EXPERIMENT -1

Objective: Identification of electrical components.

Equipment’s needed: Switch, Socket, Ceiling Rose, MCB, Fuse, Multimeter,

Transformer, Rheostat, Bell, Energy Meter, and Lamp.

Electricity
Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the
presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable
phenomena, such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts,
such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction.
In general usage, the word "electricity" is adequate to refer to a number of physical effects.
In scientific usage, however, the term is vague, and these related, but distinct, concepts are
better identified by more precise terms:
Electric Charge– A property of some subatomic particles, which determines their
electromagnetic. Electrically charged matter is influenced by and produces electromagnetic
fields.
Electric Current– A movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically
measured in amperes.
Electric Field– An influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity.
Electric Potential– The capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge
typically measured in volts.
Electromagnetism– A fundamental interaction between the magnetic field and the
presence andmotion of an electric charge.

Electric Shock
A voltage applied to a human body causes an electric current through the tissues, and
although the relationship is non-linear, the greater the voltage, the greater the current. The
threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current,
but is about 0.1 mA to 1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a
microampere can be detected as an electro vibration effect under certain conditions. If the
current is sufficiently high, it will cause muscle contraction, fibrillation of the heart, and
tissue burns. The lack of any visible sign that a conductor is electrified makes electricity a
particular hazard. The pain caused by an electric shock can be intense, leading electricity at
times to be employed as a method of torture. Death caused by an electric shockis referred
to as electrocution. Electrocution is still the means of judicial execution in some
jurisdictions, though its use has become rarer in recent times. An electric shock occurs
upon contact of a human body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient
current through the skin, muscles or hair. The minimum current a human can feel is thought
to be about 1 milli ampere (mA). The current may cause tissue damage or fibrillation if it
is sufficiently high. Death caused by an electric shock is referred to as electrocution.

Switch
Switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the
current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is
a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts.
Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'ON' meaning the contacts are
touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'OFF', meaning the contacts are
separated and no conducting.

Switch
Switches for lighting may be in hand-held devices, moving vehicles and buildings.
Residential and commercial buildings usually have wall-mounted light switches to control
lighting within a room. Mounting height, visibility, and other design factors vary from
country to country. Switches are oftenrecessed within a finished wall. Surface mounting
is also fairly common though is seen more in commercial industrial and outbuilding
settings than in houses. Light switches boxes have plastic, ceramic or metal covers to
prevent accidental contact with live terminals of the switch.

Socket
Electrical outlets (also known as outlets, electrical sockets, plugs, and wall plugs) allow
electrical equipment to connect to the electrical grid. The electrical grid provides alternating
current to the outlet.

Socket
Ceiling Rose
Ceiling Rose is electrical accessories used to make junction points for branching out wires at
different places in a circuit. They enable live wire to go in continuation as needed for
connecting multiple electrical appliances.

Ceiling Rose

Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is
to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit
breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire
city. If a power surge occurs in the electrical wiring, the breaker willtrip. This means that a
breaker that was in the "on" position will flip to the "off" position and shut down the
electrical power leading from that breaker.

Types of circuit breaker

Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such
as voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features.
1) Low voltage circuit breakers
2) Magnetic circuit breaker
3) Thermal magnetic circuit breaker
4) Common trip breakers
5) Medium-voltage circuit breakers
6) High-voltage circuit breakers

Low voltage circuit breakers

Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial &
industrial application, include:
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) —rated current up to 100 A. Trip characteristics
normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers illustrated above
are in this category.
MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)—rated current up to 2500 A. Thermal or
thermal-magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings.
Low voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in LV
switchboards or switchgear cabinets. The characteristics of LV circuit breakers are given by
international standards such as IEC 947. These circuit breakers are often installed in draw-
out enclosures that allow removal and interchange without dismantling the switchgear.
Large low-voltage molded case and power circuit breakers may have electrical motor
operators, allowing them to be tripped (opened) and closed under remote control. These
may form part of an automatic transfer switch system for standby power.

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

The design includes the following components:

1. Actuator lever - Used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates the
status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed so they
can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is sometimes
referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.
2. Actuator mechanism - Forces the contacts together or apart.
3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.
4. Terminals 5. Bimetallic strip
6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of
the device after assembly.

7. Solenoid 8. Arc divider/extinguisher

HRC Fuse
High Rupturing Capacity fuse: It consists of a heat-resisting ceramic body having metal end-
caps to which is a welded silver current-carrying element. The space within the body
surrounding the element is completely packed with a filling powder. They are capable of
clearing high as well as low fault currents. They do not deteriorate with age. They provide
reliable operation. They are cheaper than other circuit interrupting devices of equal breaking
Capacity.

HRC Fuse
HRC fuses are used to protect high voltage switch gears from short circuits. Used for
backup security. This type of fuse is also used in motor stators. Used for protection of electrical
appliances such as motors, transformers, automobiles, etc.

Kit Kat Fuse

Kit Kat Fuse is a semi-enclosed fuse also considered as rewriteable fuse designed mainly for
the domestic wiring and small scale usage.

Kit Kat Fuse

Multi meter
A multi meter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multi meter may include features such as the ability to measure
voltage, current and resistance. Multi meters may use analog or digital circuits—analog multi
meters (AMM) and digital multi meters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Analog
instruments are usually based on a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated
for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments usually display digits,
but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured.

Multi meter
Testing:
To check multi meter by continuity test, connect probes to each other and select sound mode,
a beep sound will generate.
Application:
• To measure Voltage
• To measure Current
• To measure Resistance

Transformer
A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The transmission
current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply voltage without a change
in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

Transformer
Transformer Types:-
Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power grid.
The secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high voltage primary
supply to low voltage secondary output.
Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over a laminated core. The
primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto also means “self” in language Greek.

Rheostat
Rheostat, adjustable resistor used in applications that require the adjustment of current or the
varying of resistance in an electric circuit. The rheostat can adjust generator characteristics,
dim lights, and start or control the speed of motors.
 Rheostat
Bell
A doorbell is a signaling device typically placed near a door to a building's entrance. When a
visitor presses a button the bell rings inside the building, alerting the occupant to the presence
of the visitor. Electromechanical bells have been widely used at railroad crossings, in
telephones, fire and burglar alarms, as school bells, doorbells, and alarms in industrial plants

Bell

Energy Meter
An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy
consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electric meters are
typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. A
periodic reading of electric meters establishes billing cycles and energy used during a
cycle. In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may
measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas, the electric
rates are higher during certain times of day, to encourage reduction in use. Also, in some
areas meters have relays to turn off nonessential equipment. Modern electricity meters
operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes)
and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts)which is
then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). The meters
fallinto two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic.

Energy Meter
The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt, which is
equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or
3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI mega joule instead. Demand is
normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter or half hour.
Reactive power is measured in "Volt- amperes reactive", (watt) in kilowatt-hours. By
convention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive
power. A "leading", or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power. Volt-amperes
measures all power passed through a distribution network, including reactive and actual.
This is equal to the product of root-mean-square volts and amperes.

Incandescent Lamps
The incandescent light or lamp is an electric light source that functions through incandescence,
which means the light emission can be caused through filament heating. These are available in
an extensive range of wattages, voltages & sizes. These lamps are the original electric lightings
and the inventor of this lamp is Thomas Edison. Generally, these lamps are designed with glass
including a tungsten filament. Once the current supplies through this filament then it will get
heat and generates light.

Lamp
These bulbs generally include a glass mount or stem that is connected to the base of the bulb
that permits the electrical contacts to work throughout the cover without leaks of air or gas
Small wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or its lead wires.
In the stem, small wires are embedded to give support to the filament as well as its lead wires.
The manufacturing cost of these lamps is very low and works well on either AC or DC. So
these lamps are used extensively in both commercial and household lighting.
 EXPERIMENT -2

Objective: Study of home appliances and cut section of AC & DC motors.

Equipment’s needed: Ceiling Fan, Fan Regulator, Tube light, UPS, Voltage Stabilizer,
DC Motor and AC Motor.

Ceiling Fan
The ceiling fan has single phase capacitor start type induction motor. Single phase
induction motor need starting torque, for that purpose capacitor is used to make phase shift
b/w running and starting winding and to provide high starting torque. A ceiling fan is a
device suspended from the ceiling of a room, which employs hub mounted rotatingpaddles
to circulate air. The fan's direction of rotation should be set so that air is blown downward
(Usually counter-clockwise.
It has mainly two parts: One is called stator and other is called rotor. The Electric fan is given
220V Single phase supply. The motor of electric fan is of 80Watt. The different parts of a
ceiling fan are as shown in capacitor is also provided to split single phase in to two phases, 90
degree apart.

Fan component

Fan Regulator
A regulator is used in the circuit of electric fan to vary the speed of the fan. The diagram of
electric fan regulator is shown below. The regulator are of 2 types one is Electromechnical and
another is Electronic.
 Fan Regulator
Tube Light
A fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor.
The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a
phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power
into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically
offsets the higher initial cost of the lamp. The lamp is more costly because it requires a
ballast to regulate the flow of current through the lamp.

Tube Light

While larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in commercial or institutional
buildings, the compact is now available in the same popular sizes as incandescent and is
used as an energy-saving alternative in homes.

Ballast (Choke)
Fluorescent lamps require a ballast to stabilize the current through the lamp, and to provide
the initial striking voltage required to start the arc discharge. This increases the cost of
fluorescent light, though often one ballast is shared between two or more lamps.
Electromagnetic ballasts with a minor fault can produce an audible humming or buzzing
noise. Magnetic ballasts are usually filled with a tar-like potting compound to reduce
emitted noise. Hum is eliminated in lamps with high-frequency electronic ballast. Energy
lost in magnetic ballasts can be significant, on the order of 10% of lamp input power.
Electronic ballasts reduce this loss.
 Ballast

Starter
Tube light requires two things to function. Very high starting voltage and high voltage to
continue the operation. The starter is a circuit which breaks at regular intervals. When you
break a circuit and start again, high voltage spark takes place. This voltage is further
amplified through the choke which is a transformer. Thus at the beginning the starter gives
high voltage sparks. Due to this the current begins to flow through the tube and the tube
begins to glow. Once the tube starts, the required voltage to sustain is quite low, which is
provided by the choke. If the starter is bad the tube does not start.

Starter
Fluorescent starters are used in several types of fluorescent lights. The starter is there to help
the lamplight. When voltage is applied to the fluorescent lamp, here's what happens:
• The starter (which is simply a timed switch) allows current to flow through the
filaments at the ends of the tube.
• The current causes the starter's contacts to heat up and open, thus interrupting the flow
of current. The tube lights.

• Since the lighted fluorescent tube has a low resistance, the ballast now serves as a
current limiter.

When you turn on a fluorescent tube, the starter is a closed switch. The filaments at the
ends of the tube are heated by electricity, and they create a cloud of electrons inside the
tube. The fluorescent starter is a time-delay switch that opens after a second or two. When
it opens, the voltage across the tube allows a stream of electrons to flow across the tube
and ionize the mercury vapor. Without the starter, a steady stream of electrons is never
created between the two filaments and the lamp flickers. Without the ballast, the arc is a
short circuit between the filaments, and this short circuit contains a lot of current. The
current either vaporizes the filaments or causes the bulb to explode.
UPS
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer to keep running for
at least a short time when incoming power is interrupted. As long as utility power is flowing,
it also replenishes and maintains the energy storage.

UPS

Applications of UPS systems include medical facilities, life supporting systems, data storage
and computer systems, emergency equipment, telecommunications, industrial processing, and
on-line management systems. The static switch provides redundancy of the power source in
the case of UPS malfunction or overloading.

Voltage stabilizer
A voltage stabilizer is a device to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It is an
electrical device that is used to provide a stable voltage output to a load at its output terminals
irrespective of any variations in the input i.e. incoming supply.

Voltage Stabilizer

There are seven main components in a servo voltage stabilizer:-

• Dimmer (Variable Transformer)
• Carbon Brush.
• Servomotor – Synchronizing Motors.
• Buck Boost Transformer (Series Transformer)
• Contactor or Relay.
• MCB, MCCB.
• Electronic Circuit.
DC Motor

DC motor is a machine which converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy. So motor

is consuming power whereas generator is generating power. DC motors consist of rotor-
mounted windings (armature) and stationary windings (field poles). In all DC motors,
except permanent magnet motors, current must be conducted to the armature windings by
passing current through carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper surfaces called a
commutator, which is mounted on the rotor. The commutator bars are soldered to armature
coils. The brush/commutator combination makes a sliding switch that energizes particular
portions of the armature, based on the position of the rotor. This process creates north and
south magnetic poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north and south poles
on the stator, which are formed by passing direct current through the field windings. It's
this magnetic attraction and repulsion that causes the rotor to rotate.

DC motor
Direct-current (DC) motors are often used in variable speed applications. The DC motor
can be designed to run at any speed within the limits imposed by centrifugal forces and
commutation considerations. Many machine tools also use DC motors because of the ease
with which speed can be adjusted.

Various parts of DC Machine Stator

The stator is the part of a motor or generator that is stationary. In DC machines, the Purpose
of the stator is to provide the magnetic field. The stator is provided by a permanent magnet.

Stator with Yoke Stator with Winding

Rotor
The purpose of the rotor is to provide the rotating element in a DC machine. In a DC generator,
the rotor is the component that is rotated by an external force. In a DC motor, the rotor is the
component that turns a piece of equipment. In both types of DC machines, the rotor is the
armature.

Rotor of DC motor
AC Motor

Induction Motor
The Induction motor is a single phase and three phase AC motor and is the most widely
used machine. These motors are probably the simplest and most rugged of all electric
motors. The supply is connected to the stator and the rotor power is received by induction
caused by the stator rotating flux, hence the motor obtains its name induction motor. Its
characteristic features are:

a) Simple and rugged construction.

b) Low cost and minimum maintenance.

c) High reliability and sufficiently high efficiency.

d) Needs no extra starting motor and need not be synchronized.

Open view of Three Phase Induction Motor

Construction:

Construction View of Three Phase Induction Motor

An Induction Motor has basically two parts:

• Stator

• Rotor

The Stator and the Rotor are electrical circuits that perform as electromagnets. In the three
phase induction motor, the windings of the rotor are not connected to a power supply, but
are essentially short circuits.
The Stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor. The Stator is made up of a number
of stampings with slots to carry three phase windings. It is wound for a definite number
of poles. The windings are geometrically spaced 120° apart. The stator consists of a
cylindrical laminated and slotted core placed in a frame of rolled or cast steel. The frame
provides mechanical protection and carries the terminal box and the end covers with
bearings.

There are two general types of Rotors:

• The Squirrel-Cage Rotor,

• The Wound (or slip ring) Rotor.

Squirrel-Cage Rotor
In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminum bars
placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. In the wound
rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding and for the same number
of poles is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are
brought to three slip rings on the shaft so the connection can be made to it for starting or
speed control.
Wound Rotor:

An alternate design, called the wound rotor, is used when variable speed is required. In
this case, the rotor has the same number of poles as the stator and the windings are made of
wire, connected to slip rings on the shaft. Carbon brushes connect the slip rings to an
external controller such as a variable resistor that allows changing the motor's slip rate. In
certain high-power variable speed wound-rotor drives, the slip- frequency energy is
captured, rectified and returned to the power supply through an inverter

Wound Rotor Induction Motor

Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require
maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, but they were the standard form for variable
speed control before the advent of compact power electronic devices. Transistorized
inverters with variable-frequency drive can now be used for speed control, and wound rotor
motors are becoming less common. (Transistorized inverter drives also allow the more-
efficient three-phase motors to be used when only single- phase mains current is available,
but this is never used in household appliances, because it can cause electrical interference
and because of high power requirements).
Synchronous machine
A Synchronous machine is an ac machine in which the rotor moves at a speed which bears
a constant relationship to the frequency of currents in the armature winding. A synchronous
machine is one of the important types of electric machines. Large ac network operating at
constant frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz rely almost exclusively on synchronous generators
also called the alternators, for the supply of electrical energy and may have synchronous
compensators at key points for control of reactive power. Synchronous motors provide
constant speed industrial drives with the possibility of power factor correction

Synchronous machine is fundamentally the same as that of a dc machine but unlike the
latter in the synchronous machine there is no need to rectify the time varying emf which is
induced in the armature winding. Consequently a synchronous machine does not require a
commutator. It is in fact quite possible to use a dc generator as an alternator by placing a
set of collector rings on the shaft and connecting these rings to the proper points on the
armature winding brushes riding on the rings can then be connected to the load. But unlike
dc generator they are to be driven at a very definite constant speed as the frequency of
generated e.m.f is determined by that speed. The latter is usually referred to as the
synchronous speed for which reason these machines are frequently called the synchronous
generators.

Synchronous generators because of absence of commutator are comparatively simple and

possess several important advantages over the dc generators.

Construction of Synchronous Machines:

Synchronous machine consists essentially of two parts namely the armature (or stator) and
the field magnet system.
• Armature (or stator)

• Field magnet system or Rotor

 EXPERIMENT -3

Objective: To study and verify the connection of energy meter, MCB and distribution box.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST), Distribution Box, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set, Wire Cutter, Multi
Meter, Wire as Per Required Size

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

Result:-
 EXPERIMENT -4

Objective: To study and verify the connection of tube light & lamp wiring.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST), Distribution Box, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set, Wire Cutter, Multi
Meter, Bulb Holder, LED Bulb, Tube light, Wire as Per Required Size

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

Result:-
 EXPERIMENT -5

Objective: To study and verify the connection of 2 way switch wiring.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST, SPDT), Distribution Box, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set, Wire Cutter,
Multi Meter, Bulb Holder, LED Bulb, and Wire as Per Required Size

Two-Way Light Switch

A two-way switch refers to a pair of switches that control the same circuit. In a two-way
switch, electricity can flow if both switches are turned to the "up" position or both switches
are turned to the down position. If one switch is up and the other is down, however, the
circuit will not light. This system is very useful in homes, particularly on stairs. You can
turn on the light at the bottom to walk up the stairs in the evening, then turn the light back
off again at the top.

Two-Way Light Switch Wiring

Have you ever wonder how a lamp that is used to light up the stairs of a building is
connected to thetwo switches that control it from either end? These two way switches have
a single pole double throw (SPDT) configuration. Each has a common terminal (COM) with
a pole that can be switched between position L1 or L2.

The L1 of both SW1 and SW2 areconnected together. Similarly, the L2 of both SW1 and
SW2 are connected together. The LIVE of the AC Source is connected to COM of SW1
and one side of the load is connected to COM of SW2.The other side of the load is then
connected to the NEUTRAL of the AC Source. With this configuration, the lamp will
be turned ON when one switch is ON and the other is also ON. If both switches are in
different position, the lamp will be OFF.
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

Result:-
 EXPERIMENT -6

Objective: To study and verify the connection of bell & switch socket wiring.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST), Distribution Box, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set, Wire Cutter, Multi
Meter, Bell Switch, Bell, Wire as Per Required Size

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

Result:-
 EXPERIMENT -7

Objective: To study and verify the connection of fan with switch & regulator.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST), ceiling rose, Distribution Box, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set, Wire
Cutter, Multi Meter, Fan Regulator, Ceiling Fan, Wire as Per Required Size

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

Result:-
 EXPERIMENT -8

Objective: To study and verify the behaviour of current & voltage in series circuit.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST), Distribution Box, Bulb Holders, Lamps, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set,
Wire Cutter, Multi Meter, Wire as Per Required Size

Theory:-

Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in many different

ways. The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur very frequently.
Components connected in series are connected along a single path, so the same current
flows through all of the components. A circuit composed solely of components connected
in series is known as a series circuit. In a series circuit, the current through each of the
components is the same, and the voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages
across each component. In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be
complete. If one bulb burning out in a series circuit, breaks the circuit.

Circuit Diagram:-
Procedure:-

Result:-
 EXPERIMENT -9

Objective: To study and verify the behaviour of current & voltage in parallel circuit.

Equipment’s needed: Energy meter, 2 Pole MCB, 1 Pole MCB, Sockets, Switches
(SPST), Distribution Box, Bulb Holders, Lamps, Combination Plier, Tester, Screw Driver Set,
Wire Cutter, Multi Meter, Wire as Per Required Size

Theory: - Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in many

different ways. The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur very
frequently. Components connected in parallel are connected so the same voltage is applied
to eachcomponent. One connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit. In
a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current
is the sum of the currents through each component. In parallel circuits, each light has its
own circuit, soif one bulb could be burned out, the other one will still function.

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

Result:-