DATABASE MODEL BY Entity-

relationship model

INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

BBA (2020-2023)
Submitted by: Jatin Singh
Submitted to: Prof. Deepak Singh

United College of Education

Affiliated to GGSIP UNIVERSITY

Objective

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In this project, we will understand the working of ENTITY-
RELATIONSHIP MODEL, so in this we define the following
terms as follows:
1) What exactly is ER-model?
2) The component of ER-model.
3) The ER-Model symbols &notations.
4) The uses, advantages and disadvantages of ER-model.
5) How to draw ER-model.

Content

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OBJECTIVES:....................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION:.............................................................................4
COMPONENTS OF E-R MODEL:..................................................4
E-R DIAGRAM SYMBOL AND NOTATIONS:............................7
USES OF E-R MODEL:....................................................................7
ADVANTAGES OF E-R MODEL:................................................8
DISADVANTAGES OF E-R MODEL:............................................8
HOW TO DRAW BASIC E-R MODEL:......................................9
CONCLUSION:..................................................................................9
REFERENCES:................................................................................10

Introduction

ER Diagram stands for Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as

ERD is a diagram that displays the relationship of entity sets stored in
a database. In other words, ER diagrams help to explain the logical

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structure of databases. ER diagrams are created based on three basic
concepts: entities, attributes and relationships.
ER Diagrams contain different symbols that use rectangles to
represent entities, ovals to define attributes and diamond shapes to
represent relationships.
At first look, an ER diagram looks very similar to the flowchart.
However, ER Diagram includes many specialized symbols, and its
meanings make this model unique. The purpose of ER Diagram is to
represent the entity framework infrastructure.
Entity Relationship Model is a high-level conceptual data model
diagram. ER model helps to systematically analyse data requirements
to produce a well-designed database. The ER Model represents real-
world entities and the relationships between them. Creating an ER
Model in DBMS is considered as a best practice before implementing
your database.
ER Modelling helps you to analyse data requirements systematically
to produce a well-designed database. So, it is considered a best
practice to complete ER modelling before implementing your
database.

Components of the ER Diagram

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This model is based on three basic concepts:
 Entities
 Attributes
 Relationships
ENTITY
A real-world thing either living or non-living that is easily
recognizable and non-recognizable. It is anything in the enterprise that
is to be represented in our database. It may be a physical thing or
simply a fact about the enterprise or an event that happens in the real
world.
An entity can be place, person, object, event or a concept, which
stores data in the database. The characteristics of entities are must

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have an attribute, and a unique key. Every entity is made up of some
‘attributes’ which represent that entity.
Examples of entities:
 Person: Employee, Student, Patient
 Place: Store, Building
 Object: Machine, product, and Car
 Event: Sale, Registration, Renewal
 Concept: Account, Course

Relationship
Relationship is nothing but an association among two or more entities.
E.g., Tom works in the Chemistry department.

Entities take part in relationships. We can often identify relationships

with verbs or verb phrases.

Attributes

It is a single-valued property of either an entity-type or a relationship-

type. For example, a lecture might have attributes: time, date,
duration, place, etc. An attribute in ER Diagram examples, is
represented by an Ellipse

Types of Attributes Description

Simple attribute: Simple attributes can’t be divided any further. For

example, a student’s contact number. It is also called an atomic value.

Composite attribute: It is possible to break down composite attribute.

For example, a student’s full name may be further divided into first
name, second name, and last name.

Derived attribute: This type of attribute does not include in the

physical database. However, their values are derived from other
attributes present in the database. For example, age should not be

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stored directly. Instead, it should be derived from the DOB of that
employee.

Multivalued attribute: Multivalued attributes can have more than one

values. For example, a student can have more than one mobile
number, email address, etc.

ER-DIAGRAM SYMBOLS & NOTATIONS:

Entity Relationship Diagram Symbols & Notations mainly contains
three basic symbols which are rectangle, oval and diamond to
represent relationships between elements, entities and attributes.
There are some sub-elements which are based on main elements in
ERD Diagram. ER Diagram is a visual representation of data that
describes how data is related to each other using different ERD
Symbols and Notations.

Following are the main components and its symbols in ER

Diagrams:

 Rectangles: This Entity Relationship Diagram symbol

represents entity types.
 Ellipses : Symbol represent attributes
 Diamonds: This symbol represents relationship types
 Lines: It links attributes to entity types and entity types with
other relationship types
 Primary key: attributes are underlined.
 Double Ellipses: Represent multi-valued attributes.

Uses of ER-MODEL
The main uses of E-R MODEL are:

i. Helps you to define terms related to entity relationship

modelling.

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 ii. Provide a preview of how all your tables should connect, what
fields are going to be on each table.
iii. Helps to describe entities, attributes, relationships.
iv. ER diagrams are translatable into relational tables which
allows you to build databases quickly.
v. ER diagrams can be used by database designers as a blueprint
for implementing data in specific software applications.
vi. The database designer gains a better understanding of the
information to be contained in the database with the help of
ERP diagram.
vii. ERD Diagram allows you to communicate with the logical
structure of the database to users.

Advantages of ER-MODEL
i. Entity-Relationship Diagram or model is easy to create and
understand. 
ii. Entity-Relationship Model is very simple because if you
know the relationship between attributes and entities, you can
easily draw it.
iii. It is a tool for effective communication for database designer.
iv. It can be easily converted into a Relational Model by simply
converting the ER Model into tables.

DISADVANTAGES OF ER-MODEL

i. Entity-Relationship diagram is not suitable for those systems

which contain semi-structured or unstructured data sets.
ii. In the ER model, it is difficult to show data manipulation.

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iii. This model is especially popular for high-level design.

How to draw basic ER-MODEL

i. Purpose and scope: Define the purpose and scope of what

you’re analysing or modelling.
ii. Entities: Identify the entities that are involved. When you’re
ready, start drawing them in rectangles (or your system’s choice
of shape) and labelling them as nouns.
iii. Relationships: Determine how the entities are all related. Draw
lines between them to signify the relationships and label them.
Some entities may not be related, and that’s fine. In different
notation systems, the relationship could be labelled in diamond,
another rectangle or directly on top of the connecting line.
iv. Attributes: Layer in more detail by adding key attributes of
entities. Attributes are often shown as ovals.
I. Cardinality: Show whether the relationship is 1-1, 1-many or
many-to-many.

Conclusion
ER Diagram in DBMS is widely used to describe the conceptual
design of databases. It helps both users and database developers to
preview the structure of the database before implementing the
database. With the help of Entity-Relationship diagram we can create
the required database and perform queries. For example in case of
Airline Reservation System we can make queries like to find the
schedule time of a flight, number of booked seats in a flight, flight
fares etc. with the help of query language like SQL, Relational
Algebra, Relational, Calculus etc. We can represent a database that

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conforms to an E-R database scheme by a collection of tables. For
each entity set and for each relationship set in database, there is a
unique table to which we can assign the name of the corresponding
entity set and relationship set. Each table has multiple columns, each
of which has a unique name. Both the E-R model and the relational-
database model are abstract, logical representations of real-world
enterprises. Because the two models employ similar design principles,
we can convert an E-R design into relational design. Converting a
database representation from an E-R diagram to a table format is the
way we arrive at a relational-database design from an E-R diagram.
Informally, a relation can be considered to be a table of values.

Reference

 https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/sql-tutorial/er-diagram
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/p64kg88
 https://www.guru99.com/er-diagram-tutorial-dbms.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity
%E2%80%93relationship_model

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