SSRN Id4444153
SSRN Id4444153
SSRN Id4444153
MALIK M.A.FAKRON1,2
UNIVERSITY OF CALABARIA1 ,RENDE,ITALY
UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHT STAR2,LIBYA
[email protected]
Abstract:
Coastal seawater, rivers, and lakes are natural surface waters and highly productive areas
that consist of different types of aquatic life . It has a diverse biodiversity, ranging from
simple organisms to advanced organisms such as whale fish. Pollution of surface water is
increasing due to several human activities. There is a demand for restoration, and treatment
of surface water is required for public health. Restoring environmental damage is very
costly, expensive, and compulsory for future generations. The main types of pollutants are
domestic waste, agricultural waste, oil, and waste plastic. Domestic waste and solid waste
plastics are significant polluters of surface water. The zero liquid discharge process is the
best solution for removing industrial contamination and domestic waste water. removing
Oil leakage is based on the physical separation process by a towed separator based on the
difference in density of oil and water.
1. Introduction:
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sink to the bottom of the body of water where they are broken down by bacteria,
which consume oxygen in the process. The overconsumption of oxygen leads to
the eventual death of larger life forms such as fish. depletion of dissolved oxygen
in the water body . Frequent fish kill incidents occur, and many desirable fish
species are removed from the body of water. The populations of shellfish and
harvestable fish are lowered,The aesthetic value of the body of water diminishes
significantly. Due to discharging heavy wastewater into natural surface water,
there are huge effects on nature. [7,8,9,10]
Fig.1[13]
Fig.2[15]
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Restoration and treatment of pollution due wastewater :
measuring quantity of pollutants concentrations and the amount of polluted water
and comparing to an acceptable level of concentrations. Implementing a zero
liquid discharge process is the best solution for wastewater pollution . multi-step
treatment (sedimentation, coagulation, flotation, sedimentation, aeration, and
trickling reactor filter), and then a solar distillation dome for reclaiming
wastewater and reusing it for agricultural purposes or industrial purposes . This
solution is integrated with a small ,compact treatment system for every household,
such as the Fuji system Fig.2. Then distillation treated wastewater by a solar
distillation dome at the central plant .The restorating of polluted lakes or seawater
by using a towed reactor, ROBC, or waterfall to reduce concentrations of
phosphate, nitrogen, and organic carbon. controlling the effects of algae blooms in
natural surface water[18,19,20].A zero liquid discharge process is a very effective
solution for preventing wastewater pollution and reusing treated water for safe
agricultural or industrial use. The A Zero liquid discharge process is the most
advanced wastewater treatment technology currently available. With an increasing
focus on environmental and social issues as well as cost effectiveness, the ZLD
process is expanding to an increasing number of applications. Generally, the ZLD
process is dependent on high-pressure membrane processes such as reverse
osmosis (RO), or thermal membrane processes such as membrane distillation or
thermal evaporation technology. A ZLD process is designed for removing certain
types of pollutants and combines a number of wastewater treatment technologies,
including lime softening, biological treatment, MF/UF, and evaporation ponds.
Wastewater reclamation processes provide numerous economic and environmental
benefits for the environment. First, water is recycled and reused, saving on the cost
and treatment of raw water. In addition, in ZLD units, all water is reclaimed; thus,
no effluent is discharged from the plant, avoiding the cost of environmental
impact. ZLD technology is appropriate and expanding for all types of waste water.
The use of a full-scale ZLD wastewater treatment plant, which was operating
under ZLD conditions, was the wastewater treatment plant in the city of Modugno
(BA), in South Italy fig.3. Municipal wastewater is treated after biological
treatment. From treated wastewater, ultra-pure demineralised water is produced for
use in thermal power plants.
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Fig.3[17]
The main source of oil pollution in coastal waters is leakage of oil or gas from oil
tankers, ships, or pipelines, as shown in fig.4 [15], which causes environmental
problems, ecological problems, economic problems, and other consequences.
Refineries and pipelines are major contributors to surface water pollution by oil. If
the oil is leaked, a large oil film on surface seawater is formed. If oil pollution is
not cleaned up in time, the oil film on surface seawater is sustained for a long time.
This layer isolates seawater from air, which affects the oxygen exchange between
seawater and air, preventing sunlight from penetrating into the seawater. The
photosynthesis of plankton declined, making it impossible to survive. Plankton are
at the lowest end of the marine ecological food chain and are the main force
behind the primary productivity of marine organisms, accounting for about 90% of
it. Its reduction will affect the organisms in the upper layer of its food chain, and
the influence of the chain relationship will eventually affect the organisms at the
top of the marine food chain, resulting in the reduction of the entire marine life.
fig.4[15]
The first step is to measure the quantity of pollutant concentration and amount of
polluted water and compare them to an acceptable level of concentration. As a
large number of pollutants, petroleum hydrocarbons are more toxic and have a
long-term pollution effect, and their harm has spread all over the world. To
maintain a good marine ecological environment, we should minimize oil pollution
to the marine environment, particularly coastal waters, and the best solution is to
pump all polluted seawater into towed physical treatment methods and mechanical
devices. mechanical devices with higher separation efficiencies. for removing oil
and aerating seawater for restoring the seawater environment. The physics-based
separation method is based on the difference in density between seawater and oil.
Mobile separator tanks and pumps towed by ships of different sizes are a key
solution for removing oil pollution from seawater. The other type of mechanical
device is a rotating wheel towed by ships to increase oxygen in polluted areas by
gas. The other chemical methods or biological methods are very inefficient. Only
aerated seawater by mechanical devices such as towed wheels by ships for
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removing natural gas and increasing oxygen concentration in seawater is used for
gas leakage.
Plastics are polymers, long chains comprised of linked repeated units called
"monomers." Since the industrial production of plastics began in the 1950s, There
is a huge amount of plastic in the environment. Polyethylene (PE), Polyamides
(PA), Polypropylene (PP), Polycarbonate (PC), Polystyrene (PS), Polystyrene
(EPS), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are some
of the common polymers. This material is not biodegradable. but accumulating in
nature's surface water bodies such as seawater,lakes,rivers, The leakage of plastic
waste into the environment, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, is
occurring at an unprecedented rate. Plastic pollution is recognized as a severe
anthropogenic issue in coastal and marine ecosystems across the world.
Unprecedented and continuous accumulation of growing plastic contaminants into
any respective aquatic ecosystem causes direct and/or indirect interruption to
ecosystem structure, functions, and, consequently, services and values . A huge
amount of floating waste plastic in seawater is generated The formation of a solid
barrier between seawater or lakes and air reduces the concentration of oxygen in
natural surface water. The surface of floating waste plastic is placed to prevent
undesirable natural changes in surface water. Most plastics do not degrade.
Instead, they slowly fragment into smaller particles, referred to as microplastics
and, probably, nanoplastics. These particles, whether in the form of larger or
smaller plastics, have profound detrimental consequences for ecosystems, biota,
and the environment, but also for the economy and human health. Plastics have
been found in the stomach contents of numerous organisms, including earthworms,
birds, turtles, dolphins, and whales. Smaller particles may be even more pervasive,
as they may be ingested by organisms that are at the basis of different food webs.
One such example is the recently discovered new species of plastics.,It is an
amphibious found at a depth of 6,900 meters and is named after the plastic found
to contaminate its gut. Before we even knew it, we had already contaminated it.
Ore is a rock containing valuable salt metals such as uranium, gold, copper, or
other mineral substances such as coal. In Fig.4, waste-water for mining involves
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the excavation of large quantities of waste rock (material not containing the target
mineral) in order to extract the desired mineral ore. The ore is then crushed into
finely ground tailing for processing with various chemicals and separating
processes to extract the final product . Mining wastewater pollutes surface water
and groundwater supplies.
This kind of pollution occurs when chemical agents (such as cyanide or sulfuric
acid, used by mining companies to separate the target mineral from the ore) leak,
or leach, from the mine site into nearby water bodies. These chemicals are highly
toxic to humans and wildlife.
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Fig.5[21]
applying zero liquid discharge for mining wastewater to recover heavy metals as
salt and distillation contamination water to remove all contamination. This policy
is achieved by using different types of technologies such as membrane distillation
coupled with crystallization . or solar distillation or EDR, and heavy metal salts
are separated by crystallization and collected together. Furthermore, the ion
exchange process is extremely effective at removing all heavy metals [18,19,20].
The pollutants from chemical industries are mainly salts of heavy metals. The
industries that produce waste are the steel and iron production plants,paper
making,industrial laundries, power plants, metal finishers, and the food and
beverage industry. The various contaminants commonly found in industrial water
outlets are chemicals, heavy metals, oils, pesticides, silt, pharmaceuticals, and
other industrial by-products. In general, it is difficult to treat industrial waste as
individual examination of the set-ups and specific treatment plants is required on
an industry-based level. Therefore, to deal with this, on-site filter presses are
installed to treat the effluent wastewater. Industrial wastewater from various
industrial sectors contains many pollutants that are toxic and have hazardous
effects on human and aquatic life as well as on agriculture. Such pollutants include
heavy metals like chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) .
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Restoration and treatment of pollution caused by industrial discharge
contamination into natural surface water :
applying zero liquid discharge for industrial wastewater to recover heavy metals as
salt and distillation contamination water to remove all contamination. This policy
is achieved by using different types of technologies such as membrane distillation
coupled with crystallization . or solar distillation or elector-dialysis and
crystallization and heavy metal salts are separately crystallized and collected
together. The ion exchange process is very effective for removing all heavy metals
[18].
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Conclusions:
• Applying a zero liquid discharge policy for the treatment of any type of
waste is the best solution for sustainable environmental concepts .
• Soil using activated carbon in soil land boundaries and as a sub layer for
soil is reduced Agrochemical contaminants in surface water or
groundwater
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