Introduction To Microbiology

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INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGYDefinition
Micro
 – 
small,Bio
 – 
Life,Logy
 – 
Study
Microbiologyisthestudyoflivingorganism/microorganism(bacteria,
fungi,algae,protozoanandviruses)ofmicroscopicsize.Itisconcernedwiththeirmorphology,structure,reproduction,metabolismandclassification.
History and evolution
-Lecretius(98-55BC)andGirolamoFracastro(1478-1553)suggeste
thatadiseasewascausedbyaninvisiblelivingcreature.
-RobertHooke(1635-1703)
 – 
Coinedthewor
“cell”
-MatthiasSchleidenandTheodorSchwann
 – 
Describedthecelltheory
(Acellisthebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitofanorganism)
 
1.Thespontaneousgeneration(Abiogenesis)
WasstatedbyAristotlein346BC,thatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.TheorywassupportedbyJohnNeedham(1748)-Heboiledmuttonbrothandthentightlystopperedtheflasks.-Cloudwasformedintheflas-Heconcludedthatthecloudwasmicroorganisms
2. Biogenesis
Living organisms could develop from other organisms.
A. Francesco Redi and the fly experiment (1629 -1697)
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B.LazaroSpallanzani(1729-1799):Theheatingchallenge
He opposed Needham’s
work.
C. Louis Pasteur (1822 -1895)
His experiment ended the spontaneous generation.
The germ theory of disease:
Bacteria are the cause of disease in human, plant and animal.
The germ theory of fermentation:
Pasteurization ( heating milk at 62.8
0
C for 30 min).
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Protection against infection (Immunity)
: attenuated vaccines (older cultures of bacterium are on virulent bacteriums of same disease e.g.,
Chicken cholera
)
Principle of immunization
Pasteur applied this principle for  prevention of Anthrax
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