NOTES

ON
I
NTRODUCTION
TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH(JCHi88)
FOR

CHAPLAI
NCYCOLLEGEOFHEALTH
TECHNOLOGY

1
COURSETI
TLE:I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOENVI
RONMENTALHEALTH
COURSCODE:JCH118
DURATI
ON:30hr
s
UNI
T2.
0
GOAL:Acqui
ret
heknowl
edgeandSki
l
lsneededt
ohel
pthecommuni
typr
ovi
deadequat
e
suppl
yofpot
abl
ewat
erandbasi
csani
tat
ion.
GENERALOBJECTI
VES:OnCompl
eti
onofThi
sCour
se,
theSt
udentShoul
d;

I
.Underst
andtheConceptofEnvi
ronment
alHeal
th.
2KnowHowt
oCol
l
abor
atewi
thRel
evant
Agenci
esinTheProvi
sionofSaf
eandAdequateWater

Suppl
y.3KnowHowt
oCol
l
abor
atewi
thRel
evantAgenci
esi
nTheExecut
ionofBasi
cSani
tat
ion
Progr
amme

THECONCEPTSOFENVI
RONMENTANDENVI
RONMENTALHEALTH

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Env
ironment
alheal
thaddr
essesal
lthephy
sical
,chemi
cal
,andbi
ologi
cal
fact
ors

exter
nalt
oaper son,
andall
t her
elat
edfact
orsi
mpacti
ngbehaviour
s.Itencompassest
he
assessmentandcontrol
ofthoseenvi
ronment
alf
act
orsthatcanpotenti
all
yaff
ectheal
th.I
tis
tar
getedtowar
ds

prev
enti
ngdiseaseandcreati
ngheal
th-
support
iveenv
ironment
s.Thi
sdefi
nit
ionexcl
udes
behavi
ournotrel
atedtoenvi
ronment
,aswellasbehavi
ourrel
atedt
othesoci
alandcult
ural
envi
ronment,andgeneti
cs.
Env
ironment
:
I
,ref
erst
othesur
roundi
ngsorc0ndi
ti
onsi
nwhi
chaper
son,
ani
mal
,orpl
antl
i
vesoroper
ates.
i
i.Thenat
uralwor
ld,
asawhol
eori
napar
ti
cul
argeogr
aphi
cal
area,
especi
all
yasaf
fect
edby
humanacti
vit
y
i
ii
.Thesum t
otalofal
lsur
roundi
ngsofali
vi
ngorgani
sm,incl
udi
ngnat
ural
forcesandother
l
ivi
ng_thi
ngs,whichpr
ovi
decondit
ionsf
ordev
elopmentandgrowt
haswellasofdangerand
damage.

2
i
v .Thetot
alit
yofcir
cumstancessur roundi
nganor gani
sm orgroupoforganisms,especi
all
y.a)
.
theCombi nati
onofexter
nal physi
calcondi
tionsthataf
fectandinf
luencethegrowth,
dev el
opment,andsurv
ivaloforganisms.b).thecomplexofsocial
andculturalcondi
ti
ons
affecti
ngt
henat ur
eofani ndivi
dualorcommuni ty.
Env i
ronmentl i
terallymeanssur roundingand:ev er
y t
hingt hataffectanor ganism duri
ngi t
s
l
ifetimei scoll
ectivelyknownasi tsenv ir
onment.Inanot herwor ds“ Env ironmenti ssum t ot
alof
wat er,ai
randl andi nter
rel
ationshipsamongt hemsel vesandal so" wi tht hehumanbei ng,other
l
ivingor ganismsandpr operty ”
.Itincl
udesallthephy sicalandbi ological sur r
oundingandt heir
i
nt eracti
ons.Itcouldbeaphy sicalcomponent ,whichisknownasphy sical envi
ronmentora-
bioticenv i
ronmentt hatincludest hebui l
tenvi
ronment .Thenat ur alsurroundi ngslikeair
condi ti
ons,wat er
,land,atmospher eetc.arealsothepar tofphy sical env ironmentbutt heyare
commonl yknownasnat ural.env i
ronmentPeopl esurroundi ngthei tem ort hi
ng,thistypeof
"environmenti sknownashumanenv ironment.Thisisal soknownast hesoci alenvir
onment
andi ncludeselementl i
kereligi
ousenv i
ronmental,emot i
onal environment ,r
esidencerelati
onetc.

Ty
pesofEnv
ironment
s
Ont
hebasi
soft
hest
ruct
uret
heenv
ironmentmaybedi
vi
dedi
ntof
undament
alt
ypes–

 TheAbi
oti
corPhy
sical
env
ironmentconsi
sti
ngofai
r,wat
erandsoi
l
/sedi
ment
.

 TheBi
oti
corBi
ologi
cal
env
ironmentconsi
sti
ngoff
lor
afaunaandmi
croor
gani
sm

Env
ironmenti
sfur
thersubdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreebr
oadcat
egor
ies:

ALi
thospher
e(spher
eofr
ock/
soi
l
/sedi
ment
)
BHy
drospher
e(spher
eofwat
er)
.
CAt
mospher
e(spher
eofgas)
Thebioti
ccomponentsoftheenvi
ronmentconsi
stofplant(
fl
ora)ani
mal(
fauna)
,includi
ng
manasani mport
antcomponentandmicroor
ganism.Thusthebiol
ogi
cal
/bi
oti
cenv i
ronment
canbefurt
hersubdi
vi
dedinto:
A,
Flor
a/Pl
antEnv
ironment
B,
FaunaAni
mal
Env
ironment
C,
Micr
obi
alEnv
ironment

Ther
earemainl
ythr
eet
ypesofenv
ironment
s;phy
sical
,bi
ologi
cal
andsoci
ocul
tur
al
envi
ronment
s.
I
.ThePhy
sical
env
ironment

3
  I
tisal
soknownasa-
biot
icenv
ironmentandnat
ural
env
ironment
.

 Themeani ngofa-
biot
icorphysi
cali
snon- li
vi
ngli
kelandWat erai
rconditi
ons
atmosphereWhichconsti
tut
esofsoil
.SoWecansayt hatphysi
calora-bi
oti
c
envi
ronmentistheenvi
ronmentwhichincludesnon-
li
vingorphysicalt
hingsWhi
char
e
consti
tut
esofsoilandaff
ectthel
iv
ingthings.

 thephysi
cal
ora-bi
oti
cenvi
ronmental
soi
ncludesthecli
mat
icfact
orssuchas
sunbeams,r
ainwat
er,
preci
pit
ati
on,
moist
ure,pr
essure,
andwindspeed.
2.
Biot
icenv
ironment

 I
tisal
soknownasbi
ologi
cal
env
ironmentandor
gani
cenv
ironment
.

 I
ntheopposi
tesideoft
hephysi
cal
env
ironment
,thebi
oti
corbi
ologi
cal
env
ironmenti
s
r
esponsi
blef
ortheli
vi
ngbei
ngs.

 Youhavealr
eadyunder
stoodthatthemeani
ngof‘bi
ological
’i
sliv
ingt
hings.So,t
he
bi
ologi
cal
envir
onmentistheenvi
ronmentwhichi
nvol
v estheli
vi
ngpartoftheeart
h.
3.Soci
alorcul
tur
alenv
ironment

 Thi
sty
peofenv
ironmenti
nvol
vest
hecul
tur
eand‘
l
ifest
yleoft
hehumanbei
ngs.

 Thesoci
alorcul
tural
envi
ronmentmeanstheenvi
ronmentwhi
chi
scr
eat
edbyt
heman
thr
oughhi
sdiff
erentsoci
alandcul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
esandthi
nki
ng.

 Thehist
ori
cal,
cult
ural
,pol
i
tical
,mor
al,
economi
caspect
sofhumanl
i
feConst
it
utet
othe
soci
alorcul
tural
envir
onment
Note:Thesoci
alenvi
ronmentencompasseslif
estyl
efactor
sli
kedietandexer
cise,
soci
oeconomicstat
us,andothersoci
etal
inf
luencesthatmayaff
ecthealt
h.
ENVI
RONMENTALHEALTH
Env i
ronment alhealthaddr essesal lthephy sical ,chemi cal, andbi ological f actorsexternaltoa
person, andal lther elatedf actor simpact i
ngbehav i
ors.I t,encompassest heassessmentand
control oft hoseenv ironment alf actorsthatcanpot entiallyaf fectheal th.Iti stargetedtowar ds
prevent ingdi seaseand' creat i
ngheal th-suppor tiveenv ironment s.Thi sdef ini
tionexcludes
behav iornotr elatedt oenv ironment ,aswel l asbehav iorr elatedt ot hesoci alandcul tural
env i
ronmentandgenet ics.- wor l
dHeal thOr gani zati
onEnv ir
onment al heal thandpr ot
ect i
on
referst opr otect i
onagai nstenv i
ronment al fact ors‘thatmayadv erselyi mpacthumanheal thor
theecol ogical balancesessent ialtolong- term humanheal thandenv ironment al qual
ity,whether
i
nt henat ural orman- madeenv ironment .Env ir
onment al Heal thist hef ieldofsci encet hat
studieshowt heenv ironmenti nf l
uenceshumanheal thanddi sease.Env i
ronment alhealth
compr ises.aspect sofhumanheal th,i
ncl udi ngqual ityofl ife,thatar edet er minedbyphy si
cal,
chemi cal ,biological social andpsy chosoci al factorsint heenv i
ronmental sor eferstothet heory
andpr acticeofassessi ng,cor recting,cont rol li
ngandpr ev entingthosef act or
si nthe
env i
ronmentt hatcanpot ential
lyaf fectadv er selytheheal thoft hepr esentandf uture
gener at i
ons.
Env
ironment
alheal
thi
sthatbr
anchofpubl
i
cheal
tht
hati
sconcer
nedwi
thal
laspect
soft
he

4
nat
ural
andbui
l
tenv
ironmentt
hatmayaf
fecthumanheal
th
COMPONENI
TSIENVI
RONMENTALHEALTH
Thecomponent
sofenvi
ronmental
healt
hdescr
ibethear
easofenvi
ronmentalheal
thand
hygi
enet
hatwil
lbeofi
mportancetoy
ouasaheal t
hworkerandt
hatofyourcommuni t
y.
Descr
ipt
ion Concer
ns

Per
sonal
hygi
ene Hy
gieneofbodyandcl
othi
ng

Wat
ersuppl
y Adequacysaf
ety(
chemicalbact
eri
ologi
calphysi
cal
)of
water f or domestic,
drinki
ngandrecreat
ional
use
Humanwast
edi
sposal Pr
operexcr
etadi
sposal
andl
i
qui
dwast
emanagement

Sol
i
dwast
emanagement Pr
operappl
icat
ionifst
orage,
col
l
ect
ion,
disposal
ofwast
e.
Waste pr
oduct
ionandr ecy
cli
ng
Vect
orcont
rol Controlofmammal s(suchasrat
s)andar
thropods
(
insectssuchasfl
iesandothercr
eatur
essuchasmi t
es)
t
hattransmitdi
sease
Foodhy
giene FoodsafetyandWholesomenessini
tspr
oducti
on
stor
age,
preparat
ion,
dist
ri
but
ionandsal
e,unt
il
consumpti
on
Heal
thf
ulhousi
ng Physiol
ogicalneeds,prot
ecti
onagainstdiseaseand
acci
dents,
psy chol
ogicalandsoci
alcomf ortsi
nresi
dent
ial
andrecr
eationalareas
I
nst
it
uti
onal
hygi
ene Communal hy
gieneinschool
’
spr
isons,
healt
hfaci
l
iti
es,
r
efugeecamps,det
enti
onhomesandsettl
ementar
eas
Wat
erpol
l
uti
on sour
ces,
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
impactandmi
ti
gat
ion
Occupat
ional
hygi
ene Hy
gieneandsaf
etyi
nthewor
kpl
ace

TheRol
eofEnv
ironment
alHeal
thi
nPubl
icHeal
th/
Pri
mar
yHeal
thCar
e
Envir
onment al
heal t
hisapar tofpubli
cheal t
hwherethepr imarygoal i
spreventi
ngdiseaseand
promotingpeopl e’sheal
th.Env i
ronmentalhealt
hISassociatedwi t
hr ecogni
zi
ng,assessing,
underst
andi ngandcont rol
li
ngt heimpactsofpeopleont heirenvir
onmentandt heimpact sof
theenvironmentont hepubli
c.Ther ol
eoft heenvi
ronment alhealt
hwor keri
ncollabor
ationwit
h
otherhealthwor kersandrelevantagencies,t
heref
ore,
includest hefoll
owingfuncti
onsofpubli
c
healt
h:

5
I
.Impr
ovi
nghumanheal
thandpr
otect
ing,
itf
rom env
ironment
alhazar
ds.
2.Devel
opingl
iai
sonbetweent
hecommuni
tyandt
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
y,andbet
weent
hel
ocal
and
hi
gherlevel
sofadmini
str
ati
on.
3.Act
ingi
ndependent
lytoprovi
deadviceonenvi
ronment
alheal
thmat
ter
s:desi
gni
ngand
devel
opi
ngplansofacti
onforenvi
ronmental
healt
h.
4.Ini
ti
ati
ngandimplementi
nghealth/
hygi
ene,
sani
tati
onandenv
ironment
alpr
ogr
amst
o
promoteunder
standingofenv
ironmental
heal
thpr
inci
ples.
5.
Enf
orci
ngenv
ironment
all
egi
slat
ion.
6.Moni
tor
ingandev
aluat
ingenv
ironment
alheal
thact
ivi
ti
es,
progr
amsandpr
oject
s
You,asahealt
hworker,ar
everymuchInvol
vedi
nalloft
heabov
eexcept(
5)and(
6),
whi
char
e
mainlycar
ri
edoutbytheenvi
ronment
alheal
thworker
.
THEFOURBASI
CENVI
RONMENTESSENTI
ALELEMENTSFORAHEALTHYSURVI
VAL
Ai
r Cl
eanai
r
Wat
er Saf
eandsuf
fi
ci
entwat
er
Food Saf
eandadequat
efood
Shel
ter Saf
eandpeacef
ulset
tl
ement
s/St
abl
egl
obal
env
ironment
SOURCESOFWATERI
NTHECOMMUNI
TY
Lifeispossi bl
eonear t
hduet ot hepr esenceof ;
Wat erNear lythree- f
ourthsoft heear t
h's
surfaceiscov eredwi thwat er.Wat eri3al sofoundbel 6W t heear th'sSur f
ace.ItISpr esentinair
i
nt hefor m ofwat ervapor .About70percentoft hehumanbodyi sWat er.Thebodi esofall
plantsandani mal scont ai
nwat er.Rainwat er,
oceans, rivers,lakes, str
eamspondsandspr i
ngs
arenatur alsourcesofwat er.Damswel ls,t
ubewel l
s,hand- pumpscanal set c.areman- made
sourcesofWat erRai n,snow, hai
landsl eetarepr ecipit
atedupont hesur faceoft heearthas
met eorologicalwat erandmaybeconsi deredast heor iginalsour ceofal ltheWat erSupplied
Wat er,
assour ceofdr i
nkingwat er,occur sassur facewat erandgr oundwat er.Threeaspect s
shouldbeconsi der edinappr aisi
ngwat erresourcese.g, thequant i
ty,t
hequal it
y,andt he
reli
abil
ityofav ailablewat er.
Rai
nWat
er:
Rai
nwat
ercol
l
ect
sont
heear
thi
nthe“
for
m ofsur
facewat
erandunder
groundwat
er.
Sur
faceWat
er:
Waterpr
esentonthesur f
aceoftheeart
hintheform ofoceans,
riv
ers,
lakes,
pondsand
str
eamsiscall
edsurfacewater.Thewateri
nri
versandlakescomesf r
om rai
nandmelti
ngof
snowonmount ai
ns.Riversf
lowintot
hesea.
Undergr
oundWat er
:GroundwaterIStheWaterlocat
edbeneaththeearth'
ssur
faceinsoilpor
e
spacesandinthefr
acturesofrockformati
ons.Someoftherainwaterseepst
hroughthesoilon
tothenon-
porousrocksbelow.Thisisundergr
oundwater
.Somet i
mesduet ohighpressuret
his

6
Waterspr
out
souti
nthef
orm ofspr
ings.I
tcanbeobt
ainedbydi
ggi
ngwel
l
s,si
nki
ngt
ubewel
l
s,
et
c.
Maj
orUsesofWat
eri
nthecommuni
ty
Domesti
c,Agri
cul
ture(
Irr
igat
ion)
,Industr
y,Ani
malHabi
tat
,Recr
eat
ion,
PowerGenerat
ion,
Tr
ansport
ati
on,Border
sandBoundar ies,
asaisci
ent
if
icst
andar
d,Fi
reext
inct
ionFood
pr
ocessi
ng.
TheChar
act
eri
sti
cs/Qual
i
tiesSaf
eofWat
er
I
.Tast
eless
2.Col
orl
ess
3.odor
less
4.Shoul
dnotbeTur
bid
Par
amet
ersf
ordr
inki
ngwat
erqual
i
tyt
ypi
cal
l
yfal
lundert
hreecat
egor
ies:

 Phy
sical

 Chemi
cal

 Mi
crobi
ologi
cal
.

Physical
andchemi calparametersincl
udeheav ymetals;
t r
aceorganicCompounds,t
otal
suspendedsol
ids(TSS)andt urbi
dity.Micr
obiol
ogicalparameter
si ncl
udeColi
for
m bacter
ia,
E.
col
i,andspeci
fi
cpat hogenicspeciesofbacteri
a(suchaschol er
a-causi
ngVibri
ocholer
a)
vi
rusesandprotozoanparasites.
Chemicalparamet
erst
endtoposemoreofachr omehealthri
skthroughbuil
dupofheav
y
metal
sal t
houghsomecomponentsl
i
keni t
rates/nit
ri
tesandarseni
ccanhav eamore
i
mmedi ateimpact
.Physi
cal
par
ametersaffecttheaesthet
icsandtasteofthedri
nki
ngwater
andmay .Compli
catet
heremoval
ofmicrobialpathogens.
DI
SEASESCAUSEDBYCONTAMI
NATEDWATER
Thequal
i
tyofdrinki
ng-
wat
eri
sapowerfulenvi
ronmental
det
erminantofhealt
h.Assur
anceof
dri
nki
ngwatersafet
yi5af
oundat
ionf
orthe,pr
event
ionandcont
rolofwaterbornedi
seases.
Thef
ourmai
nty
pesofdi
seasesCausedbyCont
ami
nat
edwat
erar
e:
Waterbornedi
seases,
arecausedbyt hei
ngest
ionofwatercontaminatedbyhumanoranimal
f
acesorur i
necont
aini
ngpathogenicbact
eri
aorvir
uses.Thesediseasesincl
udechol
era
t
yphoid,amoebi
candbacil
larydysent
eryandot
herdiarr
healdi
seases.
Water
-washeddi
seasesarecausedbypoorpersonalhygieneandski
noreyecont
actwith
cont
aminatedwat
er.Thesedi
seasesi
ncludescabies,t
rachomaandifl
ea,
li
ceandtick-
borne
di
seases.

7
Wat
er-baseddi
seases,
whicharecausedbypar
asi
tesfoundinint
ermedi
ateorganismsl
i
vingi
n
wat
er.Thesedi
seasesincl
udedracuncul
i
asi
sschi
stosomiasi
sandotherhel
minths.
Water
-rel
ateddi
seases,
whichar
ecaused.byi
nsectv
ect
orswhi
chbr
eedi
nwat
er.These
di
seasesincl
udedengue,mal
ari
a,andy
ell
owfever
HOW THECOMMUNI
TYCANPROTECTRI
VERSFROM POLLUTI
ON?
River
spr ovi
desomeofourmostbeaut ifulandmostendangerednaturalhabit
ats.Whetheryou
enj
oywhi tewat
err af
tingdownawi l
d,clearmountainri
verordri
ft
ingserenelyonaslow, gent
ler
ri
ver,r
iversgi
veuspl acestoenj
oynatur eSadlyri
ver
sfacepoll
utionf
rom manysour ces:
far
ming, i
ndustr
yandev ent
ouri
sm.Itisimpor t
anttoprot
ectri
versfr
om polluti
oninorderto
savethem foroursel
v esandfut
uregener at
ions.
I
ntheCommuni
ty
I.Vi
si
tanearbyri
ver.Youcan'tbegi
ntofi
ghtpol
l
ut i
onunti
lyouseethepr
oblem foryour
sel
f.
Spendsomet i
meont heclosestri
vert
oyou,sothatyoucanbegint
ounderstandthebeaut
y
andthevar
iet
yoflif
eitsupports.
2.Educat
ey our
sel
f.Youcan'
tbegint
oprotectri
versunt
ilyouknowwhatt hei
rprobl
emsar
e.
Contactl
ocalenvi
ronment
algroupsi
nfor
mat i
on.aboutr
iverinyournei
ghborhood.
3.Joinanenvi
r onmental
group.Oft
engroupef
for
tsar
emoreeffect
ivethanindi
vi
dualeff
ort
s.
Workingtoget
herwi t
hotherswhoarecommitt
edtopr
otect
ingy
ourrivercangetyourvoi
ce
heardbylegi
slator
sandthepublic.
4.Havethewatert
est
ed.TakeaWatersamplet
oyourlocal
publ
icheal
thunitf
ort
esting.You
wil
lneedfact
saboutr
iverpol
l
uti
ont
oenl i
stt
hesuppor
tofpubl
icoff
ici
alsandi
ndi
viduals.
5.Speakout.Takeadvant
ageofopport
uni
ti
estospeakaboutpol
lut
ioni
nyourri
veratl
ocal
commi ssi
onandstatemeeti
ngs.Thi
sisaperf
ectOppor
tuni
tytoeducat
eother
sabouttheneed
toprot
ectyourri
ver
.
6.Pr
act
icewhatyoupr
each.Or gani
zeorhel
pwit
heffor
tstocleanUptheri
ver
.Vol
unt
eer
scan
pi
ckupgarbagef
rom r
iverbankstopromoteacl
eanerheal
thi
erenvi
ronment
AtHome
I
.Buyphosphat
e-f
reedeter
gentsandfer
ti
li
zer
sThephosphor
usi
nthesepr
oduct
si5oneoft
he
maj
orpoll
utant
sofri
versnati
onwide.
2.Purchasecleani
ngproductsWithoutnonyl
phenolet
hyl
ates(
NPEs)
.Whent hesechemi
cal
s
pol
lut
el ocalr
iver
s,t
heydisruptt
heendocrinesyst
emsoffishl
ivi
ngi
nther
iverandcancause
bi
rthdefectsanddefor
mities
3.Takeoldandunwantedhouseholdchemi
cal
s;t
ohazar
douswast ecol
l
ect
ioncent
ers.Pouri
ng
them downthedrai
nevent
uall
yintr
oducest
hem i
ntoy
ourlocal
riv
ersandWater
sheds.Discar
d
them saf
elyt
oprotecty
ourri
ver.
4.Conser
vewaterLi
miti
ngtheamountofwateryourhouseholdpoursi
ntothelocalwast
ewat
er
tr
eatmentcent
erwil
ll
imitt
heamountofpol
luti
ony oui
ntroducetoyourl
ocalri
vers.

8
Fi
veSi
mpl
eWay
stoReduceNon-
Poi
ntSour
ceWat
erPol
l
uti
on:

 Useonlyther
ecommendedamount
soff
ert
il
izerand/
orpest
ici
desf
ory
ourl
awnand
l
andscape.

 Av
oidget
ti
nganyf
ert
il
izerorot
herchemi
cal
sonhar
dsur
faces.

 Cl
eanupaf
tery
ourpet
.

 Keepgr
asscl
i
ppi
ngsof
fsi
dewal
ksandr
oads.

 Besur
eyoursept
icsy
stem i
sfunct
ioni
ngpr
oper
lyandhav
eitpumpedoutasneeded.

Maj
orsour
cesofwat
erPol
lut
ion

>Landf
il
ls,
>Mi
ningact
ivi
ti
es,
>Abandonedsi
tes,
>Abandonedwal
l
s,
>Agr
icul
tur
alpr
act
ices
>Under
groundst
oraget
anksandpi
pel
i
ne,
>I
ncr
easedsal
i
nit
yandsal
tWat
erencr
oachment
,
>Sept
ict
ankandsoakagepi
tsy
stem,
>Pet
rol
eum expl
orat
ion,
>Radi
oact
ivewast
es.
COLLECTI
ONANDPROTECTI
ONOFRAI
NWATER

Rainwatercol
lecti
onsy st
emswer eWi delyusedbef orewel l dri
ll
i
ngequipmentandt reat
ed
muni ci
palwaterSuppli
esbecameav ailable.Inmanypar t
soft heworldr
ainwatersti
llpr
ovides
themaj or
it
yoft hewaterneededt omeetagr icult
uralrequirement sandinsomecasespot abl
e
waterasWel lMostrainwatercollect
ionsy stemsar edesi gnedt ocaptur
erainwaterfrom t
he
roofsofbuil
dings.Thewat eristhentranspor tedthroughgut t
ersandotherpipesint
ocisternsor
tankswhereitisstoreduntilneeded
Component
sofar
ainwat
erhar
vest
ingsy
stem
Rainwat
erharv
est
ingsyst
emshave8basiccomponentst
hatar
eVi
tal
tot
hef
unct
ional
i
tyand
rel
i
abil
it
yofthesy
stem.Thesecomponent
sincl
ude.'

9
1.
Cat
chmentAr
ea:
Thi
sist
hesur
faceonwhi
cht
her
ainwat
erf
all
s.
2.Convey
ance:Thegutt
ersanddownspout
sconnect
ed:
toy
ourhouset
hatbr
ingst
her
ainwat
er
tothecol
lect
ionsy
stem.
3.Vort
ex/Fi
rstFlushFineFil
ter
:Afi
nemeshassmal las280micronst
hatfi
lt
ersoutsi
lt
,sand
anddebri
s,preventi
ngitfr
om enter
ingyourstor
aget
ank.Thi
stypeoff
il
teral
soprovi
des
over
fl
owpr otect
ionforextr
emer ai
nevents.
4.Smoot hi
ng/CalmingInl
et:
Designedt
odistri
but
etheharv
estedrai
nwaterenter
ingthetank
evenlybydispersi
ngthewaterinanupwardandoutwardmotion,
theSmoothingInl
etiscri
ti
cal
toensurethatthestoredwateri
snotdi
sturbedwhenrai
nwaterfi
l
lsthet
ank.Ital
sodisperses
therainwat
erinamot ion
5.Stor
ageTank: Thi
sisthesi
nglelar
gesti
nvestmentforyourrainwaterhar
vesti
ngsyst
em.
Alt
houghther
ear eamul t
it
udeofoptionsf
orstori
ngy ourcol
lect
edr ai
nwater,
togeteff
ici
ent
useandsuffi
cientst
orage,mosthomeownerswi l
lneedmor ethanWhata50- gall
onrai
nbarr
el
ontheendofadownspoutcanpr ovi
de.
6.Fl
oat
ingFil
ter:Usedtokeepthesucti
onfi
l
tercl
earofanycont
ami nant
sonthesur
faceor
bott
om oft
het ank,dr
awingthe‘pr
emium’watert
othepump,extendingt
hepumpsli
fecycl
e.
7.PumpAsubmer sibl
epumpi
susedtodrawthefi
l
ter
edrainwaterf
rom t
het
ankforuse.
Dependingonusage,y
oucani
nst
all
anywher
ef r
om a1/2horsepowerpumpupt
oal
horsepowerpump.
8.Over
flow:Theoverfl
owamechani sm i
nar ainwaterharvesti
ngsystem thatshedsexcess
waterf
rom extremerai
nev ent
sandpreventsbackwashf rom enteri
ngthest or
agetank.I
nsome
cases,
italsoskimsthetopofthestor
edwat ertocleanthet ankandpreventsrodent
sand
animal
sf r
om enter
ingandcontaminat
ingthecollectedwater.
Mai
ntenanceofRai
nwat
erhar
vest
ingsy
stem
Keepgut
ter
sanddownspout
sfr
eeofdebr
is
Cl
eanandmai
ntai
nfi
l
ter
sregul
arl
y,i
ncl
udi
ngdr
ipf
il
ter
s
Regul
arl
yfl
ushdebr
isf
rom t
hebot
tom ofst
oragecont
ainer
s
Keepl
andscapedhol
dingar
easf
reeofdebr
is
Cont
rol
andpr
eventer
osi
on
Cl
eanandr
epai
r
CONSTRUCTI
ON,
PROCTECTI
ONANDMAI
NTENANCEOFAWELL
(I)Location.Thel ocati
onofawel li
soneofthemosti mportantconsi derati
onsinensuringits
sanitar
yqual ity
.Al ocati
onshoul dalwaysbeselectedwhi chWi l
l prevent,asnearl
yaspossi bl
e,
contami nati
onbyper col
ationthroughthesoil
.Wat erorwast ewat erwillgener
all
ypercolat
e
verti
call
yt hrought hesoilunti
li
treachesthewat ertable.Wheni treachest hewatertabl
e,itwill
foll
owt hegener al di
rect
ionoff l
owoft heundergroundwat er.Thisf l
ow" normall
yapproximates
thecont oursoft heearth'
ssur f
ace,butnotnecessar i
l
y.Wher everpossi bleawellshouldbe

10
l
ocateduphil
lfrom apossi
blesourceofcontaminati
on;however ,
thisi
snotposit
iveassur
ance
thatt
heonlypointatWhichthewelldrawswaterfrom thewatertableisnotbel
owt hel
evelat
whichcontaminati
onmaybecar ri
edbypercolat
ionintothewat ertabl
e.I
nordertominimi
ze
thi
spossibi
li
ty,wel
lsshoul
dbel ocat
edatleastt
hef ol
lowingdistancesfr
om sourcesof
poll
uti
on.
(
a)Bui
l
dingsewer
-100f
eet
.
(
b)Sept
ict
ank-
100y
ards
(
c)Sewagedi
sposal
fiel
d-400y
ards.
(
d)Seepagepi
t-
100y
ards.
(
e).Dr
ywel
l
-shoul
dbeseal
ed.
(
f)Cesspoool
-100y
ards.
NOTE:Wherether
earegoodreasonstobel
iev
ethatthesoili
squi
teper
meabl
e,suchasa
l
imest
oneformati
on,
thesedi
stancesshoul
dbeincreased.
(
2)Const
ruct
ion.
(
a)Theannul
arspacebetweenthewellcasi
ngandthesur
roundi
ngsoi
lfor
mationshoul
dbe
f
il
ledwi
thwat
ert
ightcementgroutf
rom thesur
facet
oadepthofatl
east10feet.
(b)Thecasingshoul
dbesur
roundedby4-i
nchconcr
etesl
abext
endi
ngatl
east2f
eeti
nal
l
dir
ect
ionsandslopi
ngawayf
rom thecasi
ng.
(c)Asani
tar
ywellsealshouldbeinstal
ledatthet
opofthewel
lcasi
ngt
opr
eventt
heent
rance
ofcont
aminatedwaterorotherobjecti
onabl
emateri
al.
(d)Forar
tesi
anaqui
fer
s,t
hecasi
ngshoul
dbeseal
edi
ntot
heov
erl
yi
ngi
mper
meabl
efor
mat
ion
soast or
etai
nthear
tesi
anpr
essure.
Pr
otect
ionandMai
ntenanceofWel
l
Local communiti
esarer esponsibl
eforprotectingtheircommuni t
y '
sdri
nkingwat er
, andasa
ci
tizen,youcandirect
lyaffectthesuccessorf ail
ureofy ourcommuni t
y’sdrinki
ngwat er
protecti
oneffort
s.Youcant akeanacti
ver oleinprotecti
ngyourcommuni t
y'
sdr i
nkingwat er
sourcesbyunder st
andingwher eyourdrinkingwatercomesf rom andfi
ndingoutabouti t
s
qualit
ybyconser vi
ngtheamountofwat ert hatyouuse, andlear
ningway stopreventy ourwater
supplyf r
om becomingcont aminated
Somecommuniti
esalsov
olunt
ari
l
ycarr
youtperiodi
ctesti
ngofpr
ivatewell
sYourlocalheal
th
depar
tmenti
susual
l
yagoodplacetostar
tlear
ningaboutwhatI
Sav ai
labl
einyourtown.
 Peri
odi
cal
lyi
nspectexposedpar
tsofthewel
lforprobl
emssuchas:cr
acked,
corr
oded,
ordamagedwellcasi
ngbrokenormissi
ngwel
l capset
tli
ngandcr
acki
ngofsurf
ace
seal
s.
 Sl
opet
hear
eaar
oundt
hewel
ltodr
ainsur
facer
unof
fawayf
rom t
hewel
l
.
 I
nst
all
awel
lcaporsani
tar
yseal
topr
eventunaut
hor
izeduseof
,orent
ryi
nto,
thewel
l
.

11
  Havethewel
ltest
ed"
onceay
earf
orcol
i
for
m bact
eri
ani
tr
atesandot
herconst
it
uent
sof
concer
n.
 Keepaccurat
erecordsofanywel
lmaint
enancesuchasdisi
nfect
ionorsedi
ment
removalt
hatmayr equi
ret
heuseofchemical
sinthewel
l.
 Hir
eacert
if
iedwel
ldr
il
lerf
oranynewwel
lconst
ruct
ion,
modi
fi
cat
ion,
orabandonment
andcl
osur
e.
 Avoidmixingorusi
ngpest
ici
des,
fer
ti
li
zer
s,her
bici
des,
degr
easer
s,f
uel
s,andot
her
pol
lutant
snearthewel
l.
 Donotdi
sposeofwastesi
ndrywel
l
sori
n.abandonedwel
l
s.Donotcutof
ftheWel
l
casi
ngbel
owthelandSurf
ace.
 Pumpandinspectsept
icsy
stemsasof
tenasr
ecommendedbyy
ourl
ocal
heal
th
depar
tment
.
 Neverdi
sposeofharshchemical
s,solv
ents,petr
oleum pr
oduct
s,orpest
ici
desi
na
sept
icsyst
em orpesti
cidesi
nasepticsystem ordrywell
.
Cr
it
eri
aandf
eat
uresofasani
tar
ywel
l
Asanit
aryWell
isonethati
spr
operl
ylocat
ed,wel
l-
const
ruct
edandwellpr
otect
edfr
om possi
ble
l
ocat
ionsofcontami
nati
onsoastoensuresuppl
yofsaf
ewat er
.Thecr
it
eri
aforasani
tywell
ar
e:

1.Locati
on;Asanit
arywel
lshoul
dbelocatedatleast15m awayfr
om possi
blesourcesof
contaminat
ion.I
tshoul
dbelocat
edahigherlev
el t
hannearbysour
cesofcontaminati
on.I
t
shouldnotbelocat
edtoof
ar

awayf
rom t
hepeopl
e’
shouses-i
tissuggest
edt
hatnousershoul
dhav
etocar
rywat
erf
or
moret
han100m.

2.Li
ning:
Thei
nsi
deoft
hewel
lshoul
dbel
i
nedwi
thbr
icksupt
oadept
hofatl
east6m
Thi
sistoensur
ethatthewaterenterst
hewellfr
om t
hebottom,
notfr
om t
hesi
des.Al
sot
he
l
ini
ngshoul
dbecontinuedt
il
l aboutI
60-
90cm abovet
hegroundl
evel
.
3.Par
apetwel
l:Asani
tar
ywel
lshoul
dhav
eapar
apetwal
lupt
oahei
ghtofatl
east70-
75cm
4.Pl
atf
orm:Acementconcr et
epl
atfor
m shoul
dbeconstr
uct
edaroundthewel
lwit
haradiusof
atl
east1m i
nal
ldi
rect
ions.Themarginoft
heplat
for
m shoul
dhav
eadr ainf
orcol
l
ecti
ngthe
spi
ll
ed
5.Drai
n:Thespi
ll
edwatershoul
dbechanneledawayfrom thewellusi
ngaproperdrai
nsyst
em.
I
tshouldbeconnect
edtothepubli
cdr
ainsystem ort
oadr ainagepitl
ocat
edoutsi
dethecone
offi
l
trat
ionoft
hewell.

12
6.Cover:Apropercementconcret
ecoveri
sessent
ial
formaintaini
ngt
hequal
i
tyoft
hewat
erof
thewell
.Iti
ncreasest
hebacteri
alqual
i
tyofthewel
lwaterconsider
abl
y.
7.Handpump.Ahandpumpshoul dbeinstal
l
edt odrawWat erf
rom t
hewel
lwherethatI
Snot
possibl
e,apermanentut
ensilf
ordrawingthewat er
.Itshoul
dbeofgoodquali
tysoastoendur
e
theroughhandli
ngbythepeople.I
tshouldber egul
arl
yservi
cedandther
eshouldbeprov
isi
on
torepai
rquickl
yifanyf
aultweretoari
se.
8Consumerresponsibi
li
ty:
Thepeoplewhouset heWellshoul
dobser
vecert
ainprecauti
onst
o
ensur
ethequali
tyofthewater
.Wastemateri
alsshouldnotbedumpedar
oundt hewell.
Washingofcl
othesandanimalsi
ntheVici
nit
yoft hewell
shoul
dbeprohi
bit
ed
9.Qual
ity
:Thephysical
chemi
cal
andbi
ologi
cal
par
amet
ersoft
hewel
lwat
ershoul
dconf
ormt
o
accept
ablest
andards.

SI
MPLEMETHODSOFWATERPURI
FICATI
ON

EasyWat erpuri
fi
cati
ontechniquesareinhotdemandWheni tcomest okeepingtheear t
h
envi
ronment al
l
ysoundandi tspopulati
onhealthy
.Wat erI
Sani mpor t
antnat
uralresourcethat
peoplecandot hei
rpartt
ocont r
olandrecycl
e,ut
il
izi
ng"green"techni
quesWher everpossibl
e.
Thesefourmet hodsaregood, si
mpleway stopuri
fyyourwat er
.
Boili
ng:Theeasi
estWaytopuri
fyWaterWi
thoutanychemical
soraddit
ivesi
stoboi
li
t.Al
li
t
takesis1minuteofaconst
antrol
l
ingboi
landyourwaterwil
lbepur
if
ied.
Iodi
ne.I
odinerightoutofy
ourfi
rstai
dkitcanal
sobeused.Approxi
mately20to40dr
opscan
dothetr
ick,dependingonthemurki
nessoftheWater
.Besuretoleti
tstandfor30mi
nut
es
befor
edrinki
ng.

Dist
il
lat
ion:
Fort
hetruepur
if
icat
ionofwater
,di
sti
l
lat
ion,
col
lectt
hest
eam t
hatcomesof
fa
boil
i
ngpotofwatert
hecondensati
on,whencool
ed,i
salmostcompl
etel
yst
eri
l
ized.
Bleach.Ti
nyamountsofbl
eachcanalsopuri
fy.Youshoul
dadd16dropsofregul
ar,
househol
d
bleachpergal
lonandl
eti
tset30minutesbeforedr
inki
ng.Youcanpi
ckeco-
fri
endl
ybleachat
yourlocal
grocer
ystor
e.
Asanaddedext r
api
eceofi
nformat
ion,
whenpuri
fyi
ngWat
erbyaddingi
odi
neorbleach:pour
theWaterbetweent
wocont
ainerst
oall
owtheoxygent
oci
rcul
atet
hroughi
t.Thi
shelpsprovi
de
abett
ertaste.
War
nings
Chl
ori
neandiodi
necanbetoxi
c.'
Donotusemor
eofei
therchemi
cal
thani
ndi
cat
ed,
oruseonl
y
i
nemergencysit
uat
ions.
Crystal
li
neiodi
ne4-8gr
amsusedinastocksol
uti
onconsti
tut
esahumanl ethal
doseif
accident
all
yswall
owedinasi
ngl
edose.Keepthi
sandallchemical
soutofreachofchi
ldr
en

13
Watert
hathasbeendi
sinf
ect
edwithi
odi
neisNOTrecommendedforpr
egnantwomen,peopl
e
wi
ththyr
oidpr
oblemst
hosewithknownhyper
sensi
ti
vi
tyt
oiodi
ne,
orconti
nuoususef
ormor e
t
hanafewweeksatat i
me.

TYPESOFWASTES,
(DRYWASTEANDWETWASTE(
REFUSE)

Drywasteiswastethatisdryanduncontaminated.Recycl
abl
essuchaswast epaper,
metal
cans,
plast
icbott
les,f
loppydisks,
batt
eri
es,glassbottl
es,ol
dclot
hes,baskets,pensandshoes
areal
ldrywaste,
from whichWecansor toutmanyusef ulmateri
alsf
orrecycli
ng.
Wetwaste(ref
use)isdi
rtywast
ethatisnotaccept
edinthedr
ywast
ebag.I
tincl
udesf
ood
wastecont
aminatedpaperandt
issuecontai
nerswit
hfoodscr
apsdi
aper
sandusedpersonal
hygi
eneit
ems,etc.
Gener
all
y,wastecoul
dbeli
qui
dorsolidWast
e.Bothofthem coul
dbehazardous.Li
qui
dand
sol
idwastety
pescanalsobegroupedint
oor
ganic,
re-
usableandrecy
clabl
eWast e.
Liqui
dt ype:Wastecancomei nnon-sol
idform.Somesol i
dwastecanalsobeconv ert
edtoa
l
iquidwast efor
mf ordisposal
.Iti
ncl
udespointsourceandnon-
pointsour
cedischargesstor
m
waterandwast ewat er
.Examplesofli
quidwasteincludewashwaterfr
om homesl i
quidsused
forcleaningi
nindustri
esandwast edet
ergents
Soli
dtype:Sol
idwastepredominant
ly,
isanygarbage, r
efuseorr
ubbishthatwemakeinour
homesandot herpl
aces.Theseincl
udeoldcarti
res,oldnewspaper
s, br
okenfur
nit
ureandev
en
foodwaste.Theymayincludeanywastethati
snon-liqui
d.
Hazar doust ype: Hazardousorhar mf ulwastear ethosethatpot enti
all
ythreatenpublichealt
hor
theenv i
ronment .Suchwast ecoul dbei nf
lammabl e(
caneasi l
ycat chfir
e),react
ive(caneasil
y
explode), corrosi
v e(caneasilyeatthroughmet al)ortoxi
c( poisonoust ohumanandani mals).In
manycount r
ies,itisrequir
edbyl awtoi nvolv
et heappropri
ateaut hori
tyt osupervi
set he
disposal ofsuchhazar douswast e.Exampl esincludefi
reextinguishers,oldpropanetanks,
pestici
des, mer cury-contai
ningequipment( e.g.
, t
hermostats)andl amps( e.gf l
uorescentbulbs)
andbat teries.
Organi
ctype:Organicwastecomesf rom pl
antsorani
mal’
ssources.Commonl y,t
heyincl
ude
foodwaste,fr
uit
sandv egetablepeels,f
lowertr
immingsandevendogspoopcanbecl assifi
ed
asorgani
cwast e.Theyarebiodegradable(t
hismeansthatt
heyareeasilybrokendownbyot her
organi
sm overti
meandt urnedi nt
omanur e).manypeoplet
urntheiror
ganicwasteint
o
compostanduset hem intheirgarden.
Recyclabl
et y
pes:Recy cli
ngispr ocessingusedmat eri
als(waste)int
onew, usef
ulproducts.
Thisisdonet or educetheuseofr awmat eri
alt
hatwoul dhavebeenused.Wast ethatcanbe
potenti
all
yrecy cledistermed“ Recy cl
ablewaste”.Alumi num product(
li
kesoda,milkand
tomatocans), plasti
cs( gr
oceryshoppi ngbags, pl
ast i
cbot t
les)
,glassproduct
s(li
kewi neand
beerbottl
e,brokengl ass),paperpr oducts(usedenv elops,newspapersandmagazi nes,
cardboardboxes)canber ecycl
edandf alli
ntocategor y
.
WASTEMANAGEMENT
wast
emanagementi
sthecol
l
ect
iont
ranspor
t,pr
ocessi
ngordi
sposal
managi
ngandmoni
tor
ing

14
ofwastemat er
ials.Thet er
m usual
lyrelat
est omater
ial
spr oducedbyhumanact i
vi
ty,andt he
processi
sgener allyundert
akentoreducet hei
reff
ectonheal t
h,theenvi
ronmentoraesthetics.
Wast emanagementi sadisti
nctpr
acticefrom r
esourcerecoveryWhichfocusesondelayi
ngt he
rateofConsumpt ionofnat ur
alr
esources.Allwast
emat eri
als,whethert
heyaresoli
d,li
quid,
gaseousorradioact i
vefall
withi
ntheremitofwast emanagement .
I
nci
ner
ati
onmet
hodofwast
emanagement
Thissi
mpl ymeansbur ni
ngwaste.Thi
smet hodi scommoni ncountr
ieswithl
imitedl
andfi
ll
space.Inci
nerat
ionchamberscanbesmal lfordomesticuse,butt
herearelar
geonesf or
municipaluseaswel l
.Moder
ninciner
ati
onpr ocessesaremoreeffi
cientandr
eleasel
essdioxi
n
thanhomef ir
eplacesandbacky
ardbarbecues.
Sanitar
yLandfil
ls.Generall
y ,
thi
ster
m meansal argepi
eceofl
andawayf rom l
i
vingplaces
whereallthewastefrom at ownisdeposi
tedbuttherei
smoretolandf
il
ls.Pr
operlandfi
ll
managementi nvolv
essor t
ingoutallt
hewaste(wastesepar
ati
on)andsendingonlythewaste
thatcannotberecycledandcompost edtothesi
te

Reduce,
Reuse,andRecycl
e.Lear
nhowr educi
ng,
reusi
ng,
andrecycl
ingcanhelpyou,
your
community
,andtheenvi
ronmentbysav
ingmoney,ener
gy,andnat
uralresour
ces.

Eff
ecti
verecycl
ingstart
swi t
hhousehold(orthepl
acewherethewast
ewascr eat
ed).I
nmany
ser
iouscountri
es,t
heaut hor
iti
eshelphousehol
dswithbinbagswi
thlabelsonthem.
Househol
dsthensor toutthewastethemselvesandplacet
hem i
ntherightbagsforcol
lect
ion.
Thi
smakest hewor klessdif
ficul
t.

Ot
her
sar
e:compost
ing,
Ani
mal
feedi
nget
c.
Her
eisWhaty
oucando:

 Reducecr
eat
ingwast
e
 Tr
ycut
ti
ngt
heWast
eyoupr
oduceathomei
ntohal
f.
 Usepropert
owelsandcerami
cpl
ateathomei
nst
eadofpapert
owel
s,di
sposabl
e
spoonsandpaperpl
ates.
 Getyourownshoppi
ngbagi
nst
eadofbr
ingi
nghomepl
ast
icbagseacht
imey
ougo
gr
oceryshoppi
ng.
 Useol
dpostpackageboxest
osendpar
cel
sinst
eadofbuy
ingnewones.
 Re-
uset
hingst
hatendupaswast
e
 TherearethingsthatCanbeusedoverandoveragai
n:packageboxes,gi
ftwrapper
s,
cl
othing,
furnit
ureandevenplay
ingt
oys.Ifev
eny ouhaveoutgr
ownt hem,youcangivei
t

15
 outt
osomeonewhohasaneedf
ori
t.Donotbet
ooqui
ckt
othr
owt
hem away
.
 Youcanalsoconsi
dersor
ti
ngoutt
hewasteforr
ecy
cli
ngandcompost
ing.Thesear
e
cov
eredi
ndetail
here:
Recycl
e|Compost
ing
 Leadorj
oinanenv
ironment
alsoci
ety
 Somepeopl
eli
vei
ncommuni
ti
est
hathav
enol
i
ttl
ercol
l
ect
ionandwast
ecol
l
ect
ion
pr
ogr
ammers.

Wast
eManagementandDi
sposal
Ther
ear
efourst
epsnecessar
ytopr
oper
lymanagewast
e:

1.I
dent
if
yWast
es
2.Ev
aluat
eWast
es
3.ManageWast
es
4.Ar
rangef
orDi
sposal
ofWast
e
QUALI
TIESOFAGOODDUSTBI
N
wastecont ainer(Bin)BinscomeinManyshapes, siz
es,andl evelofdetail
s.Mosthowev erar
e
rel
ati
velyeasyt oconst r
uctandinsomecasessi mplypurchasedcommer ci
all
y.Bef
oreyou
chooseabi ntherear et
hereareanumberoff act
orsthatyouneedt oconsider.Her
earesome
ofthethingst hatyouneedt oconsiderwhenchoosi
ngabi nty pe:
I).Stai
nlessii)
.Musthavea
coveriii).Easytocl eanandmaintainiv
).Dur
ablev ).Li
ght(easyt ocarrynotheavy)vi
).Leak
proof
Themoldedplasti
cbinscomeinmanyshapesandsi
zes,r
equir
elit
tl
eifanyassembl
y,andcan
beconveni
entl
ylocatedj
ustaboutany
wher
einyoury
ard.Theyaresimpl
etouseandrequir
e
ver
yli
tt
lemaintenance.
Housi
ngandhealth:Housingcondi
ti
onsaf f
ectpeople’
sheal
th.Inadequatehousi
ngcausesor
cont
ri
butestomanypr event
abledi
seasesandinjur
ies,i
ncl
udingrespir
atory
,nerv
oussystem
andcar
diovascul
ardiseasesandcancer.
>poordesi
gnorconstruct
ionofhomesist
hecausesofmosthomeacci
dent
s.I
nsome
Eur
opeancount
ri
es,theykil
lmorepeopl
ethandoroadacci
dent
s.
>Useofproperbui
ldi
ng;material
sandconst
ructi
oncoul
dpr
eventi
ndoorpol
l
utant
sormoul
d,
causi
ngasthma,al
l
ergiesorrespi
rat
orydi
seases.
>Abouteveryt
enthlungcancercaser
esul
tsfrom r
adoni
nthehome.Appr
opr
iat
edesi
gncan
pr
eventbothexposureandtheri
sktoheal
th.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Housi
ngoneoft
het
radi
ti
onal
areasofconcer
nforpubl
i
cheal
th,
thoughi
thas

16
beenr elat
ivel
yneglect
edov errecentdecades.Buthousingisi
mportantformanyaspect
sof
heal
t hyliv
ingandwel l
beingThehomei 3importantforpsy
chosoci
alreasonsaswellasi
ts
prot
ect i
onagai nstt
heelements, buti
tcanalsobet hesourceofawiderangeofhazards
(physical,
chemi cal
,bi
ologi
cal)
.Itistheenvi
ronmenti nwhichmostpeoplespendthemajor
it
yof
thei
rt i
me.
Housingf
it
ness:Asetofbasicrequi
rementst
hathomesshouldmeetinordertobeconsi
der
ed
asaccept
ablepl
acestol
ive.Oft
endirect
lyori
ndi
rect
lybasedonheal
thcri
teri
a
Housi ng-relat
edhazar ds:therelationshipbetweenhousi ngandhealthismult
i-
facet
ed.A
healthyhomeneedst ohav esoundst ruct
ur e,
tobe- fr
eeofhazar ds,t
oprovi
deadequate
faci
liti
esf orsleepi
ng,personal hygiene,thepr eparati
onandst orageoffoodtobean
environmentf orcomf ortablerelaxati
on, f
orpr i
vacyandqui et
,andtoprovi
dethefaci
li
tyfor
socialex changewi thfr
iends,fami l
yandot hers.Thelocal envi
ronmentisal
soimportant.i
n
determini ngsuchf act
orsasf earofcr ime, accesst olocalservi
cesandfaci
li
ti
esandi n
promot ingsoci ali
nter
action
Col
d,Heat
,fal
lsandacci
dents,
Dampandmoul
d,Car
bonmonoxi
de,
RadonandOt
herr
isksl
ike
Noi
seandPoorergonomics.

ROLEOFVECTORSANDPESTSI
NTHECAUSATI
ONANDSPREADOFDI
SEASES
Basicconcept s:intheterminol
ogyofepi demi ol
ogyv ector
sareor ganismst hattransmit
i
nfectionsfrom onehostt oanotherMostcommonl yknownbiologicalvectorsarear t
hropods
butmanydomest icani
mal stooareimpor tantvectorsorasymptomat iccarriersofparasit
es
andpat hogenst hatatt
ackhumansorot herani mals.Somesuchpat hogensandpar asit
esareof
greatmedi calorv et
eri
naryimport
ance.Manypar asi
tesactual
lyareadapt edt oapar t
icul
ar
vectorforpartoft hei
rdevelopmentalcy
cl e,butthev ect
orfuncti
onessent ial
lyconsistsin
tr
ansmi ssi
on-oft heparasi
tetosubsequenthost s.
Theconceptofdiseasevect
orshassomecommonal it
ywithcertai
notherconceptsinmedi ci
ne
andveteri
nar
yscience,i
tiswort
hcompar i
ngv ect
ori
ng,zoonosisandcarr
ierforperspecti
ve.
Zoonosissometi
mesar i
sesfrom pur
elyadventi
ti
ousornon-systemat
ictranspor
toft he
i
nfect
iousagent
.For
exampleahousefl
yoradogmi ghtacci
dent
all
y,butrout
inel
y,car
rythepat
hogensofty
phoi
dor
chol
erainext
ernaldi
rtwi
thoutbei
nginanyspecial
wayadapt edtosuchafunct
ion.

Pest(
ani
mal
)
Examplesofseriouspestsar
et hoseorgani
smswhi chvect
orhumandiseasesuchasr
atsand
fl
easwhichcarrytheplaguedisease,
ormosquitoeswhichvect
ormalari
a.Pesti
sanani
mal
whichhascharacteri
sti
cswhichpeopleregardasinj
uri
ousorunwant
ed.
Apesti sapl
antoranimaldetr
iment
alt
ohumansorhumanconcer ns(asagri
cult
ureor
l
ivestockpr
oducti
on)alt
ernat
ivemeani
ngsi
ncl
udeorganismsthatcausenuisanceand
epidemicdi
seaseassociat
edwi t
hhi
ghmort
ali
ty(
specif
ical
ly
:plague).l
nitsbroadest
,sense,
a

17
pesti
sacompet
it
orofhumani
ty.
Vect
orsandDi
seases
Mosqui
toesMal
ari
ayel
l
owf
ever
,dengue,
vir
alencephal
i
tis,
fil
ari
asi
s.
Housef
li
esDi
arr
heady
sent
ery
,conj
unct
ivi
ti
s,t
yphoi
dfev
er,
trachoma
Cockr
oachesDi
arr
hea,
dysent
ery
,sal
monel
l
osi
s,chol
era.
Li
ceEndemi
cty
phus,
pedi
cul
osi
srel
apsi
ngf
ever
,tr
enchf
everski
nir
ri
tat
ion.
BedbugsSev
ereski
ninf
lammat
ion.
Tr
iat
omi
cbugsChagas’
disease
Ti
cksRi
cket
tsi
afev
er,
tul
aremi
a,r
elapsi
ngf
ever
,vi
ral
encephal
i
tis,
bor
rel
i
osi
s.
Rodent(
mit
es)Ri
cket
tsi
apox,
scr
ubt
yphus.
Rodent(
fl
eas)Buboni
cpl
ague,
endemi
cty
phus.
Rodent
sRatbi
tef
ever
,lept
ospi
rosi
ssal
monel
l
osi
s,mel
i
oidosi
s

I
nsectPest
sar
eanI
nti
mat
eii
5iiofEv
eryHome
I
nt heai
r,car
pet
,count
erorcupboar
d,ev
eryhome;
shar
esi
tsr
esour
ceswi
tht
heset
iny
,of
ten
unseen

i
nvaders.Pest
ici
desar
eavai
l
abl
eformostcommonhousehol
dinsectpest
s,butt
hesepot
ent
chemicalCompoundsmaybemorehar
mfultoy
ouandtheenvi
ronmentthanthepest
s
SAFEWAYSTOCONTROLPESTSAROUNDYOURHOME
Thesealt
ernat
ivest
otoxi
cpesti
cideswil
lpr
otectt
heheal
thofy
ourhousehol
d,whi
l
ekeepi
ng
i
nsects,
rodent
sandotherpest
satbay .
STEPI
;MakeSur
eYourHousei
scl
eanandDr
y
STEP2:
Seal
Ent
ryway
s
STEP3:
TryChemi
cal
-Fr
eest
rat
egi
es
STEP4:
ChooseLower
-Ri
skPest
ici
des.
STEP5:
Mini
mizeExposur
e
CONTROLLI
NGRESERVOI
RSOFI
NFECTI
ON
Reservoir
:Thereservoi
rofaninfecti
ousagenti
sthehabitatinwhicht
heagentnor mal
lyli
ves,
growsandmul t
ipli
es.Reserv
oirsincl
udehumans,animals,andtheenvi
ronment.Thereservoi
r
mayormaynotbet hesourcefrom whichanagentistr
ansf er
redtoahost.Forexample,t
he
reser
voirofCl
ostri
dium bot
uli
num issoil
,butt
hesourceofmostbot ul
ism inf
ecti
onsis

18
i
mpr
oper
lycannedf
oodcont
aini
ngC.bot
uli
num spor
es.

Humanr eservoirs.Manycommoni nfectiousdi seaseshav ehumanr eserv0ir

sDi seasesthatare.
'transmittedfrom persont oper sonWi t
houti ntermedi ariesi
ncludethesexuallyt ransmi t
ted
diseases,measl es,mumps, strept ococcal infect ion, andmanyr espi
ratorypathogens.Because
humanswer etheonlyr eser voirfort hesmal lpoxv irus,natur
all
yoccurringsmal lpoxwas
eradicatedafterthelasthumanCasewasi dent ifi
edandi sol
ated.Carri
erscommonl ytransmit
diseasebecauset heydonotr ealizet heyar ei nfect ed,andconsequent l
yt akenospeci al
precautionstopr eventtr ansmi ssion.Sy mpt omat icper sonswho"ar eawar eoft heiril
lness,on
theot herhand, maybel esslikelyt ot ransmi ti nfectionbecauset heyareei t
her.toosi cktobe
butandabout ,
"takepr ecaut i
onst or educet ransmi ssion,orrecei
vetreatmentt hatlimitsthe
disease.

Ani
malr eser
voi
rs:Humansar
ealsosubj
ectt
odiseasest
hathaveani
mal r
eser
voi
rs.Manyof
t
hesediseasesaretr
ansmi
tt
edfr
om animalt
oanimal,wi
thhumansasinci
dent
alhost
s.The
t
erm zoonosi
srefer
s

toani nf
ectiousdiseaset hatistr
ansmi ssibleundernatur
alconditi
onsfrom v er
tebr
at eani
mals
tohumans.Longr ecognizedzoonot i
cdiseasesi ncl
udebrucell
osis(cowsandpi gs),anthr
ax
(sheep),pl
ague( rodent s),t
richi
nell
osis/tr
ichinosis(
swine),
tular
emia( r
abbit
s)andr abi
es(bat
s,
raccoons,dogs, andot hermammal s).Zoonosesnewl yemergentinNor t
hAmer i
cai ncl
udeWest
Nileencephalit
is(birds),andmonkeypox( prai
ri
edogs).Manynewl yrecognizedinfecti
ous
diseasesinhumans, includingHI V/
AI DS,Ebol ai
nfect
ionandSARS, arethoughtt ohav e
emer gedfrom animal hosts,alt
hought hosehost shavenoty etbeenidenti
fi
ed.
Envir
onment alr
eservoir
s.Pl
ants,
soi
l,andwaterintheenvi
r onmentareal soreserv
oirsfor
somei nf
ect
iousagents.Manyfungal
agents,’
Suchast hoset hatcausehistopl
asmosi s,
li
veand
multi
plyi
nthesoil.Outbr
eaksofLegi
onnair
esdiseasearetracedt owatersuppl i
esinCooli
ng
towersandevaporati
vecondenser
s,r
eservoi
rsforthecausativeorgani
sm Legi onel
la
pneumophil
a.
Modesoft
ransmi
ssi
on
Aninf
ecti
ousagentmaybetr
ansmit
tedf
rom i
tsnatur
alr
eser
voi
rtoasuscept
ibl
ehosti
n
di
ff
erentways.Ther
ear
edif
fer
entcl
assi
fi
cat
ionsformodesoft
ransmi
ssi
on.Herei
sone
cl
assi
fi
cati
on:
Indi
rectt
ransmi ssi
onaninfecti
ousagenti
str
ansf
err
edf
rom ar
eser
voi
rtoasuscept
ibl
ehost
bydi
rectcontactordropl
etspread.
Dropletspreadref
erstospr
aywithrelat
ivelylarge,short-
rangeaerosol
sproducedbysneezi
ng,
coughing,orevental
ki
ng.Dropl
etspreadcl assi
fiedasdi r
ectbecausetransmi
ssioni
sbydirect
sprayoveraf ewfeet
,bef
orethedroplet
sf allt
ot he.ground.
I
ndi
rectt
ransmi
ssi
onr
efer
stot
het
ransf
erofani
nfect
iousagentf
rom ar
eser
voi
rtoahostby

19
suspendedai
rpar
ti
cles,
inani
mat
eObj
ect
s(v
ehi
cles)orani
mat
eint
ermedi
ari
es(
vect
ors)
Air
bornetransmissi
onOccur swheni nfecti
ousagent sarecarriedbydustordr opletnuclei
suspendedinair
.Air
bor nedusti ncludesmat erialt
hathasset tl
edonSur facesandbecome
suspendedbyaircurrentsaswel lasinfecti
ouspar t
iclesblownf r
om t hesoilbythewi nd.
Dropl
etnucleiar
edriedr esidueofl essthan5mi cr
onsi nsizeincontrastt odropletsthatf all
to
thegroundWithi
naf ewf eetdropletnucleimayr emai nsuspendedi nt heairf
orlongper iodsof
ti
meandmanybebl ownov ergreatdistances.Measl es,f
orexampl e,hasoccur redinchildr en
Whocamei nt
oaphy siciansof ficeafterachildwithmeasl eshadl eftbecauset hemeasl es
Vir
usr emai
nedsuspendedi ntheai r.
CONTROLANDPREVENTI
VEMEASURES
Int
erventi
onsaredi
rect
edat:Contr
oll
ingoreli
minat
ingagentatsour
ceoft
ransmi
ssi
on
prot
ectingpor
tal
sofentr
y,andIncr
easinghost
’sdef
enses
Diagnosisandtreat
ment:Fi
rst
,youshouldbeablet
odiagnoseandtreatcasesofthedisease,
orreferthesev
erit
yofthedi
seasefort
hepatient
,av
oidi
ngprogressi
ontocompl i
cati
ons,
di
sabi l
i
tyanddeath,andi
tal
soreducestheri
skoftr
ansmissiontoot
hers.
 Thef
ir
stst
epi
stoaskaboutt
hemai
ncompl
aint
soft
hepat
ient
 Thenaskaboutt
hepr
esenceofot
herr
elat
edsy
mpt
omsar
idr
iskf
act
ors.
 Exami
net
hepat
ientphy
sical
l
ytodet
ectsi
gnsofanydi
seasesy
oususpect
.
 Final
l
y,ref
erthepat
ientf
orl
abor
ator
yexami
nat
ionsi
fav
ail
abl
e(e.g.bl
oodexami
nat
ion
formalari
a).

Screeni
ng:Screeni
ngrefer
st othedetecti
onofan.i nfecti
oni nanindivi
dualWhodoesnotshow
anysignsorsymptomsoft hedisease.Itiscarr
iedoutusi ngspecifi
ctestscall
edscreeni
ng
test
s.Screeni
ngWillhel
pyout odetectani nf
ectionearlyandOr ganizeappr
opriat
etreatmentso
astoreducecomplicati
onsandpr eventtr
ansmi ssi
ont oot her
s.Anexampl eofscreeni
ngthat
maybef amili
artoyouisscreeningt
hebl oodofpr egnantwomenf orHIVinfect
ion.
Isolat
ion:Foll
owingdetecti
onofani nfect
iousdisease,youmayneedt osepar
atepati
entsfrom
otherstopreventtransmissi
ont ohealt
hypeople.ThisIScall
edi
solati
on.I
tisnoti
ndicat
edf or
everyinfect
ion,butiti
simportanttoisol
atepeoplewithhighl
ysevereandeasi
lytr
ansmitted
diseases.

Repor
ti
ng:Casesofcommunicabl
edi
seasesshoul
dber eport
edt oanear
byheal
thcent
eror
Heal
thOff
iceper
iodi
cal
ly
,usi
ngthenat
ional
survei
l
lanceguidel
ines.
PREVENTI
ONOFAI
RPOLLUTI
ONI
NTHECOMMUNI
TY
Airquali
ty:Evencleanai
risnotreal
lycleanIthasmanypol l
utants(t
hingst
hatpol
lutetheair
)
fr
om naturalsourcesThesepoll
utantsincl
udedust ,
seasalt
,volcani
cashesandgases, smoke
fr
om forestfir
es,poll
en,
andmanyOt hermateri
als.I
nfact,
therearemanymor enatural
poll
utant
st hanpollut
ant
sthathumansmake.Howev er
,humanshav eadaptedtomostoft hese

20
nat
ural
pol
l
utant
s.
Airpoll
utionisami xtureofnat ur
alandman- madesubst ancesi ntheai rWebr eat
hesuchas
fi
nepar ti
clesproducedbyt hebur ningoffossilfuels,
ground- l
evelozone, whichisareacti
ve
form ofoxy genthatisapol l
utantthatinf
luencest hehealt
hofal lor ganisms.pri
mary
componentofur bansmog, andnoxi ousgasessuchasSul furdioxide,nitr
ogenoxidescarbon
monoxi deandchemi calvaporsTheheal theffectofairpoll
utionhav ebeenreport
edinresear
ch
studi
esIov ert
hepast30y ears.Theseef f
ectsincluderespirator
ydi seasessuchasast hma
cardi
ov asculardiseases,

changesi
nlungfuncti
on,
anddeath.Ther
eismounti
ngev
idencet
hatexposur
etoai
rpol
l
uti
on
haslongt
erm ef
fectsonl
ungdevelopmenti
ii
chi
ldr
en.
Airpoll
uti
onsar
eusuallydescribedaseitherpr
imarypol
lutantsorsecondarypoll
utant
s.Pr
imar
y
poll
utantsar
epoll
utant
st hatareputdir
ectlyi
ntotheai
rbyhumansornat uralsour
ces."
Examplesofpri
marypollutantsareexhaustfumes(gas)from car
ssootf r
om smokedust
stormsandashfrom volcanicerupt
ions(asseeninthepictur
eont helef
t)
Secondar ypoll
utantsarepollut
antst hatar emadef r
om chemi calreact
ionswhenpollut
antsmix
withotherprimarypol l
utant
sornat ural subst
anceslikewaterv apor.Manysecondarypoll
utant
s
aremadewhenapr i
mar ypol
lutantreact swit
hsunl i
ght.Ozoneandsmogar esecondary
poll
utants.Ozonei sagast hatishelpf ulandtakesinharmfulraysf r
om thesun.Whenitisnear
theground, t
hough, ozoneisadanger ouspollutantt
hatinfl
uencet hehealt
hofallor
ganisms.
TYPESofAi
rPol
lut
ionandSour
cesHuman-
MadeAi
rPol
lut
ion
Ther
ear
emanypr
obl
emscausedbyai
rpol
l
uti
on,
li
ke;
greenhouseef
fectandaci
drai
n.

Human- madeairpoll
uti
oncome-asf r
om manyt hings.Mostai
rpol
lut
ionmadebyhumanst
oday
i
sbecauseoft r
ansportati
on.Car
s,forinstance,
makeabout60%oft hehuman-madeai
r
pol
lut
ionintheUnitedStatesThegasesi nsi
decarexhaust,
li
keni
tr
ogenoxide,
makesmogand
aci
drain.
Indust
rialairpol
lut
ionManyi ndust
ri
alpowerplant
sburnfossilf
uelst
ogettheirenergy.
Howev er,burni
ngfossilf
uelscanmakeal otofoxi
des(chemicalcompoundsthathav eoxygen
andotherel ementsinsi
de).I
nfact,
theburni
ngoffossi
lfuel
smakes96%oft hesulfuroxi
desin
theatmospher e.
Indoorai rpoll
uti
on:Ai
rpoll
ution:i
snotonlyont heoutSi de.Homes,schools,andbuildi
ngscan
alsohav eairpoll
uti
on.Somet i
mest heairi
nsideabui l
dingisevenworsethant heairoutside.
Manyt hingswhi chhumansuseev er
ydaycanpol lut
et heair.Compoundsinsidecarpets,paints,
buil
dingmat er
ial
sandfurni
turealso.pol
lut
etheai respecial
lyWhentheyarenew, inbuildi
ngs
wheret hewi ndowsareti
ghtlyshuttostopairleaks,t
heai ri
nsidecanbepollutedmor ethant he
airoutside.

Aci
dpr
eci
pit
ati
on:Aci
dpr
eci
pit
ati
oni
spr
eci
pit
ati
on,
li
ker
ain,
sleet
,orsnow,
whi
chcont
ains

21
acidsf
r om airpoll
uti
on.Whenf ossi
lfuelsareburned,theyl
etoutoxi
desintotheair
.When
theseoxidesmi xwithwateri nt
heatmospher e,
theymakeaci d,whi
chfallaspreci
pit
ati
on.[1]
Acidprecipit
ati
oncanki l
ll
ivingthi
ngs,l
ikefi
shandt rees,bymakingthepl
acewher ethey.l
i
v e
tooacidic.Acidrai
ncanal sodamagebui ldi
ngsmadeofl i
mestoneandconcrete
TheWorl
dHeal
thOr
gani
zat
ionsai
dthat2.
4mi
l
li
onpeopl
edi
edbecauseoft
hedi
rectpr
obl
ems
ofai
rpol
l
uti
on.
Some0ft
hepr
obl
emsi
ncl
ude:
HeadDizzi
ness,Headaches,
FaceBur
ning,scrat
chyeyes,Runnynose,Coughi
ngandhard
br
eathi
ng.OtherLungcancerandl
ungdiseases,Sor
ethroatchestpai
ns,col
dsandal
ler
gies
SomePr
act
ical
Way
stoPr
eventAi
rPol
lut
ioni
ntheCommuni
ty

Thenumberonewaytoprev
entairpol
lut
ioni
s't
owalkorbi
kemoreanddri
vel
ess.Thi
swill
prev
entf
ossi
lfuel
sfr
om pol
lut
ingtheair
.Her
earesomeotherway
stoprev
entai
rpoll
uti
on:
*
Car
pool
orj
oinar
ideshar
ewi
thf
ri
endsandcowor
ker
s
*
Don’
tsmoke
*
Keepy
ourcarmai
ntenanceup-
todat
e
*
Ify
ouhav
etodr
ive,
doy
ourer
randsatonet
ime
*
Don’
tbuypr
oduct
sthatcomei
naer
osol
spr
aycans
*
Avoi
dusi
ngl
i
ght
erf
lui
dwhenbar
becui
ngout
side.
*
Wheny
oudr
iveaccel
erat
esl
owl
yandusecr
uisecont
rol
*
Alway
srepl
acey
ourcar
’sai
rfi
l
ter
*
Useapushorel
ect
ri
clawnmowerr
athert
hanagas-
power
edone
*
Don’
tusehar
shchemi
cal
cleaner
sthatcanemi
tfumes
*
Inspecty
ourgasappl
i
ancesandheat
ersr
egul
arl
y

CONTROLOFENVI
RONMENTALHEALTHHAZARDSI
NTHECOMMUNI
TY
Ourenvironmentgeneral
l
yconsist
sofphy si
cal,chemicalandbiol
ogi
calfactorandour
rel
ati
onshipwith,
ourenvir
onmentisalwaysinteract
ive.Thismeanst
hatweaf fectour
envi
ronmentandourenv ir
onmentaffect
sUs.Thesei nteracti
onsmay:exposeust o
envi
ronment al
healt
hhazards;
thatisanyenvir
onment alfactor
sorsi
tuati
onst hatcancause
i
njury
,diseaseordeath.
I
tiswort
hpausi
ngheretoclar
if
yt hedif
ferencebetweenhazardandri
sk.Ahazardi
ssomething
whichi
sknowntocauseharm,thatis,
asour ceofdangertohealt
h.Ri
skist
helikel
i
hoodor
pr
obabil
i
tyoft
hehazardoccur
ringandt hemagnitudeoftheresul
ti
ngeff
ect
s.Forexampl
e,if

22
youcli
mbal adderyouknowther
eisachanceyoucouldfall
offandbeinsured,
alt
houghi
tis
unl
ikel
y.Theladderi
sthehazar
dandthechanceofi
njuryistheri
skyoutakebycli
mbingt
he
l
adder
Envi
ronmentalhazar
d'isthest at
eofevent
swhichhasthepotent
ial
tothreatenthesurr
oundi
ng
nat
uralenv
ironmentandadv ersel
yaff
ectpeopl
e’
shealt
h.Thister
mincorporatestopi
csli
ke
pol
lut
ionandnatural
disasterssuchasstor
msandearthquakes.
Cat
egor
iesofenv
ironment
alheal
thhazar
ds
Hazar
dsar
egener
all
ycat
egor
izedasf
oll
ows.
 Phy
sical
hazar
ds
 Bi
ologi
cal
hazar
ds.
 Chemi
cal
hazar
ds
 Cul
tur
al/
pract
ice-
rel
atedhazar
ds
 Soci
alhazar
ds

Pr
inci
plesofhazar
dmanagement
Youmaybeaskedtoplanhowt omanageenvi
ronmental
hazar
ds,
sayinaHealt
hPost
ormi
llhouset
hatexi
stsinyourl
ocal
it
y.I
nvol
vementi
nhazardmanagementr
equir
es
yout
of ol
l
owcert
ainsteps,
whichareout
li
nedbelow.

Establ
ishthecontextandi denti
fythehazard:Thesearethef i
rststeps.Youhavelearnedthata
hazardissomethi
ngt hatisharmf ult
oourheal t
h.Adescri
ptionoft hecategori
esofhazardsis
giv
eninSection22abov eYoushoul didenti
fythetypeofthehazardi nasmuchdet ailasyou,
canYoushoul dal
sodescr ibetheexposur econdi
ti
onsandt r
yt oanswert hefol
lowingquesti
ons
Whatisthesourceoft hehazard?WhoI Sexposed?Whatar ethepat hwaysoractiv
iti
esthat
exposeaperson?Whatpar toftheenv i
ronmentisinvol
vedinthet r
ansferofthehazardto
humans?
Hazardr i
skanaly
sisandev al
uationHereyouwouldanaly
zether
iskandevaluatethepotenti
al
ofthehazardtocausedamaget oheal
th.Thi
sstepneedsadeeperappr
aisali
ncollabor
ation
wit
ht heworedaenv i
ronmentalheal
thworker
.Theevaluat
ionmayrequi
reappropri
atedesign,
sampl i
ngandlaborat
oryinv
estigati
on.
Communicateandconsult:Whenthehazardsandri
skshavebeendet er
mi nedadvi
cecanbe
communi
catedontheintervent
ionsorcontr
olmeasurest
hatareneededt ocontrol
thehazar
d.
Ther
ecanalsobeconsultati
onswithrel
evant
;peopl
eandorganizat
ions.
Treatthehazard/r
isk.Theint
erv
ent
ionsorcont
rol
measur
esar
ecar
ri
edoutbyt
heper
sonor
peopleresponsi
bleforthehazar
dorri
sk.
Moni
tor
ingandr
evi
ewi
ng:
Thei
mpl
ement
ati
onof
:int
erv
ent
ionsorcont
rol
measur
esf
ort
he

23
hazar
dmustbef ol
l
owedupi nordert
odeter
minewhethert
heyar
esuccessf
ul.Cor
rect
ion
measurescanbeappl
iedi
fthereisanyf
ail
ureI
dent
if
yingappr
opr
iat
eindi
cat
orsformonit
ori
ng
i
s.cri
ti
calandmustbedoneformall
y.
Recordkeepi
ng:Keepi
ngrecor
dsandr
eportsonhazardmanagementisal
waysimport
ant
.
Theserecor
dsmustcontai
nthety
peofhazard,
exposuresandwhatcont
rolmeasur
eswere
taken.
ORGANI
SINGCOMMUNI
TYCONVERSATI
ON
Int
hissect
ionwearegoingt
olookatt
hest
epswhi
chy
oushoul
dfol
l
owwhenor
gani
zi
nga
communityconv
ersat
ion.
Step1.Goodr elat
ionshi
pswi t
hseniormember sofyourcommuni tywillhelpyout
oconduct
effect
iveUcommuni t
yconv er
sat
ions.Thi
swi l
lal
sohelpthefacil
it
atorandt heCommuni t
y
member stogettoknoweachot herandstrengt
henthei
rrelat
ionshipthisleadtof
eelatease
andablet osetoutthei
rviewsandOpi ni
ons,andwil
lhelpthem totrustandunderst
andeach
other.
Step2.Identi
fythemai nhealt
hproblemsi nthecommunity.Att
hisstagetherol
eoftheheal
th
workerIStoaskst r
ategicquesti
onstohel pcommunitymember sident
if
ythemainhealt
h
probl
emsori ssuesRemembert hatasaf aci
li
tat
oroftheconversat
ionyoushoul
dnotimpose
yourvi
ewsort ellt
hem thatyourproblem is.
..
..
.asthi
swillpr
eventthecommunitybei
ngableto
i
dentif
ytheirhealt
hissuesforthemsel v
es
St
ep3.Duri
ngthi
sstep,t
hecommuni
tywi
l
lassessanddi
scusst
her
ootCausesoft
he
i
dent
if
iedheal
thi
ssues.
Wit
hhelpf
rom t
hecommuni
ty,
youshoul
dbeabletocorrect
lyi
denti
fysi
gni
fi
cantheal
th
pr
oblemsi
nthecommuni
ty,
andstar
ttodev
eloppossi
blesolut
ions

St
ep4.Ident
if
yandcoll
ectt
oget
heranyav ail
abl
eresour
ced.Thi
sstephel
ps’t
hecommuni
tyt
o
i
dent
if
yresourceswhi
chwil
lbenecessar
yt ohel
psolvethei
denti
fi
edheal
thprobl
ems.
Step5.t
hisI
Sdecisi
onmakingDuri
ngthi
sstepthecommuni t
ypr
ior
iti
zest
hei
dent
if
iedi
ssues
andheal
thprobl
ems,andst
artst
oplanacti
vi
ti
esthatshoul
dbecarr
iedout
.
Step6.Thisisthei
mplementat
ionst ageDuri
ngthisst
ept
hecommuni tyi
mplement swhathas
beenplanned.Rememberthatyoushoul di
ncl
udeas.Manymember softhecommuni tyas
possi
bleinyourheal
thact
ivi
ti
esev enthosewhodidnotat
tend-
ti
thecommuni tyconver
sat
ion
Doingthi
swi l
lhel
pthecommuni t
yt akeownershi
pofthei
mplementat
ionprocess
Step7.Thisisthestagewhereyoumonitortheimpl
ementat
ionofanychosenheal
thacti
vit
ies,
andmakeanef for
ttounder
standthechangesthathav
etakenplaceinthecommuni
ty.This
stephel
pst hecommuni t
ytomonitorandevaluat
ethebehavi
oralchangesandt
hechall
enges
facedateachstep.

24