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Influence of cotton organizations on territorial

governance in Mozambique: the case of associations of
cotton producers in the province of Nampula.
- Thesis project –

PhD in Development, Societies and Territories

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SUMMARY

Territorial governance is the development strategy that encourages the integration of different actors in the rural
environment around common interests in Nampula. Producer organizations emerge as the appropriate means to
unify leadership and consensus to overcome market barriers. These producer networks also influence other
dimensions of development, to give rise to true governance processes. This project aims to analyze the notion of
governance agents associated with the productive fabric and the extent to which these agents impact production
efficiency and the level of well-being of those who inhabit the territory. For this purpose, the determinants of a
governance model will be analyzed in a cotton growing territory comprising 23 districts in the province of
Nampula. The analysis will be based on a panel of data on the number of cooperatives, rural councils, production
parameters and public goods allocations grouped into 15 indicators at district level. The dataset will be subjected
to structural equation modeling (SEM), given its statistical ability to explain complex interrelated phenomena.
The main result is the definition of a governance model associated with the cotton territory. This model will be
able to
describe an endogenous pattern of interactions between its four components. This statistical configuration will
broaden the understanding of the role that governance agents play in promoting a kind of virtuous circle in favor of
rural development.

KEYWORDS: territorial governance; governance agents; rural cooperatives; cotton production; structural equation
modeling (SEM)

1. INTRODUCTION

Cotton cultivation in Mozambique was introduced in the 19th century, through different production models
(ARLINDO, 2010). Currently, cotton production is based on the system of granting areas to cotton ginning
companies, responsible for the promotion and rural extension of this culture, which is mainly practiced
by small producers, organized or not in associations. Thus inducing this subsector to a monopsonic market
structure (MOSCA, 2011).

The cotton subsector is an important source of income in rural Mozambique, which is also reflected in its weight
in the trade balance, as it is one of the most exported agricultural products in recent decades (Bruna, 2017).

In the rural context of developing countries, such as Mozambique, agriculture remains the backbone of the
economy with around 2.6 billion people directly depending on agriculture as a means of subsistence (Gil et al.,
2019). However, in the current neoliberal economic model, there are market barriers associated with the instability
of prices and quotas and imbalances in negotiating power, which prevent agriculture from contributing enough to
overcome the levels of poverty that characterize these populations(Alain & Sadoule, 2007; Arbolino et al., 2018)
Based on theories of endogenous development and social capital,
it has been argued that the qualities

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associated with territorial identity, shared landscape and leadership are intangible assets that could be
mobilized to encourage associativity and mutual collaboration around common interests (Dale et al., 2020;
Leonard, 2019). The aspirations to quality of life and the predominant sources of wealth in each territory
are the attractions that can motivate people to organize. These interaction networks are the muscle of
Territorial Governance (TG) (Abel et al., 2019; Plata, 2013)

Recent studies recognize the importance of rural cooperatives and producer associations as sources of
social capital, in terms of cohesion, knowledge exchange and mutual collaboration networks (Bernard &
Spielman, 2009; Pappalardo et al., 2018). These rural alliances between producers have a significant
influence on many associated farmers, who can thus benefit from reduced transaction costs, greater
bargaining power and better access to financial resources; also through training to achieve greater
administrative capacity of their holdings (Donovan & Poole, 2014; Gallego, 2008; Markelova et al.,
2009; Schmit & Gomez, 2011). Cooperative links are not limited to the associated group because, in
their management of new markets and benefits, they build alliances both with the private sector
(wholesalers and intermediaries) and with government entities (Lan & Peng, 2018; Promme et al.,
2017 ). In addition, as they have solidary community purposes, these organizations go beyond the
merely productive and commercial to assume objectives of the common well-being of their territories of
influence, something that leads them to join social networks that acquire shared views on community
development issues. (Michalek et al., 2018; Ramirez et al., 2018; Torfing, 2012).

These networks of actors that interact with each other and with the government around collective benefit
projects are what different authors call Territorial Governance (TG) (Herrera Hernández, 2012; Mangnus,
2019). It contains the idea of governance because the consensus and goals achieved as a result of
coordinating multisectoral efforts remain in the political arena (Aguilar, 2010; Jorquera, 2011). Then, it is
territorial because most actors who manage to join the networks have a sense of belonging to the territories
where they live or work (Ansell & Gash, 2018; Saner et al., nd).

In rural areas, cooperatives and associations of local producers are among the traditional institutions with
great influence to exercise leadership and mediation with and through local authorities (Da Silva & Salanek
Filho, 2009; Triboulet, 2015). The success of these organizations associated with the predominant
productive fabric in each territory encourages the formation of other networks of community actors who
seek access to better welfare conditions (Freire, 2019; Wan et al., 2020). For this reason, this network of
actors is defined as the agent of governance. Since, in this way, resources or knowledge can be shared
through daily interaction and trust mechanisms that lead community groups to cooperate with each other,
beyond formal procedures or frameworks (Lan & Peng, 2018).

The success of governance reported in various territorial contexts has led to different studies that seek to
characterize this social phenomenon (Sathapatyanon et al., 2018).
Traditionally, these studies have focused on measuring the contributions and impact left by governance
processes. These assessments were based on indicators of performance or progress of certain factors
associated with social well-being or

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economy of a particular place or territory. More recently, some authors have recognized the systemic
nature of governance, in terms of the different economic, social, political and cultural dimensions of
the territory that are influenced during and through the processes of building governance (Fischer &
Chhatre, 2016; Martínez et al., 2019).
This new line of research recognizes GT as a complex phenomenon where different variables and factors
interact with each other and affect each other in dependency and interdependence relationships (Stoker,
2018).

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Territorial governance has become the instrument on which hopes are placed for more effective
management and governance of territorial development policies. The concept of governance originated
in the field of institutional economics and regulation. It was born with the aim of simplifying the
processes of regulation and intervention by public authorities and facilitating decision-making by other
social agents, especially economic agents (Farinos & Juan, 2008).

In the last two decades, the concept of governance has become a central issue of debate in the social
sciences, focusing in particular on the relationship between government and governance. While the first
refers to the presence of a power (that of the State), organized through a series of public powers (with
hierarchical relations between them) and bureaucratic procedures as a way of functioning, governance
refers to the emergence of a new and more complex system of relations that includes new emerging actors
external (until now) to the political arena. Governance therefore represents an alternative model for
managing public affairs.

Centelles Portella (2006) highlights five points to understand what governance is: (i) a structure of relations
between different actors, (ii) it is formed by an articulated set of institutionalized rules and procedures, (iii)
it is complex, because it involves actors from different sectors: public, private and social, (iv) often does so
with interdependencies at various levels, and (v) encompasses relational mechanisms through which
different actors intervene in public decision-making, and (vi) involves relational mechanisms through which
different actors intervene in public decision-making (Centelles, 2006).

The Anglo-Saxon notion of governance was initially used to analyze recent changes in the "government"
of domestic society, that is, territorially defined, in the discipline of Political Science and Public
Administration; however, it was also considered suitable for exploring the phenomena of "government" of
social relations emerging in transnational spaces. In a first sense, the phenomenon of governance can be
understood as broader than government, insofar as it refers to "all the activities of social, political and
administrative actors that can be seen as intentional efforts to guide, guide, control or manage societies"
(Ferrero & Moctezuma, 2010).

According to Ferrusca et al., (2018), governance is the set of processes and institutions through which
the way in which power is exercised in a country is determined, in order to develop its economic and
social resources. In this context, the relationship between governance and good
governance refers to transparency and effectiveness in three key areas: (1) methods of election, control and

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replacement of those in power (institutional stability); (2) government capacity to manage resources and
implement policies (regulatory framework and government effectiveness); and (3) respect for citizens
(transparency, participation and guarantee of the rule of law).

From this point of view, good governance is characterized as "participatory, transparent [...] with public
control [...], effective and equitable [...] promoting the rule of law [which] ensures that political priorities ,
social and economic are based on a broad consensus in society”(Ferrusca et al., 2018).

It is important to note that governance is closely linked to decision-making. It is about managing and directing
the business in a way that achieves maximum economic efficiency. Its transition from economics to political
science and administration, with the aim of seeking a more inclusive and co- responsible management of public
affairs as opposed to more imposing or bureaucratic traditional models, transformed it into a heuristic and open
concept in its interpretation and use( Ferrusca et al., 2018).

Other authors such as Koresawa & Konvitz (2001) underline that its polysemic character allowed it to be
developed by very diverse lines and schools of thought, such as the new public management, the neo-
institutionalism of a new welfare state or the community universalism of civil society and of non-governmental
organizations. Precisely the responsibilities of the State and the different actors in taking political decisions
have made governance the center of different attentions; also from the field of territorial policy, which has
been one of the favorite fields for its application and development, especially fertilized in the context of the
European Union (Faludi, 2002).

Now, it is important to point out that in public administration, in general and since the conception of Peters
(2007), governance means directing the economy and society towards some collective objectives; it represents
the new public management, it is the adoption of business values and practices by the public sector.

In a very general sense, governance refers to the social processes through which decisions binding cities and
urban regions are made and enforced (Friedmann, 2001) to deliberately overstep governmental boundaries
while maintaining some degree of centralized control (Peterlin, 2001).
2010).

The concept of "territorial governance" is part of this new approach to public interventions in a multi- level
system, at a time when policies, national programs and bottom-up initiatives by local actors (elected officials,
project managers, etc.) find themselves in a situation where an empirical approach must detect and interpret
the new territorial structures involved in the change of governance in these areas (Maurel, 2008).

Although several studies on territorial governance have been carried out in the field of economic, social and
administrative sciences at national and international level, there are few studies in which a useful bibliographic
review is carried out to determine the status of the issue (Arango Espinal et al., 2020) .

3. RESEARCH QUESTION

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This study undertakes an analysis of the systemic nature of governance that takes place in the context of Nampula province in
Northern Mozambique. More specifically, the empirical proposal focuses on the study of variables in the functioning of
cooperatives and associations of cotton producers that operate in the study territory. In the conceptual framework, these
organizations act as agents of a kind of cotton governance or are territorially associated with cotton production. The questions
to answer are:

How do these organizations manage to build this network and give rise to cotton governance?

With what other territorial dimensions are they connected?

What implications would this governance have for rural development in the long term?

These questions will be addressed empirically, but also reinforced with theoretical evidence, in order to provide the best
possible explanation of the systemic character of governance described above.

This type of analysis tries to go beyond the mere evaluation of territorial governance only for the direct or indirectly
measurable benefits, but also to advance in the understanding of how governance unfolds in terms of space and sustainability,
as well as the role that governance agents play as process triggers. The empirical work will be carried out based on four latent
variables whose systematic functioning pattern may explain a specific governance model associated with a cotton growing
territory.

4. THEORETICAL AND/OR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

In 2015, around 783 million people in the world lived below USD 1.90 per day (Gil et al., 2019). It is argued that the
diminishing capacity of governments to reduce poverty has been the condition that leads rural populations to become
increasingly involved in the search for their own solution strategies (Aguilar, 2010; Bernard & Spielman, 2009; Kooiman ,
2008). Therefore, it is postulated that, in the governance modality, the leadership of communities would imply the promotion of
practices of association, cooperation and co-government in networks with these private and social organizations. In these
alliances, government remains a necessary actor, but its managerial role is no longer the epicenter of social leadership (Ansell
& Gash, 2018; Liu & Yang, 2019; Stoker, 2018).

This explains the emergence of local initiatives of different types around interests of great importance to communities, such as
access to water, health, improving economic means of subsistence, or even environmental problems (Bruckmeier, 2016;
Moyano Estrada , 2009; Oliveira & Hersperger, 2018; Wan et al., 2020). This wave of empowerment allows people to articulate
development initiatives in a more informed and inclusive way. Such an approach is contrary to the traditional top-down style, as
it is guided by the government (Da Silva & Salanek Filho, 2009; Esparcia et al., 2016; Saner et al., nd).

Morgan argues that the capabilities of those who inhabit the territory are "a condition

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necessary for the power of decision that exists in politics to be translated into the power of transformation"
(Morgan, 2004). While Pike underlines that "resources and assets rooted in the territory are likely to be
more integrated into the local productive fabric, inciting a less dependence on exogenous economic
interests"(Pike et al., 2016).

This coincides with reports of improvements in production in economic activities such as agriculture,
handicrafts and forestry that are associated with cooperatives, local government, rural savings banks, and other
groups. These groups are understood as the agents (trainers) of a governance network (Bohling, 2019; De los
Rios et al., 2016; Ngutu et al., 2018). In this sense, it can be determined that there are governance practices
originating from the private, public and social sectors (Freire, 2019; Leonard, 2019; Rodríguez-Albor et al.,
2016). Some authors consider that in rural areas the networks that emerge from the productive sector seem to be
more stable, but that other networks of actors will necessarily be integrated as expansion takes place (Grashuis
& Cook, 2019; Pappalardo et al., 2018; Sathapatyanon et al., 2018).

This is the case of territorial governance associated with the cotton sector of the main agricultural
link in the production chain, developed by tens of thousands of producers who make up the specificity of a rural
cotton community (Minten et al., 2019; Ruerd et al., 2018 ).
Its organizational expressions arise on a territorial basis of cotton producing districts attracted by the common
interest of the affiliated producers in facing the problems of price instability, the opportunistic behavior of
traders, also for the exchange of knowledge on agricultural management (Chang, 2017; Ramirez et al., 2018;
Torfing, 2012).
The integration of other territorial actors, such as local governments and community leaders, would be
motivated by agendas, interests and conflicts that coincide in the territory they share. In the development of
these governance networks, positive externalities are generated from unified efforts and resources that end up
having an impact on the direct and indirect benefit of the population (Esparcia et al., 2016; Moncayo & Yagüe,
2016; Tulla & Vera, 2019 ). The way in which these associations produce and articulate these governance
networks is relevant, from the point of view of endogenous development, to design increasingly efficient
policies and management instruments (Schmit & Gomez, 2011; Whittingham, 2005; Zademach & Hillebrand,
2013 ).

4.1. The Systemic Character of Governance

Next, it describes how the cotton activity influences the other dimensions related to territorial
development and how these dimensions interact to form a model of territorial governance that
generates externalities in favor of local development.

The entire dynamic of sociocultural relations in the cotton growing territory revolves around the cotton
economy. Therefore, the cultivation of cotton, more than a business, represents the lifestyle and a characteristic
identity of the population (Bernard & Spielman, 2009; Jácome & Garrido, nd; Ruerd et al., 2018). In this way,
the integration of different actors occurs

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because both production and community life occur inseparably (Martínez et al., 2019; Rentkova,
2019a).

Building cotton governance from the production base emerges as an endogenous transformative strategy to
create systemic relationships between territorial actors (Markelova et al., 2009; Michalek et al., 2018; Ruerd
et al., 2018). Cooperatives and associations develop to develop: (1) organizational and coordination
capacities to stay informed and jointly manage technical and logistical problems (Bacon et al., 2008; Da
Silva & Salanek Filho, 2009); (2) Commercial capabilities needed to avoid unfair transactions and access
new, even more specialized markets (Ferrero & Moctezuma, 2010; Sathapatyanon et al., 2018); and (3) the
social capabilities needed to demand improvements in well-being in their territories (Díaz-Puente et al.,
2011; Döringer, 2020; Schmit & Gomez, 2011).

5. ANALYTICAL FRAME AND/OR EXPLANATORY MODEL

In this chapter, it is intended to give an account of the object of study that fills this work, taking into
account the theoretical options taken for its construction in the previous chapters, the analytical model
elaborated from the starting question and the theoretical hypotheses, in order to serve as a comprehensive
framework for empirical research. Finally, the methodological options pursued in the different phases of the
field research are exposed, seeking to reflect on the epistemological and theoretical-methodological
problems raised by the study of the processes of social construction of professional competences and the
problems chosen as determinant variables for their analysis in this context.

From the thematic problematization carried out during the exposition of the previous chapters, it is important
to retain the options taken to perceive the theoretical-empirical contours of the constructed object of study
that we are now approaching from the analytical model and the theoretical hypotheses mobilized for the
investigation.

The guiding question of the research focuses on the analysis of the systemic nature of governance that
occurs in the context of a cotton growing region in the province of Nampula. In order to understand it,
according to a deductive and abstract logic, different key systemic concepts (Quivy
& Van Campenhoudt, 1992) were convened, associated with certain theoretical frameworks, whose
meaning constructed and adopted in this work is exposed and clarified in the previous chapters.

The general objective of the work focuses on the analysis of the notion of governance agents
associated with the productive fabric and the extent to which these agents impact production
efficiency and the level of well-being of those who inhabit the territory.

Pursuing it requires establishing an interpretative chain between a series of phenomena capable of

accounting for the systemic nature of cotton governance. At first, we will try to apprehend which networks
of producers also influence other dimensions of development, to give rise to true governance processes.
Finally, the analytical focus will be directed towards understanding mechanisms of the role that

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governance agents play in promoting a kind of virtuous circle in favor of rural development

This conceptual perspective, in addition to expert consultations in the cotton territory under study, will
allow us to configure what the pattern of the governance model of the study area can be.

In this context (Figure 1), the governance agents (AG) and the idea of production efficiency (EP) manifest
themselves in the cotton producing districts where producers are more motivated by better agricultural yields,
(IICA., 2008; Rentkova , 2019b; Smith, 2018). During the process, they acquire greater interpersonal
leadership, management and cooperation skills, increasing their negotiating power and access to new markets
with a range of actors at local, national and international scale (Donovan & Poole, 2014)

Figure 1. GT model associated with cotton production. The author.

The assumption of analysis will point to the direction in which it will be possible to understand whether cotton
organizations tend to take other necessary measures for the general well-being of producers, such as
electrification, drinking water networks and the opening of roads, schools and health centers. Therefore, they
broaden their objectives and actions for the well-being of the families of their subsidiaries and the
conglomerate of agricultural wage earners, thus encouraging and energizing the role of local governments and
other development entities that feel more pressured to respond. As a result, there is access to greater PE,
coverage of public goods, which is manifested in the improvement of public services provided by district
governments (Burgos et al., 2018; Tulla & Vera, 2019). The measurements that can be captured from these
organizations,

1The construction of theoretical models for the analysis of empirical reality aims to heuristically guide research work,
limiting knowledge of a reality that is by nature complex and unattainable in its entirety. It allows, therefore, to define the
main variables (dependent and independent) and the respective relationships under study, guiding the analysis in a simplified
and schematizing perspective of reality. However, this type of modeling omits a whole set of
relationships and interrelationships between the variables under study, and between these and others that determine them and
are determined by them, as well as the entire surrounding context. This does not mean that the model's omissions are ignored
in analytical terms, quite the contrary, an attempt was made to account, as far as possible,
for some of the dynamics of the relationships that the reality under study involves and that assume relevance within the
theoretical framework. built analysis.

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for example, participation, membership and cooperation indicators are proposed as GA. The effects of these
organizations are measured by indicators such as the improvement of export capacities, volumes and quality of
harvests; and these indicators will be used under the concept of EP (Table 1).

Table 1. Constructs and indicators identified from the theoretical model under study.

Construct Indicators Initials operative concept

Index based on the number of

existing cooperatives in the
District
Cooperativism Coop
index based on number of
Associativity Asc

agents of Producers/Members cooperatives

Governance

Index based on the number of

identification plates. of cotton
Organization Org
existing in the district

Index based on the number of

Participation in
Part producer members of
Cotton
Associations

Percentage dedicated to public

District public
Inv P investment of the District budget
investment

Autonomy
District solvency to invest with
Financial District Aut. end
resources
own

Index based on the number of

Productive vocation VProd
producers per district

District rural population Percentage of rural population

Production Pop.R.Dis based on total already

efficiency population

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Contribution to Index based on the volume

AProd district production of harvest recorded by the
district

Index based on production

of volume per planted area.
Pdvd
productivity index farm/block

Percentage of production
Exp exportable index that can be exported

Drinking water Percentage coverage of

coverage indexdrinking water networks in Red. Aguthe district
electrical coverage
Red.Elct
index
Performance Percentage coverage of the
district electricity network in the district

of Monetary volume of
investment index investment for roads by
road InvV
or district
rural roads

Allocation for Proportion of schools and

education and health health centers by district

GT has also been represented indirectly through social welfare indicators, shaped by the amount of public
infrastructure that each cotton district has managed to acquire over time (district performance). This is why it
is argued that improved governance is seen as a real contribution to development (Kaufmann & Kraay, 2009;
Pike et al., 2016; Schmit & Gomez, 2011).

Based on this approach, two hypotheses are formulated in this research:

Hypotheses 1 (H1). The role of AGs in certain cotton production territories favors PE.

Hypotheses 2 (H2). The district's performance in the acquisition of public goods for its population is
influenced by the action of the GA that seeks productive returns in cotton production territories.

It is thought that, when the governance model already exists, other associative forms are motivated to
emerge and unify purposes that define a virtuous circle that aims at

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comprehensive and long-term development (Ansell & Gash, 2018; Minten et al., 2019). These qualities would pave the way for
a governance system associated with the productive fabric of each territory (Sanders, 2019).

6. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

The study will begin with a bibliographical survey to provide a theoretical and interpretative basis of the investigative
antecedents. As for the intervention of the investigator, the study will be carried out without the intervention of the investigator
(observational), it will be carried out with data from measurements that the investigator will not participate in (retrospective),
and all measurements will be carried out on a single occasion (transversal) and the study will have more than one analytical
variable, and it is an analytical and multivariate study.

6.1. Study population

The study population will consist of associations of existing cotton producers in the study area (Nampula province).

6.2. Inclusion criteria:

All cotton associations that, in addition to being concerned with aspects merely related to the life of the association, expand
their interests to the well-being of their members and the territory in which they live.

6.3. Exclusion criteria

All cotton associations whose interest does not point to participation in territorial management mechanisms and formulation of
public policies for local development.

6.4. Study units

The study unit will be made up of elements from existing cotton producer associations in the study area (Nampula
province).

6.5. Data collection and analysis techniques

For the realization of the Study, individual or collective actors will be heard. We will use a varied and participatory
methodology, with the intersection of various techniques and data collection instruments, including bibliographical research,
document analysis, survey by questionnaire to Governance Agents, in-depth interviews with associates, participatory diagnosis
workshops using workshops with stakeholders in the territorial governance process in the study sites, semi-structured
interviews with managers from district governments, cotton associations and civil society organizations present in the field and
NGOs, as well as study visits to district initiatives. In identifying actions carried out in the territory with the influence of
governance agents, entities will be contacted, which

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they will provide information regarding actions carried out in the last five years and the promoting entities will be
identified.

To complete the study with necessary data, a combination of two complementary research instruments will be
implemented to test the hypotheses and deepen the explanation of the results. The first is eminently quantitative,
which will consist of the construction and validation of a Likert-type scale, whose data will come from the
application of this instrument in combination with the data that will be collected at the level of district governments,
associations, NGOs and civil society organizations that work at the local level, they will define the Structural
Equation Model (SEM will examine the dependency and codependency relationships between directly ),
derived from multivariate statistics. 2This model (SEM),
observed variables (panel data). As a result of this algebraic interaction, these latent variables will be revealed (called
GT constructions, hypothesized here) that otherwise they could not be measured, because they cannot be directly
observed (Civelek, 2018; Grashuis & Cook, 2019).

The qualitative part will be conducted through the elaboration of a semi-structured interview guide that will later be
analyzed using the SOFTWARE ATLAS.ti (version 8.0). The qualitative is intended to put quantitative results on
the ground, something that will be achieved thanks to the Likert-type scale applied to GA, in which different actors
from the study area participate. Their views and experiences in relation to the producer organizations that are part of
it will be collected to be integrated in the analysis of the governance system under study.

A panel of 15 indicators (observable variables) is expected to be submitted to SEM analysis. These data will capture
different dimensions of district performance and are theoretically associated with four non- observable variables also
called construct (see Figure 1): district performance, governance agents, production efficiency and cotton governance
system. In the first phase, data will be collected from the 23 districts in the study area. It consists of disaggregated
secondary sources from public and private sector institutions: the National Institute of Statistics (CAP, nd), the
National Cotton Institute of Mozambique (MOÇAMBIQUE, nd), and national associations of cotton producers.

Each construct contains indicators that can better explain its function within the analyzed governance model.
This arrangement along with its operational concepts is shown in Table 1.

7. WORK PLAN

THANKS
SUMMARY
ABSTRACT
GENERAL INDEX
LIST OF FIGURES

2
(SEM by its English name “Structural Equation Modeling”)

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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF GRAPHICS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 1 THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE RESEARCH.............................................................................24
1.1 Object and Objectives of the Study..................................................................................................................... 24
1.1.1 General Purpose...................................................................................................................................24 1.1.2
Specific Purposes..............................................................................................................................24 1.2
Justification.......................................................................................................................................... 25 1.3
Methodological Forwarding......................................................................................................................26 1.3.1
Research Outline................ .................................................................. .....................26 1.3.1.1 Universe
of Research........................ .................................................................. ..................28 1.3.1.2 Unit of
Analysis ......................... .................................................................. ..................29 1.3.1.3 Research
Subjects......................... .................................................................. .................29 1.3.1.4 Data
Collection........................... .................................................................. ....................30 1.3.1.5 Criteria for
the Analysis of Collected Data CHAPTER 2 ........................................................... ..35
COTTON ASSOCIATIVISM IN THE GOVERNANCE CONTEXT TERRITORIAL.
.............................................................................................................................................. 40
2.1 Associativism as the Construction of Social Links and Collective Identity: Alternative for Local and Social
Development………………………………………….……………………….44 2.1.1 Construction of
Social Links and Collective Identity over the territory ................................46 2.1.2 Associativism as an
Alternative to Local and Social Development.........................................................54
2.1.3 Associativism in the Context of Local Development Strategies.............................................................59
CHAPTER 3 ASSOCIATIVISM AS A SPACE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COTTON TERRITORIAL
GOVERNANCE...........................................................................64 3.1 Performance of Cotton associations
in the province of Nampula...........................................111 3.2 Associativism, public policies, Participation
and Social Inclusion.………..……...... ........…… 121 3.2.1 Cotton Governance: an Interpretation of its
64
Definition ............................................ ................
3.2.1 Cotton Governance and Popular Economy: Concepts................................................................................66
3.2.2 Cotton Governance Trends, Limits and Social Sustainability..............................................68 CHAPTER 4
THE ROLE OF COTTON ORGANIZATIONS AS AGENTS OF RURAL GOVERNANCE IN NORTHERN
MOZAMBIQUE….....................................................75 4.1 Influence of Cotton Governance Agents on
efficiency production in the province of
Nampula…................................................................................................................................................... 75 4.2
Influence of productive efficiency on district performance in the province of Nampula…......................76 4.3
Influence of Governance agents on district performance and vice versa….................................78 4.4
Contributions of district performance to the cotton governance system…....................................84 4.5
Contributions of Governance Agents to the cotton governance system….................................90 4.6 Evidence
of the cotton governance system and its socio-territorial impact……………….100 4.6.1 General Aspects
4.6.2 Coverage of .................................................................................................. 76
the electricity grid.......................................................................................................................80 4.6.3 Coverage
of the drinking water network........................................................................................................................83
4.6.4 Coverage of the road network...................................................................................................................93
4.6.5 Coverage of the school network ..................................................... ..................................................................
99 4.6.6 Coverage of the network and sanitary................................................................................................................101
CHAPTER 5 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS.............................................75 5.1 Results
presentation...............................................................................................75 5.2 The province of
Nampula….........................................................................................................................76

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5.2.1 General Aspects

.................................................................................................. 76
5.2.2 General Information about Nampula Province….......................................................................... 80 5.2.3 Socioeconomic Reality of the
province of Nampula…….................. ............................. 83 5.2.4 General Data on the Agricultural Sector of Nampula Province………....
.................... 93 5.3 Cotton associations ..................................... .................................................................. ............
99

5.3.1 Historical Presentation and Performance in Territorial Governance............................................................................101 5..4 Performance of

cotton associations in the province of Nampula ................................... ........ 111 5.4.1 Associativism, public policies, Participation and
Social Inclusion.………..……...........…… 121 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS..... .................................................................. ..................................
128 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................... 133

ANNEXES APPENDICES

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8. SCHEDULE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Table 1. Schedule of activities for the year 2021/2022

Activity Set Out Nov Dec Jan Fev Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago
2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022

1.a
Elaboration and
Defense of
the Thesis

project 1.b Survey

of
bibliographic
and data sources
1.c
Critical
bibliographical

reading 1.d
Construction
and validation
of documentary

measurement
instruments 1.e

Conducting the first pilot

test 1.f Application of

documentary
measurement instruments 1.g Systematization of data from the
field

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Table 2. Schedule of activities for the year 2022/2023

Activity Set Out Nov Dec Jan Fev Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago
2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023
2.a
Elaboration of
the partial research
report 2.b

Analysis of
the research
information
2.c
Analysis of the field
research data
2.d

Elaboration of
the final research
report 2.e

Discussion of
the final report with
agents
involved 2.f

Correction, Adjustment, Final writing and

submission of the Report

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