U1: Vowel overview

-14 vowel sound (American English)

Articulatory phonetics: Monophthongs /Diphthongs

Classifiers:
-Height: (of tongue) High / Mid / Low
-Backness: (farness front or back from tongue) Front / Central / Back
-Roundedness: (Whether lips are rounded or not)

Front Central Back

High t: /iy/ beat - l: /i/ bit t:/uw/ boot - l:/ʊ/ put

Mid t: /ey/ bait - l:/ɛ/ bet /ə/ sun /ow/ boat

Low /æ/ bat /ɑ/ hot /ɔ/ bought

+Complex vowels (Pain vowels)

/aw/ how
/ay/ high
/oy/ boy

(t) Tense: Cheeks and tongue

(l) Lax: No a lot of tension, relaxed

Union of many vowels: Add a disimulate /y/ or /w/ between them. ex: grow up / three animals

Vocabulary:
Stewed: Algo en un guiso ex. Stewed chicken
itch: sentir o causar comezón / sensación de comezón
impassible: incapable of suffering or feeling pain (impasivo: que no es afectado por
emociones que normalmente nos enturbian como el dolor)
chin: mentón
bade: past of bid, tell to do sth to somebody or to bid good morning/farewell (greet
someone)
ale: type of beer with bubbles.
race: move fast or challenge somebody to.
ace: az (de espadas, rombos, etc)

etch: if a feeling is etched on somebody’s face, or somebody’s face is etched with a feeling,
that feeling can be seen very clearly (grabado)
A is etched in/into/on B / B is etched with A

led: past of lead

adjective -led: influenced or organized by
lens: lentes (lupas de aumento, microscopios, de gafas, o anatómicamente la parte blanca
detrás de pupila que enfoca la luz para poder verla en un punto)
beck: stream

bail: fianza
put up bail: poner en fianza
judge granted/refused bail: concede o rechaza fianza
on bail: en fianza

bait: carnada (de pescado o para atraer atención)

bet: apostar
bled: loose blood, especially from a wound.
breast: pecho de mujer

brace: prepare yourself/somebody for sth that's gonna happen.

brace somebody for/to do something
brace something against sth/___ to contract muscle before doing sth physically difficult

fade: to become or to make something become paler or less bright

fret: to be worried or unhappy and not able to relax (ansioso)
freight: goods that are transported by ships, planes, trains or lorries; the system of
transporting goods in this way (mercancías)
binned: ​bin something to throw something away
bint: ​an offensive way of referring to a woman (acompañar insultos con esto)
bent: not straight
chick: a baby bird, especially a baby chicken
fen: an area of low, flat, wet land, especially in the east of England (pantano)
fin:
-a thin flat part that sticks out from the body of a fish, used for swimming and keeping
balance (aleta de pez)
-a thin flat part that sticks out from the body of a vehicle, an aircraft, etc., used for
improving its balance and movement (aletas de avion, no alan)
bid: an offer by a person or a company to pay a particular amount of money for
something (ofertar tipo en una apuesta)
-bid for/on sth: an offer to do work or provide a service for a particular price, in
competition with other companies, etc.
beg: to ask somebody for something especially in an anxious way because you want or
need it very much (rogar algo así: beg and plead)
bliss: Extreme happiness
celt: a member of a people from western Europe who settled in ancient Britain before the
Romans came (celta=europeos del este que se asentaron en Gran Bretaña antes que
romanos)
kilt: a skirt made of tartan cloth that reaches to the knees and is traditionally worn by
Scottish men; a similar skirt worn by women (falda escocesa)
tartan: a pattern of squares and lines of different colours and widths that cross each
other at an angle of 90°, used especially on cloth, and originally from Scotland
(squared pero distinto)
clef: a symbol at the beginning of a line of printed music (called a stave or staff) that
shows the pitch of the notes on it (clave)
clench: when you clench your hands, teeth, etc., or when they clench, you press them
together tightly, usually showing that you are angry, determined or upset (apretar)
clinch: (sth) to succeed in achieving or winning something
-to provide the answer to something; to settle something that was not certain (ej: that
clinches it, now we have no more problems)
crept: past of creep
crypt: a room under the floor of a church, used especially in the past as a place for burying
people (Cripta)
dell: a small valley with trees growing in or around it
dill: a plant with yellow flowers whose leaves and seeds have a strong taste and are
used in cooking and medicines. Dill is often added to vegetables kept in vinegar.
(Eneldo)
den: the hidden home of some types of wild animal (guarida)
din = racket: a loud, unpleasant noise that lasts for a long time
dent (sth): to make a hollow (hueca) place in a hard surface, usually by hitting it
-to damage somebody’s confidence, reputation, etc.
dint:
fetter somebody: to limit somebody’s freedom to do what they want
=shackle: to put chains around a prisoner´s feet
petty = minor: small and unimportant
fitter: a person whose job is to put together or repair equipment (técnico)

fez: a round red hat with a flat top and a tassel but no brim, worn by men in some
Muslim countries (sombrerito de árabes en pelis)
tassel: a bunch of threads that are tied together at one end and hang from cushions,
curtains, clothes, etc. as a decoration (hilos salientes a propósito)
brim: the flat edge around the bottom of a hat that sticks out (sobresaliente de
gorras, etc)

fizz: when a liquid fizzes, it produces a lot of bubbles and makes a long sound like an
‘s’ (que algo que es efervescente suena sss)
savor: disfrutar de algo, especialmente saborearlo
sever: cortar
setter: raza de perro
trendsetter: quien impone o crea nuevas modas cool
rake: rastrillo
wreck: a ship destruction or greatly damaged (shipwreck) or of another vehicle building /
destrozar
branch: rama
weight down: dificultar a algo/alguien moverse al cargar o colocarse peso
wet down: to wet thoroughly, especially making textiles more absorbent
brevity: brevedad
deception: noun form of deceive
deletion: noun form of delete
secretive: adjective form for some who keeps secrets towards other
walk in: entrar o adjetivo para algo en lo que se puede entrar (walk-in)
walk out: leave suddenly or angrily
hem: the edge of a piece of cloth that has been turned under and sewn, especially
on a piece of clothing (terminados en mangas o pantalones con hilos cosidos)
sew: to use a needle and thread to make stitches in cloth (cocer)
stitch: one of the small lines of thread that you can see on a piece of cloth after it
has been sewn; the action that produces this (cadeneta)
gas somebody/yourself: to kill or harm somebody by making them breathe poisonous
gas
manned: if a machine, a vehicle, a place or an activity is manned, it has or needs a person
to control or operate it (no automatizado)
mend sth: to repair something that has been damaged or broken so that it can be
used again
sack somebody = fire: to dismiss somebody from a job
tack: the way in which you deal with a particular situation; the direction of your words
or thoughts (forma o dirección de abordar un asunto)
bland=nondescript=dull: with little colour, excitement or interest; without anything to attract
attention
cattle: cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat (vacas y
toros de granja)
dab: (sth/ at sth) ​to touch something lightly, usually several times
deb: informal of debutante: a young, rich or upper-class woman who is going to
fashionable social events for the first time.
-a woman who is making her first public appearance, especially in sport or films; a
female debutant
flax: ​a plant with blue flowers, grown for its stem that is used to make thread and its seeds
that are used to make linseed oil (Linaza)
flecks: a very small area of a particular colour
frat: a fraternity or a frat boy (member of a fraternity)
rabble = mob: a large group of noisy people who are or may become violent
tamp sth (down): to press something down hard, especially into a closed space
(presionar hasta que algo entre en algo)
temp: a temporary employee in an office (pasante)
tamper with sth = interfere with: to make changes to something without permission,
especially in order to damage it
trad: ​traditional jazz in the style of the 1920s, with free playing (= improvisation)
against a background of fixed rhythms and combinations of notes
tread: to put your foot down while you are stepping or walking (pisar)
vat: a large container for holding liquids, especially in industrial processes (tina grande)
depraved: morally corrupt
bathe sth: to wash something with water, especially a part of your body
succour: help that you give to somebody who is suffering or having problems
(socorro en noun)
hog: a pig, especially one that is kept and made fat for eating (cerdo criado y
engordado para comer)
pappy:
poppy: a wild or garden plant, with a large delicate flower that is usually red, and
small black seeds. Opium is obtained from one type of poppy. (amapola (opioide))
lug sth: to carry or drag something heavy with a lot of effort
log: a thick piece of wood that is cut from or has fallen from a tree (madera tipo leña)
eggshells: Cáscara de huevo
show off: presumir
show-off: presumido
foal: a very young horse or donkey (potro)
jocular: humorous
verbose (adj) = long-winded: using or containing more words than are needed
(floreado)
verbosity: noun form of verbose
preposterous = outrageous: completely unreasonable, especially in a way that
shocks or annoys you
allowance: the amount of something that is allowed in a particular situation (pensión)
-an amount of money that is given to somebody regularly or for a particular purpose
lawsuit against sth/somebody: a claim or complaint against somebody that a person
or an organization can make in court
booth: a small place with walls or sides where you can do something privately, for
example make a phone call or vote (cabina)
butcher: a person whose job is cutting up and selling meat in a shop or killing
animals for this purpose (carnicero)
woo somebody: to try to get the support of somebody (convercer)
-to try to persuade a woman to love him and marry him (Cortejar)
shoo somebody: to make somebody/something go away or to another place,
especially by saying ‘shoo’ and waving your arms and hands
coo: when a dove (white dove, paloma de la paz) or a pigeon coos, it makes a soft
low sound (arrullo = sonido grave y monótono de aves para cortejarse o para dormir
bebés)
-to say something in a soft quiet voice, especially to somebody you love
resumption: ​the act of beginning something again after it has stopped
allude to sth/somebody: to mention something in an indirect way
immune: that cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness
Stupefy: to surprise or shock somebody; to make somebody unable to think clearly
soot: black powder that is produced when wood, coal, etc. is burnt (ceniza)
hook: a curved piece of metal, plastic or wire for hanging things on, catching fish
with, etc. (forma curva como anzuelo)
crooked: not in a straight line; bent or twisted
boundary: a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and
separates it from other things or places; a dividing line
mild: not severe or strong
séance: a ritual to contact the dead (sesión espiritista)
suet: hard fat from around the kidneys of cows, sheep, etc., used in cooking (sebo)
sow: female pig
sour: acid taste
cub: a young bear, lion, fox, etc. (cachorro)
wed: ​to marry (old-fashioned)
vest:
stairway:
restrain:
dried:
deride:
pitcher
liter
pudding
latter
ladder
bruised
thee
thy
thou
Therein
tether
lathe
scathe
teethe
bathe
loathe
thaw
thread
thigh
thimble
bathrobe
wreath
booth
oath
den
otter
writhe
whiff
wit
sin
tinker
soothe
peep
pod
veer
vole
bane
bid
vid
bile
biz
viz
bolt
bowels
vroom
curb
dribble
drivel
duv
dove
gibbon
jibe
jive
lobes
revel
verve