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    Mat326 Zoom 22 06 23

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    Crystal Max
    The document provides 10 examples of finding Laurent series expansions of functions around different points. Each example solves for the Laurent series by making a substitution of z-c=u where c is the point of expansion, then applying power series expansions of terms as needed. The series solutions are rational functions of the substitution variable u expanded as a series involving powers of (z-c).

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Mat326 Zoom 22 06 23

    Uploaded by

    Crystal Max
    34 views6 pages
    The document provides 10 examples of finding Laurent series expansions of functions around different points. Each example solves for the Laurent series by making a substitution of z-c=u where c is the point of expansion, then applying power series expansions of terms as needed. The series solutions are rational functions of the substitution variable u expanded as a series involving powers of (z-c).

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    The document provides 10 examples of finding Laurent series expansions of functions around different points. Each example solves for the Laurent series by making a substitution of z-c=u where c is the point of expansion, then applying power series expansions of terms as needed. The series solutions are rational functions of the substitution variable u expanded as a series involving powers of (z-c).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views6 pages

    Mat326 Zoom 22 06 23

    Uploaded by

    Crystal Max
    The document provides 10 examples of finding Laurent series expansions of functions around different points. Each example solves for the Laurent series by making a substitution of z-c=u where c is the point of expansion, then applying power series expansions of terms as needed. The series solutions are rational functions of the substitution variable u expanded as a series involving powers of (z-c).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Example 1. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = e2z /(z − 1)3 about z = 1.

    Let u = z − 1. Then z = u + 1 and so we have

    e2z e2u+2 e2 2u
    = = e
    (z − 1)3 u3 u3
    e2 (2u)2 (2u)3 (2u)4
     
    = 3 1 + 2u + + + + ···
    u 2! 3! 4!
    e2 2e2 2e2 4e2 2e2
    = 3+ 2 + + + u + ···
    u u u 3 3
    e2 2e2 2e2 4e2 2e2
    = + + + + (z − 1) + · · · .
    (z − 1)3 (z − 1)2 (z − 1) 3 3
    Example 2. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = (z − 3) sin[1/(z + 2)]
    about z = −2.
    Let u = z + 2. Then z = u − 2 and so, using the sine function series,
    we have

     
    1 1 1 1 1
    (z − 3) sin = (u − 5) sin = (u − 5) − + − ···
    (z + 2) u u 3!u3 5!u5
    5 1 5 1 5
    =1− − 2
    + 3
    + 4
    − − ···
    u 3!u 3!u 5!u 5!u5
    5 1 5 1 5
    =1− − 2
    + 3
    + 4
    − − ··· .
    z + 2 3!(z + 2) 3!(z + 2) 5!(z + 2) 5!u5
    Example 3. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = (z − sin z)/z 3 about the
    origin.
    Using the series for sine function, we have

    z3 z5 z7
      
    z − sin z 1
    3
    = 3 z− z− + − + ···
    z z 3! 5! 7!
    1 z3 z5 z7
     
    = 3 − + − ···
    z 3! 5! 7!
    1 z2 z4
    = − + − ··· .
    3! 5! 7!
    Example 4. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = z/[(z + 1)(z + 2)] about
    z = −2.
    1
    2

    Let u = z + 2 so that z = u − 2 and z + 1 = u − 1. Then we have


    z u−2 2−u
    = =
    (z + 1)(z + 2) (u − 1)u u(1 − u)
    2−u
    1 + u + u2 + u3 + u4 + · · ·

    =
    u
    2
    = + 1 + u + u2 + u3 + u4 + · · ·
    u
    2
    = + 1 + (z + 2) + (z + 2)2 + (z + 2)3 + (z + 2)4 + · · · .
    z+2
    Example 5. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = z/[(z + 1)(z + 2)] about
    z = −1.
    Let u = z + 1 so that z = u − 1 and z + 2 = u + 1. Then we have
    z u−1
    =
    (z + 1)(z + 2) u(u + 1)
    u−1
    1 − u + u2 − u3 + u4 − · · ·

    =
    u
    1
    = − + 2 − 2u + 2u2 − 2u3 + 2u4 + · · ·
    u
    1
    =− + 2 − 2(z + 1) + 2(z + 1)2 − 2(z + 1)3 + 2(z + 1)4 + · · · .
    z+1
    3

    Example 6. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = 1/[z 2 (z − 3)2 ] about


    z = 3.

    Let u = z − 3 so that z = u + 3. Then we have


    1 1 1
    = =
    z 2 (z − 3)2 u2 (u + 3)2 9u2 (1 + u/3)2
    
    1 −2(−3) −2(−3)(−4)
    = 2 1 + (−2)u/3 + (u/3)2 + (u/3)3
    9u 2! 3!
    
    −2(−3)(−4)(−5)
    + (u/3)4 − · · ·
    4!
    1 
    = 2 1 − 2u/3 + u2 /3 − 4u3 /27 + 5u4 /81 − · · ·

    9u
    1 2 1 4u 5u2
    = 2− + − + − ···
    9u 27u 27 243 729
    1 2 1 4(z − 3) 5(z − 3)2
    = − + − + − ··· .
    9(z − 3)2 27(z − 3) 27 243 729
    Example 7. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = 1/[z 2 (z − 3)2 ] about the
    origin.

    We have
    1 1 1
    = 2 = 2
    z 2 (z
    − 3) 2 z (3 − z)2 9z (1 − z/3)2
    
    1 −2(−3) −2(−3)(−4)
    = 2 1 + (−2)(−z/3) + (−z/3)2 + (−z/3)3
    9z 2! 3!
    
    −2(−3)(−4)(−5) 4
    + (−z/3) + · · ·
    4!
    1 
    = 2 1 + 2z/3 + z 2 /3 + 4z 3 /27 + 5z 4 /81 + · · ·

    9z
    1 2 1 4z 5z 2
    = 2+ + + + + ··· .
    9z 27z 27 243 729
    Example 8. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = 1/[(z + 1)(z + 3)] in the
    annulus 1 < |z| < 3.

    Since the expansion lies in some circles, we have to resolve into partial
    fractions to see handle component parts in those circles. Hence
    1 1 1 1 1
    = − .
    (z + 1)(z + 3) 2 (z + 1) 2 (z + 3)
    4

    Now for |z| > 1, we have


    1 1 1 1
    =
    2 (z + 1) 2z (1 + 1/z)
     
    1 1 1 1 1
    = 1 − + 2 − 3 + 4 − ···
    2z z z z z
    1 1 1 1 1
    = − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ···
    2z 2z 2z 2z 2z
    and for |z| < 3, we have
    1 1 1 1
    =
    2 (z + 3) 6 (1 + z/3)
    z z2 z3 z4
     
    1
    = 1− + − + − ···
    6 3 9 27 81
    1 z z2 z3 z4
    = − + − + − ··· .
    6 18 54 162 486
    Hence we have
    1 1 1 1 1
    = −
    (z + 1)(z + 3) 2 (z + 1) 2 (z + 3)
    z2 z3 z4
     
    1 1 1 1 1 1 z
    = − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 −· · ·− − + − + − ···
    2z 2z 2z 2z 2z 6 18 54 162 486
    1 1 1 1 1 1 z z2 z3 z4
    = · · ·+ 5 − 4 + 3 − 2 + − + − + − +· · · .
    2z 2z 2z 2z 2z 6 18 54 162 486
    Example 9. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = 1/[(z + 1)(z + 3)] in the
    circle |z| < 1.
    Since the expansion lies in the circle |z| < 1, then |z| < 3 so that the
    series for 21 (z+3)
    1
    in Example 8 is still valid. Now for |z| < 1, we have

    1 1 1 1
    =
    2 (z + 1) 2 (1 + z)
    1
    1 − z + z2 − z3 + z4 − · · ·

    =
    2
    1 z z2 z3 z4
    = − + − + − ···
    2 2 2 2 2
    and for |z| < 3, we have
    1 1 1 z z2 z3 z4
    = − + − + − ···
    2 (z + 3) 6 18 54 162 486
    5

    as before, so that Hence we have

    1 1 1 1 1
    = −
    (z + 1)(z + 3) 2 (z + 1) 2 (z + 3)
    2 3
    z4 z2 z3 z4
     
    1 z z z 1 z
    = − + − + − ··· − − + − + − ···
    2 2 2 2 2 6 18 54 162 486
    1 4z 13z 2 40z 3 121z 4
    = − + − − + ··· .
    3 9 27 81 486

    Example 10. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = 1/[(z + 1)(z + 3)] in the
    circle |z| > 3.

    Since the expansion lies in the circle |z| < 3, then |z| > 1 so that the
    series for 21 (z+1)
    1
    in Example 8 is still valid. Now for |z| > 3, we have

    1 1 1 1
    =
    2 (z + 3) 2z (1 + 3/z)
     
    1 3 9 27 81
    = 1 − + 2 − 3 + 4 − ···
    2z z z z z
    1 3 9 27 81
    = − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ··· .
    2z 2z 2z 2z 2z

    and for |z| > 1, we have

    1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    = − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ···
    2 (z + 1) 2z 2z 2z 2z 2z

    as before (Example 8), so that Hence we have

    1 1 1 1 1
    = −
    (z + 1)(z + 3) 2 (z + 1) 2 (z + 3)
     
    1 1 1 1 1 1 3 9 27 81
    = − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 −· · ·− − + − + − ···
    2z 2z 2z 2z 2z 2z 2z 2 2z 3 2z 4 2z 5
    1 4 13 40
    = 2 − 3 + 4 − 5 + ··· .
    z z z z

    Example 11. Find the Laurent series of f (z) = 1/[(z + 1)(z + 3)] in the
    annulus 0 < |z + 1| < 2.
    6

    Let u = z + 1. Then z + 3 = u + 2 with |u| < 2 so that


    1 1 1 1
    = =
    (z + 1)(z + 3) u(u + 2) 2u 1 + u/2
    u u2 u3 u4
     
    1
    = 1− + − − + ···
    2u 2 4 8 16
    1 1 u u2 u3
    = − + − − + ···
    2u 4 8 16 32
    1 1 (z + 1) (z + 1)2 (z + 1)3
    = − + − − + ··· .
    2(z + 1) 4 8 16 32

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