D.2
D.2.1
When a set of N TSs (TS_1, , TS_N, N 2) are sent through a group of N+1 PLPs, one being the common PLP of a group, all TSs shall have the same input bit rate, including null packets. All input TS streams shall also be packet-wise time synchronized. All TSPSs and the TSPSC shall have the same bit rate as the input TSs and maintain the same time synchronization. For the purpose of describing the split operation this is assumed to be instantaneous so that TSPSs and the TSPSC are still co-timed with input TSs after the split. NOTE: The input TSs may contain a certain proportion of null packets. The split operation will introduce further null packets into the TSPSs and the TSPSC. Null packets will however be removed in the modulator and reinserted in the demodulator in a transparent way, so that the DVB-T2 system will be transparent for the TSPSs and the TSPSC, despite null packets not being transmitted. Furthermore, the DNP and ISSY mechanism of the DVB-T2 system will ensure that time synchronization of the TSPSs and the TSPSC at the output of the demodulator is maintained.
When reference is made to TS packets carrying SDT or EIT in the current Annex the intended meaning is TS packets carrying sections carrying SDT or EIT, i.e. the data being carried within the TS packet is not limited to the SDT or EIT itself but includes the full section (i.e. with CRC). For the purpose of specifying the split operation the TS packets that may be transmitted in the common PLP fall into the following three categories: 1) 2) 3) TS packets carrying any other type of data than Service Description Table (SDT) or Event Information Table (EIT), i.e. with PID values not equal to 0x0011 or 0x0012. TS packets carrying Service Description Table (SDT), i.e. with PID value of 0x0011. TS packets carrying Event Information Table (EIT), i.e. with PID value of 0x0012.
For reference to SDT and EIT see [i.4]. Figures D.2 to D.6 below are simplified insofar as they do not show any data packets or null packets in the input TSs. In real input TSs these are of course to be expected. The absence of these packets in the figures does however not in any way affect the general applicability of the splitting/re-combining process, as described in this annex.
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D.2.2
TS packets carrying any other type of content than Service Description Table (SDT) or Event Information Table (EIT), i.e. with PID values not equal to 0x0011 or 0x0012
TS packets that are co-timed and identical on all input TSs of the group before the split may, after the split, appear at the same time positions in the TSPSC and, if so, shall be replaced by null packets in the respective TSPS at the same time positions. The receiver can recreate the input TS when any packets other than null packets, or packets carrying SDT or EIT, appear in the TSPSC, by replacing null packets in the currently received TSPS with the corresponding TS packets in the TSPSC at the same time positions, see Figure D.2.
TSPSC (common PLP) TSPS_3 (data PLP) NIT Common data 2 Common data 3 Common data M
Null packet
Null packet
Null packet
Null packet
Null packet
Output TS_3
NIT
Common data M
Figure D.2: Example of recombination of input TS from TSPS and TSPSC for category 1
D.2.3
Sections with table_id=0x42 (HEX) are referred to as SDT actual TS. Sections with table_id=0x46 (HEX) are referred to as SDT other TS. TS packets with PID=0x0011 and table_id of all carried sections equal to 0x46 (HEX), may be carried in the TSPSC provided the following conditions are fulfilled: 1) 2) At a given time position there is in one input TS a TS packet which is not a null packet. In all the other input TSs of the group there are, at this time position, mutually identical TS packets, not equal to that in condition (1), with PID=0x0011, with the section header table_id field of all carried section headers equal to 0x46 and with the value of the transport_stream_id field in all carried sections equal to the transport_stream_id of the TS in condition (1). Sections with table_id 0x42 and 0x46 are never partly or fully carried in the same TS packet with PID=0x0011.
3)
If these conditions are met, the input TS packets carrying the SDT actual shall not be modified, but copied directly to the corresponding TSPS at the same time position. The input TS packets carrying SDT other may be replaced by null packets in the corresponding TSPS, in which case the TS packets carrying SDT other shall be carried in the TSPSC, as shown in Figure D.3.
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TS 3 column TS_1 TS_2 TS_3 No null packet SDT other SDT other SDT other No null packet SDT other SDT other SDT other No null packet SDT other SDT other SDT other
Figure D.3: Arrangement of SDT other in input TSs and relationship with TSPSC
As a result of the split all TS packets carrying SDT actual are therefore left unmodified in the respective TSPS at the same time position as in the input TS, whereas all TS packets carrying SDT other are found in the TSPSC at the same time position as in the input TS. The receiver can recreate the input TS when SDT other packets appear in the TSPSC, by replacing null packets in the currently received TSPS with the corresponding SDT other packets from the TSPSC at the same time positions. When there is not a co-timed null packet in the TSPS, the receiver shall not modify the TSPS to achieve full transparency. This is shown in Figure D.4.
TSPSC SDT other (TS1) SDT other (TS2) SDT other (TS3) (common PLP) SDT other (TSN)
Null packet
Null packet
No null packet
Null packet
Null packet
No null packet
Figure D.4: Receiver operation to re-combine of TSPS and TSPSC into output TS for SDT
D.2.4
Sections with table_id=0x4E (HEX) are referred to as EIT actual TS, present/following. Sections with table_id=0x4F (HEX) are referred to as EIT other TS, present/following. Sections with table_id=0x50 to 0x5F (HEX) are referred to as EIT actual TS, schedule. Sections with table_id=0x60 to 0x6F (HEX) are referred to as EIT other TS, schedule.
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The operations described in clause D.2.4.1 may be performed when the conditions described in clause D.2.4.2 are fulfilled
D.2.4.2 Conditions
In all input TSs of the group except one there shall, at this time position, be identical TS packets carrying EIT other, with value of the section header transport_stream_id field equal to the transport_stream_id of the remaining input TS. At the same time position there shall be, in the remaining input TS, a TS packet carrying EIT actual, with the value of the section header transport_stream_id field equal to the transport_stream_id of the same input TS. At this time position, the TS packet carrying EIT actual shall be identical to those carrying EIT other, except for the table_id of the carried section and the CRC. The table_ids of co-timed TS packets carrying EIT actual and EIT other shall have the 1-to-1 mapping given in table D.1. Sections with table_id 0x42 and 0x46, or with different transport_stream_id, shall never partly or fully be carried in the same TS packet with PID=0x0012, i.e. a particular TS packet shall always carry either EIT actual or EIT other data referring to a single TS of the group.
Table D.1: Correspondence between table_ids of co-timed EIT actual and EIT other in input TSs
table_id of EIT actual in input TS 0x4E 0x50 0x51 0x52 0x53 0x54 0x55 0x56 0x57 0x58 0x59 0x5A 0x5B 0x5C 0x5D 0x5E 0x5F table_id of co-timed EIT other in input TS 0x4F 0x60 0x61 0x62 0x63 0x64 0x65 0x66 0x67 0x68 0x69 0x6A 0x6B 0x6C 0x6D 0x6E 0x6F
This means that at a particular time position with TS packets carrying EIT all these TSs carry identical TS packets with the exception of section table_id in one TS being set to "actual" rather than "other" and the CRC of the corresponding sections being different for EIT actual and other, see Table D.1 and Figure D.5.
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TS3 column TS_1 TS_2 TS_3 EIT actual EIT other EIT other EIT other EIT actual EIT other EIT other EIT other EIT actual EIT other EIT other EIT other
Figure D.5: Example of arrangement of EIT actual/other in input TSs and relationship with TSPSC
As a result of the split all TS packets carrying EIT actual and EIT other are replaced by null packets in the respective TSPS at the same time position. All TS packets carrying a section or sections with EIT other in the input TSs are copied to the TSPSC at the same time position as in the input TS. The receiver can recreate the input TS when EIT other packets appear in the TSPSC, by replacing null packets in the currently received TSPS with the corresponding EIT other packets from the TSPSC at the same time positions. For TS packets carrying EIT other, with the value of the section header transport_stream_id field equal to the transport_stream_id of the currently decoded TS, the receiver should also modify the table_id from "other" to "actual" and modify the CRC to achieve full TS transparency, see Table D.1 and Figure D.6.
TSPSC (common PLP) EIT other (TS1) EIT other (TS2) EIT other (TS3) EIT other (TSN)
NULL packet
NULL packet
NULL packet
NULL packet repl. + change of table_id & CRC
NULL packet
NULL packet
Output TS_3
Figure D.6: Receiver operation to re-combine of TSPS and TSPSC into output TS for EIT
NOTE:
For TS packets carrying scrambled EIT schedule it may be difficult to perform the above-mentioned modification of table_id from "other" to "actual" and change of CRC. Therefore, in such cases the output TS may contain only EIT other. The information of the EIT actual of the input TS, referring to the currently decoded TS, is however available in the EIT other, referring to the same TS.
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D.3
In view of the key role played by the transport stream as a physical interface in many existing and future receivers it is strongly recommended that at least the core of the merging function as described in this annex is implemented in a channel decoder silicon. In particular this applies to the generic merging function between TSPSC and TSPS to form a transport stream: for category-1 (generic data) as defined in clause D.2.2 illustrated in Figure D.2; for category-2 (SDT) as defined in clause D.2.3 and illustrated in Figure D.4, and for category-3 (EIT) as defined in clause D.2.4 and illustrated in Figure D.6.
It may be possible that the change of table_id and CRC, as defined for category-3 data (to reconstruct EIT_actual from EIT_other) could be handled by software on an MPEG system processor (which avoids that channel decoders would have to implement section level processing). The channel decoder implementations as defined above should ensure correct integration of many existing DVB system hardware and software solutions for DVB with such channel decoders.
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Time-Frequency-Slicing (TFS) is a method where the sub-slices of a PLP are sent over multiple RF frequencies during the T2-frame. Interleaving is thus applied both over time and frequency. Although the present document describes a single profile which does not include TFS, this annex describes those features which would allow a future implementation of TFS, assuming that a receiver has two tuners/front-ends. Receivers with one tuner are not expected to be TFS compatible. It is not required that receivers implement the contents of this annex. The present document includes all elements needed to support the use of TFS. In addition to what is required for single RF-frequency emission, this includes mainly signalling and associated frame structure for Time-Frequency slicing. Thus a full TFS system can be built based on the normative parts of the present document. To fully support TFS, it is expected that a receiver will have to have two tuners to receive a single service. This annex gives the formal rules for building the T2-frame when TFS is used. The basic block diagrams given in Figure 2 broadly apply when TFS is used, but the frame builder and OFDM generation modules are modified to include additional chains so that there is one branch for each of the NRF RF channels of the TFS system, as shown in Figure E.1.
PLP0
PLP1
Sub-slice processor
To OFDM generation
Frequency interleaver Channel 1
PLPn
Frequency interleaver
Channel NRF
L1 Signalling
compensating delay
Assembly of L1 cells
Compensates for frame delay in input module and delay in time interleaver
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MISO processing
IFFT
PAPR reduction
P1 Symbol insertion
To transmitter(s)
MISO processing Pilot insertion & dummy tone reservation IFFT PAPR reduction Guard interval insertion P1 Symbol insertion DAC Channel NRF, Tx1 Channel NRF, Tx2 (optional)
NOTE:
The maximum bit rates mentioned in clause 4.1 also apply in the case of TFS.
E.2
E.2.1
T2-frame structure
Duration and capacity of the T2-frame
The duration of the T2-frame using Time-Frequency slicing (TFS) is calculated with the same formula as with one RF channel: TF = (NP2+Ldata)Ts+TP1, where NP2 is the number of P2 symbols on one RF channel and Ldata is the number of data symbols on one RF channel. The rules for the frame length defined in clause 8.3.1 apply. Also, the number of P2 symbols NP2 is calculated as defined in Table 45. The number of active OFDM carriers in one T2-frame for all RF channels is given by:
E.2.2
When using TFS the T2-frame has a similar structure as with one RF channel, except that the sub-slices of type 2 data PLPs are distributed over all RF channels during one T2-frame. P1 symbols, L1 signalling and common PLPs are repeated simultaneously on each RF channel, as these should always be available while receiving any type 2 data PLP. Each type 1 data PLP only occurs on one RF channel in one T2-frame but different type 1 data PLPs are transmitted on different RF channels. The RF channel for a type 1 PLP may change from frame to frame (inter-frame TFS) or may be the same in every frame (Fixed Frequency) according to the L1 configurable signalling parameter FF_FLAG. The structure of the T2-frame with TFS is depicted in Figure E.2. The number of OFDM cells needed to carry all common PLPs in one T2-frame on one RF channel is denoted by Dcommon. The number of OFDM cells needed to carry all L1 signalling in one T2-frame on one RF channel is denoted by DL1. The number of OFDM cells available for transmission of data PLPs in one T2-frame for all RF channels is given by:
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In a TFS system a T2-frame will start at the same point in time on all RF channels, i.e. in all transmitters. This means that the P1 symbols occur at the same point in time on all RF channels, followed by the P2 symbol(s) and data symbols. The L1-pre and L1-post signalling will be generated, coded and mapped to each channel individually as for the single RF case. The L1-pre signalling will be different on each channel because the CURRENT_RF_IDX and consequently the CRC-32 will both be different. The L1-post signalling will be identical on each RF channel. The addressing scheme for the data cells will be applied to each RF channel individually exactly as for the single RF case.
E.2.3
The type 2 data PLPs will be carried in a total of Nsubslices_total sub-slices across all RF channels; Nsubslices_total is signalled by the configurable L1 signalling parameter NUM_SUB_SLICES. The structure of the TF-sliced part (type 2 data PLPs) of a T2-frame is depicted in Figure E.3. The sub-slices of type 2 data PLPs are shifted in relation to each other on the different RF channels to enable jumping between the RF channels during a T2-frame. If a sub-slice is divided on one RF channel, as in the case of PLP2 on RF3 and PLP4 on RF2, this is still considered to be the same sub-slice for the definition of Nsubslices_total. For example, Nsubslices_total = 6 in Figure E.3. The beginning of the area for type 2 PLPs will be the same OFDM cell address, denoted by A2, on each RF channel.
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Figure E.3(a): The structure of the type 2 part of a T2-frame with NRF = 3 and Nsubslices_total = 6 before folding, showing the sub-slices exceeding the frame
Figure E.3(b): The structure of the type 2 part after folding of the sub-slices
E.2.4
When using Time-Frequency Slicing (TFS) there are more restrictions to frame length to enable enough time for switching between the RF channels. The restrictions apply when the number of RF channels (NRF) is greater than the number of tuners in the receiver. In practical applications the number of tuners is two.. When using two tuners in the receiver, TFS with two RF channels does not require additional limitations to the one RF configuration, as it is not necessary to perform frequency hopping. When NRF > 2 the following restrictions for the T2-frame structure apply: The time between two sub-slices to be received with the same tuner should be guaranteed, both between sub-slices and at the frame edge. The minimum frequency hopping time between sub-slices on different RF channels for a tuner is
2 * S CHE + S tuning , where SCHE is the number of symbols needed for channel estimation and S tuning
is the
number of symbols needed for tuning rounded up to the nearest integer (Figure E.4). The minimum tuning time is 5 ms, so that StuningTS5ms. The values for Stuning
The value for SCHE is dependent on the used pilot pattern. SCHE = DY - 1, where DY is the number of symbols forming one scattered pilot sequence defined in Table 51.
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Figure E.4: Minimum required frequency hopping time between two sub-slices to be received with the same tuner Table E.1: Values for
Stuning
E.2.5
In a TFS system the L1-post dynamic signalling transmitted in P2 will refer to the next T2-frame and the in-band signalling for the current PLP will refer to the next-but-one Interleaving Frame, as depicted in Figure E.5 and described in detail in clauses 7.2.3 and 5.2.3 respectively.
E.2.6
Indexing of RF channels
Each RF channel in a T2 system is allocated an index between 0 and NUM_RF-1. The indexing of the RF channels is signalled in the CURRENT_RF_IDX parameter in the L1-pre signalling (for the current frequency) and the RF_IDX parameter in the configurable part of the L1-post signalling (in the loop for all NRF channels) as described in clauses 7.2.2 and 7.2.3.1 respectively. In TFS mode, the index indicates the order of each frequency within the TFS configuration. The 'next' RF channel will be the one whose index is one greater than the current channel; the 'next' channel after the RF channel whose index is NUM_RF - 1 will be the RF channel with RF_IDX = 0.
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The RF indexing scheme is used for the configurable and PLP-specific parameter FIRST_RF_IDX for the type 1 data PLPs. This parameter indicates on which RF channel the PLP occurs in the first T2-frame of the super-frame to which that PLP is mapped; see clause E.2.7.1. The indexing of the RF channels is also used in the signalling for the type 2 PLPs. The RF channel whose index is equal to the dynamic L1 parameter START_RF_IDX is designated as RFstart, and is the RF channel on which the first subslice for each PLP starts at the address given by the PLP_START parameter. The subslices on the RF channel with the next index are shifted by 1RF_SHIFT, the next by 2RF_SHIFT, etc. as described in clause E.2.7.2.3.
E.2.7
The allocation of sub-slices to the T2-frame is done by the scheduler as in the single-RF case. The scheduler may use any method to perform the allocation and may map the PLPs to the T2-frame in any order, provided: that the locations of the cells of the PLPs are as described by the L1 signalling, interpreted as described in the following clauses, and also; that the requirements for tuner switching time described in clause E.2.4 are met.
FRAME _ IDX FIRST _ FRAME _ IDX + FIRST _ RF _ IDX mod N RF , PLP _ channel = FRAME _ INTERVAL
where FRAME_IDX, FIRST_FRAME_IDX, FRAME_INTERVAL and FIRST_RF_IDX are the corresponding L1-signalling parameters.
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E.2.7.2.1
The scheduler allocates an integer number of LDPC blocks NBLOCKS_IF(i,n) to each Interleaving Frame n, for each PLP i. The number of LDPC blocks allocated is used to inform the frame builder of the size of the sub-slices required within each T2-frame. The slice size Di,2, i.e. the number of OFDM cells required for Type-2 PLP i in each T2-frame to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped, is calculated as:
Di , 2 =
where NBLOCKS_IF(i,n) is the number of LDPC blocks NBLOCKS_IF(n) in the current Interleaving Frame (index n) for PLP i; Nldpc(i) is the LDPC block length and MOD(i) is the number of bits per cell for PLP i. PI(i) is the number of T2-frames to which the Interleaving Frame is mapped, and NBLOCKS_IF(n) was defined in clause 6.5 for the Time Interleaver. As for the single RF case, the value of PI will be chosen such that Di is an integer for all PLPs, and also that PI and Nsubslices_total meet the additional constraints given in clause E.2.7.2.2. EXAMPLE: Figure E.6 depicts the OFDM cells for data PLPs of a T2-frame. In this example, there are five type 2 data PLPs carried in the frame.
The restrictions for capacity allocation for type 2 data PLPs are dependent on Ddata (the total number of data cells available in the T2-frame), the number of data cells used by type 1 data PLPs, the number of data PLPs carried in the T2-frame, and the number of sub-slices Nsubslices_total. The sum of all cells of all type 1 and type 2 data PLPs cannot exceed the number of cells reserved for data PLPs:
i 1
=
M1
Di ,1 +
Di,2 Ddata , i 1
=
M2
1 2 3 4 5
Figure E.6: Capacity allocation of five type 2 data PLPs to one T2-frame
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E.2.7.2.2
The size of each sub-slice is given by Di,2/ Nsubslices_total, where Di,2 is the total number of data cells mapped to the current T2-frame for type 2 data PLP i. Nsubslices_total is the same for all type 2 data PLPs and it is given by: Nsubslices_total = NRF Nsubslices, where NRF is the number of RF channels and Nsubslices is the number of sub-slices per RF channel. Figure E.3 shows an example of sub-slicing for NRF = 3 and Nsubslices = 2. NOTE 1: Because sub-slices can be divided between the beginning and end of the frame as a result of the cyclic rotation, the allocation of data cells to the sub-slices is not as straightforward as in the single-RF case and occurs as a result of the mapping described in clause E.2.7.2.5. The value of Nsubslices_total should be chosen such that: (Ncells) mod (5 PI(i)Nsubslices_total) = 0, for all i. Suitable values for Nsubslices_total are listed in annex K for the case where PI=1. The value of Nsubslices_total is signalled in L1-post signalling field SUB_SLICES_PER_FRAME. NOTE 2: The number of OFDM cells for each PLP, Di,2, may be different but every Di,2 will be a multiple of Nsubslices_total, so that all sub-slices carrying the same PLP have equal size. This is guaranteed provided the above requirement, which is more restrictive, is met. The cell addresses to which each Type 2 PLP is mapped should be determined as follows.
E.2.7.2.3
The dynamic L1 signalling parameter PLP_START indicates the address of the first cell of the first sub-slice in RFstart. RFstart is the RF channel whose index CURRENT_RF_IDX is equal to the dynamic L1 signalling parameter START_RF_IDX, and is the channel on which the sub-slices are not shifted or folded. The RF channel that is referred to as RFstart may change between T2-frames. The locations of the other sub-slices of each PLP are calculated in the receiver based on the first sub-slice of RFstart. If there is more than one sub-slice per RF channel per T2-frame, then the addresses of the first cells of the successive sub-slices on RFstart should be spaced by SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL as for the single RF case. The cells of each sub-slice of each PLP will be mapped one after the other into the T2-frame on RFstart as described in clause 8.3.6.3.2 for the single RF case. NOTE: With the mapping described, SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL will be equal to
M2
, where
DType 2 = Di , 2 is the number of OFDM cells on all RF channels carrying type 2 PLPs; and
i =1
Nsubslices_total is the number of sub-slices per T2-frame across all RF channels. A receiver cannot assume that SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL can be calculated as described in the note above, but instead should use the signalled value (see clause 7.2.3.2). The address of the first and last cell for the sub-slice j on RFstart of a type 2 data PLP are therefore given by:
for j=0, 1, , Nsubslices-1. Here Nsubslices_total = SUB_SLICES_PER_FRAME and Ncells is the number of OFDM cells in an LDPC block as given in Table 16 and PI is the number of T2-frames to which an Interleaving Frame is mapped. PLP_START, SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL, and PLP_NUM_BLOCKS are the L1 signalling parameters defined in clause 7.2.3.2. The sub-slice allocation consists of all of the cells in this range.
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E.2.7.2.4
The sub-slice allocations on each of the other RF channels are shifted by RF_shift cells with respect to the corresponding allocations on the previous RF channel. The shift is performed cyclically, i.e. addresses exceeding the range of (Dtype2/NRF) addresses allocated to the Type 2 PLPs will be "folded back" to the beginning of the Type 2 region. RF_shift is not signalled directly but can be determined by:
RF _ shift =
where SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL is the L1-signalling parameter. Therefore, for each address A0 allocated to a particular PLP on RFstart, the corresponding address An should be allocated to the same PLP on the RF channel whose index is [(START_RF_IDX+n) mod NRF], for each n, 0 < n < NRF, where: An=ASTART2+[(A0-ASTART2+nRF_shift) mod Dtype2/NRF], and ASTART2 is the address of the start of the Type 2 region. The value of Dtype2 itself is equal to NUM_RF SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL. The value of ASTART2 is signalled by the dynamic L1 signalling parameter TYPE_2_START. Figure E.7 illustrates the sub-slice locations before the folding has been applied, and Figure E.8 illustrates the allocations after the folding. For simplicity, START_RF_IDX=0 in the Figure so that RF 0 is RFstart.
RF _ shift =
DType 2 N RF N subslices
2
where NRF is the number of RF channels, Nsubslices is the number of sub-slices in one RF channel, and DType2 is the number of cells allocated to Type 2 data PLPs in one T2-frame across all RF channels as defined above.
144
TM3980r7
A receiver should not assume that RF_shift can be calculated as described in note 1 but instead should calculate RF_shift from the signalling fields SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL and NUM_RF. NOTE 2: Both SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL and RF_SHIFT will be integer numbers as a result of the constraint specified in clause E.2.7.2.2.
E.2.7.2.5
The data cells from the time interleaver will be mapped to the cells allocated to the sub-slices in order of increasing cell address irrespective of the RF index on which the cells are mapped. The data will be written first to the sub-slice or part of a sub-slice that occurs first in the T2-frame. This means that the receiver will start filling the time deinterleaver starting from the first row. The writing order is illustrated in Figure E.9 for data PLP 4, which has a divided sub-slice on RF2. The maximum number of FEC blocks PLP_NUM_BLOCKS_MAX which can be allocated by the scheduler to one PLP in one Interleaving Frame will be such that the number of cells Di,2 for one Type-2 PLP in one T2-frame does not exceed Dtype2/NRF. Consequently the same cell address will not be mapped to the same PLP on more than one RF channel in the same T2-frame.
E.2.8
Following the type 2 PLPs, the auxiliary streams (if any) and dummy cells will be added on each RF channel as described in clauses 8.3.7 and 8.3.8. Taken together, the data PLPs of both types, auxiliary streams and dummy cells will exactly fill the available capacity of the T2-frame on each RF channel.
145
TM3980r7
with n 1 : and:
g i {0,1} , i = 1.....n 1
The CRC calculation may be performed by means of a shift register containing n register stages, equivalent to the degree of the polynomial (see Figure F.1). The stages are denoted by b0... bn-1, where b0 corresponds to 1, b1 to x, b2 to x2,..., bn-1 to xn-1. The shift register is tapped by inserting XORs at the input of those stages, where the corresponding coefficients gi of the polynomial are '1'.
Data Input
g1
g2
g n-2
g n-1
LSb
b0
b1
bn-2
bn-1
MSb
At the beginning of the CRC-8 calculation (used for GFPS and TS, NM only and BBHEADER), all register stage contents are initialized to zeros. At the beginning of the CRC-32 calculation (used for the L1-pre and L1-post signalling), all register stage contents are initialized to ones. After applying the first bit of the data block (MSB first) to the input, the shift clock causes the register to shift its content by one stage towards the MSB stage (bn-1), while loading the tapped stages with the result of the appropriate XOR operations. The procedure is then repeated for each data bit. Following the shift after applying the last bit (LSB) of the data block to the input, the shift register contains the CRC word which is then read out. Data and CRC word are transmitted with MSB first. The CRC codes used in the DVB-T2 system are based on the following polynomials:
G8 ( x ) = x8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + 1
The assignment of the polynomials to the respective applications is given in each clause. NOTE: The CRC-32 coder defined in this annex is identical to the implicit encoder defined in [i.4].
146
TM3980r7
CP2 [2K-32K]
1022 1224 1302 1371 1495 2261 2551 2583 2649 2833 2925 3192 4266 5395 5710 5881 8164 10568 11069 11560 12631 12946 13954 16745 21494
1022 1092 1369 1416 1446 1495 2598 2833 2928 3144 4410 4800 5710 5881 6018 6126 10568 11515 12946 13954 15559 16681
601 1022 1092 1164 1369 1392 1452 1495 2261 2580 2833 3072 4320 4452 5710 5881 6048 10568 11515 12946 13954 15559 16681
852 1022 1495 2508 2551 2604 2664 2736 2833 3120 4248 4512 4836 5710 5940 6108 8164 10568 11069 11560 12946 13954 21494
CP3 [4K-32K]
2261 8164
13954
8164
116 430 518 601 646 1022 1296 1368 1369 1495 2833 3024 4416 4608 4776 5710 5881 6168 7013 8164 10568 10709 11515 12946 15559 23239 24934 25879 26308 26674 456 480 2261 6072 17500
147 Group CP4 [8K-32K] PP1 PP2 10709 19930 PP3 PP4 10709 19930 PP5 12631 PP6 PP7 1008 6120 13954
TM3980r7 PP8 116 132 180 430 518 601 646 1022 1266 1369 1495 2261 2490 2551 2712 2833 3372 3438 4086 4098 4368 4572 4614 4746 4830 4968 5395 5710 5881 7649 8164 10568 11069 11560 12631 12946 13954 15760 16612 16745 17500 19078 19930 21494 22867 25879 26308
148
TM3980r7
PP1 1369 7013 7215 7284 7649 7818 8025 8382 8733 8880 9249 9432 9771 10107 10110 10398 10659 10709 10785 10872 11115 11373 11515 11649 11652 12594 12627 12822 12984 15760 16612 17500 18358 19078 19930 20261 20422 22124 22867 23239 24934 25879 26308 26674
PP2 6744 7013 7020 7122 7308 7649 7674 7752 7764 8154 8190 8856 8922 9504 9702 9882 9924 10032 10092 10266 10302 10494 10530 10716 11016 11076 11160 11286 11436 11586 12582 13002 17500 18358 19078 22124 23239 24073 24934 25879 26308
PP3 1369 5395 5881 6564 6684 7013 7649 8376 8544 8718 8856 9024 9132 9498 9774 9840 10302 10512 10566 10770 10914 11340 11418 11730 11742 12180 12276 12474 12486 15760 16612 17500 18358 19078 19930 20261 20422 22124 22867 23239 24934 25879 26308 26674
PP4 6612 6708 7013 7068 7164 7224 7308 7464 7649 7656 7716 7752 7812 7860 8568 8808 8880 9072 9228 9516 9696 9996 10560 10608 10728 11148 11232 11244 11496 11520 11664 11676 11724 11916 17500 18358 19078 21284 22124 23239 24073 24934 25879 26308
PP5 1369 2261 5395 5881 6552 6636 6744 6900 7032 7296 7344 7464 7644 7649 7668 7956 8124 8244 8904 8940 8976 9216 9672 9780 10224 10332 10709 10776 10944 11100 11292 11364 11496 11532 11904 12228 12372 12816 15760 16612 17500 19078 22867 25879
PP6 116 384 408 518 601 646 672 960 1022 1272 1344 1369 1495 1800 2040 2261 2833 3192 3240 3768 3864 3984 4104 4632 4728 4752 4944 5184 5232 5256 5376 5592 5616 5710 5808 5881 6360 6792 6960 7013 7272 7344 7392 7536 7649 7680 7800 8064 8160 8164 8184 8400 8808 8832 9144 9648 9696 9912 10008 10200 10488 10568 10656 10709 11088 11160 11515 11592 12048 12264 12288 12312 12552 12672 12946 13954 15559 16681 17500 19078 20422 21284 22124 23239 24934 25879 26308 26674
PP7 6984 7032 7056 7080 7152 7320 7392 7536 7649 7704 7728 7752 8088 8952 9240 9288 9312 9480 9504 9840 9960 10320 10368 10728 10752 11448 11640 11688 11808 12192 12240 12480 12816 16681 22124
PP8 6720 6954 7013 7026 7092 7512 7536 7596 7746 7758 7818 7986 8160 8628 9054 9096 9852 9924 10146 10254 10428 10704 11418 11436 11496 11550 11766 11862 12006 12132 12216 12486 12762 18358 20261 20422 22124 23239 24934
149 Group CP6 [32K only] PP1 PP2 13164 13206 13476 13530 13536 13764 13848 13938 13968 14028 14190 14316 14526 14556 14562 14658 14910 14946 15048 15186 15252 15468 15540 15576 15630 15738 15840 16350 16572 16806 17028 17064 17250 17472 17784 17838 18180 18246 18480 18900 18960 19254 19482 19638 19680 20082 20310 20422 20454 20682 20874 21240 21284 21444 21450 21522 21594 21648 21696 21738 22416 22824 23016 23124 23196 23238 PP3 PP4 13080 13152 13260 13380 13428 13572 13884 13956 14004 14016 14088 14232 14304 14532 14568 14760 14940 15168 15288 15612 15684 15888 16236 16320 16428 16680 16812 16908 17184 17472 17508 17580 17892 17988 18000 18336 18480 18516 19020 19176 19188 19320 19776 19848 20112 20124 20184 20388 20532 20556 20676 20772 21156 21240 21276 21336 21384 21816 21888 22068 22092 22512 22680 22740 22800 22836 PP5 PP6 13080 13368 13464 13536 13656 13728 13824 14112 14232 14448 14472 14712 14808 14952 15000 15336 15360 15408 15600 15624 15648 16128 16296 16320 16416 16536 16632 16824 16848 17184 17208 17280 17352 17520 17664 17736 17784 18048 18768 18816 18840 19296 19392 19584 19728 19752 19776 20136 20184 20208 20256 21096 21216 21360 21408 21744 21768 22200 22224 22320 22344 22416 22848 22968 23016 23040 PP7 13416 13440 13536 13608 13704 13752 14016 14040 14112 14208 14304 14376 14448 14616 14712 14760 14832 14976 15096 15312 15336 15552 15816 15984 16224 16464 16560 17088 17136 17256 17352 17400 17448 17544 17928 18048 18336 18456 18576 18864 19032 19078 19104 19320 19344 19416 19488 19920 19930 19992 20424 20664 20808 21168 21284 21360 21456 21816 22128 22200 22584 22608 22824 22848 22944 22992
TM3980r7 PP8 10709 11515 13254 13440 13614 13818 14166 14274 14304 14364 14586 14664 15030 15300 15468 15474 15559 15732 15774 16272 16302 16428 16500 16662 16681 16872 17112 17208 17862 18036 18282 18342 18396 18420 18426 18732 19050 19296 19434 19602 19668 19686 19728 19938 20034 21042 21120 21168 21258 21284 21528 21594 21678 21930 21936 21990 22290 22632 22788 23052 23358 23448 23454 23706 23772 24048
150 Group CP6 [32K only] continued PP1 PP2 23316 23418 23922 23940 24090 24168 24222 24324 24342 24378 24384 24540 24744 24894 24990 25002 25194 25218 25260 25566 26674 26944 PP3 PP4 22884 23304 23496 23568 23640 24120 24168 24420 24444 24456 24492 24708 24864 25332 25536 25764 25992 26004 26674 26944 PP5 PP6 23496 23688 23904 24048 24168 24360 24408 24984 25152 25176 25224 25272 25344 25416 25488 25512 25536 25656 25680 25752 25992 26016 PP7 23016 23064 23424 23448 23472 23592 24192 24312 24360 24504 24552 24624 24648 24672 24768 24792 25080 25176 25224 25320 25344 25584 25680 25824 26064 26944
TM3980r7 PP8 24072 24073 24222 24384 24402 24444 24462 24600 24738 24804 24840 24918 24996 25038 25164 25314 25380 25470 25974 26076 26674 26753 26944
16K
32K
13636 13790
13636 13790 NA
27268 27688
151
TM3980r7
4K (36)
8K (72)
16K (144)
32K (288)
116, 130, 134, 157, 182, 256, 346, 478, 479, 532 113, 124, 262, 467, 479, 727, 803, 862, 910, 946, 980, 1201, 1322, 1342, 1396, 1397, 1562, 1565 104, 116, 119, 163, 170, 173, 664, 886, 1064, 1151, 1196, 1264, 1531, 1736, 1951, 1960, 2069, 2098, 2311, 2366, 2473, 2552, 2584, 2585, 2645, 2774, 2846, 2882, 3004, 3034, 3107, 3127, 3148, 3191, 3283, 3289 106, 109, 110, 112, 115, 118, 133, 142, 163, 184, 206, 247, 445, 461, 503, 565, 602, 656, 766, 800, 922, 1094, 1108, 1199, 1258, 1726, 1793, 1939, 2128, 2714, 3185, 3365, 3541, 3655, 3770, 3863, 4066, 4190, 4282, 4565, 4628, 4727, 4882, 4885, 5143, 5192, 5210, 5257, 5261, 5459, 5651, 5809, 5830, 5986, 6020, 6076, 6253, 6269, 6410, 6436, 6467, 6475, 6509, 6556, 6611, 6674, 6685, 6689, 6691, 6695, 6698, 6701 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 125, 128, 131, 134, 137, 140, 143, 161, 223, 230, 398, 482, 497, 733, 809, 850, 922, 962, 1196, 1256, 1262, 1559, 1691, 1801, 1819, 1937, 2005, 2095, 2308, 2383, 2408, 2425, 2428, 2479, 2579, 2893, 2902, 3086, 3554, 4085, 4127, 4139, 4151, 4163, 4373, 4400, 4576, 4609, 4952, 4961, 5444, 5756, 5800, 6094, 6208, 6658, 6673, 6799, 7208, 7682, 8101, 8135, 8230, 8692, 8788, 8933, 9323, 9449, 9478, 9868, 10192, 10261, 10430, 10630, 10685, 10828, 10915, 10930, 10942, 11053, 11185, 11324, 11369, 11468, 11507, 11542, 11561, 11794, 11912, 11974, 11978, 12085, 12179, 12193, 12269, 12311, 12758, 12767, 12866, 12938, 12962, 12971, 13099, 13102, 13105, 13120, 13150, 13280, 13282, 13309, 13312, 13321, 13381, 13402, 13448, 13456, 13462, 13463, 13466, 13478, 13492, 13495, 13498, 13501, 13502, 13504, 13507, 13510, 13513, 13514, 13516 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 121, 124, 127, 130, 133, 136, 139, 142, 145, 148, 151, 154, 157, 160, 163, 166, 169, 172, 175, 178, 181, 184, 187, 190, 193, 196, 199, 202, 205, 208, 211, 404, 452, 455, 467, 509, 539, 568, 650, 749, 1001, 1087, 1286, 1637, 1823, 1835, 1841, 1889, 1898, 1901, 2111, 2225, 2252, 2279, 2309, 2315, 2428, 2452, 2497, 2519, 3109, 3154, 3160, 3170, 3193, 3214, 3298, 3331, 3346, 3388, 3397, 3404, 3416, 3466, 3491, 3500, 3572, 4181, 4411, 4594, 4970, 5042, 5069, 5081, 5086, 5095, 5104, 5320, 5465, 5491, 6193, 6541, 6778, 6853, 6928, 6934, 7030, 7198, 7351, 7712, 7826, 7922, 8194, 8347, 8350, 8435, 8518, 8671, 8861, 8887, 9199, 9980, 10031, 10240, 10519, 10537, 10573, 10589, 11078, 11278, 11324, 11489, 11642, 12034, 12107, 12184, 12295, 12635, 12643, 12941, 12995, 13001, 13133, 13172, 13246, 13514, 13522, 13939, 14362, 14720, 14926, 15338, 15524, 15565, 15662, 15775, 16358, 16613, 16688, 16760, 17003, 17267, 17596, 17705, 18157, 18272, 18715, 18994, 19249, 19348, 20221, 20855, 21400, 21412, 21418, 21430, 21478, 21559, 21983, 21986, 22331, 22367, 22370, 22402, 22447, 22535, 22567, 22571, 22660, 22780, 22802, 22844, 22888, 22907, 23021, 23057, 23086, 23213, 23240, 23263, 23333, 23369, 23453, 23594, 24143, 24176, 24319, 24325, 24565, 24587, 24641, 24965, 25067, 25094, 25142, 25331, 25379, 25465, 25553, 25589, 25594, 25655, 25664, 25807, 25823, 25873, 25925, 25948, 26002, 26008, 26102, 26138, 26141, 26377, 26468, 26498, 26510, 26512, 26578, 26579, 26588, 26594, 26597, 26608, 26627, 26642, 26767, 26776, 26800, 26876, 26882, 26900, 26917, 26927, 26951, 26957, 26960, 26974, 26986, 27010, 27013, 27038, 27044, 27053, 27059, 27061, 27074, 27076, 27083, 27086, 27092, 27094, 27098, 27103, 27110, 27115, 27118, 27119, 27125, 27128, 27130, 27133, 27134, 27140, 27143, 27145, 27146, 27148, 27149
152
TM3980r7
4K (36)
8K (72)
16K (144)
32K (288)
109, 117, 122, 129, 139, 321, 350, 403, 459, 465 250, 404, 638, 677, 700, 712, 755, 952, 1125, 1145, 1190, 1276, 1325, 1335, 1406, 1431, 1472, 1481 170, 219, 405, 501, 597, 654, 661, 745, 995, 1025, 1319, 1361, 1394, 1623, 1658, 1913, 1961, 1971, 2106, 2117, 2222, 2228, 2246, 2254, 2361, 2468, 2469, 2482, 2637, 2679, 2708, 2825, 2915, 2996, 3033, 3119 111, 115, 123, 215, 229, 392, 613, 658, 831, 842, 997, 1503, 1626, 1916, 1924, 1961, 2233, 2246, 2302, 2331, 2778, 2822, 2913, 2927, 2963, 2994, 3087, 3162, 3226, 3270, 3503, 3585, 3711, 3738, 3874, 3902, 4013, 4017, 4186, 4253, 4292, 4339, 4412, 4453, 4669, 4910, 5015, 5030, 5061, 5170, 5263, 5313, 5360, 5384, 5394, 5493, 5550, 5847, 5901, 5999, 6020, 6165, 6174, 6227, 6245, 6314, 6316, 6327, 6503, 6507, 6545, 6565 109, 122, 139, 171, 213, 214, 251, 585, 763, 1012, 1021, 1077, 1148, 1472, 1792, 1883, 1889, 1895, 1900, 2013, 2311, 2582, 2860, 2980, 3011, 3099, 3143, 3171, 3197, 3243, 3257, 3270, 3315, 3436, 3470, 3582, 3681, 3712, 3767, 3802, 3979, 4045, 4112, 4197, 4409, 4462, 4756, 5003, 5007, 5036, 5246, 5483, 5535, 5584, 5787, 5789, 6047, 6349, 6392, 6498, 6526, 6542, 6591, 6680, 6688, 6785, 6860, 7134, 7286, 7387, 7415, 7417, 7505, 7526, 7541, 7551, 7556, 7747, 7814, 7861, 7880, 8045, 8179, 8374, 8451, 8514, 8684, 8698, 8804, 8924, 9027, 9113, 9211, 9330, 9479, 9482, 9487, 9619, 9829, 10326, 10394, 10407, 10450, 10528, 10671, 10746, 10774, 10799, 10801, 10912, 11113, 11128, 11205, 11379, 11459, 11468, 11658, 11776, 11791, 11953, 11959, 12021, 12028, 12135, 12233, 12407, 12441, 12448, 12470, 12501, 12548, 12642, 12679, 12770, 12788, 12899, 12923, 12939, 13050, 13103, 13147, 13256, 13339, 13409 164, 320, 350, 521, 527, 578, 590, 619, 635, 651, 662, 664, 676, 691, 723, 940, 1280, 1326, 1509, 1520, 1638, 1682, 1805, 1833, 1861, 1891, 1900, 1902, 1949, 1967, 1978, 1998, 2006, 2087, 2134, 2165, 2212, 2427, 2475, 2555, 2874, 3067, 3091, 3101, 3146, 3188, 3322, 3353, 3383, 3503, 3523, 3654, 3856, 4150, 4158, 4159, 4174, 4206, 4318, 4417, 4629, 4631, 4875, 5104, 5106, 5111, 5131, 5145, 5146, 5177, 5181, 5246, 5269, 5458, 5474, 5500, 5509, 5579, 5810, 5823, 6058, 6066, 6098, 6411, 6741, 6775, 6932, 7103, 7258, 7303, 7413, 7586, 7591, 7634, 7636, 7655, 7671, 7675, 7756, 7760, 7826, 7931, 7937, 7951, 8017, 8061, 8071, 8117, 8317, 8321, 8353, 8806, 9010, 9237, 9427, 9453, 9469, 9525, 9558, 9574, 9584, 9820, 9973, 10011, 10043, 10064, 10066, 10081, 10136, 10193, 10249, 10511, 10537, 11083, 11350, 11369, 11428, 11622, 11720, 11924, 11974, 11979, 12944, 12945, 13009, 13070, 13110, 13257, 13364, 13370, 13449, 13503, 13514, 13520, 13583, 13593, 13708, 13925, 14192, 14228, 14235, 14279, 14284, 14370, 14393, 14407, 14422, 14471, 14494, 14536, 14617, 14829, 14915, 15094, 15138, 15155, 15170, 15260, 15283, 15435, 15594, 15634, 15810, 16178, 16192, 16196, 16297, 16366, 16498, 16501, 16861, 16966, 17039, 17057, 17240, 17523, 17767, 18094, 18130, 18218, 18344, 18374, 18657, 18679, 18746, 18772, 18779, 18786, 18874, 18884, 18955, 19143, 19497, 19534, 19679, 19729, 19738, 19751, 19910, 19913, 20144, 20188, 20194, 20359, 20490, 20500, 20555, 20594, 20633, 20656, 21099, 21115, 21597, 22139, 22208, 22244, 22530, 22547, 22562, 22567, 22696, 22757, 22798, 22854, 22877, 23068, 23102, 23141, 23154, 23170, 23202, 23368, 23864, 24057, 24215, 24219, 24257, 24271, 24325, 24447, 25137, 25590, 25702, 25706, 25744, 25763, 25811, 25842, 25853, 25954, 26079, 26158, 26285, 26346, 26488, 26598, 26812, 26845, 26852, 26869, 26898, 26909, 26927, 26931, 26946, 26975, 26991, 27039
153
TM3980r7
Annex I (informative): Transport Stream regeneration and clock recovery using ISCR
When the modulator operates in a mode that employs null-packet deletion, the receiver may regenerate the Transport Stream by inserting, before each useful packet, DNP in the reception FIFO buffer. As shown in Figure I.1, the Transport Stream clock R'IN may be recovered by means of a Phase Locked Loop (PLL). The recovered modulator sampling rate Rs may be used to clock a local counter (which by definition runs synchronously with the input stream synchronization counter of Figure C.1). The PLL compares the local counter content with the transmitted ISCR of each TS packet, and the phase difference may be used to adjust the R'IN clock. In this way R'IN remains constant, and the reception FIFO buffer automatically compensates the chain delay variations. Since the reception FIFO buffer is not self-balancing, the TTO and the BUFS information may be used to set its initial state. As an alternative, when dynamic variations of the end-to-end delay and bit-rate may be acceptable by the source decoders, the receiver buffer filling condition may be used to drive the PLL. In this case the reception buffer is self-balancing (in steady state half of cells are filled), and the ISSY field may be omitted at the transmitting side.
Rs Local Counter
Write TS packets
FIFO BUFFER
Read TS packets
Figure I.1: Example receiver block diagram for Null-packet re-insertion and RTS clock recovery
154
TM3980r7
155
TM3980r7
156
TM3980r7
157
TM3980r7
158
TM3980r7
159
TM3980r7
160
TM3980r7
3456
3408
k (physical carrier)
0 symbol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 w0 w1
w48 w49
3456
3408
k (physical carrier)
0 symbol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k (logical carrier)
P2
w48 w49
Frequency P2 Pilot Edge Pilot: always k=0 and k=Kmax Scattered Pilot: same k values in given symbol (data symbols only)
Figure J.17: Example of pilot and TR cells at the edge of the spectrum in extended and normal carrier mode (8K PP7)
161
TM3980r7
2811
2760
k (physical carrier)
w696 w697
648
P2
w696 w697
P2 Pilot
Figure J.18: Example of pilot and TR cells in extended and normal carrier mode (8K PP7)
162
TM3980r7
Constellation
QPSK
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
16-QAM
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
64-QAM
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
256-QAM
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Constellation
QPSK
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
16-QAM
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
64-QAM
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
256-QAM
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
163
TM3980r7
Table K.2: List of values for number of sub-slices which may be used with any combination of PLPs (short or long FEC blocks)
1 3 5 9 15 27 45 135
Table K.3: List of values for number of sub-slices which may be used with any combination of PLPs (long FEC blocks only)
1 12 54 2 15 60 3 18 90 4 20 108 5 27 135 6 30 180 9 36 270 10 45 540
164
TM3980r7
165
TM3980r7
History
Document history
V1.1.1 October 2008 Public Enquiry PE 20090227: 2008-10-30 to 2009-02-27