Ntyk;khs; Nghjp tshfk; - Njdp.

tFg;G: 10 gapw;rp ifNaL – (2020–2021) ghlk;: jkpo;

,ay;-5
1. If;fpa ehLfs; mitapy; nkhopngah;g;G.
I.eh. mitapy; xUth; Ngrpdhy; mtuth; nkhopfspy; Ghpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F trjp nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nkhop ngah;g;G (Translation)
vd;gJ vOjg;gl;lij nkhop ngah;g;gJ. Mdhy; xUth; NgRk;NghNj
nkhop ngah;g;gJ tpsf;FtJ (Interpreting) vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
I.eh. mitapy; xUth; NgRtij nkhop ngah;f;Fk; nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;
ghh;itahsh;fSf;Fj; njhpahjgb NtW ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;ghh;. xUth;
NgRtijf; fhjzp Nfl;gpapy; (Headphone) Nfl;lgb rpy nehbfspy;
nkhop ngah;j;J xypthq;fp topNa NgRthh;. mitapy; cs;s
ghh;itahsh; jk;Kd; cs;s fhjzpf;Nfl;gpia vLj;Jg; nghUj;jpf;
nfhz;L mtuJ nkhopapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;thh;.
-,g;gFjpapypUe;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.
i) nkhop ngah;g;gJ vd;why; vd;d?
ii) nkhop ngah;g;ghsh; vq;F ,Ug;ghh;?
iii) I.eh. mitapy; nra;ag;gl;l trjp ahJ?
iv) tpsf;FtJ (Interpreting) vd;why; vd;d?
v) nkhop ngah;g;ghshpd; nray;fisf; $Wf.
2. jkpopd; ,yf;fpatsk; - fy;tpnkhop – gpwnkhopapy; cs;s
,yf;fpa tsq;fs; - mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; - gpwJiwf; fUj;Jfs;
- jkpOf;Fr; nrOik – Nkw;fz;l Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L
“nrk;nkhopj; jkpOf;F tsk; Nrh;f;Fk; nkhop ngah;g;Gf;fiy”
vd;w jiyg;gpy thu ,jo; xd;Wf;F eLgf;ff; fl;Liu vOJf.
“nrk;nkhopj; jkpOf;F tsk; Nrh;f;Fk; nkhop ngah;g;Gf; fiy ”
Kd;Diu: cyf nkhopfspNyNa goikahd nkhopfSs; xd;W
jkpo; nkhopahFk;. ,k;nkhopapd; rpwg;GfSf;Ff; fhuzk; ,k;nkhopapd;
,yf;fzKk;> ,yf;fpaq;fSk; MFk;.,k;nkhop nrk;nkhop vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; rpwg;GfisAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.
jkpopd; ,yf;fpa tsk;: jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; 2000
Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf fhyk; NjhWk; Njhd;wpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tho;tpd;
gy;NtW $Wfisj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. jkpo; nkhopapd;
,yf;fpa tsk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fs;> gf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fs;> fhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ciu ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Guhz>
jyGuhz> ,];yhkpa> fpwpj;Jt ngsj;j> rkz ,yf;fpaq;fshf
fhyq;fs; NjhWk; gilf;fg;gl;L jkpo; md;idf;F Gfo; #l;lg;ngw;wJ.
rq;f E}y;fshd gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspd; thapyha; jkpoh;
ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> Nghh;newp> nfhil> fhjy;> tPuk;
vd gy nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
fy;tpnkhop: ek; jha; nkhopahfpa jkpo; nkhopapy; fy;tp fw;gJ
kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. Foe;ijfs; jha;nkhop thapyha;f; fw;gjd;
%yk; fw;gidj; jpwidAk;> Ngr;Rj; jpwidAk; fy;tpia vspjhfTk;
fw;f ,aYk;. fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; vspikahfTk;>
rpwg;ghAk; mikAk;. fy;tpapd; juk; cauNtz;Lkhapd; jha;nkhopapy;
fy;tp gapyy; mtrpak;. nkhop fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w epiyiaf; fle;J
ek; kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;ijj; jhq;fp epw;fpwJ. vdNt jha;nkhopahfpa
jkpopy; ehk; fy;tpia Nkw;nfhs;Nthk;.
gpwnkhopapy; cs;s ,yf;fpa tsq;fs;: jkpo; nkhop gy;NtW
rpwg;GfisAk;> ngUikfisAk; cilajhapDk; gpwnkhop
,yf;fpaq;fSk; ek; jkpo; nkhopf;F tuNtz;Lk;. gpwnkhopapYk; kpfr;
rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; cz;L. tlnkhopapypUe;J jkpo; nkhopf;F
nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l ngUq;fij> fk;guhkhazk;> tpy;ypghujk; Nghd;w
,yf;fpaq;fs; ekf;Fg; ngUikaha; cs;sd. ,e;jpnkhopapy; gy;NtW
rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fSk; cz;L. vdNt> gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;
nkhop ngah;j;J ek; ,yf;fpa tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
mwptpay; fUj;Jfs;: jkpo; nkhopapy;mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;
gythW gutpAs;sd. Nguz;lk; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;Jg; gytifahd
fUj;Jfs; cz;L. cyfk; cUz;il vd 16Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg;
gpwNf Nkiy ehl;bdh; epUgpj;jdh;. Mdhy; cyfk; Nguz;lj;jpd;
Nfhs; vd;W khzpf;fthrfh; jpUthrfj;jpy; „mz;lg; gFjpapd;
cz;ilg; gpwf;Fk; msg;gUk; jd;ik tsg;ngUq;fhl;rp‟ vdg; ghbg;
gutpdhh;. cyfk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F cyT vd;gJ mbr;nrhy;. cyT
vd;why; Rw;Wjy;. cyfk; #hpaidr; Rw;wp tUtJ vd;Dk; mwptpay;
fUj;Jld; ,J nghUe;JfpwJ. g+kpapd; mbapYs;s ePiu ,ae;jpuq;fs;
%yk; ,d;W nfhzu Mo;Jisf; fpzWfs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy md;Nw
,Ue;jjhf „mZitj; Jisj;J Vo;fliyg; Gfl;b‟ vd xsitAk;>„Xh;
mZtpidr; rj$wpl;l NfhzpDk; csd;‟ vdf; fk;gDk; $Wfpwhh;.
gpwJiwf; fUj;Jfs;: kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd. mWit kUj;Jtk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpz;ntspapy; gwf;f ,aYk; vd;gijg; ngUq;fij> cjazd;
fhtpak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzKbfpwJ. jpUf;Fwspy; nrhy;yg;glhj
JiwfNs ,y;iy. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G> thptpjpj;jy;> kd;dd; vg;gb
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> muR> kf;fs; flik vd vy;yhj; Jiwr;
nra;jpfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
jkpOf;Fr; nrOik: jkpo; nkhop gy;NtW rpwg;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mjd; nrOik fz;L Nghw;wpath;fspy; ntspehl;bdh;
Vuhsk;. My;gh;l; n`d;wp Mh;ld;> uhgh;l; fhy;Lnty;> Myd;NlDaY>
`Pg;gh;> tPukhKdpth;> ,uhgh; Nehgy;> [p.A+.Nghg;.> ghh;j;jNyhkpa
rPfd;ghy; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhdth;fs;.jkpo; nkhopapd;
nrOikia jpUf;Fws;> jpUke;jpuk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> #lhkzp>
nghpaGuhzk;> fk;guhkhazk; vdg; gy E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. jkpo;
nkhopapd; fhzg;gLk; nrhy; nrOikfis tPukhKdpthpd;
„rJufuhjpapy;‟ fhzyhk;. vdNtjhd; 1887,y; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;
jkpo;nkhopia cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop vdg;Nghw;wpdhh;.
KbTiu: goikf;Fg; goikahAk;> GJikf;Fg; GJikahAk;
tsKila jkpo; nkhopapy; ,y;yhj vg;GJikfSk; NtWnkhopapy;
,y;iy. Mo;e;J NjLNthkhapd; 5000 Mz;Lf;F gpd;Dk; Njhd;Wk;
vy;yhj; Jiw fUj;JfisAk; ek; rhd;Nwhh; ,jpy; mlf;fp itj;Jg;
ghbapUg;gh;. Nghw;wp kfpo;Nthk; ek; jkpo;nkhopia.
3. cq;fSld; gapYk; khzth; xUth; gs;spg; gbg;igg; ghjpapy;
epWj;jp Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gfpd;whh;. mthplk; fw;gjd;
,d;wpaikahikia vt;tifapy; vLj;Jiug;gPh;fs;.
ez;gh! eP Vd; ghjpapy; gs;spiatpl;L epw;f Ntz;Lk;? fy;tp
kpfTk; mtrpak;. ,sikg;gUtk; vd;gJ fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfNt chpaJ>
ePNa ed;F gbg;gtd;. tWik vd;gJk; cd; tPl;by; ,y;iy. vd;d
fhuzk; vd;W vdf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; kfpo;r;rpahd
tho;f;ifia eP tho Ntz;Lkhdhy; fy;tp mtrpak;. fw;wth;f;F
nrd;wtplnky;yhk; rpwg;G> fy;tp. ehk; gbf;ftpy;iyahapd; vjph;fhy
cyfk; ek;ikj; jpUk;gpAk; ghh;f;fhJ. ,d;iwf;F ehk; njUtpy; cs;s
ez;gh;fisg; ghh;. mth;fs; fy;tp ngw;wjhNyNa ,d;W ey;y Ntiy>
Cjpak;> tho;f;if vd kfpo;thf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;iwa cyfpy;
mwptpay; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g thog; gzk; Njit. „gzkpy;yhjtd;
gpzj;jpw;Fr; rkk;‟ vd;gh;. ,J gioa gonkhop vd vz;zhNj;
vy;yhf; fhyj;jpw;Fk; cz;ikahd nkhop. vdNt gzk; Njitia
czh;e;J gbf;f Ntz;Lnkd epid. gs;spg; gbg;Gf;nfy;yhk;
vjph;fhyj;jpy; Ntiy fpilf;fhJ.
 fy;tp xd;Wjhd; ,d;W cd; kdjpYs;s mwpahik vd;Dk;
,Uis mfw;Wk;> xU ehzaj;jpw;F ,U gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;. g+th?
jiyah? vdf; Nfl;LtpisahLNthh; Nghy xd;wpd; ey;yJ> nfl;lJ
mwpaNtz;Lkhdhy; fy;tp mtrpak;. fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig 2000
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu ek; jkpo; rhd;Nwhh;fs; $wpaij ek; jkpo;
ma;ah vj;jid Kiw $wpAs;shh;.
„cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;
gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw‟
vd;gJ cdf;Fj; njhpahjJ my;y. xU jha; $l jd; ngw;w
Foe;ijfSs; fw;wtidNa tpUk;Gths;> vdpy; cyfj;ijAk;>
rKjhak; gw;wp $wNtz;lhk;.
rhp cdf;F vd;d cjtp Njit nrhy; ghlk;> gbg;G vdpy; ehd;
nrhy;ypj;jUfpNwd;. gzk; Njit vdpy; vd; jha;> je;ijaplk; ngw;Wj;
jUfpd;Nwd;. gs;spia ,ilapy; tpl;Lr; nry;yhNj. ehis gs;spf;F
th. vy;NyhUk; kfpo;eJ ; cd;id tuNtw;Nghk;. ed;wp.
4. vjph;fhyj;jpy; ePq;fs; gapytpUk;Gk; fy;tp Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy;
fye;Jiuahb Fwpg;Giu cUthf;Ff.
 ehd;tpUk;Gk; fy;tp tof;fwpQh;. Vd; vdpy; cyfpd; njhopy;
jh;kk;> njhopy; xOf;fk;> elj;ij tpjpfis cyf kf;fspd;
nray;ghl;by; czur; nra;aNtz;Lk;.
 jkpofj;jpy; nrd;id> NtY}h;> nrq;fy;gl;L> kJiu> Nfhit>
ney;iy> jpUr;rp vd 7 ,lq;fspy; muR rl;lf; fy;Y}hpfSk;
Nryj;jpy; jdpahh; fy;Y}hpAk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
 RaNtiytha;g;Gfs; gpufhrkha; cs;sJ.
 rl;lk; gapd;why; tof;fwpQuhfp ePjp> Neh;ikaha; tho;tjhy;
rpwg;G fpilf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpy;.
 kh[p];l;Nul;> ePjpgjp Nghd;w gjtpfs; fpilf;fTk; tha;g;G
cz;L. mf;fhyj;jpy; vd; Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;w tha;g;Gk;
fpilf;Fk;.
 nghJ tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;f;f
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L nrd;W jPh;f;fyhk;.
 nghwpapay;> kUj;Jtk; vd;gijtpl tof;fwpQh; gapYk;
NghJ nghUshjhuj;ij epidf;f ,ayhJ. vdpDk; rKjha
Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F vd;dhy; Md cjtpfs; nra;a tof;fwpQh;
gbg;Ng vd; Njh;T.
5. kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhh; vd;w GytDf;Fr; rpwg;G nra;jJ Vd;?
tpsf;fk; jUf.
FNryghz;bad; vd;Dk; kd;dd; nghUl; nry;tj;Jld;> nrhw;
nry;tKk; kpf;ftd; vdg; gyUk; $wf;Nfl;L jkpo; nkhopapy;
nrhw;Rit epuk;gpa ftpijE}y; ,aw;wp ghz;bad; Kd; ghbf;
fhl;bdhh; ,ilf;fhldhh; vd;w Gyth;> kd;dtd; Gyth; ghliy
mtkjpj;J Nfl;gJ Nghy; Nfl;fhky; jiyairf;fhkYk; ,Ue;jhd;.
,jdhy; rpdKw;w Gytd; ,iwtd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; jpUf;Nfhtpypd;
,iwtd; Kd; epd;W kd;ddpd; nraiy Kiwapl;L ghz;bad;
nrhy;thAs;s cikak;ikiaAk;> nghUsha; tpsq;Fk; ck;ikAk;
mtkjpj;jhd; vdf; $wp ntspNawpdhh;.
Gyth; kPJ nfhz;l md;gpd; fhuzkhf jhDk;> cikak;ikAld;
Nfhtpiy tpl;L ntspNawp itif Mw;wpd; tlf;Nf te;J mkh;e;jhh;.
Nfhtpypy; ,iwtd; ,y;yhik fz;L kd;dd; ,iwtid Nehf;fp
Ntz;l tpz;zpy; mrhPhpahf ,iwtd; vy;yhtw;iwAk; $w> kd;dd;
tUe;jp ,ilf;fhliu mtkjpg;G nra;jikf;F nghWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
Ntz;bdhh;. GytUf;F khpahij nra;Ak; nghUl;L thioAk;> fKFk;
fl;b> fthpkhd; rhkuk; tPrp> mofpa tpjhdk; myq;fhpj;J tpsf;Ffs;
,l;L> md;wyh;e;j kyh;fisf; nfhz;L njhLj;j khiyNahL>
Fk;gq;fs; itj;J> xsp nghUe;jpa kzpfs; gjpf;fg;ngw;w Mrdj;jpy;>
fw;Wzh;e;j Gyth; ngUkf;fs; gyUk; #o ,ilf;fhldhUf;F kq;fy
mzpfyd;fs; mzptpj;J mkur; nra;jhh;.
6. ,iwtd;> Gyth; ,ilf;fhld; FuYf;Fr; nrtprha;j;j epfo;it
eaj;Jld; vOJf.
vk; je;ijNa vd ,iwtd; Kd; tPo;e;J tzq;fp vOe;j
,ilf;fhldhh;> jkpio mwpAk; ngUkhNd! jpUthythiaAila
ngUkhNd! cd;idr; rhh;e;jth;fSf;F ey; epjpAk; Nghd;w ,iwtNd!
rpwe;j Ntg;gk; g+khiyia mzpe;j ghz;ba kd;dd; nghUs; nry;tk;
kpf;ftd; Nghy;> fy;tpr; nry;tKk; kpf;ftd; vdf; Nfs;tpAw;W>
nrhw;Rit epuk;gpa ftpghb mtdplk; nrd;Nwd;. kd;dNdh
mg;ghliyf; Nfl;fhJ myl;rpak; fhl;b mtkhdg;gLj;jpdhd;.
mtd; vd;idah ,fo;ej ; hd;? ,y;iyNa! nrhy;ypd; tbtkhfpa
cikak;ikiaAk;> nghUs; tbthd cd;idAk; my;yth ,fo;e;jhd;.
mjdhy; vdf;F ve;j FiwAkpy;iy vd ,ilf;fhld; fLk;
Nfhgj;Jld; ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;L tljpir Nehf;fpr; nrd;whd;.
mt;ciu
 “md;dciu jpUr;nrtpapD}W ghnld ciug;g”
,iwtd; nrtpfspy; fLikahf ciuj;jJ. Nfhgj;Jld;
,ilf;fhld; ntspNaw mtDf;F kfpo;r;rp cz;lhf;Fk; nghUl;L
mt;tpiwtd; Qhdkakhfpa jk; ,ypq;f cUkiwj;J
cikak;ikAld; Nfhtpiy tpl;L itif tlfiug; Ngha; Nrh;e;J
mkh;e;jhh;. jd; jkpo; ghly; vd;gJ ,iwtdhy; mwpag;gl;l nkhop
vd;gij „jkpowpAk; ngUkhNd‟ vd KjypNyNa $WtJ> jkpo;
nkhopg;ghliy eP mwptha;. Mdhy; kd;dd; jiyAk; mirf;fhJ
mtkjpj;jhd; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd gFjp kl;Lkd;wp eaKilaJ. vdNt
jhd; ,ilf;fhld; ntspNaw nrhy;Yk;> nrhy;ypd; nghUshAs;s
cikak;ikAk;> jhDk; ntspNawpa eak; rpwg;GilaJ.
7. ,e;j miw ,Ul;lhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kpd; tpsf;fpd; nrhLf;fp ve;jg;
gf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ? ,Njh ,Uf;fpwNj. nrhLf;fpiag; Nghl;lhYk;
ntspr;rk; tutpy;iyNa! kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iyah?
Nkw;fz;l ciuahlypy; cs;s tpdhf;fs; tiffis
vLj;njOJf.
,e;j kpd;tpsf;fpd; nrhLf;fp ve;jg;gf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ?–mwpahtpdh.
mwpahj xd;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf tpdTtJ.
kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh? ,y;iyah? – Ia tpdh.
,JNth mJNth vd IAw;Wj; jd; Iaj;ijg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;s
tpdTtJ Iatpdh.
8. mkh;e;jhd; – gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
mkh;e;jhd; = mkh; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;.
mkh; – gFjp>
j; – re;jp „e;‟ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy;
Md; – Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.