USD).

Germany and the United Kingdom are non-Asian

countries considered as the main destination markets for
Indonesian ginger exports with export values of USD
619,000 and USD 242,000, respectively (Figure 5a).
Meanwhile, it can be seen in Figure 5b describing the
main countries that are ginger import partners for
Indonesia. In 2019, Indonesia's largest ginger import
value was ginger originating from Thailand with an
import value of 1.949 million USD. This value is more
than double the value of Indonesian ginger imports from
China (3.901 million USD) and Vietnam (3.657 million
USD). India and Myanmar are also countries that send
ginger to Indonesia with a large value, the values are
364,000 USD and 180,000 USD, respectively. Nigeria,
which is one of the world's main ginger producing
countries, became a non-Asian country that became
Indonesia's ginger import partner with a value of 347,000
USD.
Figure 4. Indonesian ginger export import trend
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Indonesian ginger import value by main destination; (b) Indonesian
ginger import value by main
destination (tonnes)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Export (000 USD) 3467 1209 1358 14909 49127 18230 10581 13954 3647 4933
Import (000 USD) 1820 16572 16704 5927 2465 5977 371 98 2888 17119
Ex : Im 1.90 0.07 0.08 2.52 19.93 3.05 28.52 142.39 1.26 0.29
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thousands
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3.2. Competitiveness and Potential Market
The study of competitiveness and potential market
for Indonesian ginger is focused on the main export
destinations of Indonesian ginger in 2019, namely
Bangladesh, Germany, India, Japan, Korea Republic,
Malaysia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. The
competitiveness of Indonesian ginger in each export
destination country was analysed by formulating RCA.
The results of the RCA analysis show that Indonesian
ginger is indicated to have competitiveness in the
United Kingdom (RCA = 2.84) and Germany (RCA =
1.90). In these two countries, Indonesian ginger has a
greater comparative advantage to continue to penetrate
the market compared to other countries that export
ginger to these two countries. Meanwhile, in the Asian
market, the RCA value of Indonesian ginger is less than
1, meaning that Indonesian ginger is indicated to have
weak competitiveness in seeking to increase exports in
destination countries (Bangladesh, India, Japan,
Malaysia, Korea Republic, and Singapore).
Figure 6. Indonesian RCA on ginger by main
destination
Furthermore, Indonesia's ginger export potential
will be evaluated with Export Product Dynamic (EPD)
and X-Model Potential Export Products (X-Model).
The EPD method is used to determine the dynamic
trend of ginger exports which indicates whether the
export performance of ginger has a fast growth or not.
If Indonesia's ginger export growth is above the world
average and this situation continues in the long term,
then this commodity can eventually become an
important commodity to boost export revenues.
Based on the results of the EPD analysis, this study
revealed that Indonesia's ginger exports which are in a
rising star market position are in Bangladesh and
Malaysia. These results indicate that the growth of the
export market share of Indonesian ginger is positive
and the growth of the trade share is positive. Thus,
Indonesia's ginger exports are indicated to have a fastgrowing
market share in Bangladesh and Malaysia.
Meanwhile, Indonesian ginger exports which are
classified as lost opportunities are in Germany, India,
Japan, Korea Republic, Singapore, and the United
Kingdom. These results indicate that the growth of
ginger export market share is negative but the growth
of trade share is positive. Facts like this indicate that
Indonesian ginger in these countries has the potential to
lose the opportunity to increase the share of ginger
exports in the future.
Furthermore, after obtaining the results of the RCA
and EPD analysis, the potential market development
potential was clustered using the X-model potential
export products method. This analysis was carried out
by considering the results of the RCA and EPD analysis
that had been obtained. By using this method, the
results of the competitiveness analysis under study
become more comprehensive because they see the
competitiveness of Indonesian ginger commodities
from two sides at once, namely from the RCA side and
also the EPD. From this analysis, it will be known the
potential for market development of ginger
commodities. The market development potential is
divided into four clusters, namely optimistic market
development potential, potential market development
potential, less potential market development potential,
and non-potential market development potential.
Table 1. EPD Analysis on Indonesian Ginger by Major Export Destination
Export Destination Bangladesh Germany India Japan Malaysia Korea Rep. Singapore
Unt.
Kingdom
Ginger Export Growth
Index
0.16 -0.04 -0.17 -0.01 0.01 -0.09 -0.12 -0.06
Total Export Growth
Index
0.04 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.18 0.12 0.10 0.01
CLASSIFICATION Rising Star
Lost
Opportunity
Lost
Opportunity
Lost
Opportunity
Rising
Star
Lost
Opportunity
Lost
Opportunity
Lost
Opportunity
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Based on the results of the X-Model analysis on
Indonesian ginger, it is known that the export markets
in Bangladesh, Germany, and Malaysia are classified as
potential market development. Thus, to increase
exports to these countries, Indonesia must still strive for
market penetration to ensure a more stable share of
ginger export dominance in the future. Meanwhile,
Indonesia's ginger export market to India, Japan, Korea
Republic, Singapore, and United Kingdom is classified
as less potential market development status. This status
indicates that market penetration is facing relatively
tight competition to gain dominance of ginger exports
in the future. As it is known, India and Japan are the top
ten ginger producers in the world. This requires the
differentiation of ginger products that do not intersect
with the types of products of the two countries. On the
other hand; namely in Korea Republic, Singapore, and
United Kingdom; Indonesia does not face the challenge
of domestic ginger products in the three countries but
needs to identify the preferences of ginger products that
are in demand and needed there.
4. CONCLUSION
The competitiveness of Indonesian ginger in
export destination markets which are categorized as
high is in the United Kingdom and Germany. In other
export destination countries, Indonesian ginger has low
competitiveness. Furthermore, the results of the
analysis show that the high export of Indonesian ginger
to destination countries does not always reflect high
export competitiveness. The size of exports to
destination countries does not always reflect the
position of the commodity in the destination market,
such as ginger exports in several partner countries
which indicate that the market potential of Indonesian
ginger is in the category of lost opportunity Germany,
India, Japan, Korea Republic, Singapore, and the
United Kingdom). This means that even though this
market is one of the main markets, the potential for
ginger commodity development in that market is under
pressure. Based on the results of the X-Model analysis
on Indonesian ginger, it is known that the export
markets in Bangladesh, Germany, and Malaysia are
classified as potential market development. Thus, to
increase exports to these countries, Indonesia must still
strive for market penetration to ensure a more stable
share of ginger export dominance in the future.
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