EBD_7237

HISTORY GK-43

Identity: Italian Traveller

Time of Visit to India: Came during the rule of Devaraya I of
Sangam dynasty of Vijaynagar empire.
Duration of Stay: First Visit : 1421 Revisited: 1430
Contribution: Author of “Voyage aux Indes.
Afanasy Nikitin
Identity: Persian traveller
Abdur Razzaq Time of Visit to India: Came to India during Bahmani Sultanate.
Duration of Stay: 1443-1444 AD
Francois Bernier Identity: French physician
Time of visit: He was the personal physician of the Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb for around 12 years during his stay in India. He visited
India during 1658 and 1671.
Contribution: He wrote ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’.
Identity: Arab navigator
Sulaiman Al Mahri Time of Visit: Middle of Ninth Century during the age of Palas and
Pratiharas
Contribution: Wrote an account on Pala Empire
Identity: Arab historian & geographer
Al-Masudi Time: Visited Gujarat in 915-16 during Pratiharas Kingdom.
Contribution: Testified the great power and prestige of the
Pratihara rulers.

MODERN HISTORY
ADVENT OF EUROPEANS First few to Burmese invasion and then to
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and
Portuguese Kashmir were annexed after the Second
The cape route from Europe to India was Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir
discovered by Vasco da Gama. Cochin was immediately sold under the Treaty of
was the initial capital of the Portuguese in Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu
India, later on was replaced by Goa. and thereby became a princely state.
The border dispute between Nepal and
Dutch British India, which sharpened after 1801,
The Dutch East India Company established had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War
factories in India at Masulipatnam in 1605. of 1814–16 and brought the defeated
Dutch was defeated by British in the Battle Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854,
of Sedera. Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh
was added two years later.
English The first factory was built at Surat (1608).
In 1617, the British East India Company The factory at Sutanati was fortified and
was given permission by Mughal Emperor named Fort William in 1700.
Jahangir to trade in India. As a result of In 1757, Clive was appointed by the
three Carnatic Wars, the British East India company as its first ‘Governor of Bengal’.
Company gained exclusive control over the In same year Treaty of Allahabad was
entire Carnatic region of India. The Anglo- concluded by which the Mughal Emperor
Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the granted the Diwani rights to the English
Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led East India Company. Thus, the British
to the control of the vast regions of India. power in India was thoroughly established.
First evidence of human in India was found in western Narmada region in Madhya Pradesh.
 GK-44 HISTORY
Danes French
The Danes arrived in India in 1616. They The French East India company was formed
established Settlement at Tranquebee in 1664 by Colbert. The first French factory
(Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore was established at Surat in 1668 and second
(Bengal) in 1676. at Masulipatnam in 1669.

GOVERNORS OF BENGAL AND GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA

Name and Well Known For War fought
Tenure
Robert Clive •• Diarchy of Dual Government of Bengal from •• Battle of Plassey (1757)
(1758-60) and 1765-72. •• Battle of Condore (1758)
(1765-67) •• Considered one of the creators of British
power in India.
Henry •• Deposed Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal, and •• Battle of Buxar
Vansittart replaced him with his son-in-law Mir Qasim.
(1760-65)
Harry Verelst •• Increased tax revenue of the East India
1767-69 Company.
•• Exposed corruption within the company.
John Cartier •• The Great Famine of Bengal 1770 occured in
(1769-1772) his regime which claimed about two million
lives
Warren •• Founding Asiatic Society of Bengal •• Rohilla war (1774)
Hastings (1772- •• Auctioning the right to collect land revenue to •• 1st Anglo-Maratha War
85) its highest bid (1776-82)
•• Starting Diwani and Fauzdari Adalats in •• 2nd Anglo-Mysore War
district level and Nizam Adalats at Kolkata (1780-84)
Lord •• Codifying laws in 1793 so as to separate the •• 3rd Anglo-Mysore War
Cornwallis administration for revenue and justice against Tipu Sultan
(1786-93) •• Abolition of all the superfluous posts. and signed the treaty of
•• Creating the post of District judge. Srirangapatnam in 1792
•• Establishment of lower grade court.
•• Father of Civil Services in India.
Sir John Shore •• 1st Charter of Act in 1793 •• Battle of Kharda between
(1793-98) Nizam and Marathas in
1793
Lord Wellesley •• Started subsidiary alliance to achieve British •• 4th Anglo-Mysore War in
(1798-1805) dominancy over India 1799 and with defeat and
•• Forming Madras Presidency death of Tipu Sulatan
•• Treaty of Bassein in 1802
•• 2nd Anglo-Maratha War
from 1803-1805 defeating
Scindia, Bhonsle and
Holkar
Sir George •• Vellore Mutiny in 1806
Barlow (1805-
1807)
Shyadvade also known as Anekantvada is the theory and philosophy of Jainism of ancient times.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-45

Lord Minto •• Concluding Treaty of Amritsar with Raja

(1807-1813) Ranjit Singh
•• Charter of Act 1813 was passed
Lord Hastings •• Adopting the Policies of intervention and wars •• Anglo-Nepalese War
(1813-1823) •• Forceful implementation humiliating treaties (1813-23)
or Peshwas and Scindias.
Lord Amherst •• Acquisition of Malayan Peninsular territories •• First Burmese War (1824-
(1823-33) •• Capturing Bharatpur 26)
Lord William •• Abolition of Sati and other cruel rites in 1829 •• occupied Coorg and
Bentinck •• Annexation of Mysore. Central Cachar in 1834
(1833-35) •• Concluding a treaty of perpetual friendship due the misgovernance
with Ranjit Singh (1831)
•• He was also known as Father of Modern
Western Education in India.
•• He was last Governor General of Bengal who
later continued his service as the first Governor
General of India from 1833 to 1835
Sir Charles •• Passed the famous Press Law which liberated
Metcalfe (1834- the press in India
36)
Lord Auckland •• Extended irrigation •• 1st Anglo Afgan war
(1836-42) •• Inaugurated famine relief (1836-42)
Lord Ellen •• Brought an end to Afgan War. •• War with Gwalior (1843)
Borough (1842- •• Annexed Sindh in 1843
44)
Lord Hardings •• Gave preference to English education •• 1st Anglo Sikh War
(1844-48) •• Treaty of Lahore in 1846 (1845-46)
Lord Dalhousie •• Abolished titles and pensions •• 2nd Anglo Sikh War
(1848-56) •• Passed widow Re-marriage Act 1856. (1848-49)
•• Introduced “Doctrine of Lapse” •• 2nd Anglo Burmese War,
•• Annexed Punjab, lower Burma or Pegu and 1852.
Awadh.
•• Started railway, post and telegraph service.
WARS FOUGHT BEFORE 1857
Event Involved Consequences
First Carnatic War Between France and England •• Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
(1746-1748) (1748) British victory.
Second Carnatic Nasir Jung aided by France •• Ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry
War (1749-1754) while England aided Muzaffar in 1754 and Muzaffar Jung became
Jung the Nizam.
•• Dupleix was replaced by Godeheu as
the French governor.
Third Carnatic At Wandiwash (1760) Comte •• Defeat of French
War (1758-1763) de Lally French commander •• Treaty of Paris (1763) was signed,
was defeated by British which returned Chandernagore and
General Sir Eyre Coote Pondichérry to France.
Battle of Plassey French supported Siraj-ud- •• Paved way for British mastery of
(23 June 1757) Daula and East India Company Bengal and eventually whole of India.
led by Robert Clive. •• Rich revenue of Bengal helped British
to maintain strong army.

The original script of the Rigveda is in Brahmi.

 GK-46 HISTORY
Battle of Buxar, East India Company led by •• Treaty of Allahabad secured Diwani
22nd October, 1764 Hector Munro and Mughal Rights for the Company to collect and
Emperor along with the Nawab manage the revenues of real estate.
of Bengal
1781 War Forces of the Kingdom of •• Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at
Mysore and Great Britain. Port Novo.
Pitt’s Act 1784 •• British government got supreme
control over the company’s affair and
its administration.
War 1789 -1792 Tipu Sultan and East India •• Treaty of Seringapatam was signed.
Company Tipu had to cede half of his territories
to English and paid ` 330 lakhs as
indemnity.
Awadh Lord Dalhousie •• Introduced the famous Doctrine of
annexation 1856 Lapse.
The rebellion East India Company and united force of Indian leaders like (Bahadur
of 1857–Sepoy Shah, Bakt Khan, Begum Hazart Mahal of Avadh, Tanti Tope, Nana Saheb,
Mutiny Azimullah, Rani Lakshmibai, Kunwar Singh etc.), The revolt marked the
end of the East India Company’s rule, and India came under the direct
rule of the British Crown.

LIST OF VICEROYS IN INDIA

Viceroys Period Important Point

Lord 1856-62 • He was the last Governor- General of India
Canning • He was the Governor-General during the Revolt of 1857.
• He was also appointed as the first viceroy of India.
Lord Mayo 1869-72 • The First census of India was conducted.
• He was killed by a convict in the Andaman Islands.
Lord Lytton 1876-1880 • The Delhi Darbar was held, in which Queen Victoria was
proclaimed
• Kaisar-i-Hind.
• Vernacular Press Act, 1878, for better control of Indian
newspapers was passed during his tenure.
Lord Rippon 1880-1884 • Introduced the dual system of Governance.
• First complete census of British territories in India.
• Also associated with Ilbert Bill
• Known as the Father of local self Government in India.
Lord 1884-1888 • The Indian National Congress was formed during his period.
Dufferin
Lord Curzon 1899-1905 • Partition of Bengal
• Launch of Swadeshi Movement.
Lord 1910-1916 • The Capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
Harding • George V, the King of England visited india to attend the
Delhi Darbar in 1911.
Lord 1916-1921 • The Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy.
Chelmsford • Montague Chelmsford reforms.
• Rowlatt Act.
• Khilafat Movement.
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HISTORY GK-47

Lord 1921-1926 • Chauri Chaura Incident

Reading • Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned for the first time in India.
Lord Irwin 1926-1931 • First Round Table conference.
• Simon Commission.
• Gandhi – lrwin Pact.
• Famous Dandi March.
Lord 1931-1936 • Second Round Table conference.
Willingdom • Communal Award was given by PM Ramsay Macdonald.
• The Poona Pact signed between Mahatma Gandhi and
Dr. Ambedkar during this period.
Lord 1936-1943 • Cripps Mission visited India
Linlithgow • Quit India Resolution was passed during his tenure.
Lord Wavell 1943-47 • Simla Conference
• Cabinet Mission
• Indian Independence Act was passed.
BRITISH WARS WITH DIFFERENT INDIAN STATES.
Event Involved Consequences
Anglo-Mysore wars Haider Ali defeated the Treaty of Madras signed
First war (1766-69) between British.
Haider Ali and Britishers.
Second war (1780-84) Haider Warren Hastings attacked Treaty of Mangalore was
Ali was defeated by Britishers French Port Mahe. signed by Tipu Sultan.
Third war (1789-92) Tipu Sultan ceded parts of Treaty of Seringapatnam
Marathas & Nizams aided his territories was signed.
the British, Lord Cornwallis
captured Bangalore
Anglo-Maratha wars Britishers favoured Treaty of Salbai was
First war (1775-82) Raghunath to become signed.
Britishers attacked Marathas. Peshwa.
Second Maratha war (1803- Peshwar signed treaty for Treaty of Bassein was
06) subsidiary Alliances. signed.
Third Maratha war (1817-19) Lord Hastings moved Marathas were
against Marathas. decisively defeated.
Anglo-Sikh war Sikh were defeated. Treaty of Lahore ended
First war (1845-46) the war.
Second Anglo Sikh Dolhousie annexed Punjab. Sir John Lawrence
war (1848-49) become the first
commissioner of Punjab.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REFORMS

Date Person Event
1815 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Established Atmiya Sabha. He was the first
Indian to start an agitation for social, religious and
political reforms.
1820 Henry Louis Vivian Founded Young Bengal Movement. Supported
Derozio Women’s education.
 GK-48 HISTORY
1828 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Established Brahmo Samaj to preach monotheism
and purify Hinduism.
1830 Radhakant Dev Formed Dharma Sabha to counter Brahmo Sarwaj
1839 Debendranath Tagore Founded Tattvabodhini Sabha to propagate Ram
Mohan Roy’s ideas.
1850 Vidyasagar Protested against child-marriage and promoted
women education.
1850 Vishnu Shankar Pundit Founded widow remarriage association.
1851 Naoroji Furdonji, Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha or Religious Reform
Dadabhai Naoroji and Association.
S.S.Bengalee
1852 Kassondas Mulji Advocated widow remarriage in Gujarat.
1866 Dadabhai Naoroji Established East India Association in London.
1867 MG Ranade Founded The Prathana Sabha. It rejected idolatry,
denied the Vedas and adopted the method of
Congregational worship.
1872 Baba Ram Singh Namdhari Movement originated in north-west
corner of Sikh kingdom. It was also known as Kuka
movement.
23 September, Mahatma Jyotirao Formed Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of
1873 Govindrao Phule Truth).
1875 HP Blavatsky and Col HS Founded Theosophical Society of India.
Olcott, Annie Besant
1875 Swami Dayanand Founded Arya Samaj in Bombay. Called Vedas to
Saraswathi be source of “true knowledge” and gave the motto
“back to Vedas”. Was against idol worship, child
marriage and caste system.
1897 Vivekananda Founded the Ramakrishna Mission to carry out
humanitarian relief and social work.
1902 Swami Shradhananda Started Gurukul near Haridwar to propagate more
traditional idea of education.
1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Founded the Servants of India Society World for
famine relief, tribal welfare.
1910 Saralabala Devi Founded the Bharat Stri Mandal it was the First All
Chaudharani India women organization.
MUSLIM SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT
Movement Location Leaders Aim
Fairazi Movement Faridpur Dudhu Miyan Emphasis on strict Monotheism.
(1804) Bengal
Deoband Movement Deoband RA Ganghoi Against western education &
(1867) promoted classical studies in Islam.
Aligarh Movement South Sir Syed Ahmed Liberalisation of Indian Islam and
(1875) Khan modernisation of Indian Muslim
through religious reinterpretation
and modern education.
Great philosopher and political thinker Chanakya was known by other names such as Kautilya and Vishnugupta.
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HISTORY GK-49

Ahmadiya Movement Faridkot Mirza Ghulam Oppose to Islamic Orthodoxy and

(1889-90) Ahmed spread of Eastern liberal education
among the Youth.
Ahrar Movement … Ali Brothers Against Aligarh Movement
CASTE MOVEMENTS & ORGANISATIONS
Movements Location Leaders Aimes
Satya Sodhak Maharashtra Jyotiba Phule To fight against Brahmanical
Samaj (1873) domination.
Started a School for untouchables.

Shri Narayan Kerala Shri Narayan Demanded free entry of people of

Dharma Guru lower castes to the temples.
Paripalan Yogam/ Launched Aravipuram Movement.
SNDP Movement
(1902)
Temple Entry Kerala Sri Narayan To allow lower castes to enter into the
Movement Guru TK temples
Madhavan
Self respect Madras EV Ram Swamy Anti-Brahmin, advocated wedding
Movement without priest, forcible temple entry.
Harijan Sevak Pune Mahatma For removal of untouchability
Sangh (1932) Gandhi and social discrimination against
untouchables.

TRIBAL MOVEMENTS
Revolts Year Area
Chuar uprising 1966-70 Bengal and Bihar
Koli uprising 1824-28,1839,1899 Gujarat
Bhil uprising 1818-31 Western Ghat
Rampa Rebellion 1879 Coastal Andhra
Khasi Up Rising 1846-48, 1885, 1914 Odisha
Kuki Up Rising under Rani 1917-19 Manipur
Gaidinlieu
No Rising 1820, 1822 Singhbhum and
Chhotanagpur
Naikad Revolt 1858-59 Gujarat
Kachhang Revolt 1882 Chhachar Area, Assam
Munda Revolt 1899-1900 Chhotanagpur area

THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE TIMELINE

1885 Pherozeshah Mehta, K.T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji formed Bombay
Presidency Association.
28 Dec. 1885 Indian National Congress was formed by Allan Octavian Hume.
28-31 Dec. First session of Indian National Congress was attended by 72 delegates
1885 under the presidency of W.C. Bonnerjee.
 GK-50 HISTORY
1896-97 Bal Gangadhar Tilak initiated a no-tax campaign in Maharashtra.
20 July, 1905 Partition of Bengal order was passed by Lord Curzon.
Dec. 1905 Gokhale then the president of Congress condemned the partition of Bengal
and supported Swadeshi and Boycott movement.
1906 Dadabhai Naoroji became the president of National Congress and clearly
declared their goal to be self-government or Swaraj like the other colonies.
30 Dec. 1906 All India Muslim League was formed by Aga Khan III and the founding
meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah.
1909 The Indian Councils Act or Morley-Minto Reform was announced.
1911 Government announced the withdrawal of Partition of Bengal.
1913 Ghadar Party founded by Punjabi Indians in the United States and Canada
aiming at securing India’s independence.
April, 1915 First session of Hindu Mahasabha was held under the presidentship of
Maharaja of Kasim Bazar.
26 Dec. 1916 Lucknow Pact was signed dealing with the structure of the government of
India and with relation to the Hindu and Muslim communities.
1917 Indigo Satyagraha started by M.K. Gandhi in Champaran, Bihar.
1918 Edwin Montagu, then the Secretary of State and Lord Chelmsford, the
Viceroy, produced a scheme of constitutional reform which was called as
the Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
1919 Enactment of the Government of India Act.
March, 1919 Rowlatt Act was passed which enabled government to imprison people
without trial.
13 April, 1919 Unarmed crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest
of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal was attacked by the British
army as commanded by General Dyer.
31 August, Khilafat Committee launched a Non-cooperation Movement.
1920
1 February, M.K. Gandhi announced mass Civil Disobedience Movement.
1922
5 Feb. 1922 Protesters participating in the Non-cooperation Movement turned violent,
leading to police opening fire in Chauri Chaura. Congress as a result halted
the Non-cooperation Movement.
1925 Communist Party came into existence.
Nov. 1927 Simon headed commission was set up to submit report on working of
Indian constitution established by Government of India Act, 1919.
17 Nov. 1928 Lala Lajpat Rai died due to the injuries by the beating of local police
during a protest demonstration at Lahore.
Dec. 1928 Gandhi joined back the active politics at Calcutta session.
26 Jan. 1930 Was fixed as the First Independence Day and since then was celebrated
every year up to 1947.
Feb. 1930 Chandra Shekhar Azad was shot dead in a park called Azad Park at
Allahabad, in an encounter by British police.
12 March, 1930 Dandi March lead by M.K. Gandhi took place. Together with 78
companions he walked 375 km from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.

Bhagwat were the first to worship Vasudev Krishna.

 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-51

6 April, 1930 Gandhi reached Dandi and broke the Salt Law.
12 Nov. 1930 First round table conference was held in London, was chaired by British
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
5 March, 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Gandhi and then viceroy of India
Lord Irwin according to which British agreed to withdraw all ordinances
and end prosecutions and release all political prisoners.
24 August, Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar at
1932 Yerwada Central Jail.
1935 Government of India Act was passed according to which All India
Federation was established including British India and Princely States
(representative were appointed by the rulers) forming a bicameral federal
legislature.
October, 1940 Mahatma Gandhi gave an order for limited satyagraha (for few individuals
only).
8 August, 1942 Quit India Movement was launched by M.K. Gandhi.
1945 Congress Working Committee adopted a resolution to abolish landlordism.
2 Sept. 1946 Interim government of India formed the newly elected Constituent
Assembly of India. This idea was rejected by Muslim League.
9 Dec. 1946 The Constituent Assembly met for the first time.

INTERIM GOVERNMENT 1946

External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations : Jawahar Lal Nehru
Defence : Baldev Singh
Home (including Information and Broadcasting) : Vallabhbhai Patel
Finance : Liaquat Ali Khan
Posts and Air : Abdur Rab Nishtar
Food and Agriculture : Rajendra Parsad
Labour : Jagjivan Ram
Transport and Railways : M. Asaf Ali
Industries and Supplies : John Matthai
Education and Arts : C. Rajagopalachari
Works, Mines and Power : C.H. Bhabha
Commerce : I.I. Chundrigar
Law : Jogindar Nath Mandal
Health : Ghazanfar Ali Khan

Mountbatten Plan
The Indian Independence Act 1947 also called 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan,
declared that power would be handed over by 15 August 1947. It gave India and Pakistan
a dominion status. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947. The boundaries
between the two dominion states were determined by a Boundary Commission which
was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
 GK-52 HISTORY
SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
The Founding Years (1885-1900)
Session Place Date President
1st Session Bombay Dec. 28-30, 1885 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
2nd Session Calcutta Dec. 27-30, 1886 Dadabhai Naoroji
3rd Session Madras Dec. 27-30, 1887 Badruddin Tyabji
6th Session Calcutta Dec. 26-30, 1890 Pherozeshah Mehta
8th Session Allahabad Dec. 28-30, 1892 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
11th Session Poona Dec. 27-30, 1895 Surendranath Banerjee
9th Session Lahore Dec. 27-30, 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji

THE PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA (1900-1947)

Session Place Date President
21st Session Benares Dec. 27-30, 1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale
22nd Session Calcutta Dec. 26-29, 1906 Dadabhai Naoroji
23rd Session Surat Dec. 26-27, 1907 approx Rash Behari Ghosh
23rd Session (contd.) Madras Dec. 28-30, 1908 Rash Behari Ghosh
24th Session Lahore Dec. 27-29, 1909 Madan Mohan Malaviya
32nd Session Calcutta Dec. 26-29, 1917 Annie Besant
(Special Session) Bombay Aug. 29-Sept. 1, 1918 Syed Hasan Imam
33rd Session Delhi Dec. 26-31, 1918 Madan Mohan Malaviya
34th Session Amritsar Dec. 26-30, 1919 Motilal Nehru
37th Session Gaya Dec. 26-31, 1922 C.R. Das
(Special Session) Delhi Abul Kalam Azad
39th Session Belgaum Dec. 26-27, 1924 M.K. Gandhi
45th Session Karachi Mar. 29-31, 1931 Vallabbhai J. Patel
48th Session Bombay Oct. 24-28, 1934 Rajendra Prasad
51st Session Haripura Feb. 19-21, 1938 Subhash Chandra Bose
52nd Session Tripuri Mar. 10-12, 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose
53rd Session Ramgarh Mar. 19-20, 1940 Abul Kalam Azad
54rd Session Meerut Nov. 23-24, 1946 J.B. Kripalani

IMPORTANT BOOKS
Editor /Author Book Name
Aurobindo Ghosh • Kalmayogi
• New Lamp for Old
• Bhawani Mandir
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee • Anand Math
• Durgesh Nandini

Gautam Buddha was raised to the position of God during the reign of Kanishka.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-53

BR. Ambedkar • Mook Nayak

• Bahishkrit Bharat
Dadabhai Naoroji • Rast Goftar
• Voice of India
• Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
Dayanand Saraswati • Veda Bhasya Bhumika
• Satyartha Prakash
Gopal Krishna Gokhale • Nation
• Sudharak
Jawahar Lal Nehru • Discovery of India
• Glimpses of World History
M.K. Gandhi • Navjeevan, Young India and Harijan
• Indian Opinion
Madan Mohan Maliviya • Hindustan
• Leader
R.N. Tagore • Letters form Russia, Gora
Raja Ram Mohan Roy • Samvad Kamaudi, Mirat – ul Akhbar, Barga Dutta
Vivekananda • Prabhudha Bharat Udbodhana
• Prachya Acir Pashchaya

NEWSPAPERS AND JOURNALS

Newspaper/Journal Name Founder
Bengal Gazette (1780) (India’s First Newspaper) James Augustus Hickey.
Kesari B.G. Tilak
Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh, Madam Bhikaji Cama
Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra
Rast Goftar(first newspaper in Gujarati) Dadabhai Naoroji
Statesman Robert Knight
Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S. Iyer
Yugantar Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar
Ghosh
Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta
Hindustan M.M. Malaviya
Mooknayak B.R. Ambedkar
Comrade Mohammad Ali
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Al-Hilal Abul Kalam Azad
Al-Balagh Abul Kalam Azad
Independent Motilal Nehru
Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
New India(Daily) Annie Besant
Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy

Bodhisatva Avalokiteshwara of Mahayana Buddhism is also known as Padmapani.

 GK-54 HISTORY
Mirat-ul-Akbhar (first Persian Newspaper) Ram Mohan Roy
Young India M.K Gandhi
Harijan M.K Gandhi
Hindustan Times K.M. Panikkar

IMPORTANT ACTS
passed by East India Company in 1784
The Regulating Act
so as to address the shortcomings of the
•• The Regulating Act of 1773 was Regulating Act of 1773.
an Act of the Parliament of Great Provisions of this Act were
Britain intended to refurbish the
management of the East India 1. With the Pitt‘s India Act of 1784, East
Company’s rule in India. India Company’s political functions
•• The Company was very much were differentiated from its commercial
important to British as it was the only activities.
company which was trading in India 2. In political matters, the Company
with many influential people as its which was till now working as
shareholders. somewhat sovereign was made directly
Provisions of this Act were subordinate to the British government.
3. To enable this, a Board of Commissioners
1. The Act cut down company dividends
was created, which was called Board of
to 6% until it repaid a £1.5M loan
along with restricting the term of the Control.
Court of Directors to 4 years. 4. 6 people viz. the Chancellor of the
2. It prohibited the servants of company Exchequer, the Secretary of State, and
from engaging in any private trade or four Privy Councilors, nominated by the
accepting presents or bribes from the King were the members of this Board of
natives. Control.
3. It elevated the position of Governor 5. The Secretary of the State was entitled
of Bengal to Governor-General of as the President of the Board of Control.
Bengal during the period of Warren This Board of control was empowered
Hastings with the subsumption of the to control all matters of civil or military
presidencies of Madras and Bombay government or revenues.
under Bengal’s control. 6. The board was given full access to the
4. According to the Act four men were to company’s records. It had the powers
be appointed by British government to send Governors to India and full
in the name of “Council of Four” to authority to alter them.
serve the Supreme Council of Bengal. The Charter Act of 1793
5. A Supreme Court was established
•• The Charter Act of 1793 extended
at Fort William at Calcutta under the commercial privileges of the
the provision of the Act stating that company for a further period of
British judges were to be sent to India twenty years.
to administer the British legal system •• Lord Cornwallis was given special
that was used there. power at the time of his appointment,
to override his Council but it was
The Pitt’s India Act not extended to all Governors or
The Pitt’s India Act, was an Act of the Governor General by the Charter Act
Parliament of Great Britain which was of 1793.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-55

Provisions of this Act were The Charter Act of 1833

1. The Governor General was •• The Charter Act of 1833 granted a
granted extensive powers over the lease to the Company for further
subordinate presidencies. twenty years.
•• The Act introduced centralization
2. The Governor General’s power of
in the legislative and administrative
over ruling his council was affirmed, function and provided the abolition
and extended over the Governors of of slavery thereby brought several
the subordinate presidencies. changes in the Constitution of India.
3. Senior officials were forbidden from •• The Charter Act of 1833 was a turning
leaving India without permission. point in the history of modern India.
4. Royal approval was mandated for
the appointment of the Governor Provisions of this Act were
General, the governors, and the 1. The monopoly of all trade of the
Commander-in-Chief. company was abolished.
5. The EIC was empowered to grant 2. All restrictions on European
licences to both individuals and immigration into India and
company employees to trade in acquisition of land and property in
India (known as the “privilege” or India removed.
“country” trade), which paved the 3. A Law Commission was constituted
way for shipments of opium to China. for codification of laws.
4. The debts of the company were taken
The Charter Act of 1813 over by the Indian government which
agreed to pay its shareholders a
•• The Charter Act of 1813 renewed the 10.5% dividend on their capital out
tenures of the commercial privileges of of the Indian revenues for the next 40
the Company.
years.
•• Moreover the Charter of 1813,
5. Section 87 of the Act declared that
envisaged that the Company should
no person can be disqualified for any
function as the commercial body wholly.
place in the Company’s service by
•• Its political function was limited
reason of caste, colour, creed or place
considerably.
of birth.
Provisions of this Act were 6. The Charter Act of 1833 provided the
1. The monopoly of trade of the company Indians an opportunity of entering
was abolished except in tea trade and its into the company’s service.
trade with China. 7. The merit became the basis for
2. Church was placed under a Bishop employment in government services
which was maintained from Indian and the religion, birth place were not
revenue. Englishmen were granted the criteria.
permission to settle and hold land in
India. The Christian Missionaries were The Charter Act of 1853
allowed to spread their religion in India.
•• The Charter Act of 1853 renewed the
3. The Crown had Complete power over powers of the company but did not
territorial and revenue. mention the specific time period.
4. For the improvement of education, •• It allowed the company to retain the
grant of rupees one lakh every year was possession of the Indians territories in
allotted. trust of Her Majesty.
 GK-56 HISTORY
•• It also provided the scope for thorough Provisions of this Act were
revisions of the existing legislative
procedure. 1. The three separate presidencies
Provisions of this Act were (Madras, Bombay and Bengal) were
1. Laid foundation of Parliamentary brought into a common system.
system of government, the executive 2. System of legislative devolution in
and legislative organs were separated.
Legislative Assembly functioned on the India was inaugurated.
model of British Parliament. 3. The Act added to the Viceroy’s
2. Renewed the term of East India Executive Council a fifth member - a
Company for an indefinite period;
3. Reduced the number of Board of jurist.
Directors from 24 to 18 and 6 out of 4. For purposes of legislation, the
them were nominated;
Viceroy’s Executive Council was
4. Indian Civil Service became an open
competition. Macaulay was made expanded by the addition of not
Chairman of the Committee. less than six and not more than 12
5. The Act for the first time introduced
additional members, who would be
local representation in the Indian
(Central) Legislative Council. The nominated by the Governor General
Governor-General’s Council had six and would hold office for two years.
new legislative members. They were
Therefore, the total membership
appointed by the local (provincial)
governments of Madras, Bombay, increased to 17
Bengal and Agra.
6. The Act separated, for the first time, the The Indian Council Act, 1892
legislative and executive functions of
the Governor General’s Council. •• The Government introduced another
Act known as the Indian Councils Act
The Government of India Act, 1858
of 1892 which could not ensure the
1. Rule of company in India ended and the
rule of Crown started. maximum safeguards to the Muslims.
2. System of dual government ended. •• For which the leaders of Muslim
Court of Directors and Board of control community felt for a separate
abolished and substituted them with a electorate to protect the Muslim
post of secretary of state. Interest.
3. Secretary of State governed India through
the Governor General. Provisions of this Act were
4. Governor General received the title of 1. The number of the non-official
Viceroy who represented Secretary of members, in the Central and
State. Provincial Legislative Councils were
5. A highly centralised administrative increased. However, the official
structure was created. members were still in majority.
The Indian Council Act, 1861 2. The members of the Legislative
•• The first ever constitutional structure Councils were given the right to put
was formulated in 1861. questions. They were also authorized
•• The British Government passed the
Legislative Council Act to introduce to discuss the annual budget.
better provisions for the Governor 3. The local bodies were given right to
General’s Council and for Local send their elected members to the
Government. Legislative Councils.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-57

The Indian Councils Act, 1909 etc.) were to be administered by the

(The Morely-Minto Reforms) Governor and his Executive Council.
•• Indian legislature became ‘bicameral’
•• Morely was the Secretary of State and for the first time.
Minto was the Indian Viceroy. •• Communal representation extended to
•• It introduced for the first time indirect Sikhs.
elections to the state legislative •• Secretary of State for India now to be
councils. paid from British revenue.
•• Separate electorates were introduced •• An officer of the High Commissioner of
for the Muslims. India was created in London.
•• Resolution could be moved before
the Budget takes its final form. The Government of India Act, 1935
Supplementary questions could be •• The Government of India Act, 1935
asked. provided for setting up of the Federation
of India comprising British Indian
Indian Press Act, 1910 provinces and Indian States (Princely
•• It revived the worst features of the States). The joining of Princely states
Vernacular Press Act – Local government was voluntary and as a result, the
was empowered to demand a security federation did not come into existence.
at registration from the printer or •• Dyarchy in the Provinces was replaced
publisher. by Provincial autonomy. They were
•• Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, granted separate legal identity.
Gujarati, Konkani, Malayalam, Kashmiri •• It divided powers into three fold:
and Marathi were added in new Federal, Provincial and Concurrent.
Vernacular language and literature. Residuary powers were to be with
Governor-General.
The Government of India Act, •• The Indian Council of Secretary of State
1919 (The Montague-Chelmsford for India was abolished.
•• Principle of separate electorate was
Reforms)
extended to include Anglo-Indians,
•• Devolution Rules: Subjects of Indian Christians and Europeans.
administration were divided into two •• The Federal Bank (The Reserve Bank of
categories – ‘Central’ and ‘Provincial’. India) and the Federal Court (Supreme
All important subjects (like Railways Court of India) were established in
and Finance) were brought under the 1935 and 1937 respectively.
category of Central, while matters
relating to the administration of the Indian Independence Act, 1947
Provinces were classified as Provincial. •• Indian Independence Act, 1947 did
•• Dyarchy system introduced in the not lay down any provision for the
Provinces. administration of India.
•• The Provincial subjects of •• It was about the partition of India and
administration were divided into the establishment of two countries
two categories ‘Transferred’ and (India and Pakistan).
‘Reserved’ subjects. •• Constituent Assembly of each Dominion
•• The Transferred subjects were to be would have unlimited powers to frame
administered by the Governor with and adopt any Constitution.
the aid of ministers responsible to the •• The office of the Secretary of State for
Legislative Council. India was to be abolished and his work
•• The Reserved subjects (Rail, Post, was to be taken over by the Secretary of
Telegraph, Finance, Law & order, State for common wealth affairs.
 GK-58 HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY MIND MAP

WORLD HISTORY

Ancient Medieval Modern

 Mesopotamian Civilization  Medieval Europe  Renaissance
(5000-900 BC) Civilization  Reforms
 Egyptian Civilization  African Civilization  Major Revolutions of
(500-30 BC)  Mongol Empire Civiliza- World
 Israel Kingdom tion • Glorious Revolution
(1300-63 BC)  Arab civilization & Islam • Industrial Revolution
 Greek Civilization (776-  Medieval China • American Revolution
388 BC) • French Revolution
 Roman Civilization (753 • Russian Revolution
BC-476AD)  An insight into World Wars
 Christianity  Major wars of World
 Zoroastrianism (Parsi) • Trojan War
• Persian War
• Peloponnesian War
• Punic Wars
• Hundred Years War
• Russo-Japan War
• Vietnam War
• Iraq War

ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

Time Period Events

5000-3500 BC The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia.
3500 BC Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand
year to be evolved in full cuneiform script.
2300 BC The first Akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities
2112-2095 BC The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and was called the third
dynasty of Mesopotamian.
2100 BC Hammurabi, the greatest Baylonian rules, united the whole kingdom now
called Iraq.
1792-49 BC Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along the
Euphrates River.
1530 BC Kassite came into being in Hammurabi’s rule in 1750 BC and categorized
into minorities of Mesopotamia.
1530 BC The potter’s wheel was perhaps first used in Mesopotamian Period.
1500 BC Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called
Mittani. He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor.
1200 - 900 BC Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing
Anatolia, Syria, and the Levant coast.
The original script of the Rigveda is in Brahmi.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-59

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
5000 BC Farming started along the bank of Nile river.
3100 B.C The Egyptian Script, known as hierroglyphic, was invented. The Egyptian
Script – hierroglyphic script was deciphered by Champollion.
3500-3000 BC Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent
settlement.
2650 BC Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic
development of Egyptian art.
2575-2465 BC Pharaoh Khufu built Great pyramid of Giza having a height of 481 feet.
2381-2345 BC The Old Kingdom ended during the realm of Unas.
2055 BC-1650 BC The era of middle kingdom started with the reunion of Egypt.
1539 BC With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became
the leading power in the Middle East.
1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the
religious reforms of Pharaoh Akhenaton.
1336-1327 BC The realm of Tutankhamun.
1279-1213 BC The existence of Ramses Realm when Egypt experienced the height of
its power.
728 BC Nubian kings took over the power of Egypt.
639 BC The period of revival started with the expulsion of Assyrians by
Egyptians.
525 BC Persians started ruling the Egypt.
332 BC Alexander the Great conquered Egypt.
305 BC A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of
Alexander the Great.
30 BC The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied
Egypt.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Time period Events
3rd Century B.C. The Chinese dynasty became important. During the China dynasty the
construction of Great Wall’ begin to keep out invaders from the North.
202 BC. The Han Dynasty followed the China Dynasty under the Hans, Silk was
a principal item of export.
604 BC The major religion of ancient China were Toism, based on teachings of
lao-be.
1st Century AD. Paper was invented in China.
In 2nd century AD. China invented Seismogaph.
 GK-60 HISTORY
THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL
Time Period Events
1300-1200 BC The land of Canaan occupied by the Israelites.
1050-970 BC The kingdom was ruled by Soul followed by David.
970 BC David’s son Solomon became the new king.
931 BC The kingdom divided into north (Israel) and south(Judah) parts.
722 BC The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom.
620 BC A religious revival took place in southern kingdom of Judah.
597-582 The destruction of both Judah and Jerusalem occurred.
538 BC The Persian king Cyrus repatriated the kings of Judah and Jerusalem and
encouraged them to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem.
164 BC The revolution broke out against the Seleucid kings under the leadership of
the Maccabbees brothers by Jews.
63 BC Judea was conquered by Romans and the family of Herod the Great started
ruling.

GREEK CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
776 BC The first official date of Olympic Games.
750 BC Greek started planting colonies on the Mediterranean coast.
490 B.C. The Battle of Marathon happened, the Greek defeated the Iranian King
Darius 1 at Marathon near Athens.
490-479 Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion
from the huge Persian Empire.
447 BC Athenian Empire was at the height of its power.
431-404 Athens was defeated by Sparta in the Second Peloponnesian War.

399 Socrates, the famous philosopher of Athens was sentenced to death as he

was questioning conventional ideas.

338 The Greek city-states were defeated by King Phillip II of Macedon.

336BC-323BC Alexander compelled all Greece to accept his leadership and conquered the
Achaemenid empire.
326 BC Alexander comes to border of India and he defeated king Porus on the
Jhelum.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
1000 BC The city of Rome was founded
509 BC Roman republic was built.
390 BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-61

264-241 BC First Punic War between Carthage and Rome took place.
218-202 BC Second Punic War consisting of several small battles took place where
Rome was the ultimate winner.
83-31 BC Decline of Roman Republic due to the continuous phase of civil wars.
27 BC Augustus established himself as the first of the Roman emperors.
117 AD Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time.
312 AD Constantine the great got converted to Christianity.
410 AD Goths sacked Roman Empire.
476 AD The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes.

Christianity
•• It was founded by Jesus Christ (i.e. Merriah).
•• He was born on 25th December to Mother Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem (Nr. Jerusalam)
•• Bible is the holy book of Christians.
•• His crucifixion (hanging) on cross happened in about 33 AD.
•• So, sign of ‘cross’ is considered holy for Christians.

MEDIEVAL WORLD HISTORY

MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
500-600AD •• A monastery was built in Italy.
•• Christianity was introduced in England.
•• The foundation stone of Roman Catholic Church was laid by Gregory the
Great.
650-700AD History of the English Church and People was written by Bede.
800AD Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.
850-900AD First Russian states founded at Kiev and Novgorod.
900-950AD Viking raids across Western Europe.
1000-1050 Medical school set up in Salerno, Italy (1030).
1050-1100 AD •• William of Normandy invaded England and becomes king.
•• First Crusade was proclaimed.
1150-1200 AD Construction of the cathedral of Notre Dame.
1200-1250 AD •• St Francis of Assisi sets up a monastic order, emphasizing austerity and
compassion.
•• Rebellion against the king by the Lords of England as he signed the Magna
Carta, accepting to rule according to law.
1250-1300 AD Establishment of the Hapsburg dynasty that continued to rule Austria till
1918.
 GK-62 HISTORY
Feudalism was a socio-political hierarchy which started in 8th century AD in Europe and
ended in 14th century AD.
Crusades were the series of military campaign organized under the banner of the cross so
as to recover the holy places of Palestine from Muslim occupation.
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
830AD Ghana Empire was created.
1050-1100AD Expansion of Almoravid kingdom from Ghana to southern Spain.
1100-1150AD Emergence of Zimbabwe as a centre for producing gold and copper
artifacts and long distance trade.
1200-1250 AD Christian churches established in Ethiopia.
Kingdom of Mali was established in West Africa, with Timbuktu as a
centre of learning.
1375 AD Gao rebelled against Malian hegemony and Songhai started to expand its realm.
1465 AD Songhai conquered Mema and after three years seized Timbuktu.
1588–91 AD Songhai was attacked by Moroccan forces with firearms and they kept on
conquering Tondibi, Timbuktu and Gao one after the other.

MONGOL EMPIRE
Time Period Events
1206 AD Temüjin from the Orkhon Valley received the title Genghis Khan, and
started ruling the unified nomads of Mongolia homeland.
1227 AD Death of Genghis Khan.
1250–1350 AD Pax Mongolica or stabilization of Mongol empire.
1260-1294 AD Fragmentation of Mongol Empire into Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty, Chagatai
Khanate, Golden Horde.
1368 AD Fall of Yuan Dynasty.
1687 AD Collapse of Chagatai Khanate.

ARAB CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
571AD The great Prophet of Islam was born in Mecca
With the rise of new religion Islam, the Arab civilization started expanding its realm
622 AD Mohammad had to leave Mecca and take refuge in Medina. This Year is known
as Hijra.
632AD After the death of Mohammad his successors continued to spread his teachings
and were known as Caliphs or Khalifas.
13th Century The Islamic Empire came to end with the defeat of Abbasids by Seljuq Turks
AD

Islam in Arab Civilization •• His father died in Madina before

Muhammad was born.
•• Hazrat Prophet Muhammad Saheb
•• He was suckled by Haleema (Dai).
founded Islam as a religion.
•• His father was Abdullah & mother was •• His mother died when he was 6 and
Aminah. grandfather died 2 years later.
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-63

•• Hijri Era started on 24th September (cousin), & Abu Bakr (friend).
622 when he migrated to Medina. •• Prophet Muhammad died on Monday,
•• He attained enlightenment, i.e. the first 8th June, 623 AD and was buried at
revelation came to him on Monday, Medina.
August 10th, 610 AD (21st of Ramadan) •• Islam divided into Shia and Sunni cults
at 40 years of age at Gaare-Hira (Hira after his death.
cave). •• His successors were called Khalifa.
•• First persons who embraced Islam •• Eid-milad-un-Nabi is celebrated as the
were–Khadija (wife), Zaid (slave), Ali birthday of the prophet.

MODERN WORLD HISTORY

Renaissance by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, steam
engine by James Watt in 1769 etc.
The European era between 14th to 17th
centuries AD was designated as the Age of American Revolution
Renaissance generally known for “Revival It was the mutiny of people living in thirteen
of Learning”. The Florence city of Italian colonies of England in North America in late
region Tuscany was well known as the 18th century. Various factors such as French
birth place of Renaissance. and Indian War, Stamp Act, Townshend
Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party
Reformation (1773/Intolerable Acts, can be considered
Reformation was a social movement as the triggering fact of this revolution in
initiated by Martin Luther during 16th 1775-83.
century in Europe against Roman Catholic •• On 4th July 1776, the Declaration of
Church. He started criticizing the selling of Independece was issued by Thomas
self indulgence of higher authorities in the Jafferson.
church by highlighting the fact that the Pope •• The war ended with the Treaty of Paris
had no authority over the purgatory and in 1783.
there was no evidence of catholic doctrine French Revolution
of the merits of the saints in the gospel.
It was one of the greatest revolutions of
Major Revolutions eighteenth century which put an end to
French monarchy. It lasted from 1789 to
Glorious Revolution (1688) 1799, and partially carried forwarded by
It was otherwise known as the Bloodless Napoleon during the later expansion of the
Revolution primarily focused on securing French Empire.
freedom of worship from Catholics and •• Liberty, Equality and Fraternity were
unifying Whigs and Tories of Anglican the watch of the revolution.
church against the Roman Catholic ruler •• Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau
James II. were the French writers and thinkers of
Industrial Revolution the period.
It was the process of change in earning Russian Revolution
livelihood by adopting industrial processes Based on the ideology of Marxism,
rather than agriculture. It started during Russian revolution took place in 1917 and
mid 18th century in Britain with the eventually ended up in creating the Russian
invention of several technological aids such Soviet Union. The prime causes of these
as spinning jenny by James Hargreaves revolutions were the autocratic rule of
in 1764, water-powered spinning frame by Czars, inefficient and vigorous use of power,
Richard Arkwright in 1769, spinning mule low living standard of people in the society,
by Samuel Crompton in 1779, power loom to support church forcefully.
Bhagwat were the first to worship Vasudev Krishna.
 GK-64 HISTORY
GREAT LITTERATEUR OF RENAISSANCE
Italian Dante – Book Divine Comedy
Petarch – Founder of Humanism.
Boccacio- Book Dacemeron.
French Rabelais – Pantagruel
Spanish Cewantes – Don Quixote
German Thomas Kempis – The Imitation of Christ

WORLD WARS: I & II

Event World War I World War II
Countries Germany, Austria,Hungary, Britain, France, USSR, US, Other nations vs.
Involved Bulgaria, Turkey vs. France, Germany, Italy, Japan
Russia, Britain, US, Italy.
Duration of July 28, 1914 – November 11, September 1, 1939 –
War 1918 September 2, 1945
Causes Immediate Immediate
Murder of Austrian King Germany’s ultimatum and Poland’s rejection
Archduke Ferdinand at for surrender of Port Dazing.
Serajevo by a Serbian which Refusal of Poland to establish rail link
resulted in strong hostility between Germany and West Prussia through
between Austria-Hungary and Polish corridor.
Serbia Associated
Associated The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Militarism Nationalist movement of Germany & Italy.
Nationalism or Competitive Ideological conflict between Dictatorship
Patriotism and Democracy
Economic Imperialism Inefficiency of League of Nation
Anglo-German Rivalry and the Colonial and commercial rivalry
charter of William II Aggressiveness of Berlin-Rome –Tokyo axis
Lack of International
Organization
Consequences End of the German, Russian, Collapse of Nazi Germany
Ottoman and Austro- Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
Hungarian empires Creation of the United Nations
Formation of new countries in Emergence of the United States and the
Europe and the Middle East. Soviet Union as superpowers
Transfer of German colonies Beginning of the Cold War
and regions of the former
Ottoman Empire to other
powers
Establishment of the League
of Nations

MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES

Discovery Year Discoverer Name
Cape of Good Hope 1487 Bartholomew, Portugal
America 1492 Christropher Columbus, Spain
Newfoundland 1497 John Cabot, England
Sea-route of India 1498 Vasco da Gama, Portuguese
New Zealand 1642 Tasman, Holland
 EBD_7237
HISTORY GK-65

Major Wars in History Third

Participants: Greek vs. Persian
Trojan War Duration of War: 149 BC- 146 BC
Participants: City of Troy vs City of Sparta Causes of War: The fear of Carthaginian
Duration of War: 10 years resurgence led to the war in the city streets
Causes of War: The war resulted due to of Carthage
the kidnapping of Queen Helen from her Outcome of War: Ultimately Romans
husband, the king of Sparta by the Trojan destroyed the city of Carthage
Prince. Hundred Years’ War
Outcome of war: The war ended with
victory of Greek and destruction of Troy. Participants: France vs. England
Duration of War: 1337 BC -1453 BC
Persian War Causes of War: The war broke out after
Participants: Greek vs. Persia King Edward III of England invaded the
Duration of War: 499 BC – 449 BC country of France and continued to seize its
Causes of War: The king of Persia, Darius land and became its ruler.
I attacked Athens when the series of Greek Outcome of War: At the end France
uprisings were suppressed. managed to defy the England’s reign with
Outcome of war: The Greek had its victory the help of Scotland.
against Persia. Russo-Japan War
Peloponnesian War Participants: Russia vs. Japan
Participants: Athens vs. Sparta Duration of War: 1904 – 05 AD
Duration of War: 431 BC – 404 BC Causes of War: The war took place for
Causes of War: The war occurred due to having imperial authority over Manchuria
the political fragmentation and mutual two and Korea.
city states of Greece, Athens and Sparta. Outcome of War: Japanese won the war.
Outcome of War: Eventually Sparta Vietnam War
registered its victory by defeating Athens in Participants: Democratic Republic of
Decelean war (known to be the third phase Vietnam allied with Soviet Union vs. China.
of Peloponnesian War), with the help of Duration of War: 1955 – 75 AD
Persian Empire. Causes of War: The war was fought for
Punic Wars checking communism spread all over
First South-Asia.
Participants: Rome vs. Carthage Outcome of War: The war ended with the
Duration of War: 264 BC -241 BC victory of North Vietnam by empowering
Causes of War: The war broke out as the the Communist government in South
Carthaginians established a base of island Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia with annexure
that seemed to be a potential threat to of South Vietnam. The American-led forces
Rome. had to back out from Indochina.
Outcome of War: The Romans won the war. Iraq–Iran War
Second Participants: Islamic Republic of Iran and
Participants: Greek vs. Trojan the Republic of Iraq
Duration of War: 218 BC- 201 BC Duration of War: 1980 – 88 AD
Causes of War: The war occurred when Causes of War: The war started with the
Carthage started expanding its power in invasion of republic of Iran resulting from a
Spain and striving for the coastal city of border dispute of two Republics.
Saguntum (the present day Sagunto) which Outcome of War: Iraq failed to take over
was allied with Rome. the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab and
Outcome of War: Finally Rome won over strengthen Arab separatism in the region of
Carthage in the Battle of Zama forcing the Khuzestan. The Iranian invasion failed and
Carthaginians to give up Spanish territories the idea of deposing Saddam Hussein was
and its navy. shattered.
Gautam Buddha was raised to the position of God during the reign of kanishka.