Java Programming U1

RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Object Oriented Programming
Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 1

Introduction to OOP
• Object-oriented Programming, is a programming
paradigm which provides a means of structuring programs
using classes and objects.
• Object-oriented Programming helps to organize complex

programs through the use of inheritance, encapsulation and
polymorphism.
• The OOP technique is a paradigm, as it describes the way

in which elements within a computer program must be
organized. It also describes how elements should interact
with each other.
Introduction to OOP
OOP simplifies the software development and maintenance

by providing concepts such as:
 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation

Procedural programming language and
object oriented language
Procedure Oriented Programming:
•Large program is divided into sub programs called
“Functions”
•Following the top-down design
•Data can move freely from one function to another function
•All the functions are going to access the same global data
•Maintenance of a large software system is costly.

BASIS FOR COMPARISON POP OOP
Basic Procedure/Structure Object oriented.
oriented .
Approach Top-down. Bottom-up.

Basis Main focus is on "how to get Main focus is on 'data
the task done" i.e. on the security'. Hence, only
procedure or structure of a objects are permitted to
program . access the entities of a class.
Division Large program is divided into Entire program is divided
units called functions. into objects.
Entity accessing mode No access specifier Access specifier are "public",
observed. "private", "protected".
Overloading or Neither it overload functions It overloads functions,

Polymorphism nor operators. constructors, and operators.
Inheritance Their is no provision of Inheritance achieved in

inheritance. three modes public private
and protected.
BASIS FOR COMPARISON POP OOP
Data hiding & security There is no proper way of Data is hidden in three
hiding the data, so data is modes public, private, and
insecure protected. hence data
security increases.
Data sharing Global data is shared Data is shared among the
among the functions in objects through the
the program. member functions.
Example C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.

Procedure Oriented Programming :
Drawbacks:
•Data security problem (Less secured).
•It does not model the real world problems very well.

Object-Oriented Programming advantages:
•The object independence makes the maintenance easy
•Data abstraction increases the reliability
•Dynamic binding increases the flexibility by permitting the
addition of new data without having to modify the existing
code
•Inheritance with dynamic binding enhances the reusability of
code.
Object-Oriented Programming:

Principles of OOP
• A class can be defined as a template or blueprint that
describes the behavior or state of the object.
• An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. Any

entity that has property and behavior is known as an object.
For example a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. Object
can be physical or logical in state.

Principles of OOP
• Inheritance is a way to reuse code of existing objects, or
to establish a subtype from an existing object, or both,
depending upon programming language support.
• Polymorphism is made by two words "poly" and
"morphs". Poly means many and Morphs means form,
shape. It is the ability of a variable, function or object to
take on multiple forms.

Principles of OOP
• Abstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than
events. It basically deals with hiding the details and showing the
essential things to the user.
• If you look at the image here, whenever we get a call, we get an
option to either pick it up or just reject it. But in reality, there is a
lot of code that runs in the background. don’t know the internal
processing.
• The process in which code and data are wrapped together within a
single unit is known as Encapuslation. It is used to restrict access
to methods and variables from being modified by accident.

Applications of OOP
• Simulation and modeling
• User Interface Design
• Artificial Intelligence
• Neural Networks
• Web Designing
• CAD/CAM Systems
• Real-time systems
• Distributed computing and applications

History of Java
• The first widespread language was of course FORTRAN. While

FORTRAN was an impressive language that encourages clear
and easy understand of programs.
• The 1960s gave birth to structured programming. This is the

method of programming used by the languages such as ‘C’.
• In 1990, Sun Micro Systems has conceived a project to develop

software for consumer electronic devices that could be
controlled by a remote system. This project was called as
Stealth Project but later its name was changed to Green Project.

History of Java
• In 1991 January, Bill Joy, James Gosling, Mike Sheradin,

Patrick Naughton and several others met to discuss this project.
James Gosling was assigned to identify the proper language for
the project. Gosling thought C and C++ could be used to
develop the project.
• But the problem he faced with them is that they were system
dependent languages and hence could not be used on various
processors of electronic devices. So, he started developing a
new language which was completely system independent.

History of Java
• This language was initially called ‘Oak’. Since this name was
registered by some other company, later it was changed to Java.
• The team felt that they were able to develop a better language
because of the good quality of coffee they consumed. So, the
name of the place ‘Java Island’ was exporting the coffee bean
was given as name to the new language.

Java Features
Simple: Java is a simple programming language. When Java is
developed, they wanted it to be simple because it has to work on
electronic devices, where less memory is available.
Java developers maintained the same syntax of C and C++
in Java, so that a programmer who knows C or C++ will find Java
already as familiar.
Object-Oriented: Java is an Object-Oriented programming

language. This means Java programs uses objects, classes and the
concepts of OOP.

Java Features
Distributed: A service is said to be distributed service which runs
in multiple servers and that service can be accessed by ‘n’ number
of clients across global. In order to develop distributed
applications we must require trusted network architecture. That
architecture is provided by the Java.
Robust: Java programs are strong and they don’t crash easily like
C or C++ because it has excellent inbuilt exception handling and
memory management mechanisms.
Secure: Security problems like eaves-dropping, tampering,

impersonation and virus threats are eliminated by using Java on
Internet.

Java Features
System Independent: Java’s byte code is not machine dependent.
It can be run on any machine with any processor and any
operating system. This feature also known as ‘Write Once Run
Anywhere’.
Portability: If a program yields the same result on every machine,

then that program is called Portable. Java programs are portable.
Interpreted: Java programs are compiled to get the byte code.

This byte code can be interpreted by the interpreter in JVM. If we
take any other languages, only an interpreter or compiler is used
to execute the programs. But in Java both are available.

Java Features
High Performance: The problem with interpreter inside the JVM

is that it is slow. Because of this Java programs used to run slow.
To overcome this developer introduced JIT (Just In Time)
compiler along with the interpreter to enhance the speed of
execution.
Multi-Threaded: Thread is an individual process. JVM uses

several threads to execute different blocks of code. Creating
multiple threads is called ‘Multi-Threading’.

Java Features
Scalability: Java platform can be implemented on a wide range of

computers with varying levels of resources from embedded
devices to mainframe computers.
Dynamic: Before the development of Java, only static text used to

be displayed. Java is capable on dynamically linking new class,
libraries, methods and objects. Java supports the functions written
in C and C++. These are called Native Methods. Native methods
are linked dynamically at run time.

Java Virtual Machine
• A Java virtual machine (JVM) is an abstract computing

machine that enables a computer to run a Java program.
• JVM is the heart of entire Java program execution process.

It is responsible for taking ‘.class’ file and converting each
byte code instruction into the machine language instruction
that can be executed by the micro-processor.
• Its implementation is known as Java Runtime Environment

(JRE). Whenever you write java command on the command
prompt to run the java class, an instance of JVM is created.
Java Virtual Machine
The following steps are done in JVM:
Step 1: First of all it loads the ‘.class’ file into memory
Step 2: Then it verifies whether all byte code instructions are

valid. If it finds any one is not valid then it rejected
immediately.
Step 3: If valid then it allocates necessary memory to execute

the program.

Program Structure
//Single line comment
/*-----Multiple-------line-----
------------comments here*/
package <packagename>;
import packagename.classname.methodname;
class <class name>
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
//body of the class – data members and
methods
}
}
Program Structure
Documentation: This section consists of a set of comments
about the program including the name of the program.
Package Declaration Statement: This is the first statement

in every Java program. This statement tells the compiler that
the classes defined here belongs to this package. This
statement is optional.
Import Statement: This tells the interpreter to include the

classes from the package defined. This is the next statement
after the package declaration but should be written before
defining class. There may be number of import statements.
Program Structure
Interface Statements: The interface statement defines method
declaration without body for the subclasses to provide
implementation for them. This is optional; it is used only if we
want to implement multiple inheritance features in our program.
Class Definition: This section consists of number of class

definitions where each class consists of data members and
methods.
Main Method of Class: Every program must have a class

definition that defines the main() method. main() is the starting
point for running Java stand alone programs. The program
terminates once it reaches the end of the main() method.

Program Structure
Example Program:
//Sample program
import java.lang.*;
class Sample
{
{
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
}
Output:
Hello World
Identifiers
Identifiers are the names of variables, methods, classes,
packages and interfaces.
Rules for naming identifiers:
• Identifiers must be composed of letters, numbers, the
underscore _ and the dollar sign $. Identifiers may only begin with
a letter, the underscore or a dollar sign.
• There should be no space in between any two characters of an

identifier.
• Keywords cannot be used for variable name.
• Java is a case-sensitive language, so upper case and lower case

letters are distinct.
Variables
A variable is an identifier which represents a memory
location used for storing a data value.
Declaration of a variable: All the variables must be declared

before they can be used. The basic syntax of a variable
declaration is,
Syntax: type identifier;

Where, type represents the data type of the variable,
identifier is the name of the variable.
Example: int a;
Variables
More than one variable of same type can be declared by using

a comma-separated list.
Syntax: type identifier1, identifier2,…..;
Example: float x,y,z;
Initialization of a variable: Variable can be initialized by the

use of assignment operator and a value.
Syntax: type identifier=value;
Example: int p=47;

Primitive data types
Primitive datatypes are the basic datatypes which are
available within the Java language. These are also called as
standard, intrinsic or built-in data types.
There are eight data types available in Java. These can be

classified into four groups.
• Integers - byte, short, int, long

• Floating point - float, double
• Characters - char
• Boolean - boolean

Primitive data types: Integer
These represent the integer number i.e., numbers without any
fractional part or decimal points. For example, 125, -225678,
0, 1023 etc.
Memory Minimum and
Data type
Size Maximum
byte 1 byte -128 to +127
short 2 bytes -32768 to +32767
-2147483648 to
Int 4 bytes
+2147483647
-9223372036854775808
long 8 bytes to
+9223372036854775807
Primitive data types: float
These data types are useful to represent the numbers with
decimal point. For example, 3.14, 0.0012.
Memory
Data type Minimum and Maximum
Size
-3.4 e38 to -1.4 e-45 for –ve
float 4 bytes
1.4e-45 to 3.4e38 for +ve
-1.8 e308 to -4.9 e-324 for –ve

double 8 bytes
4.9e-324 to 1.8e308 for +ve
Where, e=multiple of 10 then 1.98e8=1.98*108

Primitive data types: char and boolean
Character Data type represents a single character.
Example: char c=’p’; // enclosed in single quotes.
Boolean Data type represents any of two values true or false.

Example: boolean state=true;
Note: In C, C++ we can represent as 0 or 1 but in Java it is
not valid.
String Data type represents a group of characters.

Example: String str=”Raghu College”;
Note: String is a class and it is considered as user-defined
data type. We have various methods to work with Strings.
For Ex: str.charAt(index) returns the character at given index.
Keywords
abstract boolean break byte case catch
char const continue class default do
double else extends final finally float
for goto if implements import instanceof
int interface long native new package
public private protected return short static
strictfp super switch synchronized this throw
throws transient try void volatile while
true false null

literals
A literal represents a value that is stored into a variable
directly in the program.
Example: boolean res=true;

char gender=’m’;
int i=789;
In above statements the right hand side values are

called Literals. The following are the different types of
literals:
Integer Literal, Float Literal, Character Literal, String Literal,
Boolean Literal
literals
Integer Literal:
Integer literals represent the fixed integer values like
100, 1234 etc. All these numbers belong to decimal system
which uses 10 digits i.e. 0 to 9.
Suppose we want to write an integer in octal number

system (i.e. 0 to 7) then we should use prefix ‘0’ before the
number. Hexa decimal number should prefixed with ‘0x’ or
‘0X’.
Example: int decval=26;
int octval=026;
int hexval=0x1a;
literals
Float Literal:
Float represents fractional numbers. These are the
numbers with decimal points like 2.0, -0.015 etc. These
values should be used with float, double data type variables.
Example: double d1=123.4;
float f1=123.4f;
String Literal:
String literals represent objects of String class. For
example: “HelloWorld”, “AP05CZ”, “15981A” etc will come
under String literals which can be directly stored into a String
object.
literals
Character Literal:
Character literals indicate the following:
General characters like A, b, 9 etc.
Special characters like ?, @, &, * etc.
Unicode characters like \u0042 (this means ‘B’ in ISO Latin1
character set)
Escape sequence like \n, \b, \t etc
Note: Character literals should be enclosed in single
quotation marks.
Boolean Literals:
Boolean literals represent only two values either true or false.
Operators
An operator is a symbol that performs an operation. An
operator acts on some variables called operands to get the
desired result.
Example: a + b
Where, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are operands, + is an operator.
• If an operator acts on single variable, that operator is called

as ‘Unary Operator’
• If it acts on two variables, then it called as ‘Binary
Operator’
• If it acts on three variables, then is called as ‘Ternary
Operator’.
Operators
Types of Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Unary Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Arithmetic Assignment Operators
5. Relational Operators
6. Logical Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
8. Conditional or Ternary operator
9. Special operators

Operators: Arithmetic Operators
Assume a=13 and b=5
Operator Meaning Example Result
+ Addition operator a+b 18
- Subtraction operator a-b 8
* Multiplication operator a*b 65
/ Division operator a/b 2.6
Modulus Operator (Gives remainder of
% a%b 3
division)
Note: + operator can also be used for concatenating two

Strings.
Operators: Unary Operators
As the name indicates, unary operator acts on only one
operand. There are three kinds of unary operators:
Unary minus Operator (-):This operator is used to convert a

negative value into positive value and vice versa.
Syntax: - operand
Example: int x=5;
System.out.println(-x); //displays -5
System.out.println(-(-x)); //displays 5
Increment Operator (++)//increments a value by 1

Decrement Operator (--) //decrements a value by 1
Operators: Assignment Operators (=)
This operator is used to store some value into a variable.
Syntax: operand = expression
• Used to store a value in a variable. Example: int x=5;

• Used to store the value of a variable into another variable.
Example: int x=y;
• Used to store the value of an expression in a variable.
Example: int x=y+z-4;
Note: Some invalid assignments are listed below,

x+y=10;
15=x;
Arithmetic Assignment Operators
These operators are used to make the expanded notation
assignment of expression as compact notation assignment.
Syntax: variable arithmeticoperator = expression;
Compact Expanded
Operator
Notation Notation
+= a+=4 a=a+4
-= a-=4 a=a-4
*= a*=4 a=a*4
/= a/=4 a=a/4
%= a%=5 a=a%5
Operators: Relational Operators
These operators are used to comparing the values of two
variables. Assume A=4 and B=5
Operator Meaning Syntax Example Result
> Greater than operand1 > operand2 A>B false

Greater than or
>= operand1 >= operand2 A>=B false
equal
< Less than operand1 < operand2 A<B true
Less than or
<= operand1 <= operand2 A<=B true
equal
== Equal operand1 == operand2 A==B false
!= Not equal operand1 != operand2 A!=B true

Operators: Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to construct compound conditions.
A compound condition is a combination of several
conditions. This operator results to either true or false.
Logical operators are of three types:
Logical AND (&&), Logical OR (||) and Logical NOT (!)
Val1 Val2 Val1&&Val2 Val1||Val2 !Val1
True True True True False

True False False True False
False True False True True
False False False False True
Operators: Bitwise Operators
There are seven bitwise operators in Java. These operators act
on individual binary bits of given integer number.
Assume, A=4, B=5, C=60
Operator Meaning Example Result
& Performs Bitwise AND A&B 4
| Performs Bitwise OR A|B 5
^ Performs Bitwise XOR A^B 1
~ Performs One’s complement ~C -61
<< Performs Shift Left A<<2 16
>> Performs Shift Right A>>2 1
>>> Performs Shift Right with Zero fill A>>>2 1
Operators: Conditional or Ternary operator
This operator is called Ternary operator because it acts on
three variables. Two symbols are used in this operator they
are ‘?’ and ‘:’.
Syntax: variable=expression1?expression2:expression3;
expression2 is executed if expression1 results true,
otherwise expression3 is executed.
Example: int a=2,b=3;

c=(a>b)?a:b; //here a>b returns false, so value
//of b is stored in c.
System.out.println(c); //displays 3
Operators: Special operators
Member operator ( . ):
This is also called as dot operator. This operator tells
about the membership of a package or class.
Syntax:
To access class of a package,
packagename.classname;
Example: java.io.BufferedReader;
To access method of a class,
classname.methodname;
Example: Math.sqrt();
To access method of an object,
objectname.methodname;
Example: br.read();
To access variable of a class,

classname.variablename;
Example: System.out
To access variable of an object,
objectname.variablename;
Example: emp.name;
new operator:
It is used to create the objects for the classes.
Syntax: classname objectname=new classname();

instanceof operator:
This operator is used to check whether object belongs
to a class or not.
Syntax: boolean variable=objectname instanceof class;
cast operator:
This is used to convert one data type value to another
data type values. This operator can be used by writing
destination data type inside the parenthesis as below:
Syntax: datatype variable1=(destination datatype) variable2;
Example: int x=5;
double y=(double)x;
Expressions, Precedence rules
Expression is the combination of operators and operands.

The evaluation of expression produces a value.
Examples:
x = y*5+z*6
x = (y==z) && (x==y)
Precedence rules are certain rules which are used to know

which operator will execute first and which will execute later
when several operations are used in a statement.

Expressions, Precedence rules
Precedence rules are as follows, operators in first line have
more precedence than the second line and so on):
• First, the contents inside the braces like ( ) and [ ] will be
executed
• Next, ++ and –
• Next, *, / and %
• + and – will come next
• Relational operators are executed next
• Next, Boolean and Bitwise operators
• Logical operators will be processed next
• Next, Ternary operators
• Assignment operators are executed at the last.
Associativity
In an expression if more than one operator of same
priority is appeared then we need to follow left associativity
or right associativity based on the type of operators. The
following table illustrates the associativity of operators:
Operators Associativity
[ ], ( ) Left to Right
++, -- Right to Left
*, /, % Left to Right
+, - Left to Right
Relational Left to Right
Bitwise Left to Right
Logical Left to Right
Ternary Right to Left
Assignment Right to Left
Primitive type conversion
•Type conversion is the process of converting one data type

value into another data type.
• Implicit conversion (widening) takes place only if the

following two conditions are met:
1. The two types are compatible.
2. The destination type is larger than the source type.
• For example, ‘int’ can be expanded to float, double.

However the numeric types are not compatible with char or
boolean types in Implicit conversion.

Primitive type conversion: Example
Program:
class Conversion
{
{
char c=’(‘; Output:
int a1=2; Integer to double:2 2.0
int a2=c; Character to Integer:( 40
double d1=a1;
System.out.println(“Integer to double:”+a1+” “+d1);
System.out.println(“Character to Integer:”+c+” “+a2);
}
}
Type Casting
Conversion is not possible if the types are incompatible.
Incompatibility is the situation may be the source is larger
than the target and also numeric types with char.
This also can be achieved by using the Type casting in

which the narrowing conversion takes place. This casting can
be performed by the user explicitly by specifying the target
type within the parenthesis before the source variable name.
In the explicit conversion the source value is narrowed to fit

into the target type.
Syntax: (target type)value;
Type Casting: Example
Example program for Casting:
//Type casting
class Casting
{
{
double d=2.1412; Output:
int b1=104; Double to Integer:2.1412 2
char c=(char)b1; Integer to Character:104 h
int b2=(int)d;
System.out.println(“Double to Integer:”+d+” “+b2);
System.out.println(“Integer to Character:”+b1+” “+c);
}
} Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 64
Flow of control
• The if-else statement
• The if-else-if statement (else if ladder)
• The switch statement
• The while loop
• The do-while loop
• The for loop
• The for each loop
• break statement
• continue statement
• return statement

if-else statement
This statement used to perform a task depending on whether
a given condition is true or false.
In if-else statements, if the specified condition is true, true
block statements are executed, otherwise false block
statements are executed.
Syntax: if(condition)
{
// true block statements
}
else
{
//false block statements
}
If-else statement: Example
class demo
{
{
int num=5;
if(num==0)
{
System.out.println(“It is zero”);
}
else if(num>0)
{
System.out.println(“Number is positive”);
}
else System.out.println(“Negative”);
}Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 67
if-else-if statement
if(condition)
statements;
else if (condition)
statements;
else if(condition)
statements;
else
statements;
Whenever the condition is true, the associated

statement will be executed and the remaining conditions will
be bypassed. If none of the conditions are true then the else
block will execute.
Nested if statement
One if condition present within another if condition.
if(condition1)
{
if(condition2)
{
if(condition3)
{
//statement1;
}
else
//statement2;
}
else
//statement3;
}
else
//statement4;
switch statement
Syntax:
switch(variable)
{
case value1: statement1;
case value2: statement2;
:
:
case value n: statement n;
default: default statement;
}
Based on the value passed in variable, a respective case
will be executed. If the value passed is not equal to any value
then the default case will be executed.
Switch: Example
class Swtdemo //Note: Strings cannot be used with switch statement.
{
{
char color=’g’; Output:
switch(color) Green
{
case ‘r’:System.out.println(“Red”);
break;
case ‘g’:System.out.println(“Green”);
break;
case ‘b’:System.out.println(“Blue”);
break;
}
}
}
While loop
while loop:
The while loop repeats a group of statements as long
as the given condition is true.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
//statements;
}

While loop: Example
class Demo
{ Output:
public static void main(String args[]) Value of x:1
{ Value of x:2
int x; Value of x:3
Value of x:4
x=1;
Value of x:5
while(x<=5)
{
System.out.println(“Value of x:”+x);
x++;
}
}
}
do - while loop
This also repeats a group of statements as long as given
condition is true. But the difference of while and do-while is
the condition is verified after the statements within the
block are executed.
Syntax:
do
{
//statements;
}while(condition);

do - while loop: Example
class DoWhileDemo
{ Output:
public static void main(String args[]) 1
{ 2
int x=1; 3
do 4
{ 5
System.out.println(x);
x++;
}while(x<=5);
}
}

for loop
for(expression1;expression2;expression3)
{
//statements;
}
• Here, expression1 represents the initialization of a variable,

expression2 represents the condition verification, expression3
is increment or decrement of value of the variable.
• statement1 is executed only once at the start of the loop.
• statements are evaluated as long as expression2 is true.
• expression3 is executed after every iteration

for loop: Example
class ForDemo
{ Output:
{ 2
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) 3
{ 4
System.out.println(i); 5
}
}
}

for-each loop
•This loop is basically used to traverse the array or collection
elements.
•The ‘for-each’ loop uses the concept of collection.

Collection is nothing but a group of elements such as array,
stack, queue etc.
Syntax:
for(variable:collection_name)
{
//statements
}

for-each loop: Example
class ForEach
{ Output:
{ 2
int arr[]={1,2,3,4}; 3
for(int i:arr) 4
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

break statement
•The break is a statement generally used to terminate the loop
or block immediately. The break statement can be used in the
following cases:
•break is used inside a loop to come out of it.
•break is used inside switch block to come out of it.
•break can be used in nested blocks to go to the end of a

block. Nested blocks represents a block written within
another block.

break: Example
class ForBrk
{ Output:
{ 2
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++) 3
{ 4
System.out.println(i); 5
if(i==5)
break;
}
}
}

continue statement
The continue statement is used when we want to continue
running the loop with the next iteration and want to skip the
rest of the statements of the body for the current iteration.
class ContinueDemo
{
public static void main(String args[]) Output:
{ 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
continue;
System.out.print(i+” “);
}
}
} Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 82
return statement
• The return statement is used in a method to immediately
quit the current method and return to the calling method. For
example, we are calling a method add(), from the main()
method.
• If return is used inside add(), then the flow of execution

come out and goes to the main() method. While going back
from add() method, we can also return some value to the
main() method.
• It is mandatory to use a return statement for non-void

methods to return a value.

return statement: Example
class Demo
{
{
int x=1;
System.out.println(“Before return”);
if(x==1)
return;
System.out.println(“After return”);
}
}
Output:
Before return

Reading data from the user
In java we can read data from the user in command line using
Scanner class.
Scanner class belongs to java.util package and is used for

obtaining input from the keyboard.
java.util.Scanner.next() method finds and returns the next

complete token from this scanner as a String.
Similarly we can use nextInt(), nextFloat() and nextDouble()

for converting the next token into int, float and double data
types respectivley.

Reading data from the user: Example
import java.util.*; // Reading String import java.util.*; // Reading int
class UserData class UserData
{ {
public static void main(String args[]) public static void main(String args[])
{ {
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in); Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a value:"); System.out.println("Enter a value:");
String x=s.next(); int x=s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Entered value is System.out.println("Entered value is
"+x); "+x);
} }
} }
Output: Output:
Enter a value: Enter a value:
hello 275
Entered value is hello Entered value is 275
Reading data from the user: Example
import java.util.*; // Reading a line import java.util.*; // Reading a char
class UserData class UserData
{ {
public static void main(String args[]) public static void main(String args[])
{ {
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in); Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a value:"); System.out.println("Enter a value:");
String x=s.nextLine(); char x=s.next().charAt(0);
System.out.println("Entered value is System.out.println("Entered value is
"+x); "+x);
} }
} }
Output: Output:
Enter a value: Enter a value:
hello world hello
Entered value is hello world Entered value is h
Printing in various formats
To print a variable:
System.out.println("value is "+x);
To print multiple variables:

System.out.println("value of x is "+x+" and value of y is "+y);
To prevent new line use only System.out.print()
To print using format specifiers:

System.out.printf("value of x is %d, %.2f",x,y);

Java Programming U1

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RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Object Oriented Programming

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 1

• Object-oriented Programming helps to organize complex

• The OOP technique is a paradigm, as it describes the way

OOP simplifies the software development and maintenance

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Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 4

Approach Top-down. Bottom-up.

Overloading or Neither it overload functions It overloads functions,

Inheritance Their is no provision of Inheritance achieved in

Example C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.

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Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 7

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 10

• An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. Any

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• The first widespread language was of course FORTRAN. While

• The 1960s gave birth to structured programming. This is the

• In 1990, Sun Micro Systems has conceived a project to develop

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• In 1991 January, Bill Joy, James Gosling, Mike Sheradin,

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Object-Oriented: Java is an Object-Oriented programming

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Secure: Security problems like eaves-dropping, tampering,

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 19

Portability: If a program yields the same result on every machine,

Interpreted: Java programs are compiled to get the byte code.

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 20

High Performance: The problem with interpreter inside the JVM

Multi-Threaded: Thread is an individual process. JVM uses

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21

Scalability: Java platform can be implemented on a wide range of

Dynamic: Before the development of Java, only static text used to

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 22

• A Java virtual machine (JVM) is an abstract computing

• JVM is the heart of entire Java program execution process.

• Its implementation is known as Java Runtime Environment

Step 1: First of all it loads the ‘.class’ file into memory

Step 2: Then it verifies whether all byte code instructions are

Step 3: If valid then it allocates necessary memory to execute

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 24

Package Declaration Statement: This is the first statement

Import Statement: This tells the interpreter to include the

Class Definition: This section consists of number of class

Main Method of Class: Every program must have a class

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• There should be no space in between any two characters of an

• Keywords cannot be used for variable name.

• Java is a case-sensitive language, so upper case and lower case

Declaration of a variable: All the variables must be declared

Syntax: type identifier;

More than one variable of same type can be declared by using

Initialization of a variable: Variable can be initialized by the

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 35

There are eight data types available in Java. These can be

• Integers - byte, short, int, long

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 36

-1.8 e308 to -4.9 e-324 for –ve

Where, e=multiple of 10 then 1.98e8=1.98*108

Boolean Data type represents any of two values true or false.

String Data type represents a group of characters.

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 40

Example: boolean res=true;

In above statements the right hand side values are

Suppose we want to write an integer in octal number

• If an operator acts on single variable, that operator is called

Java Programming RAGHU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 46

Note: + operator can also be used for concatenating two

Unary minus Operator (-):This operator is used to convert a

Increment Operator (++)//increments a value by 1