For Comments Only IS 1893 (Part 2) Doc No.

CED
39 (7231)

Draft Indian Standard

(Not to be reproduced without the permission of BIS or used as an Indian Standard)

CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCUTRES:

PART 2 LIQUID RETAINING TANKS
(Revision of IS 1893(Part 2))
ICS 91.120.25

Earthquake Engineering Last Date for Comments

Sectional Committee, CED 39 30 06 2006

0 INTRODUCTION

0.1 In the fifth revision IS 1893 has been split into following five parts:

Part 1: General provisions and buildings

Part 2: Liquid retaining tanks
Part 3: Bridges and retaining walls
Part 4: Industrial structures including stack like structures
Part 5: Dams and embankments

Part 1 contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all types of
structures. It also contains provisions that are specific to buildings only. Unless
stated otherwise, the provisions in Part 2 to 5 shall be read in conjunction with the
general provisions in Part 1.

0.2 IS 1893 (Part 2) contains provisions on liquid retaining tanks. Unless otherwise
stated, this standard shall be read necessarily in conjunction with IS: 1893 (Part 1):
2002.

0.3 As compared to provisions of IS1893:1984, in this Standard following important

provisions and changes have been incorporated:

a) Analysis of ground supported tanks is included.

b) For elevated tanks, the single degree of freedom idealization of tank is done
away with; instead a two-degree of freedom idealization is used for analysis.
c) Bracing beam flexibility is explicitly included in the calculation of lateral
stiffness of tank staging.
d) The effect of convective hydrodynamic pressure is included in the analysis.
e) The distribution of impulsive and convective hydrodynamic pressure is
represented graphically for convenience in analysis; a simplified

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hydrodynamic pressure distribution is also suggested for stress analysis of

the tank wall.
f) Effect of vertical ground acceleration on hydrodynamic pressure is
considered.
0.4 In the formulation of this Standard, assistance has been derived from the
following publications:

1. ACI 350.3, 2001, “Seismic design of liquid containing concrete structures”,

American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hill, MI, USA.

2. Eurocode 8, 1998, “Design provisions for earthquake resistance of

structures, Part 1 General rules and Part 4 – Silos, tanks and pipelines”, European
Committee for Standardization, Brussels.

3. Housner, G. W., 1963a, “Dynamic analysis of fluids in containers subjected

to acceleration”, Nuclear Reactors and Earthquakes, Report No. TID 7024, U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Washington D.C.

4. Housner, G. W., 1963b, “The dynamic behavior of water tanks”, Bulletin of

Seismological Society of America, Vol. 53, No. 2, 381-387.

5. Jain, S. K. and Medhekar, M. S., 1993, “Proposed provisions for aseismic

design of liquid storage tanks: Part I – Codal provisions”, Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 3, 119-128.

6. Jain, S. K. and Medhekar, M. S., 1994, “Proposed provisions for a seismic

design of liquid storage tanks: Part II – Commentary and examples”, Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 4, 167-175.

7. Jaiswal, O. R. Rai, D. C. and Jain, S.K., 2004a, “Codal provisions on design

seismic forces for liquid storage tanks: a review”, Report No. IITK-GSDMA-EQ-01-
V1.0, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.

8. Jaiswal, O. R., Rai, D. C. and Jain, S.K., 2004b, “Codal provisions on

seismic analysis of liquid storage tanks: a review” Report No. IITK-GSDMA-EQ-04-
V1.0, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.

9. Priestley, M. J. N., et al., 1986, “Seismic design of storage tanks”,

Recommendations of a study group of the New Zealand National Society for
Earthquake Engineering.

10. Veletsos, A. S., 1984, “Seismic response and design of liquid storage tanks”,
Standards for the seismic design of oil and gas pipeline systems, Technical Council
on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, ASCE, N.Y., 255-370, 443-461.

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39 (7231)

0.5 In the formulation of this Standards due weightage has been given to
international coordination among the standards and practices prevailing in different
countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field of this country.
Moreover, to be consistent with present international practice of code writing, a
commentary explaining the rationale behind a particular clause is also provided
whenever necessary.

0.6 In the preparation of this Standard considerable help has been given by the
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur and several other organizations.

0.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

Standard is complied with, the final value observed or calculated expressing the
result of a test or analysis, shall be round off in the accordance with IS 2:1960. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded value should be the same as
that of the specified value in this Standard.

0.8 The units used with the items covered by the symbols shall be consistent
throughout this Standard, unless specifically noted otherwise.

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39 (7231)

Draft Indian Standard CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

OF STRUCUTRES: PART 2 LIQUID RETAINING TANKS

1 SCOPE

1.1 This Standard covers ground supported liquid retaining tanks and elevated
tanks supported on staging. Guidance is also provided on seismic design of buried
tanks.

2 REFERENCES

The following Indian Standards are necessary adjuncts to this Standard:

Ah = --- ---- -----

2 R q

where

Z = Zone factor given in Table 2 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002,

I = Importance factor given in Table 1 of this standard,
R = Response reduction factor given in Table 2 of this standard, and
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient as given by Fig. 2 and
Table 3 of IS 1893(Part 1): 2002 and subject to Clauses 4.5.1 to
4.5.4 of this standard.

Table 1 – Importance Factor, I

Type of liquid storage tank I

Tanks used for storing drinking water, non-volatile material, low 1.5
inflammable petrochemicals etc. and intended for emergency
services such as fire fighting services. Tanks of post earthquake
importance
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All other tanks with no risk to life and with negligible consequences 1.0
to environment, society and economy

Note - Values of importance factor, I given in IS 1893 (Part 4) may be used where
appropriate.

Table 2 – Response Reduction Factor, R

Type of Tank R

Elevated Tank
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Tank supported on masonry shaft

a) Masonry shaft reinforced with horizontal bands * 1.3
b) Masonry shaft reinforced with horizontal bands and vertical bars at 1.5
corners and jambs of openings

Tank supported on RC shaft

RC shaft with two curtains of reinforcement, each having horizontal and 1.8
vertical reinforcement

Tank supported on RC frame#

a) Frame not conforming to ductile detailing, i.e., ordinary moment 1.8
resisting frame (OMRF)
b) Frame conforming to ductile detailing i.e. special moment resisting 2.5
frame (SMRF)

Tank supported on steel frame# 2.5

Ground Supported Tank

Masonry tank
a) Masonry wall reinforced with horizontal bands* 1.3
b) Masonry wall reinforced with horizontal bands and vertical bars at 1.5
corners and jambs of openings

RC / prestressed tank
a) Fixed or hinged/pinned base tank (Figrs. 6a, 6b, 6c) 2.0
b) Anchored flexible base tank (Fig. 6d) 2.5
c) Unanchored contained or uncontained tank (Figrs. 6e, 6f) 1.5

Steel tank
a) Unanchored base 2.5
b) Anchored base 2.0

Underground RC and steel tank+ 4.0

# These R values are meant for liquid retaining tanks on frame type staging which are inverted
pendulum type structures. These R values shall not be misunderstood for those given in other parts
of IS 1893 for building and industrial frames. * These tanks are not allowed in seismic zones IV
and V
+ For partially buried tanks, values of can be interpolated between ground supported and
underground tanks based on dept of embedment.

4.5.1 Design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah will be calculated separately for

impulsive (Ah)i, and convective (Ah)c modes.

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4.5.2 If time period is less than 0.1 second, the value of Sa/g shall be taken as 2.5
for 5 percent damping and be multiplied with appropriate factor, for other damping.

4.5.3 For time periods greater than four seconds, the value of Sa /g shall be
obtained using the same expression which is applicable upto time period of four
seconds.

4.5.4 Value of multiplying factor for 0.5 percent damping shall be taken as 1.75.

4.6 Base Shear

4.6.1 Ground Supported Tank

Base shear in impulsive mode, at the bottom of tank wall is given by

Vi = (Ah)i (mi+mw+mt) g

and base shear in convective mode is given by

Vc = (Ah)c mc g

where

(Ah)i = Design horizontal seismic coefficient for impulsive mode,

(Ah)c = Design horizontal seismic coefficient or convective mode,

mi = Impulsive mass of water

mw = Mass of tank wall

mt = Mass of roof slab, and

g = Acceleration due to gravity.

4.6.2 Elevated Tank

Base shear in impulsive mode, just above the base of staging (i.e. at the top of
footing of staging) is given by

Vi = (Ah)i (mi+ms) g

and base shear in convective mode is given by

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Vc = (Ah)c mc g

where

ms = Mass of container and one-third mass of staging.

4.6.3 Total base shear V, can be obtained by combining the base shear in
impulsive and convective mode through Square root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)
rule and is given as follows

Vc = √ Vi2+ VC2

4.7 Base Moment

4.7.1 Ground Supported Tank

4.7.1.1 Bending moment in impulsive mode, at the bottom of wall is given by

Mi = (Ah)i (mi h i+mw hw+mt ht)g

and bending moment in convective mode is given by

Mc = (Ah)c mc hc g

Where

hw = Height of center of gravity of wall mass, and

ht = Height of center of gravity of roof mass.

4.7.1.2 Overturning moment in impulsive mode to be used for checking the tank
stability at the bottom of base slab/plate is given by

M*i = (Ah)i mi(h*i +tb)mw(hw +tb) + g

mt (ht+tb) +mbtb/2

and overturning moment in convective mode is given by

M *c = (Ah)c mc ( h*c +tb) g

where

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Mb = mass of base slab/plate, and tb

= thickness of base slab/plate.

4.7.2 Elevated Tank

Overturning moment in impulsive mode, at the base of the staging is given by

Mi* = (Ah)i mi(hi* +hs) +ms hcg g

and overturning moment in convective mode is given by

M *c = (Ah)c mc ( hc + hs) g

where

hs = Structural height of staging, measured from top of footing of staging to

the bottom of tank wall, and

hcg = Height of center of gravity of empty container, measured from base of

staging.
4.7.3 Total moment shall be obtained by combining the moment in impulsive and
convective modes through Square of Sum of Squares (SRSS) and is given as
follows

M = √Mi2 + Mc2

M = √M *i2 + M* c2

4.7.4 For elevated tanks, the design shall be worked out for tank empty and tank
full conditions.

4.8 Direction of Seismic Force

4.8.1 Ground supported rectangular tanks shall be analyzed for horizontal

earthquake force acting non-concurrently along each of the horizontal axes of the
tank for evaluating forces on tank walls.

4.8.2 For elevated tanks, staging components should be designed for the critical
direction of seismic force. Different components of staging may have different
critical directions.

4.8.3 As an alternative to 4.8.2, staging components can be designed for either of

the following load combination rules:

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i) 100 % + 30 % Rule:

± ELx ± 0.3 ELy and ± 0.3 ELx ± ELy

ii) SRSS Rule:

√EL2x + EL2 y

Where,

ELx is response quantity due to earthquake load applied in x-direction and

ELy is response quantity due to earthquake load applied in y-direction.

4.9 Hydrodynamic Pressure

During lateral base excitation, tank wall is subjected to lateral hydrodynamic

pressure and tank base is subjected to hydrodynamic pressure in vertical direction.

4.9.1 Impulsive Hydrodynamic Pressure

The impulsive hydrodynamic pressure exerted by the liquid on the tank wall and
base is given by

(a) For Circular Tank (Fig. 8a )

Lateral hydrodynamic impulsive pressure on the wall, piw , is given by

piw = Qiw (y) (Ah )i ρ g h cos φ

2
D
Qiw (y)= 0.866 1- y/h tanh 0.866 ---
h

where

ρ = Mass density of liquid, φ = Circumferential angle, and y = Vertical

distance of a point on tank wall from the bottom of tank wall.

Coefficient of impulsive hydrodynamic pressure on wall, Qiw (y) can also be

obtained from Fig. 9a.

Impulsive hydrodynamic pressure in vertical direction, on base slab (y = 0) on a

strip of length l', is given by
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x
sinh 0.866----
h Pib = 0.866(Ah ) I ρ g h
-----------------------

l'
cosh 0.866 ----
h

x = Horizontal distance of a point on base of tank in the direction of seismic force,

from the center of tank.

(b) For Rectangular Tank (Fig. 8b)

Lateral hydrodynamic impulsive pressure on wall piw , is given by

piw = Qiw (y) (Ah )i ρ g h

where,

Qiw (y) is same as that for a circular tank and can be read from Fig. 9a, with
h/L being used in place of h/D.

Impulsive hydrodynamic pressure in vertical direction, on the base slab (y = 0 ), is

given by:

pib = Qib (x) (Ah )i ρ g h

x
sinh 0.866----
h
Qib (x)= -----------------------

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39 (7231)

L
cosh 0.866 ----
h
The value of coefficient of impulsive hydrodynamic pressure on base Qib (×), can
also be read from Fig. 9b.

4.9.2 Convective Hydrodynamic Pressure

The convective pressure exerted by the oscillating liquid on the tank wall and base
shall be calculated as follows:

a) Circular Tank ( Fig. 8a )

Lateral convective pressure on the wall pcw , is given by:

1
Pcw = Qcw (y) (Ah )c ρ g h D 1- --- cos2 φ cos φ
3

y
cosh 3.674----
D
Qcw(y) = 0.5625 -----------------------

h
cosh 3.674----
D

The value of Qcw(y) can also be read from Fig. 10a.

Convective pressure in vertical direction, on the base slab (0 = y ) is given by

Pcb = Qcb(x) (Ah )c ρ g D

where

x 4 x 3
h Qcb(x) = 1.125 --- - --- ---- sech 03.674
---
D 3 D D

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The value of Qcb(x) may also be read from Fig. 10b.

b) Rectangular Tank (Fig. 8b )

The hydrodynamic pressure on the wall p cw , is given by pcw

= Qcw (y) (Ah )c ρ g L

y
cosh 3.162----
L
Qcw (y) 0.4165 = _____________

h cosh
3.162----
L

The value of Qcw (y) can also be obtained from Fig. 11a.

The pressure on the base slab (y = 0 ) is given by

Pcb = Qcb(x) (Ah )c ρ g L

x 4 x 3

h
Qcb(x) = 1.25 --- - --- ---- sech 3.162 ---
L 3 D D

where

The value of Qcb(x) can also be obtained from Fig. 11b.

4.9.3 In circular tanks, hydrodynamic pressure due to horizontal excitation varies

around the circumference of the tank. However, for convenience in stress analysis
of the tank wall, the hydrodynamic pressure on the tank wall may be approximated
by an outward pressure distribution of intensity equal to that of the maximum
hydrodynamic pressure (Fig. 12a).

4.9.4 Hydrodynamic pressure due to horizontal excitation has curvilinear variation

along wall height. However, in the absence of more exact analysis, an equivalent
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linear pressure distribution may be assumed so as to give the same base shear
and bending moment at the bottom of tank wall (Figs. 12b and 12c).

4.9.5 Pressure Due to Wall Inertia

Pressure on tank wall due to its inertia is given by

Pww = (Ah )i t ρ m g

Where

ρ m = Mass density of tank wall, and

t = Wall thickness.

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4.10 Effect of Vertical Ground Acceleration

Due to vertical ground acceleration, effective weight of liquid increases, this

induces additional pressure on tank wall, whose distribution is similar to that of
hydrostatic pressure.

4.10.1 Hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall due to vertical ground acceleration

may be taken as

Pv = (Av ) ρ g h (1-y/h)

Z I Sa
Av = ---x ----x ----
2 R q

where

y = vertical distance of point under consideration from bottom of tank wall,

and Sa
g = Average response acceleration coefficient given by Fig. 2 and
Table 3 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 and subject to Clauses 4.5.2
and 4.5.3 of this code.

In absence of more refined analysis, time period of vertical mode of vibration for all
types of tank may be taken as 0.3 sec.

4.10.2 The maximum value of hydrodynamic pressure should be obtained by

combining pressure due to horizontal and vertical excitation through square root of
sum of squares (SRSS) rule, which can be given as

p = √( piw + pww)2+ pcw2+ pv2

4.11 Sloshing Wave Height

Maximum sloshing wave height is given by

D For circular tank

dmax = (Ah)c R --- 2

L For rectangular tank

dmax = (Ah)c R ---
2
Where

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39 (7231)

(Ah)c = Design horizontal seismic coefficient corresponding to convective

time period.

4.12 Anchorage Requirement

Circular ground supported tanks shall be anchored to their foundation (Fig. 13)

when
h
1
----- > ----
D (Ah)i
In case of rectangular tank, the same expression may be used with L instead of D.

4.13 Miscellaneous

4.13.1 Piping

Piping systems connected to tanks shall consider the potential movement of the
connection points during earthquake and provide for sufficient flexibility to avoid
damage. The piping system shall be designed so as not to impart significant
mechanical loading on tank. Local loads at pipe connections can be considered in
the design of the tank. Mechanical devices, which add flexibility to piping such as
bellows, expansion joints and other special couplings, may be used in the
connections.

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4.13.2 Buckling of Shell

Ground supported tanks (particularly, steel tanks) shall be checked for failure
against buckling. Similarly, safety of shaft type of staging of elevated tanks against
buckling shall be ensured.

4.13.3 Buried Tanks

Dynamic earth pressure shall be taken into account while computing the base
shear of a partially or fully buried tank. Earth pressure shall also be considered in
the design of walls. In buried tanks, dynamic earth pressure shall not be relied
upon to reduce dynamic effects due to liquid.

4.13.4 Shear Transfer

The lateral earthquake force generates shear between wall and base slab and
between roof and wall. Wall-to-base slab, wall-to-roof slab and wall-to-wall joints
shall be suitably designed to transfer shear forces. Similarly in elevated tanks,
connection between container and staging should be suitably designed to transfer
the shear force.

4.13.5 P- Delta Effect

For elevated tanks with tall staging (say, staging height more than five times the
least lateral dimension) it may be required to include the P-Delta effect. For such
tall tanks, it must also be confirmed that higher modes of staging do not have
significant contribution to dynamic response.

4.13.6 Aesthetics

Elevated water tanks are prominently in public view and visible from near as well
as long distances. They often become landmarks on the landscape. It is therefore
important that the shape and form of the container and the supporting structure
must receive due attention from the point of aesthetics. Innovations in the shape
and form should be encouraged when they improve the ambience and enhance
the quality of the environment.

Where unusual shapes and forms for supporting structures are used, the designer
may use some discretion in choosing the value of response reduction factor R
consistent with expected seismic performances and ductility. It will be incumbent
on the designer, however, to justify the choice of R value vis-à-vis the seismic
safety.

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4.13.7 Quality Control

Quality control in design and constructions are particularly important for elevated
tanks in view of several collapses of water tanks during testing. It is necessary that
quality of materials and construction tolerances are strictly adhered to during
construction phase. Some suggestions on construction tolerances and detailing
are listed below. The information given below is not exhaustive and designers and
construction engineers are expected to have competence to take adequate
measures to ensure required structural performance.

A) RC Frame Staging

i) Minimum size of column should be 400 mm (diameter and/or side of

rectangular column)
ii) Clear height of column between braces should not be more than ten
times the size of column. iii) Minimum width of unflanged brace shall
no be less than 1/30th of its clear length between junctions.
iv) In columns, construction joints shall be avoided in special confining
zone (i.e. near brace-column junction). Otherwise higher
confinement reinforcement shall be provided near construction joints
to compensate for lower strength at construction joint. In absence of
any estimate and calculation for the same, one 12 mm diameter
stirrup shall be provided on either side of joint within 40 mm.
v) Splices in longitudinal bas shall not be provided in special confining
zone.
vi) Formwork at brace-column junction should designed and shall be
rigid enough to avoid bulging as well as leakage of slurry from plastic
concrete.
vii) During construction and casting of columns, some electricity in
verticality of column may develop. Eccentricity up to 20 mm may be
allowed in column between two brace levels. Additional moment due
to this eccentricity must be considered in the analysis.
viii) For isolated footings, tie beam near top of footing shall be provided.
ix) In zones IV and V, use of diagonal bracings in vertical plane shall be
encouraged. Information on detailing of RC and steel diagonal
bracings is given in IS 11682:1985.

B) RC Shaft Staging

i) Minimum thickness of shaft shall be suitable for constructability which

depends on height of formwork for one lift of concrete. Minimum
thickness of shaft shall be 150 mm for shaft diameter upto 4 m. For
larger diameter shafts, following equation shall be used to arrive at
minimum thickness;

a) For shafts with diameter less than 8 m,

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tmin = 150 +(D-4000)/80 mm

b) For shafts with diameter equal to or greater than 8 m,

tmin = 200 +(D-8000)/120 mm

where,
D is diameter of shaft in mm

ii) Additional thickening of shaft and extra vertical and circumferential

reinforcement shall be provided at top and bottom level of shaft (i.e.
at junctions with foundation and with container). This is required to
account for secondary moments and eccentricities. Additional
vertical and circumferential reinforcement shall be same as that
required as per design calculations.
iii) Minimum vertical reinforcement shall be 0.25percent of concrete
area. The reinforcement shall be provided in two layers. The
minimum diameter of vertical bars shall be 10 mm. Maximum
centreto-centre distance between vertical reinforcement in each layer
shall not exceed 300 mm.
iv) Circumferential reinforcement shall not be less than 0.2percent or
concrete area in vertical section. Since vertical reinforcement is
provided in two layers, circumferential reinforcement shall be divided
equally in two layers. The spacing of circumferential bars in each
layer shall not be more than 300 mm or shell thickness whichever
in less circumferential reinforcement shall be placed nearer the faces
of shell.
v) Vertical Alignment – The centre point of shaft shall not vary from its
vertical axis by more than 0.2percent of shaft height.
vi) Over any height of 1.6 m, wall of shaft shall not be out of plumb by
more than 10 mm.
vii) Shaft diameter – The measured centerline diameter of shaft at any
section shall not vary from the specified diameter by more than
20 mm plus 0.1percent of the specified theoretical diameter. viii)
Shaft thickness – The measured wall thickness shall no vary from the
specified wall thickness by more than – 5 mm or + 10 mm.
ix) At horizontal construction joints in shaft additional vertical bar on
either side of the joint with ld, anchorage length shall be provided.
Grouting of construction joint shall be done with cement slurry.
x) Openings in shaft: Detailing of shaft at the opening shall take into
consideration effective continuity of reinforcement at all sides. More
information on detaining near openings is given in IS 11682:1985. At
vertical edges of door opening stiffeners may be required.
xi) In case of mat foundations, lifting of beam on tension side can be
allowed at soil contact. This tension shall not exceed 0.2 times the
maximum compression in soil. The maximum eccentricity at base
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may be permitted up to 0.25 times the base diameter provided the

maximum compression is within permissible limits.
xii) In tank wall or shaft not more than one-third of vertical bars shall be
spliced at any section. For circumferential bars, lap length shall be
1.4 times development length in tension.
xiii) In ring beams, reinforcement bars in direct tension shall have lap
length twice the development length in tension. The splices of bars
22 mm or larger diameter in direct tension shall be enclosed in
stirrups made of bars not less than 6 mm dia. with pitch not more
than 100 mm or stirrups of 8 mm dia. with pitch not more than 150
mm.

****

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