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Citizenship
Course name: Education & Level: BED / ADE
Community
Course Code: 8606 Semester: Spring 2023
Assignment: 1 Due Date: 15-08-2023
Total Assignment: 2 Late Date: 15-09-2023

‫یکےیلر‬ ‫حتمناتیکایتر ر‬
‫ااسٹنمنئارورا ر‬
‫ر‬ ‫عی‬
‫کذر ر‬ ‫سوس ر‬ ‫اجنےساتکںیبںیہنآریہںیہ۔وہہبلط مہاری ر‬
‫نجہبلطیکویوینریٹسیک ب‬
‫ے‬ ‫ٹٹ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ادارککآرڈررکواتکسںیہ۔زیناہھتےسر‬200 ‫زہچ ر‬‫رپنتمیقکالعوہمزیڈڈاکرخ ر‬ ‫یک ببرھگےھٹیباحلصرکتکسںیہ۔بتکیک ڈ‬
‫ئم ٹ‬
03096696159‫ی‬ ‫رک ر‬ ‫الیامیاسییکوسٹفااس نٹسآرڈررپدایتسب ر‬
‫ںیہ۔رصفواسٹرانررپراہطب ر‬ ‫یھکلوہیئاور ر‬
‫ٹ‬
03096696159‫ی‬
‫رک ر‬
‫نرپراہطب ر‬
‫یر۔رصفواسٹا ر‬
‫رک ر‬
‫ےیلراہطب ر‬
‫اسالکس رکالخہصرنانانااسٹنمنئاحلصرکےنک ر‬

Q.1 Define the term society Elaborate its functional and also highlight an
individual's status in an ideal society.

Answer:

Society is a group of people who live together and share their culture, customs, beliefs,
and values. It is a complex system of relationships that govern human behavior and
interaction. The concept of society dates back to ancient times, and it has evolved over
the centuries.

1. Definition of Society

Society can be defined as a grouping of individuals that share a common culture,

language, and social norms. It is a complex network of relationships that are
established through social interactions, institutions, and organizations.

According to Talcott Parsons, society is a system of interconnected parts that work

together to maintain a stable equilibrium. This means that society has various parts that
function together to achieve a specific goal, which is to maintain order and stability.

2. Functions of Society

Society has several functions that are essential for its existence. These functions
include:
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a. Socialization: Society provides a framework for individuals to learn social norms,

values, and beliefs. Socialization is essential to ensure that individuals are capable of
functioning within society.

b. Provision of Resources: Society is responsible for providing basic necessities such

as food, shelter, and clothing.

c. Maintenance of Law and Order: Society has laws and regulations that are
enforced to maintain order and prevent chaos.

d. Defense: Society is responsible for protecting its members from external threats.

e. Maintenance of Social Control: Society has mechanisms in place to ensure that

individuals comply with social norms and values.

3. Individual's Status in an Ideal Society

In an ideal society, an individual's status is determined by their contribution to society.

The ideal society is one that values every individual and recognizes their importance in
achieving the common goal.

In an ideal society, every individual has equal opportunities to succeed. There is no

discrimination based on race, gender, or social status. In this society, every individual
is given the chance to pursue their dreams and aspirations.

An individual's status in an ideal society is determined by their contribution to society.

This means that individuals who contribute more to society are accorded higher status
than those who contribute less. The ideal society recognizes that every individual has
something to offer, and it is the collective efforts that result in the success of society.

In conclusion, society is a complex system of relationships that govern human

behavior and interaction. It has various functions, including socialization, provision of
resources, maintenance of law and order, defense, and maintenance of social control.
In an ideal society, an individual's status is determined by their contribution to society,
and everyone has equal opportunities to succeed. The ideal society recognizes that
every individual has something to offer, and it is the collective efforts that result in the
success of society.

Q.2 Differentiate between individual behavior and group behavior. How these
concepts are helpful for a teacher. Discuss some teaching techniques which are
useful for both groups.

Answer:
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Human beings are social animals, and they tend to interact with others to fulfill their
needs and desires. The behavior of people in groups is different from individual
behavior. The way they communicate, behave, and react to situations depends on the
group dynamics.

Individual Behavior:

Individual behavior refers to the actions of a single person. It is the way a person
behaves when they are alone, without any influence from others. Individual behavior is
often shaped by personal traits, values, beliefs, and experiences. It includes beliefs,
attitudes, and actions of an individual.

Individual behavior can be predictable, as it is determined by the individual's

personality, mood, and past experiences. It can also be influenced by external factors
such as the environment, culture, social norms, and family background. For example, a
person who grows up in a household where punctuality is highly valued will likely be
punctual in their personal and professional life.

Group Behavior:

Group behavior refers to the actions of people in a group. It is the way individuals
behave when they are part of a collective. Group behavior is influenced by the group's
dynamics, the characteristics of the members, and the group's goals. It includes beliefs,
attitudes, and actions of a group.

Group behavior can be unpredictable, as it is shaped by the group's interactions and

relationships. It can also be influenced by the external factors such as the environment,
culture, social norms, and leadership style. For example, a group of students who have
a common goal of achieving good grades may behave differently depending on the
teacher's leadership style. If the teacher is authoritarian, the students may be less likely
to participate in group discussions.

How these concepts are helpful for a teacher:

Understanding individual and group behavior is important for teachers as it helps them
to create a conducive learning environment. Teachers who are aware of the differences
in individual and group behavior can tailor their teaching approaches to suit their
students' needs.

For example, students with different personalities and learning styles may require
different teaching methods. Some students may learn better through individual work,
while others may prefer group work. Teachers can use their knowledge of individual
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behavior to identify the students' strengths and weaknesses and create a curriculum
that caters to these needs.

Additionally, teachers who understand group behavior can identify the group
dynamics that can hinder or enhance learning. They can identify the social
relationships within groups and use this information to facilitate group work. Teachers
can also identify the leadership style of the group and use this knowledge to assign
group tasks and roles.

Teaching Techniques useful for Both Groups:

1. Active Learning:

Active learning is a teaching method that engages students in the learning process. It
involves students in activities that require thought, discussion, and collaboration.
Active learning is useful for both individual and group learning, as it encourages
students to participate in the learning process actively.

Active learning can take many forms, such as discussions, debates, simulations, and
case studies. Teachers can use active learning to encourage students to work together,
exchange ideas, and develop critical thinking skills.

2. Collaborative Learning:

Collaborative learning is a method where students work together to achieve a common

goal. It involves students in discussions, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Collaborative learning is useful for group learning as it encourages students to develop
social skills, communication skills, and teamwork.

Collaborative learning can take many forms, such as group projects, group
presentations, and group discussions. Teachers can use group projects to encourage
students to work together, share knowledge, and develop leadership skills.

3. Flipped Classroom:

The flipped classroom is a teaching method that involves the students in the learning
process outside of the classroom. It involves the students in self-directed learning,
which enables the teacher to use class time more effectively. The flipped classroom is
useful for both individual and group learning as it encourages students to take
responsibility for their learning.

In a flipped classroom, teachers provide students with learning materials online, such
as videos, podcasts, and articles. Students are then required to review this material
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before coming to class. In class, the teacher facilitates discussions, group work, and
problem-solving activities.

4. Inquiry-Based Learning:

Inquiry-based learning is a teaching method that involves students in questioning,

investigating, and exploring topics. It encourages students to develop critical thinking
skills, research skills, and problem-solving skills. Inquiry-based learning is useful for
both individual and group learning as it encourages students to work independently
and collaboratively.

Inquiry-based learning can take many forms, such as research projects, investigations,
and experiments. Teachers can use inquiry-based learning to encourage students to ask
questions, develop hypotheses, and draw conclusions.

Individual and group behavior are important concepts that can help teachers to create a
positive learning environment. Teachers who understand individual behavior can tailor
their teaching approaches to suit their students' needs. Teachers who understand group
behavior can identify the group dynamics that can hinder or enhance learning. The
teaching techniques outlined above can be useful for both individual and group
learning, as they encourage active participation, collaboration, and critical thinking
skills. Ultimately, the goal of teaching is to create an environment where students are
actively engaged in the learning process.

Q.3 Describe socialization. Elaborate how the cycle of socialization is helpful in

the teaching learning process.

Answer:

Socialization is a process through which an individual acquires the necessary skills,

values, attitudes, and behaviors to function effectively in a given society or culture. It
is a lifetime process that begins from birth and continues throughout an individual’s
life. Socialization is a complex process that involves learning from others around us,
including parents, peers, teachers, and other influential figures.

Through socialization, individuals learn how to communicate, interact with others, and
understand social norms and expectations. Socialization involves both formal and
informal means of learning. Formal means of socialization include educational
institutions, religious institutions, and other institutions that provide a structured
learning environment. Informal means of socialization include family, peers, and other
social groups.
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The cycle of socialization is a powerful tool that can be used to teach and promote
socialization in the teaching-learning process. The cycle of socialization is a model
that describes how individuals are shaped by their experiences and interactions with
others around them. The cycle of socialization involves four stages; these are pre-
awareness, awareness, action, and change.

The pre-awareness stage is the first stage of the cycle of socialization. In this stage,
individuals have not yet developed an awareness of their socialization experiences.
They are not aware of the social norms and expectations of their society.

The awareness stage is the second stage of the cycle of socialization. In this stage,
individuals become aware of their socialization experiences. This awareness is usually
triggered by an event or through interactions with others. Through this awareness,
individuals begin to understand the social norms and expectations of their society.

The action stage is the third stage of the cycle of socialization. In this stage,
individuals actively engage in the socialization process. They learn and adopt the
social norms and expectations of their society.

The change stage is the final stage of the cycle of socialization. In this stage,
individuals begin to question and challenge their socialization experiences. They begin
to make changes to their behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs.

The cycle of socialization is helpful in the teaching-learning process in several ways.

First, it provides a framework for understanding how socialization occurs. Educators
can use this framework to design effective teaching strategies that promote
socialization. For example, educators can use the cycle of socialization to help students
understand the social norms and expectations of their society.

Second, the cycle of socialization can be used to promote understanding and respect
for cultural diversity. In today’s multicultural society, it is important for educators to
promote cultural diversity and understanding. The cycle of socialization can be used to
teach students about different cultures and the socialization experiences that shape
them.

Third, the cycle of socialization can be used to promote critical thinking and reflection
in the teaching-learning process. By encouraging students to reflect on their
socialization experiences and how they have been shaped by their environment,
educators can help students develop critical thinking skills.

Fourth, the cycle of socialization can be used to promote social justice and equity in
the teaching-learning process. By understanding the socialization experiences that
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shape individuals, educators can design teaching strategies that promote social justice
and equity.

In conclusion, socialization is a complex process that involves learning from others

around us, including parents, peers, teachers, and other influential figures. The cycle of
socialization is a powerful tool that can be used to promote socialization in the
teaching-learning process. By providing a framework for understanding how
socialization occurs, the cycle of socialization helps educators design effective
teaching strategies that promote socialization, cultural diversity, critical thinking and
reflection, and social justice and equity.

Q.4 Define the purpose of family institutions within a society. Also explain the
functions of an education institution with examples.

Answer:

Family and education institutions are essential components of any society. The
purpose of the family institution is to provide emotional, physical, social, and
psychological support to its members, whereas the aim of the education institution is to
ensure that individuals acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and values needed to
function effectively in society.

Purpose of Family Institutions:

The family institution serves several vital purposes within a society. These include:

1. Reproduction: The family institution is responsible for the reproduction of the

human species, which ensures the continuity of the society.

2. Socialization: It is within the family institution that individuals learn the social
norms, values, beliefs, and customs of their society. Parents teach their children about
acceptable behavior, manners, and etiquette.

3. Emotional Support: The family institution provides emotional support to its

members. Family members share experience, feelings, and emotions, which
strengthens family bonds and promotes mental and emotional wellbeing.

4. Economic Support: The family institution plays a critical role in providing

economic support to its members. The family provides food, shelter, and clothing to its
members. Family members may also provide financial assistance to one another during
times of need.
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5. Protection: The family institution provides protection to its members. Parents

protect their children from harm, and family members support one another in times of
crisis.

Functions of Education Institutions:

Education institutions also serve several vital functions within a society. These
include:

1. Imparting Knowledge: Education institutions are responsible for imparting

knowledge to individuals. This includes knowledge related to various academic
disciplines, as well as life skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and
decision-making.

2. Socialization: Education institutions also play a critical role in the socialization

process. They provide individuals with the opportunity to interact with individuals
from different backgrounds and cultures, leading to the development of social skills
and cultural awareness.

3. Career Preparation: Education institutions help individuals acquire the knowledge

and skills necessary to enter the workforce. They offer training in various vocational
and professional fields, which helps individuals prepare for careers.

4. Personal Development: Education institutions help individuals develop personally.

They provide opportunities for personal growth, self-discovery, and the exploration of
different interests and hobbies.

5. Citizenship Education: Education institutions are also responsible for educating

individuals about their roles and responsibilities as citizens of a particular society. This
includes teaching individuals about the principles of democracy, human rights, and
social justice.

Examples of Education Institutions:

There are several examples of education institutions, including:

1. Schools: Schools are education institutions that provide formal education to

individuals. Schools offer education at different levels, including primary, secondary,
and higher education.

2. Colleges and Universities: Colleges and universities offer higher education to

individuals. They provide undergraduate and post-graduate degrees in various
academic disciplines.
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3. Vocational Schools: Vocational schools provide training in various vocational

fields, such as cosmetology, mechanics, and healthcare.

4. Online Learning Platforms: Online learning platforms, such as Coursera and

Udemy, provide individuals with the opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills
through online courses.

In conclusion, family institutions and education institutions play a critical role in the
functioning of a society. The family institution provides emotional, physical, social,
and psychological support to its members, while education institutions are responsible
for imparting knowledge, socialization, career preparation, personal development, and
citizenship education. The proper functioning of these institutions is essential for the
growth and development of any society.

Q.5 Examine the various contexts of social influences in a group. How does the
concept of group dynamics help a school in managing disciplinary issues?

Answer:

Group dynamics can be described as the way that people within a group interact with
one another. Social influences within a group can come in various forms. These can
include things such as group norms, the role of leaders and hierarchies within a group,
and the social pressure that members of a group feel to conform to these norms and
expectations. Understanding and managing these social influences is important in any
context where groups of people come together to achieve a specific goal or objective.
One such context is in schools, where group dynamics can play a significant role in
managing disciplinary issues.

Contexts of Social Influences in a Group:

Group Norms and Roles:

A group norm is an unwritten rule that governs the behavior of members within a
group. These norms can be explicit or implicit, and they can be positive or negative.
For example, a group might have a norm that everyone arrives on time for meetings, or
they might have a norm that criticizes anyone who misses a meeting. Norms can be an
important aspect of group dynamics, as they help to regulate behavior within the group
and provide a sense of identity and belonging for individual members.

Roles within a group are also important in shaping group dynamics. There are various
roles within a group, including task-oriented roles, such as the leader, the organizer,
and the analyst, and relationship-oriented roles, such as the mediator, the harmonizer,
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and the compromiser. These roles can shape the way that group members interact with
one another and can determine the success or failure of the group's objectives.

Leadership and Hierarchy:

Leadership and hierarchy are another important aspect of group dynamics. The role of
the leader is to guide and direct the group towards achieving its goals, while the
hierarchy determines the status and power of individual group members. Leaders can
have a significant impact on group dynamics, as they can set the tone for group
behavior and influence the norms and values of the group.

Conformity to Social Expectations:

Conformity to social expectations is another important aspect of group dynamics. The

pressure to conform to the norms and values of the group can be strong, and it can be
difficult for individual members to resist this pressure. Conformity can be positive, in
that it helps to maintain group cohesion and identity, but it can also be negative, in that
it can stifle creativity and individual expression.

Group Dynamics in Managing Disciplinary Issues:

Disciplinary issues can be challenging for schools to manage, particularly when they
involve groups of students. However, an understanding of group dynamics can help
schools to manage these issues more effectively.

Group Norms and Roles:

Schools can set and enforce positive group norms to discourage negative behavior. For
example, a school might have a norm that all students must respect one another, or
they might have a norm that students must attend all classes unless they have a valid
excuse. Similarly, schools can use group roles to encourage positive behavior, such as
appointing a student mediator to resolve conflicts amongst peers.

Leadership and Hierarchy:

Schools can also use leadership and hierarchy to manage disciplinary issues. School
leaders can set the tone for behavior by modeling positive behavior themselves, while
teachers and other staff members can act as leaders within their own classrooms or
departments. Schools can also establish a hierarchy of consequences for negative
behavior, with more serious consequences reserved for more serious offenses.

Conformity to Social Expectations:

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Schools can also use positive conformity to manage disciplinary issues. By

establishing a positive school culture that celebrates positive behavior, schools can
encourage students to conform to positive social expectations. Similarly, schools can
create opportunities for positive peer pressure, such as setting up a buddy system
whereby students are encouraged to look out for and support one another.

In conclusion, group dynamics can play a significant role in managing disciplinary

issues within schools. Understanding the various contexts of social influences within a
group, including group norms and roles, leadership and hierarchy, and conformity to
social expectations, can help schools to manage disciplinary issues more effectively.
By creating a positive school culture, encouraging positive behavior, and using
leadership and hierarchy to guide behavior, schools can create an environment that is
conducive to positive social influences. Ultimately, this can lead to a safer, more
productive, and more supportive learning environment for all students.