EFFECTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS ON FINANCIAL

PERFORMANCE IN AN INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING IN

UGANDA

A CASE OF UGANDA MARYTRS UNIVERSITY

A POSTGRADUATE DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO
THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY

SSUUNA PIUS MAWANDA

2008-M102-20074
 DECLARATION

I Sssuuna Pius Mawanda hereby declare that this is my original work and has never been

presented for any academic award in any University.

Signed…………………………… Date: …………………

Ssuuna Pius Mawanda

i
 APPROVAL

This is to certify that this dissertation by Ssuuna Pius Mawanda entitled “Effects of Internal

Control Systems on Financial Performance in an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda” has

been written under my supervision and is hereby approved for submission for a Master of

Business Administration Degree of Uganda Martyrs University.

……………………………………. Date: …………………

Moses Kibrai

Uganda Martyrs University

ii
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this book to my son Andrew Pius Kiseka, my Parents; Gerald & Daisy Mawanda, and
my Aunt Caroline Nassiiwa.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank all people who made a contribution in my academic life so far.

I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Moses Kibrai, whose tireless efforts
have made this dream a reality. Moses you restored hope in me when I felt hopeless, you
invoked the hitherto hidden abilities in me; a reason I will always walk with my head high. No
amount of words can express my sincere gratitude for your unending support during the research
period. May the good Lord reward your efforts.

I am greatly indebted to my colleagues and workmates; the lecturers in the faculty of Business
Administration and Management, and the entire staff of Uganda Martyrs University and to my
many student colleagues (MBA 2008) for your unending support in this journey.

I am grateful to the staff of Uganda Martyrs University who participated in the research. Special
thanks go to the Deans, Associates Deans, Heads of Departments and Finance & Accounts staff
that spared their precious time in answering my Questionnaire and responding to the Interview
guide. I am particularly grateful to my line manager; Assoc. Prof. Simeon Wanyama for all his
support through this hectic journey. Without the contribution of all of you this research would
not have been possible.

I take this opportunity to thank my entire extended family for their love, care and encouragement
to me. I am particularly indebted to my son; Andrew Pius Kiseka, whose time was greatly,
compromised during the MBA studies. Special tributes go my parents Gerald & Daisy Mawanda,
my Aunts Caroline Nasiiwa, & Theo Zalwango

Lastly, my warm regards and blessings go to all of those who have made a positive contribution
in my life. May the good Lord bless you all.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ..........................................................................................................................I

APPROVAL................................................................................................................................. II

DEDICATION ...........................................................................................................................III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................IV

ASTRACT .....................................................................................................................................X

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... XI

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................XII

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... XIII

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background to the study ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem statement.................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Purpose or General Objective................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 Objectives or Specific Objectives .............................................................................................................. 6

1.5 Research Questions/hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 6

1.6 Research Hypothesis: ............................................................................................................................... 7

1.7 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................................... 7

1.8 Justification .............................................................................................................................................. 7

1.9 Significance of the study ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.10 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................................................... 9

1.11 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 10

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1.12 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................................ 10

CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 12

LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 12

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 12

2.2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................................... 12

2.3 Actual Review of related Literature ........................................................................................................ 16

2.3.1 Internal Controls systems and financial performance .......................................................................... 16

2.3.1.1 Control Environment ........................................................................................................................ 19

2.3.1.2 Internal Audit and Financial performance. ....................................................................................... 22

2.3.1.3 Control Activities .............................................................................................................................. 28

2.3.2 Financial performance ......................................................................................................................... 28

2.3.2.1 Liquidity ........................................................................................................................................... 30

2.3.2.2 Accountability................................................................................................................................... 30

2.3.2.3 Reporting .......................................................................................................................................... 31

2.4 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................. 32

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 33

3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 33

3.1 Research design ...................................................................................................................................... 33

3.3 Study Population .................................................................................................................................... 34

3.4 Area of the study .................................................................................................................................... 34

3.5 Sample size and Sampling Selection techniques ...................................................................................... 34

3.6 Data source & methods of data collection ............................................................................................... 35

3.7 Data Management and analysis .............................................................................................................. 36

3.8 Reliability and Validity........................................................................................................................... 36

3.9 Ethical consideration .............................................................................................................................. 37

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3.10 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................... 39

DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ............................................ 39

4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 39

4.1 Quantitative data presentation and discussions....................................................................................... 39

4.1.1 Gender characteristics of respondents.................................................................................................. 39

4.1.2 Education characteristics of respondents ............................................................................................. 40

4.1.3 Description of the Positions of respondents in the Institution................................................................ 40

4.1.4 Description of age groups of respondents ............................................................................................. 41

4.1.5 Longevity of service ............................................................................................................................. 42

4.2 Examining the functionality of Internal Control systems ........................................................................ 42

4.2.1 Descriptive statistics on Internal Control systems................................................................................. 43

4.2.1.1 Accounting and Financial management system ................................................................................. 43

4.2.1.2 Management commitment on the operations of the system ................................................................ 44

4.2.1.3 Monitoring implementation of Internal Control system..................................................................... 44

4.2.1.4 Provision of feedback to junior officers ............................................................................................. 45

4.2.1.5 Measures taken to correct Errors in Accounting and Financial management system ......................... 45

4.2.1.6 Management Integrity....................................................................................................................... 46

4.2.1.7 Ethical values in management decisions ............................................................................................ 46

4.2.1.8 Objectivity and independent of the audit committee.......................................................................... 47

4.2.1.9 Independence of Governing council and its committee ...................................................................... 47

4.2.2 Descriptive statistics on Internal Audit................................................................................................. 48

4.2.2.1 Existence of internal audit department.............................................................................................. 48

4.2.2.2 Internal Audit sufficiently staffed...................................................................................................... 49

4.2.2.3 Internal audit staff conduct regular internal audit activities in the Institution ................................... 49

4.2.2.4 Internal audit report addresses weaknesses in the internal control system......................................... 50

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4.2.2.5 Internal audit reports are produced regularly ................................................................................... 50

4.2.2.6 Management discusses internal audit reports frequently ................................................................... 51

4.2.2.7 Internal auditor makes appropriate recommendations to management ............................................. 51

4.2.2.8 Internal audit department visiting up country centers....................................................................... 51

4.2.2.9 Internal audit issuing audit reports on upcountry centers.................................................................. 52

4.2.2.10 Degree of independence of internal audit department ...................................................................... 52

4.2.3 Descriptive statistics on Control activities ............................................................................................ 53

4.2.3.1 Separation of roles within the Institution........................................................................................... 53

4.2.3.2 Internal checks within the Institution ................................................................................................ 54

4.2.3.3 Supervision by senior staff ................................................................................................................ 54

4.2.3.4 Action taken to address weaknesses................................................................................................... 54

4.2.3.5 Staffs are trained to implement Accounting and Financial management system ................................ 55

4.2.3.6 A well developed chart of account ..................................................................................................... 55

4.2.3.7 Restriction of access to valuable information..................................................................................... 55

4.2.3.7 Controls over expenditure ................................................................................................................. 56

4.2.3.8 Departmental budgets review ............................................................................................................ 56

4.2.3.9 Security system on safeguard of Institutional assets........................................................................... 56

4.3 Examining the financial performance of Institutions of Higher Learning................................................ 57

4.3.1 Descriptive statistics on Financial Performance ................................................................................... 57

4.3.1.1 Cash availability within the Institution.............................................................................................. 57

4.3.1.2 Appropriateness of Institution’s fees structure to cover costs............................................................. 58

4.3.1.3 Management collects all University fees............................................................................................. 58

4.3.1.5 Institution’s accounting system adequately identifies the receipts and expenditure of the grant
contracts ...................................................................................................................................................... 58

4.3.1.6 The University’s asset base................................................................................................................ 59

4.4 Relationship between Internal Control systems and financial performance............................................. 59

4.4.1 Control environment are related with financial performance ............................................................... 60

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4.4.2 Internal audit and financial performance............................................................................................. 61

4.4.3 Internal Control activities and financial performance. ......................................................................... 62

4.5.0 Qualitative data presentation ............................................................................................................... 63

4.5.1 The position of officers interviewed...................................................................................................... 63

4.5.2 Systems of Internal control .................................................................................................................. 63

4.5.3. Effectiveness of systems of internal control ......................................................................................... 64

4.5.4 Main measures of financial performance.............................................................................................. 66

4.5.5 Fund availability.................................................................................................................................. 66

4.5.6 Ability to pay bills................................................................................................................................ 67

4.5.7 Accountability procedure..................................................................................................................... 67

4.5.8 Reporting procedure............................................................................................................................ 68

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 69

SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................ 69

5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 69

5.1 Summary findings .................................................................................................................................. 69

5.1.1 Functionality of the internal control system ......................................................................................... 69

5.1.2 The financial performance of the Institution ........................................................................................ 70

5.1.3 Internal control system and financial performance .............................................................................. 70

5.2 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 71

5.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 71

5.4 Suggestions for further research ............................................................................................................. 72

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................... 73

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 77

Appendix One: Questionnaire:..................................................................................................................... 77

Appendix Two: Interview Guide ................................................................................................................. 81

ix
 ASTRACT

The study investigated and sought to establish the relationship between internal control systems
and financial performance in an Institution of higher learning in Uganda. Internal controls were
looked at from the perspective of Control Environment, Internal Audit and Control Activities
whereas Financial performance focused on Liquidity, Accountability and Reporting as the
measures of Financial performance. The Researcher set out to establish the causes of persistent
poor financial performance from the perspective of internal controls.

The research was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative approaches using Survey,
Correlation and Case study as Research Designs. Data was collected using Questionnaires and
Interview guide as well as review of available documents and records targeting basically Deans,
Associate Deans, Heads of Departments, Management Committee members and Finance and
Accounts staff as respondents from a population of 270 Uganda Martyrs University staff. Data
was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists where conclusions were drawn
from tables, figures from the Package.

The study found that management of the institution is committed to the control systems, actively
participates in monitoring and supervision of the activities of the University, all the activities of
the Institution’s activities are initiated by the top level management, that the internal audit
department is not efficient, is understaffed, doesn’t conduct regular audit activities and doesn’t
produce regular audit reports although the few reports produced by the internal audit department
address weaknesses in the system. It was further revealed that there is a clear separation of roles,
weaknesses in the system are addressed, and there is a training program for capacity building in
the institution. However, the study also found out that there is lack of information sharing and
inadequate security measures to safeguard the assets of the University. It was also noted that
there isn’t enough cash to meet intended University goals, that the fees charged to students are
not appropriate to cover costs, that all fees meant to be remitted to the University are not
collected. It was however, revealed that all revenues and expenditures are properly classified,
and that assets of the University have generally increased. The study established a significant
relationship between internal control system and financial performance.

The investigation recommends competence profiling in the Internal Audit department which
should be based on what the University expects the internal audit to do and what appropriate
number staff would be required to do this job. It also recommends that the institution establishes
and manages knowledge/information management system to enable all parties within the
institution to freely access and utilize the official information. There should be a strategy
improve the generation of additional finances for the University.

The Study therefore concludes that internal control systems do function although with hiccups
and that there is a significant relationship between internal control systems and financial
performance in an Institution of higher learning.

x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OAG- Office of Auditor General

ACCA- Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

UMU- Uganda Martyrs University

IFRS- International Financial Reporting Standards

CPD- Contuinuing Professional Development

ERP- Enterprise Resource Planning

SOX- Sarbanes- Oxley Act

COSO- Committee of Sponsoring Organisations

SAS- Statement of Auditing Standards

ABA- Ammerican Bar Association

AICPA- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

ICPAU- Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Uganda

IIA-UK- Institute of Internal Auditors- United Kindom

SME- Small and Medium Size Entity

xi
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Conceptual framework .................................................................................................1

Figure 2: Relationship between Internal control systems & financial performance.....................60

xii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: 3.1: Reliability table ....................................................................................................37

Table 2: 3.2: Gender characteristics of respondents ...................................................................39
Table 3: 4.3: Education Levels of Respondents .........................................................................40
Table 4: 4.3: Position held in the organization ...........................................................................40
Table 5: 4.4: Age Groups of Respondents .................................................................................41
Table 6: 4.5: Length of Service in the Institution .......................................................................42
Table 7: 4.6: Mean and Standard deviation of Control Environment..........................................43
Table 8: 4.7: Mean and Standard deviation of Internal Audit .....................................................48
Table 9: 4.8: Mean and standard deviation of Control Activities................................................53
Table 10: 4.9: Mean and standard deviation of Liquidity ...........................................................57
Table 11: 4.10: Mean and Standard deviation of Accountability ................................................58
Table 12: 4.11: Pearson’s Correlation analysis ..........................................................................59
Table 14: 4.13: Multiple Regressions ........................................................................................62

xiii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Internal controls refer to the measures instituted by an organization so as to ensure attainment of

the entity’s objectives, goals and missions. They are a set of policies and procedures adopted by

an entity in ensuring that an organization’s transactions are processed in the appropriate manner

to avoid waste, theft and misuse of organization resources. Internal Controls are processes

designed and effected by those charged with governance, management, and other personnel to

provide reasonable assurance about the achievement of an entity’s objectives with regard to

reliability of the financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of operations and compliance

with applicable laws and regulations (Mwindi, 2008). It is worth noting that internal controls

only provide reasonable but not absolute assurance to an entity’s management and board of

directors that the organization’s objectives will be achieved. “The likelihood of achievement is

affected by limitations inherent in all systems of internal control” (Hayes et al., 2005).

Organizations establish systems of internal control to help them achieve performance and

organizational goals, prevent loss of resources, enable production of reliable reports and ensure

compliance with laws and regulations.

1.1 Background to the study

There is a general perception that institution and enforcement of proper internal control systems

will always lead to improved financial performance. It is also a general belief that properly

instituted systems of internal control improve the reporting process and also give rise to reliable

reports which enhances the accountability function of management of an entity. Nevertheless,

1
available Literature still allude/point out that in spite of elaborate system of controls in

organizations, financial performance has been elusive in most of these organizations (OAG,

2010).

This study will be guided by “The Agency Theory” as initially put across by Jensen & Meckling,

(1976) and later expounded on by Gerrit Sarens & Mohammad J. Abdolmohammadi, (2010).

Gerrit & Mohammad theory also has connotations with the Theory of firm articulated by Nicolai

J. Foss et al. According to the agency theory a company consists of a nexus of contracts between

the owners of economic resources (the principals) and managers (the agents) who are charged

with using and controlling those resources (Jensen & Meckling, 1976). Agency theory posits that

agents have more information than principals and that this information asymmetry adversely

affects the principals’ ability to monitor whether or not their interests are being properly served

by agents. Furthermore, an assumption of agency theory is that principals and agents act

rationally and use contracting to maximize their wealth. A consequence of this assumption may

be the ‘moral hazard’ problem (Jensen & Meckling, 1976), indicating that in an effort to

maximize their own wealth, agents may face the dilemma of acting against the interests of their

principals. This will be expounded later during the literature review in Chapter two (2) of the

study. .

This Theory was chosen for this study simply because “Internal control is one of many

mechanisms used in business to address the agency problem” (Jensen and Payne 2003) and again

“studies have shown that internal control reduces agency costs” (Abdel-khalik 1993; Barefield et

al. 1993).

2
In the study, Internal control systems were construed to mean “ a process effected by the entity’s

board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance

regarding the achievement of objectives in the categories; reliability of financial reporting,

effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and compliance with applicable laws and

regulations.” (Ray & Kurt; 2001) While financial performance was considered in terms of

measures like profitability (using absolute and relative measures), liquidity (using liquidity ratios

like current ratio, acid test ratios, the ease with which the entity settles its financial obligations)

and Accountability (in terms of financial accountability) (ACCA- Managerial Finance Paper 8;

1998; and Panday;1996) . According to Dixon et al (1990), appropriate performance measures

are those which enable organizations to direct their actions towards achieving their strategic

objectives. On the other hand Stoner (2003), refers to performance as the ability to operate

efficiently, profitability, survive, grow and react to the environmental opportunities and threats.

For purposes of the study we adopted Ray and Kurt’s definition of internal control systems. In as

much as Internal control Systems are wide and numerous, for the sake of this study, Internal

control systems were limited to; the Control Environment, Internal Audit, and Control activities

whereas Financial performance was looked at basically from the three perspectives of Liquidity,

Accountability and Reporting.

In Uganda Martyrs University, financial performance is one aspect that has not been given the

attention it deserves. University staff have in a number of cases been given university resources

and have either failed to account for the resources entrusted to the them or have not made the

necessary accountabilities in time. University auditors have noted cases where funds are

advanced to UMU centres but six months elapse without the responsible officers providing the

necessary accountability.

3
Accountability needs to be accurate and timely so as to aid decision making. It should be noted

that International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) emphasize timely production of

financial reports. Ideally end of year financial statements should be produced within three

months following the end of the period to which the financial statements relate. With Uganda

Martyrs University, this has never been the case. Financial statements have often been produced

after more than six months.

1.2 Problem statement

Uganda Martyrs University has been in existence for over 15 years. Originally formed by

foresighted and committed Bishops of Uganda under Uganda Episcopal Conference, the

University has enjoyed continued support from the founders. Their continued involvement in the

affairs of the Institution in their supervisory capacity has ensured continuity and faster rise,

growth and prosperity to the extent of becoming one of the leading yet youngest University in

the country and the region at large.

The University has since its inception had management of the highest qualifications, caliber and

dedication. Management meets regularly (weekly) to review the affairs of the Institution and to

direct the strategic path of the University and to ensure continued goal congruence.

Systems have evolved over time and all the departments and units of the institution have

undergone positive transformations. Internal controls have been put in place to ensure safe

custody of all university assets; to avoid misuse or misappropriation of university assets and to

detect and safeguard against probable frauds.

4
The university employs world class professionals to fill all the keys departments and units. This

is ensured by the transparent and open system of selection and recruitment aided by the ably

staffed Human Resource department of the institution. All departments and units are adequately

staffed with qualified and competent staff. Continuous on job training and Continuing

Professional Development courses (CPDs) have always been given greatest priority with great

budget allocation for these trainings.

The University records and accounting systems have been refined overtime. The records

managers match internationally recognized professionals.

The University accounts and records are audited by professionally trained and recognized

auditors with international reputation. The University has always had an internal audit

department to help in compliance with the internal policies and procedures.

However despite all the above efforts, the University still struggles with Liquidity problems,

financial reports are not made timely, accountability for the University financial resources is still

wanting, frauds and misuse of institutional resources have been unearthed and a number of

decisions made have not yielded the expected results. This research will therefore attempt

investigate the persistent poor financial performance from the perspective of internal controls

which has hitherto been ignored.

1.3 Purpose or General Objective

The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between internal control systems and

financial performance in an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda.

5
1.4 Objectives or Specific Objectives

Internal controls in an organization are normally instituted to provide reasonable assurance about

the achievement of the entity’s objectives with regard to reliability of the financial reporting,

effectiveness and efficiency of operations and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

These will ultimately translate into improved financial performance. The study will therefore

attempt to establish the relationship between internal control systems and improvement financial

performance in an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda. In particular the researcher will

focus on the following specific objectives:

a) To examine the functionality of Internal Control systems in an Institutions of Higher

Learning in Uganda

b) To examine financial performance of an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda

c) To examine the relationship between internal control systems and financial performance

in an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda.

1.5 Research Questions/hypothesis

To achieve the above desired objectives the following research questions will be used:

i) What is the functionality of Internal Control Systems in Institutions of Higher

Learning in Uganda?

ii) What is the financial performance of Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda?

iii) What is the relationship between internal control systems’ functionality and financial

performance in an Higher Institution of Learning in Uganda?

6
1.6 Research Hypothesis:

The following research hypotheses is basically derived from the available literature but refined to

suit the scenario at hand:

H1: Control Environment Vs Financial Performance.

There is a relation between the control environment and the financial performance of Institutions

of Higher Learning in Uganda.

H2: Internal Audit Vs Financial Performance

An effective internal audit function is related with the financial performance of Institutions of

Higher Learning in Uganda

H3: Control Activities and Financial Performance.

Functionality of Internal Control activities and financial performance of higher Institutions of

Learning are related.

1.7 Scope of the study

The research will focus on the effectiveness internal control systems in Uganda Martyrs

University. Uganda Martyrs University has several campuses, centers and affiliated institutions,

the research will however focus on Nkozi main centre alone. This is mainly due to the fact the

majority of the other centers are just coming up and the internal controls implemented at the

other centers of UMU are a replica of the controls at the main center.

1.8 Justification
Financial performance is one area that is given a lot of prominence all over the world, it has been

widely researched. A lot of literature has been written on financial performance, and External

7
auditors normally place a lot of emphasis Internal controls as measure to ensure sustainable and

improved financial performance, however, it is the perception of the researcher that there are still

gaps in the research so far done. This study will therefore, try to establish the linkage between

internal controls and improved financial performance as measured by liquidity, accountability

and financial reporting.

1.9 Significance of the study

The results of the study will help identify gaps within the systems of internal control in

Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda. It is also the researcher’s belief that invaluable

benefits to management and those charged with governance in Institutions of Higher Learning

will emerge on how to streamline the systems of internal controls thus ensuring improved

financial performance and ultimately ensure attainment of the Institutional objectives. The study

will also add to the existing knowledge bank regarding internal controls

8
1.10 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Internal controls: Financial Performance:
• Control Environment • Liquidity
• Internal Audit • Accountability
• Control Activities • Reporting

INTERVENING VARIABLES
• Governing council policies
• National Council for Higher
Education
• Ministry of Education

Source: Developed from Literature review

From the above Conceptual framework, it is clear that Internal controls as an Independent

variable (as measured by the Control Environment, Internal Audit and the Control Activities)

affects Financial Performance a dependent variable (as measured by Liquidity of an Entity,

Financial Accountability and Financial Reporting). However, there also moderating factors

like Policies established by the Governing council, guidelines established by National

Council for higher Education and Framework governing higher Institution of learning as

established by the Ministry of Education and Sports.

9
1.11 Limitations

The major limitation of the study is that a lot of research has been done on Financial

Performance, but the Researcher wanted to deviate from the obvious. There is a general

perception that the study has been around for some time. The curiosity of the Researcher was

to answer the question; do the systems really work as expected?

The other limitation was the belief that the research may never be read, thus people may not

get the benefit of the study. It is therefore the Intention of the Researcher to write papers out

of the research and present them in conferences.

1.12 Chapter Summary

The chapter started with an introduction in which the concept of Internal Control systems

was put into perspective, this was followed by the background to the study in which we

brought out the general perception that Institution of systems of internal control will always

lead to improved performance, giving rise to improved reporting and also enhance the

accountability function of management. The Chapter proceeded with the problem statement

seeking the establish the persistence of poor financial performance in Uganda Martyrs

University despite continued support from the founders, having management of the highest

qualification, caliber and dedication, putting in place internal controls, employing world class

professionals , and having Auditors of International repute. The Chapter handled the purpose

of the study which is establishing the relationship between internal control systems and

financial performance. Objectives of the study were determined as; determining the

functionality of Internal Controls systems in an Institution of Higher Learning, Examining

10
the performance of an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda and examining the

relationship between Internal control systems and financial performance of an Institution of

Higher Learning in Uganda.

The chapter handled Research questions which are basically derived from the Research

objectives. The research hypothesis was handled in which it is believed that there is a

relationship between the control environment and the performance of institutions of higher

learning, that an effective internal audit department is related with financial performance of

institutions of higher learning, and that functionality of internal control activities and

financial performance in institutions of higher learning are related.

The scope was determined as covering Uganda Martyrs University main campus though the

results are assumed to be applicable to other centers of UMU as well as other Institutions of

Higher Learning. The chapter tackled the justification and significance of the research, where

the justification was to determine the relationship between Internal controls and improved

financial performance whereas the significance of the research was to help Institutions of

higher learning and those charged with governance in determining the link between Internal

controls and financial performance. A diagrammatical representation linking internal

controls (in particular the control environment, internal audit and control activities) and

finance performance was done. Lastly the chapter handled limitations which basically

included the fact that the study has been widely done before and that the research may never

be read.

11
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The research was intended to assess the effect of internal controls on financial performance with

emphasis in Institutions of higher learning. The review of available literature therefore attempted

to establish whether there is a correlation between Internal Control systems as an Independent

variable and financial performance as a dependent variable. The review particularly focused on

Control environment, Internal Audit and Control activities as the main components of Internal

Control. The other components of internal control were ignored for purposes of this research.

The review also examined financial performance and in particular focusing on Liquidity,

Accountability and Reporting. All other financial performance measures were ignored for

purposes of the study. The review examined the common systems of internal controls employed

by organizations. The review also tried to determine the main objectives systems of internal

control are normally intended to achieve.

The ultimate objective of this review was therefore to examine the relationship between internal

controls systems and financial performance. The review examined the theory surrounding

systems of internal control and the methods used by previous researchers in dealing with internal

control systems.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

The Agency Theory

Agency Theory describes firms as necessary structures to maintain contracts, and through firms,

it is possible to exercise control which minimizes opportunistic behavior of agents. Accordingly,

Barlie and Means (1932) posit that in order to harmonize the interests of the agent and the
12
principal, a comprehensive contract is written to address the interest of both the agent and the

principal. They further explain that the relationship is further strengthened by the principal

employing an expert to monitor the agent. This position is also supported by Coarse (1937) who

maintains that the contract provides for conflict resolution between the agent and principal, the

principal determines the work and agent undertakes the work. He however, proposes that the

principal suffers shirking which deprives him or her from benefiting from the work of the agent.

Nevertheless, the theory recognizes the incomplete information about the relationship, interests

or work performance of the agent described as adverse selection and moral hazard. Coarse

(1937) explains that moral hazard and adverse selection affects the output of the agent in two

ways; not doing exactly what the agent is appointed to do, and not possessing the requisite

knowledge about what should be done. This therefore, affects the overall performance of the

relationship as well as the benefits of the principal in form of cash residual.

Other related reviews include; The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) which requires

companies to report on the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting as part

of an overall effort to reduce fraud and restore integrity to the financial reporting process

John J. Morris .(2011) asserts that software vendors that market enterprise resource planning

(ERP) systems have taken advantage of this new focus on internal controls by emphasizing that a

key feature of ERP systems is the use of “built-in” controls that mirror a firm’s infrastructure.

They emphasize these features in their marketing literature, asserting that these systems will help

firms improve the effectiveness of their internal controls as required by SOX.

Internal control is one of many mechanisms used in business to address the agency problem.

Others include financial reporting, budgeting, audit committees, and external audits (Jensen and

13
Payne 2003). Studies have shown that internal control reduces agency costs (Abdel-khalik 1993;

Barefield et al. 1993), with some even arguing that firms have an economic incentive to report on

internal control, even without the requirements of SOX (Deumes and Knechel 2008). Their

argument assumes that providing this additional information to the principal (shareholder) about

the behaviour of the agent (management) reduces information asymmetry and lowers investor

risk and, therefore, the cost of equity capital. Other research has found that weaknesses in

internal controls are associated with increased levels of earnings management (Chan et al. 2008;

Ashbaugh et al. (2008). Earnings management is the agency problem that motivated SOX

legislation in the first place, specifically earnings manipulation by Enron, WorldCom, etc.

Internal controls have played a major role in moderating the agency problem in corporations for

many years. Accordingly, Samson et al. (2006) document several internal control procedures

used by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as early as 1831.

During the 1980s, several high-profile audit failures led to creation of the Committee of

Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), organized for the purpose of

redefining internal control and the criteria for determining the effectiveness of an internal control

system (Simmons 1997). They studied the causal factors that can lead to fraudulent financial

reporting and developed recommendations for public companies, independent auditors,

educational institutions, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), and other regulators

(COSO 1985). The product of their work is known as the COSO Internal Control—Integrated

Framework (Simmons 1997).The framework also points out that controls are most effective

when they are “built into” the entity’s infrastructure (COSO 1992,) and further states that “built

in controls support quality and empowerment initiatives, avoid unnecessary costs and enable

quick response to changing conditions” (COSO 1992)

14
At the turn of the century, another group of corporate scandals resulted in enactment of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) which, among other things, requires a formal report on the

effectiveness of internal controls. The COSO framework plays a key role in compliance because

Section 404 of the Act requires companies to include in their annual report, a separate

management report on the company’s internal control over financial reporting and an attestation

report issued by a registered public accounting firm.

John J. Morris. (2011) separates internal controls into those that are general (entity-wide)

controls from those that are specific (account-level) controls. He believes that if management

was overriding control features in order to manage earnings, then one would expect to find more

Internal Control Weaknesses related to general controls, even if the specific (account-level)

controls are effective. This type of behaviour should be uncovered during the audit process since

this is an area of concern specifically identified in Auditing Standard No. 5, Paragraph 24, which

states that “entity-level controls include controls over management override.” On the other hand,

a stronger argument could be made that if general controls are in place and working, then one

would expect to find less Internal Control Weaknesses related to general controls.

In their publication Whittington and Pany (2001), attempt to explain the meaning, significance of

Internal Controls, and the Components of a Company’s internal controls. They also attempt to

explain the relevancy of internal controls in large scale business organizations. In their book

while borrowing the definition of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO); Internal

Control- Integrated Framework, Whittington & Pany.2001 define Internal control as “a process

effected by the entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide

reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories;

15
reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and compliance with

applicable laws and regulations.” They emphasize that internal controls is a process and not an

end in or of itself. They note that internal controls provide reasonable but not absolute assurance

about the attainment of an entity’s objectives. Gupta, (2001) also acknowledges that internal

controls can only provide reasonable assurance that management objectives will be achieved.

This is basically due to the inherent limitations of internal controls

In the Executive Summary of “Enterprise Risk Management-Integrated Framework” 2004 by the

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO, 2004), of the Treadway Commission, Internal

controls have been incorporated into policies, rules and regulations to help organizations achieve

their established objectives. This is in line with Pany, Gupta and Hayes’ assertion that internal

controls are meant to help an organization achieve its objectives. The COSO commission was

partly instituted in response to a series of high profile scandals and business failures where

stakeholders (particularly Investors) suffered tremendous losses. This study however differs in

that it is done for an institution that is not ailing though there are reported incidences of scandals

and financial misfeasance. The end results should therefore aid the preventive mechanism rather

than being reactionary. Entities exist to provide value to its stakeholders but are normally face

with uncertainty. Uncertainty presents risks and opportunities.

2.3 Actual Review of related Literature

2.3.1 Internal Controls systems and financial performance

According to Hayes et al., 2005 internal control comprises five components; the control

environment, the entity’s risk assessment process, the information and communication systems,

control activities and the monitoring of controls. However, for purposes of this study, the

research will narrow down to only three components of the internal control system. These are;

16
the control environment, internal audit and control activities. The other components of the

internal control systems will be held constant.

Gupta (2001) drawing from Statements of Standard Auditing Practices No. 6 (SAP 6) defines

Internal control as “the plan of organization and all the methods and procedures adopted by the

management of an entity to assist in achieving management objectives of ensuring as far as

practicable, the orderly and efficient conduct of its business, including adherence to management

policies, the safeguarding of assets, prevention and detection of fraud and error, the accuracy and

completeness of accounting records and the timely preparation of reliable financial information”.

It is therefore worth noting from the above that; properly instituted systems of internal control

will ensure; completeness of all transactions undertaken by an entity, that the entity’s assets are

safeguarded from theft and misuse, that transactions in the financial statements are stated at the

appropriate amounts, that all assets in the company’s financial statements do exist, that all the

assets presented in the company’s financial statements are recoverable and that the entity’s

transactions are presented in the appropriate manner according to the applicable reporting

framework (ACCA- Audit and Assurance Services)

Internal control is the term generally used to describe how management assures that an

organization does meet its financial and other objectives. Internal control systems not only

contribute to managerial effectiveness but are also important duties of corporate boards of

directors. (Verschoor; 1999).

Hitt, Hoskisson, Johnson, and Moesel (1996) argued that there are two types of major internal

controls associated with the management of large firms, particularly diversified firms, which

have an important effect on firm innovation, these are; strategic controls and financial controls.

Strategic controls entail the use of long-term and strategically relevant criteria for the evaluation

17
of business-level managers' actions and performance. Strategic controls emphasize largely

subjective and sometimes intuitive criteria for evaluation (Gupta, 1987). The use of strategic

controls requires that corporate managers have a deep understanding of business-level operations

and markets. Such controls also require a rich information exchange between corporate and

divisional managers (Hoskisson, Hitt, & Ireland, 1994).

On the other hand, financial controls entail objective criteria such as return on investment (ROI)

in the evaluation of business-level managers' performance. They are similar to what Ouchi

(1980) and Eisenhardt (1985) referred to as outcome controls. Thus, top-level managers establish

financial targets for each business and measure the business-level managers' performance against

those targets. Such an approach can be problematic when the degree of interdependence among

business units is high. Thus, emphasis on financial controls requires each division's performance

to be largely independent.

As a firm grows especially through acquisition, it also grows in complexity and the number of

units that corporate executives must oversee and manage (thereby increasing their spans of

control). Clearly, each acquisition increases corporate managers' need for information

processing, sometimes dramatically so. These changes make it difficult for corporate managers

to use strategic controls. To reduce information-processing demands, they may change their

emphasis from strategic to financial controls. (Michael A. Hitt, et al)

The three major categories of management objectives comprise; effective operations, financial

reporting and compliance (Hayes et al., 2005). Effective operations are about safeguarding the

assets of the organization. The physical assets like cash, non physical assets like receivables,

important documents and records of the company can be stolen, misused or accidentally

destroyed unless they are protected by adequate controls. The goal of financial control requires

18
accurate information for internal decision because management has a legal and professional

responsibility to ensure that information is prepared fairly in accordance with applicable

accounting standards. Organizations are equally required to comply with many laws and

regulations including company laws, tax laws and environment protection laws.

The authoritative 1994 Principles of Corporate Governance of the American Law Institute

recommends that “every large publicly held corporation should have an audit committee that

would review on a periodic basis . . . the corporation’s internal controls . . .”

According to Verschoor, (1999), approximately three-quarters of the 500 largest publicly held

U.S. corporations voluntarily make a public assertion of management’s responsibilities for

properly reporting financial results and also maintaining an effective system of internal control.

These management statements on internal control are contained in the company’s annual report

to shareholders. He asserts that; virtually all of these companies report using the same strategies

to execute management’s internal control responsibilities. These include references to

segregation of functions, programs of selection and training of personnel, the results of an

internal auditing function, oversight from the audit committee of the board of directors, and the

work of the company’s external auditors.

Verschoor believes that management declarations about internal controls represent a

management commitment and are not just a promotional statement.

2.3.1.1 Control Environment

Whittington and Pany (2001) note that the control environment sets the tone of the organization

by influencing the control consciousness of people. They further assert that control environment

is viewed as the foundation for all the other components of internal control. Control environment

factors include; integrity and ethical values of personnel responsible for creating, administering,

19
and monitoring the controls, commitment and competence of persons performing assigned

duties, board of directors or audit committees (especially the extent of their independence from

management, experience & stature), management philosophy and operating style (in terms of

their aggressiveness or conservativeness which may determine the level of risk they may take

on), and Organizational structure (which may be a well organized structure that provides for

proper planning, directing and controlling operations or a disorganized structure that may only

serve to confuse the key players by creating unclear roles). Control environment has several

factors, however, for purposes of this research, the review will focus on Management philosophy

and operating style, the integrity and ethical values of personnel that create and administer

controls, and audit committees and board of directors. For purposes of the study, board of

directors will be represented by the Governing council and the various committees of Council. ,

Whittington and Pany also believe that these factors set a basis upon which the other internal

control components can be built. They also provide a framework within which the other

components operate. However, these assertions have not always held true, since management in

organizations has always overridden these controls, the lack of mentoring has always led to

collapse of controls. The independence of audit committee has largely been theoretical in most

organizations. Boards of directors have on several occasions had very little time for company

affairs, implying that their supervisory role has always been wanting. It is equally worth noting

that most of the board members’ selection is largely political and a reflection of the political

allegiance. They most of the cases lack the experience and exposure to determine the strategic

direction of the organization. Board of directors, ought to supervise the management of an

entity, but it has always turned out that Board members merely implement recommendations of

the management committee of an institution.

20
The audit committee, as a subcommittee of the board of directors, plays a role in protecting the

owners’ interests by monitoring management’s actions, in terms of financial reporting, risk

management and internal control (DeZoort et al., 2002; Spira, 2002). On the other hand, an

active audit committee could consider the internal audit function as a necessary source of

information to execute its monitoring responsibilities (Raghunandan et al., 2001; Sarens et al.,

2009; Scarborough et al., 1998), thus the audit committee may push for better staffed internal

audit functions.

The study by Wallace & Kreutzfeldt (1991) was among the first to demonstrate the importance

of the control environment in explaining the existence of an internal audit function. More

recently, Goodwin-Stewart & Kent (2006) provided evidence that the existence of an internal

audit function is related to the level of commitment to risk management. Recent case studies on

internal auditing in Belgium illustrate the importance of the control environment when studying

internal auditing practices. Sarens & De Beelde (2006a, 2006b) found that certain control

environment characteristics (e.g., tone-at-the-top, level of risk and control awareness, extent to

which responsibilities related to risk management and internal controls are clearly defined and

communicated) are significantly related to the role of the internal audit function within an

organization. The tone-at-the-top refers to a company’s ethical values, management’s philosophy

and operating style (Cohen et al., 2002) which are reflected by the company’s code of conduct or

code of ethics.

Based on Sarens & De Beelde (2006), we assume that when the company pursues integrity and

clear ethical values reflected in a formal code of conduct/ethics, the internal audit function will

take on greater importance. This is because the internal audit function is often seen as a way of

21
translating and communicating the tone-at-the-top throughout the company (Sarens et al., 2009).

Therefore, management is more likely to invest in a relatively larger internal audit function.

The American Bar Association (ABA) directors’ guidebook states that “an important aspect of

the board’s responsibility, often referred to the audit committee, is oversight of the corporation’s

policies and procedures regarding compliance with law and significant corporate policies.”

Internal control systems not only contribute to managerial effectiveness but are also important duties of

corporate boards of directors. Accounting literature likewise emphasizes the importance of an

organization’s integrity and ethical values in maintaining an effective control system (Verschoor,

1999).

A focus on integrity and ethical values was the principal contribution of Internal Control—

Integrated Framework published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the

Treadway Commission (on fraudulent financial reporting.)

To trigger independence of auditors, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

(AICPA) Auditing Standards Board issued Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 78. This

statement requires auditors to perform procedures on every audit to enable them to understand

their client’s control environment including integrity and ethical values. In other words, auditors

are specifically required to determine whether their clients’ ethical controls are operating. SAS

No. 78 points out that ethical values and other elements of the control environment permeate the

culture of an organization and affect the strength of all other controls

2.3.1.2 Internal Audit and Financial performance.

Whittington & Pany (2001) suggest that internal auditing is performed as part of the monitoring

activity of an organization. It involves investigating and appraising internal controls and the

22
efficiency with which the various units of the organization are performing their assigned

functions. An Internal Auditor is normally interested in determining whether a department has a

clear understanding of its assignment, is adequately staffed, maintains good records, properly

safeguarding cash, inventory & other assets and cooperates harmoniously with other departments

. The internal auditor normally reports to the top management.

Gupta (2001) on the other hand asserts that “Internal audit is an independent appraisal function

established within an Organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the

organization”. The objective of internal audit is to assist members of the organization in the

effective discharge of their responsibilities. According to Gupta “the scope of internal audit is

determined by management”. This may however, impair the internal auditor’s objectivity and

hampers his independence, it is quite hard to report negatively on someone who determines the

scope your work. Although at a Seminar organized by the Institute of Certified Public

Accountants of Uganda (ICPAU), Sebbowa, 2009 in his presentation “The role of Internal Audit

function in Organizations”, states that “Independence is established by organizational and

reporting structure” and that “Objectivity is achieved by an appropriate mindset”.

Sebbowa, 2009 also defines “Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and

consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an

organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate

and improve the effectiveness of risk management control and governance processes”.

He further mentions the principles of Internal audit to include; Integrity, Objectivity,

Confidentiality and Competency. However, given that Internal Auditors are appointed by

management, report to management, and are employees of an organizations, their objectivity is

usually highly compromised.

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In accordance to Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA-UK; 1997), independence is applicable to all

categories of auditors. This means the opportunity granted to the auditors to report directly to the

top authority. Woolf (1986), says, although an internal auditor is an employee of the enterprise

and cannot therefore be independent of it, he should be able to plan and carryout his work as he

wishes and have access to the highest level of management. However, Millichamp (1993) says,

effective internal audit should be carried out by an independent personnel though they are

employees appointed by management, for them to work efficiently, they should have scope to

arrange priorities and activities have un restricted access to records, assets and personnel

According to Bhatia (2003), Internal Auditing is the review of operations and records sometimes

undertaken within the business by especially assigned staff. It’s also an independent appraisal

function established within an organization to examine and evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency

and economy of managements control system (Subramaniam, 2006). Its objective is to provide

management with re-assurance that their internal control systems are adequate for the need of the

organization and are operating satisfactorily (Reid & Ashelby, 2002). It is a component of the

internal control system set-up by management of an enterprise to examine, evaluate and report

operations of accounting and other controls. The quality and effectiveness of internal audit

procedures in practice are necessary since internal auditors cover a wide variety of assignments,

not all of which will relate to accounting areas in which the external auditor is interested. For

example, it’s common these days for internal audit to undertake the extensive and continuous

task of setting management goals and monitoring its performance (Woolf, 1996).

Emasu (2010) notes that “The effectiveness of internal audit function partly depends on; legal

and regulatory framework, placement of the function and its independence, existence of audit

24
committees, resources allocated to the function and professionalism of internal audit staff”. It is

however a bitter reality that internal audit departments are rarely adequately facilitated.

Regarding the size and facilitation of the Internal Audit Function, Gerrit and Mohammad (2010),

found evidence in support of the monitoring role of the Internal Audit Function. They

specifically, found evidence that management ownership is positively related to the relative size

of the Internal Audit Function, which is inconsistent with traditional agency theory arguments

that predict a negative relationship, but more in line with recent studies on earnings management.

This finding suggests that increased management ownership may influence the board of directors

to support larger Internal Audit Functions to allow them to closely monitor managers’

performance. It is also plausible that management with higher share ownership is motivated to

invest in larger Internal Audit Function for better monitoring of earnings and for signalling to the

board of directors that, despite their high stake in earnings, they are convinced that appropriate

use of resources has to be assessed on a regular basis.

Gerrit and Mohammad also believe that the proportion of independent board members to have a

negative effect on Internal Audit Function size. This finding may indicate a substitution effect,

which means that independent board members may be considered as an alternative monitoring

mechanism to the Internal Audit Function. They further assert that the control environment has a

significant effect on the relative size of the Internal Audit Function. Specifically, a supportive

control environment characterized by formalized integrity and clear ethical values, a high level

of risk and control awareness, the perception that risk management is important and the fact that

responsibilities with respect to risk management and internal control are clearly defined is

associated with a relatively larger Internal Audit Function.

25
Using a US sample, Wallace & Kreutzfeldt (1991) found that companies with internal audit

departments are observed to be significantly larger, more highly regulated, more competitive,

more profitable, more liquid, more conservative in their accounting policies, more competent in

their management and accounting personnel, and subject to better management controls. Carey et

al. (2000) found that agency variables do not explain the voluntary use of internal audit by

Australian family firms. More recently, a study by Goodwin-Stewart & Kent (2006), using a

sample of Australian listed companies, shows that the existence of an Internal Audit Function is

positively associated with firm size and commitment to risk management.

Sarens & De Beelde (2006) also show that the risk and control awareness have an influence on

the scope of the Internal Audit Function. These results suggest that when management is aware

of risks and control activities, they are more likely to understand the role of the Internal Audit

Function in monitoring risk and control activities, thus it is more likely that they will support a

relatively larger Internal Audit Function (Sarens & De Beelde, 2006a; Selim & McNamee,

1999).

Meigs et al (1988) holds that there must be a strong internal control system and the internal

auditor must verify the operations of the system in much the same way, as the external auditor. It

involves the investigation, recording, identification and review of compliance tests of control,

they also argued that effective internal audit procedures provide sufficient relevant and reliable

evidence in order to detect and prevent fraud.

Kochan (1993), considers auditing procedures in one company and describes steps taken in

implementing a quality assurance system, she discusses the use of internal audits as an essential

part of ISO 9000 certification process. Boakye-Bonsu (1999) asserts that internal audit

procedures are seen as ends in themselves rather than a means towards a specific objective, with

26
such an approach our rambler would undoubtedly get lost. Internal audit procedure is a form and

content manual that includes audits notes and responsibilities, documentation standards, local

reporting standards and targets, training requirements and expectations and performance

measures and indicators (Watts, 1999). Effectiveness is the achievement of goals and objectives

using factor measures provided for in determining such achievement. However, it has been

traditional in internal auditing that determination of internal auditing effectiveness can be

accomplished by evaluating the quality and effectiveness of internal auditing procedures that

result in determination by the internal auditors of the character and the quality of effectiveness of

the auditee’s control operations and if the auditing procedures are effectively carried out, then

the evaluative results are positive (Dittenhofer, 2001). Maitin (1994) says efficiency and

effectiveness of internal audit procedures is not a simple task, successful operation is governed

by the extent to which the element of internal audit procedures receive attention which include;

expertise, independence, objectivity and totality. Effectiveness of internal audit procedures is a

measure of the ability of the programme to produce a desired effect or a result that can be

qualitatively measured (Harvey, 2004). Zabihollah (2001) argues that, there should be effective

internal audit procedures to ensure reliability of financial statements, operational reports,

safeguarding corporate assets and effective organizational controls. Benston (2003) further

supplements that perception and ownership, organization and governance framework, legislation,

improved professionalism and resources were identified as functions in the public sector derived

from the effectiveness of the internal audit procedures. How far internal audit procedures

succeed in their effort of effectiveness is mainly judged by three factors that include; frequency

of irregularities committed by the staff in the organization in form of errors or fraud, the

27
promptness with which such irregularities are detected by the authorities and the planning which

makes possible repetition of such irregularities in future more difficult (Reid & Ashelby, 2002).

Earnest and Young (1995), the work of the internal auditor should appear to be properly planned,

controlled, recorded and reviewed. Examples of the due professional care by the internal auditor

are the existence of an adequate audit manual, general internal audit plans, procedures for

controlling individual assignments and satisfactory arrangements for reporting and following up.

2.3.1.3 Control Activities

Ray and Pany (2001) also mention Control activities as another component of Internal controls.

They note that control activities are policies and procedures that help ensure that management

directives are carried out. Controls activities in an organization basically comprise; performance

reviews (comparing actual performance with budgets, forecasts and prior period performance),

information processing (necessary to check accuracy, completeness and authorization of

transactions), physical controls (necessary to provide security over both records and other

assets), and segregation of duties (where no one person should handle all aspects of a transaction

from the beginning to the end).

The last component of internal control according to Ray and Pany is monitoring. This is aimed at

ensuring that the internal controls continue to operate as intended. This can be achieved through

ongoing monitoring or separate evaluations. Separate evaluations are non routine monitoring

activities such as period audits by the internal auditors.

2.3.2 Financial performance

According to Stoner (2003), performance refers to the ability to operate efficiently, profitability,

survive grow and react to the environmental opportunities and threats. In agreement with this,

28
Sollenberg & Anderson (1995) asserts that, performance is measured by how efficient the

enterprise is in use of resources in achieving its objectives. It is the measure of attainment

achieved by an individual, team, organization or process (EFQM, 1999).

Hitt, et al (1996) believes that many firms' low performance is the result of poorly performing

assets (businesses). Low performance from poorly performing assets is often related to strategic

errors made in the acquisition process in earlier years. For example, some firms acquire

businesses with unrealistic expectations of achieving synergy between the acquired assets and

their current sets of assets. A common reason for such errors is managerial hubris (Roll, 1986) or

overvaluation of managerial capability in the acquisition process.

Measures of financial performance

According to Dixon et al (1990), appropriate performance measures are those which enable

organizations to direct their actions towards achieving their strategic objectives. Kotey &

Meredith (1997) contends that, performance is measured by either subjective or objective

criteria, arguments for subjective measures include difficulties with collecting qualitative

performance data from small firms and with reliability of such data arising from differences in

accounting methods used by firms. Kent (1994) found out that, objective performance measures

include indicators such as profit growth, revenue growth, return on capital employed.

Financial consultants Stern Stewart & Co. created Market Value Added (MVA), a measure of the

excess value a company has provided to its shareholders over the total amount of their

investments. This ranking is based on eight more traditional aspects of financial performance

including: total return for one and three years, sales growth for one and three years, profit growth

for one and three years, net margin, and return on equity. Verschoor however, mentions other

financial measures to include value of long-term investment, financial soundness, and use of

29
corporate assets. He also talks of non financial performances measures to include; innovation,

ability to attract, develop, and keep talented people, quality of management, quality of products

or services, and community and environmental responsibility.

Hitt, et al., (1996) mention accounting- based performance using three indicators: return on

assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and return on sales (ROS). Each measure was calculated

by dividing net income by total assets, total common equity, and total net sales, respectively.

Survival

According to Kotler (1992), strong performer firms are those that can stay in business for a good

number of years. Dwivedi (2002) also found out that, the ability of a firm to survive in business

in an indicator of good financial performance.

Richardson, Sonny & Suzan (1994) found out that, 38 active British businesses went into

liquidation in the third quarter of 1992 and in 1991 a total of 21,827 businesses failed compared

to 15,051 in 1990. However in Uganda, about 90% of Ugandan SMEs collapse within 3 years

Katuntu (2005). This is therefore an indicator of poor financial performance.

2.3.2.1 Liquidity

Hitt, et al (1996) mention current ratio (current assets/current liabilities) as a standard measure of

liquidity in organisations. Baysinger, (1989) also emphasized the importance of current ratio as a

measure of an organisation’s liquidity. Other measures of Liquidity according to ACCA and

Panday (1996) are; Acid test ratio (i.e. Current Assets less Inventory/Current Liabilities).

2.3.2.2 Accountability
According to Hayes, et al., 2005, Managers need regular financial reports so as to make informed

decisions. Reporting (particularly financial reports) is one way through which managers make

30
accountability for the resources entrusted to them. Emasu (2010) asserts that Accountability can

be political, social or financial accountability.

2.3.2.3 Reporting

Whittington & Pany (2001), talk about the comprehensiveness of internal controls in addressing

the achievement of objectives in the areas of financial reporting, operations and compliance with

laws and regulations. They further note that “Internal control also includes the program for

preparing, verifying and distributing to the various levels of management those current reports

and analyses that enable executives to maintain control over the variety of activities and

functions that are performed in a large organization”

They mention internal control devices to include; use of budgetary techniques, production

standards, inspection laboratories, employee training and time & motion studies among others.

According Bakibinga 2001, corporate law requires a divorce between ownership and

management of an entity. Owners normally entrust their resources in the hands of managers.

Managers are required to use the resources entrusted to them in the furtherance of the entity’s

objectives. Managers normally report to the owners on the results of their stewardship for the

resources entrusted to them through a medium called financial statements. It is these financial

statements that reveal the financial performance of an entity.

John J. Morris (2011) believes that Enterprise Resource Planning systems provide a mechanism

to deliver fast, accurate financial reporting with built-in controls that are designed to ensure the

accuracy and reliability of the financial information being reported to shareholders.

31
2.4 Conclusion

From the Literature review, several researchers seem to concur that there is a relationship

between Internal Control Systems and financial performance of an organization. These

conclusions will however be confirmed or dispelled after empirical evidence has been obtained

from the research.

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This Chapter focuses on the methods that were used to collect data and analyze it. It greatly

concerns the research design, the population that was studied, the sample selection procedures

and sampling techniques used, data collection, methods of verifying reliability and validity of

data and methods, matters regarding ethics and the limitations of the methodology used as well

as the conclusions drawn from the methodologies used.

3.1 Research design

The study was conducted using a combination of Research designs particularly Surveys,

Correlation and Case study. Survey (according to Oso and Onen, 2008) “present an oriented

methodology used to investigate population by selecting samples to analyze and discover

occurrences”. The same Authors explain Correlation as the determination of whether or not and

to what extent an association exists between two or more variables. They also note that case

study is “an Intensive descriptive and holistic analysis of a single entity or a bounded case”.

Survey was used for its economy, rapid data collection and ability to understand a population

from a part (Oso and Onen, 2008). Correlation was used as a means of trying to examine the

relationship between internal control systems and financial performance. Case study was used

since UMU was chosen as a representative of an institution of higher learning where results of

the study can be replicated and applied to other Institutions of higher learning. Case study was

33
also chosen because the study focused on the main campus as a representative of other UMU

centers.

3.3 Study Population

The study will focus on finance and finance related departments of the University targeting

particularly Finance and Accounts personnel, Deans, Associate Deans and Heads of Departments

of the University. The University has a 270 full time staff (UMU HR 2010). Currently Finance

and Accounts offices have 14 members of staff (UMU HR 2011). All these are expected to be

interviewed. The financial management process of the University involves a cross section of

individual and most importantly the departmental heads of the university (especially during the

budgeting process). This was basically due to the decentralized policy adopted by the University.

The Units of analysis therefore included all Deans, Associate Deans, Department heads, and

Finance and Accounts staff of the University.

3.4 Area of the study

The study focused on UMU main campus and focusing particularly of internal controls

(particularly control environment, internal audit and control activities) operated at the main

campus.

3.5 Sample size and Sampling Selection techniques

The study basically targeted top and middle level management members because they are the

Custodians of Internal control. Accordingly, all departmental heads were targeted as respondent,

however, greater emphasis was laid on capturing members in Finance and Finance related

offices. The objective was to interview at least 75% of the departmental heads and all staff in

finance and accounts related offices. The researcher therefore used purposive sampling

34
techniques in selecting Interviewees with an option of replacing those who didn’t wish to

respond to the Researcher’s plea.

Purposive sampling is where the Researcher consciously decides who to include in the sample. It

was used simply because the study was targeting basically custodians of the internal control

systems. It also ensured that only people with relevant information are sampled.

3.6 Data source & methods of data collection

Data was collected using both primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary data

was gathered basically through structured questionnaires and interviews with “Key informant

members” Secondary data on the other hand was gathered through review of available financial

records like Audited Financial Statements, Auditors Management letters and other University

Publications. The Researcher also used a combination of structured questionnaires and

interviews. According to Oso and Onen, (2008) questionnaires are a data collection technique in

which the respondents respond to the number of items in writing. Questionnaires were chosen

simply because of the time limitation and partly because the Research was dealing with an elite

community (respondents).

Interviews were the other data collection technique used by the Researcher. They were used as a

way of supplementing the questionnaires already filled, but at the same time they would enable

the Researcher probe further into the responses given in the questionnaires especially given the

importance of the research and the specialized nature of the topic under study.

Data was basically collected from Deans, Associate Deans, Departmental heads or their

Assistants, Management Committee members, Finance and Accounts staff.

35
3.7 Data Management and analysis

The study targeted departmental heads, management committee members and finance and

accounts personnel to form Units of analysis. The collected Data was fed into computer

programs (using particularly the Statistical Package for Social Scientist with the help of an

Expert) for easy analysis and interpretation of results.

The data was analyzed using both statistical and narrative methods. Correlation was used as a

way of assessing the relationship between internal controls and financial performance. Narrative

analysis was used to explain the qualitative results of the survey.

3.8 Reliability and Validity

The reliability was ensured by testing the instruments for the reliability of values (Alpha values)

as recommended by Cronbatch, (1946). Cronbatch recommends analysis for Alpha values for

each variable under study. According to Sekaran 2001 Alpha values for each variable under

study should not be less than 0.6 for the statements in the Instruments to be deemed reliable.

Consequently, all the statements under each variable were subjected to this test and were proven

to be above 0.6.

The validity of the data collection instruments was done with the help of an Expert (the

Researcher’s Supervisor) to edit the questionnaire and the Interview guide. The Researcher

forwarded the structured Questionnaire to Supervisor who is an expert in the area covered by the

research for editing and reviewing.

36
Table 1: 3.1: Reliability table

Constructs Alpha Values

Control Environment 0.88
Internal Audit 0.83
Control Activities 0.87
Liquidity 0.70
Accountability 0.72

The table above (3.1) reveals that all the variables have Alpha Values above 0.6 mark
recommended by Sekaran. Therefore all the variables in the instrument are deemed reliable.

3.9 Ethical consideration

Ethical considerations were taken into consideration by first seeking authorization the top

management of the University. Questionnaires were structured in such a way that there was no

mention of the Interviewee’s name. A statement as to the strict confidentiality with which data

will be held was expressly stated in the questionnaire. Further, responding was optional,

basically explaining the reason for replacing respondents who didn’t wish to respond as

mentioned in the “Sample Size and Sample Selection techniques” above. Ethical considerations

were also taken care of by the researcher briefing the respondents as to the purpose of the

research, their relevance in the research process, and expectations from them.

3.10 Limitations

The study Research has the following Limitations:

• Study area. The study was conducted using one Institution; Uganda Martyrs University

(case study), with an assumption that the results can be replicated and applied to any

other Institution of higher learning yet institutions differ. Some Institution are

Government owned, other are private, some are formed with a profit motive yet other are

not. It was not economically feasible nor operationally possible to study all institutions

37
 of higher learning, thus culminating into the choice on institution (Uganda Martyrs

University) so as to have an in-depth understanding of effects of internal controls systems

on the financial performance of institutions of higher learning. This however does not

vitiate the results of the study since almost all institutions of higher learning seem to have

similar or related objectives and have the same clientele

• Sample size used. The Researcher used Deans, Associate deans, Heads of departments

and staff in Finance and Finance related offices yet the University has several staff,

implying that valuable information could have been left out among the un-sampled staff

members. The time allocated to the study could not permit inclusion of other staff who

are not directly involved with Internal control systems of the institution, even though

some of them could have had very valuable information in the area under study. It is

however presumed that a greater proportion of the unsampled staff’s ideas were captured

through their representation by the Deans, Associate deans, Departmental heads,

Management Committee members and Finance and Accounts staff members, especially

given that the mentioned staff are the custodians of internal controls or are the ones

greatly involved with the Internal control systems of the institution.

• The design of the research is cross section, implying that it is short term in nature. It is

therefore likely not to capture an in-depth understanding of the situation.

38
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the output of data analysis. The presentations are in form of tables and

statements. The presentation is according to the objectives of the study and the hypotheses

generated.

4.1 Quantitative data presentation and discussions

The background information of respondents was deemed necessary because the ability of the

respondents to give satisfactory information on the study variables greatly depends on their

background. The background information of respondents solicited data on the samples and this

has been presented below categorized into; gender, education levels, position held, age and

length of service in the organization.

4.1.1 Gender characteristics of respondents

The study examines and describes the gender details of respondents in this study and details of

their respective gender is presented in table 4.1 below

Table 2: 3.2: Gender characteristics of respondents

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 23 60.5
Female 15 39.5
Total 38 100.0
Source: Primary data
Table: 4. 2 above reveals that 60% of the respondents were males and 40% were female. This

could indicate that there are still low levels of employment of females in institutions of higher

learning in Uganda. The findings represent the views of the two sex groups about internal control

39
systems and financial performance in institutions of higher learning. This was necessary for the

study to get a balanced picture of the respondents’ views.

4.1.2 Education characteristics of respondents

Details about the education levels of respondents were obtained and the results are revealed in

table 4.2 below;

Table 3: 4.3: Education Levels of Respondents

Qualification Frequency Percent

Diploma 2 5.3
Bachelor 7 18.4
Masters 23 60.5
PhD 5 13.2
Other 1 2.6
Total 38 100.0
Source: Primary data

In table 4.2 above, it can be revealed that majority of respondents who are also the employees

show that they hold masters degree, followed by bachelors, PhD, diplomas and others in the

orders of 60%, 18%, 13%, 5% and 3% respectively. This means that the respondents are

adequately qualified persons academically.

4.1.3 Description of the Positions of respondents in the Institution

The study sought and obtained details about the positions held by the respondents in the

Institution for purposes of understanding their role in the variables of study. Details of the

respondents and their positions are shown in table 4.3 below;

Table 4: 4.3: Position held in the organization

Position held Frequency Percent
Mgt Committee Member 1 2.6
Departmental Head 21 55.2
Associate Dean 5 13.2
Finance and Accounts Staff 10 26.3
Total 37 97.4
System 1 2.6
Total 38 100.0

40
 Source: Primary data

The analysis results in table 4.3 show that majority of respondents in this study are Heads of

departments (21), followed by Accounts and Finance staff (10), then associate deans (5), and

management committee (1). These represent 55%, 26%, 13% and 3% respectively.

From the above description, it can be revealed that the majority of the respondents in this study

are those directly responsible for or directly involved the implementation of the Internal Control

System. Therefore, their responses are deemed to reflect what actually takes place in the

institution.

4.1.4 Description of age groups of respondents

The study obtained details about the age groups of the respondents for purposes of understanding

their age and possibly the experience they possess in their respective positions. Details of the

findings are shown in table 4.4 below;

Table 5: 4.4: Age Groups of Respondents

Age Group Frequency Percent

18-25 2 5.3
26-35 9 23.7
36-45 18 47.4
46-55 6 15.8
56+ 3 7.9
Total 38 100.0
Source: Primary data

From the description above it is clearly evident that the majority of the respondents are in the age

bracket of between 36-45, followed by 26-35, 46-55, 56+ and 18-25 in the orders of 47%, 24%,

16%, 8% and 5% respectively. It can therefore be concluded that the majority of the respondents

are in the most productive age brackets of their life and are reasonably experienced (assuming

that an average Ugandan starts work at the age of 23 years).

41
4.1.5 Longevity of service

The study investigated the length of period in years served by the respondents in the institution

and the findings are presented in table 4.5 below.

Table 6: 4.5: Length of Service in the Institution

Frequency Percent
1 - 3 years 14 36.8
4 - 6 years 10 26.3
7 - 10 years 8 21.1
10+ years 6 15.8
Total 38 100.0
Source: Primary data

In table 4.5 above, it can be revealed that majority of respondents have worked in the Institution

for the period 1-3 years (14), followed by 4-6 years (10), then 7-8 years (8), and lastly, over 10

years (6). These represent 36.8%, 26.3%, 21.1%, and 15.8% respectively. This could also show

that majority of the respondents have worked in the Institution for less than 10 years, as per the

illustration.

4.2 Examining the functionality of Internal Control systems

The study sets one of its objectives to critically analyze and reveal how the Internal Control

Systems of the Institution actually performs, and details are presented in the descriptive statistics

shown by the values of the respective means and standard deviations of the key empirical

references. Details of these analyses are shown in table 4.6 below;

42
4.2.1 Descriptive statistics on Internal Control systems.

Table 7: 4.6: Mean and Standard deviation of Control Environment

N Min. Max. Mean Std.

Deviation
Accounting & Financial mgt system 38 2 5 4.08 .882
Management Commitment 38 2 5 3.71 .984
Management’s close Monitoring 38 2 5 3.24 .943
Management providing feedback 37 1 5 2.78 1.004
Correction of errors in the system 38 1 5 3.21 .935
Management Integrity 38 1 5 3.29 1.137
Ethical values 38 1 5 3.11 1.034
Independent audit committee 38 1 5 3.08 1.124
Council independence and its committees 38 2 5 3.66 .878
Valid N (list wise) 37
Source: Primary data

In table 4.6 are details of the measures of effectiveness of the control environment under

different key statements obtained from the respondents. The statements have been ranked in

terms of their means and standard deviations so as to deduce meaning out of the results.

Therefore, the details of the table are discussed under sub headings of the corresponding

statements tested.

4.2.1.1 Accounting and Financial management system

The study (as reflected in table) found that the respondents seem to agree that the Institution has

an accounting and financial management system in place with a mean value of 4.08 which

appears to be close to the maximum rank of 5. This shows that they generally agree about the

existence of an accounting system. However, the corresponding standard deviation also revealed

a significant value of 0.882. This also shows that there is a clear variation in the responses

provided by the respondents about the existence of the accounting and financial management

system. Having an accounting and financial management system as reflected by the above

results is in line with John J. Morris’ advocacy for an Enterprise Resource Planning system that

deliver fast and accurate financial reports with inbuilt controls necessary to ensure accuracy and

43
reliability of information being reported to Shareholders. It is also an indication that Whittington

and Pany’s requirement of preparing, verifying and distributing reports to the various

management levels is achievable.

4.2.1.2 Management commitment on the operations of the system

From the table 4.6 above, respondents seemed to agree that management is committed to the

operation of the Accounting and Financial management system as reflected by the mean value of

3.7 which is tending towards the maximum point of 5. However, a significant standard deviation

of 0.984 suggests varied responses regarding management’s commitment to the Accounting &

Financial management system. Management commitment to the operations of the Accounting

and financial management system rhymes with Whittington and Pany’s assertion of the control

environment setting the tone of the organization and influencing the control consciousness of

everyone in the organization. It supports the assertion by Whittington and Pany that control

environment (especially management philosophy and operating style) is the foundation for all

other components of internal control. Management’s commitment to the operations of the

internal control system is also supported by Verschoor, (1999) where he notes that “Internal

control systems not only contribute to managerial effectiveness but are also important duties of

the corporate boards of directors”. Therefore management commitment to the operations of the

system is a fulfillment of their obligation as highlighted by Verschoor.

4.2.1.3 Monitoring implementation of Internal Control system

In Table 4.6 above, respondents provided their understanding in regard to how management

closely monitors implementation of the controls and their perceptions show mean of 3.24,

implying that they agree with the statement. But since the mean appears so close to the actual

44
average, then the need to closely focus on the variation. Thus, a standard deviation of 0.943

suggests significant differences in responses as regards management’s monitoring of

implementation of internal control system. The finding is in line with Wallace & Kreutzfeldt

(1991), Goodwin-Stewart & Kent (2006), and Sarens & De Beelde (2006) all of whom advocate

for management (control environment) as the cornerstone for an effective internal control

system. Sarens & De Beelde in particular emphasize the “tone at the top, the level of risk and

control awareness” as critical to the success of an internal control system.

4.2.1.4 Provision of feedback to junior officers

The results as reflected in table 4.6 show a mean of 2.78. This is below the mean average,

implying that respondents disagree as to the statement regarding feedback to junior officers

regarding the operation of the system. Consequently, a greater standard deviation figure of 1.004

raises concerns regarding the feedback given to junior officers regarding the operations of the

accounting and financial management system. The figure of standard deviation further reveals

that the respondents had varied opinion about feedback and this could also mean that besides

disagreeing about feedback, they could also be in disagreement with the type of feedback

provided by management. The results are at odds with Whittington and Pany (2001)’s

requirement for management to include programs for preparing, verifying and distributing

reports and analyses to various level of management to enable them maintain control over a

variety of activities.

4.2.1.5 Measures taken to correct Errors in Accounting and Financial management system

The results of the survey in table 4.6 suggest that respondents seem to agree that appropriate

action is normally taken by management to correct misfeasance in the operations of the system,

45
although the standard deviation of 0.935 provided by the same respondents suggests that they

possess varied understanding about the aspect of the measures taken to correct any weaknesses in

the controls. This could also imply that measures taken are sometimes, not communicated or

formal. Management’s action to correct misfeasance in the system is an indication of

management’s commitment to the operation of the internal control system. This is a general

(entity-wide) control advocated for by John J. Morris (2011). This can as well be classified as a

strategic control advocated for by Hitt, Hoskisson, Johnson and Moesel (1996).

4.2.1.6 Management Integrity

The results of the survey as revealed by Table 4.6 suggest that management acts with Integrity.

This is evident when the mean of respondents as computed by the system is well above the

average (i.e. 3.29). Nevertheless, the corresponding standard deviation of 1.137 suggests that

respondents had a significant variation in responses on management integrity in the execution of

their role; a highly contentious issue. However, this could also be construed to imply that

respondents might not have clearly understood the dimensions of integrity in this context. The

results in this section are in tandem with Whittington and Pany (2001)’s assertion where they

talk of the control environment to include factors like integrity and ethical values of persons

responsible for creating, administering controls. This can also be likened to “the control

environment setting the tone of the organization by influencing the control consciousness of

people” stipulated by Cohen et al., (2002).

4.2.1.7 Ethical values in management decisions

The analysis results in table 4.6 reveals that to some extent, ethical values are upheld in all

management decisions as reflected by a mean value slightly above average, 3.11. However, even

46
then the respondents seemed to have varied in their responses regarding ethical values in all

management decisions as revealed by a standard deviation of 1.034 (shown in figure 4.6)

Upholding ethical values in management decisions is in line with Cohen et al. (2002) where he

state that “the tone at the top refers to a company’s ethical values, management’s philosophy and

operating style” which are reflected in the code of conduct or code of ethics.

4.2.1.8 Objectivity and independent of the audit committee

The analysis of results in Table 4.6 reveal a mean of 3.08, implying that the respondents were

slightly in agreement in regard to the objectivity and independence of the Audit committees.

However, a standard deviation of 1.124 reveals a significant variation in the opinions which

could also relate to not clearly understanding the role of the committee. Audit Committee’s

independence is in line with Whittington and Pany (2001)’s requirement for audit committees to

be independent from the management of an institution and to possess the requisite experience

and status. The independence and objectivity of the audit committee also rhymes well with

(DeZoort et al., 2002; & Spira, 2002)’s statement that “the audit committee, as a subcommittee

of the board of directors, plays a role in protecting the owners’ interests by monitoring

management’s actions, in terms of financial reporting, risk management and internal control”

4.2.1.9 Independence of Governing council and its committee

The results of the survey as reflected in Table 4.6 revealed that the governing council and its

committees are independent of management as shown by a mean of 3.66, even though there were

variations in responses to this test as revealed by the standard deviation of 0.878. However, the

variations in responses do not show a big movement from the mean. This finding is also in line

with DeZoort et al., (2002); and Spira, (2002)’s statement that the audit committee, as a

47
subcommittee of the board of directors (Governing Council), plays a role in protecting the

owners’ interests by monitoring management’s actions, in terms of financial reporting, risk

management and internal control. This role can only be effectively executed if governing council

and all its subcommittees are independent. The governing council’s independence was also

highlighted by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) through its

Auditing Standards Board through the issuance Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 78.

4.2.2 Descriptive statistics on Internal Audit.

Table 8: 4.7: Mean and Standard deviation of Internal Audit

N Min. Max. Mean Std. Dev.

Existence of Internal Audit Department 38 2 5 4.00 .900
Sufficiently staffed Internal audit dept 38 1 4 2.55 .921
Conduct regular internal audit activities 38 1 5 2.79 1.069
Report addresses weaknesses 38 2 5 3.13 .844
Regular reporting of weaknesses 38 1 5 2.92 1.050
Management discusses Internal audit reports 38 1 5 3.11 .894
Appropriate recommendations for improvement 38 1 5 3.34 1.072
Internal auditor visits upcountry centres 37 1 4 2.68 .852
Internal auditor issues upcountry reports 38 1 4 2.66 .878
Degree of autonomy from management 38 1 5 3.08 .882
Valid N (list wise) 37
Source: Primary data

In the Table 4.7, the researcher set out to examine the internal audit function (another component

of the internal control system) as a way of examining the functionality of the internal control

system. The test statements were equally ranked in terms of their mean and standard deviation

as a way of interpreting the results. The details of the survey in this regards are discussed under

the sub headings of the corresponding statements tested as follows;

4.2.2.1 Existence of internal audit department

From the results in table 4.7, it is clearly evident that respondent were almost in total agreement

as to the existence of the Internal audit function in the Institution as reflected by a mean value of

48
4.0 which is tending towards maximum value of 5 (i.e. strongly agreeing). However, the standard

deviation of 0.9 suggests variations in responses by the various respondents. Virtually all the

writers (reviewed) underscore the importance of an internal audit department in helping an

organization achieve its objectives. Notable among these are Subramaniam, (2006), Reid &

Ashelby, (2002) and Millichamp (1993) among others. Therefore the finding is in tandem with

the reviewed literature.

4.2.2.2 Internal Audit sufficiently staffed

Results of the survey in table 4.7 show a mean of 2.55 which is below the average; this suggests

that respondents don’t believe that the internal department is sufficiently staffed.

However, a standard deviation of 0.921 suggests varied responses as to whether the internal audit

department is sufficiently staffed. The understaffing in the internal audit department could be

compensated for by an active and independent Council and its Sub Committee. This is what

Gerrit and Mohammad (2010) refer to as “a substitution effect, which means that independent

board members may be considered as an alternative monitoring mechanism to the Internal Audit

Function”.

4.2.2.3 Internal audit staff conduct regular internal audit activities in the Institution

From the results of the survey as reflected by Table 4.7, respondents seem to disagree as to

whether the Internal audit staff conduct regular internal audit activities. This is revealed by a

mean of 2.79 which is below the average of 3. However, a standard deviation of 1.069 suggests a

significant variation in the responses generated by the respondents. This means that the internal

auditor’s role of examining and evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency and the economy of the

management control system as advocated by Subramaniam, (2006) may not be achieved. This is

49
however in contrast with findings 4.2.1.2 “Management commitment on the operations of the

system” and 4.2.1.3 “Monitoring implementation of Internal Control system”

4.2.2.4 Internal audit report addresses weaknesses in the internal control system

Results of the survey as reflected in table 4.7 suggest that Respondents agree that the Internal

audit reports address weaknesses in the internal control system. This is revealed by a mean of

3.13, although the standard deviation of 0.844 seems to suggest variation in the responses

generated for the test. This therefore confirms Whittington and Pany (2001)’s suggestion that

“internal auditing is performed as part of the monitoring activity of an organization”. This is also

in line with Gupta (2001) assertion that “the objective of internal audit is to assist members of

the organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities”.

4.2.2.5 Internal audit reports are produced regularly

Results of the study in table 4.7 suggest that staffs are not sure as to whether internal audit

reports are produced regularly. This is revealed by a mean value of 2.92 which is slightly below

the average. However, a significant standard deviation of 1.05 which suggests that in as much as

staffs are not sure as to whether internal audit reports are produced regularly, they varied greatly

in their responses. This could also imply that the staffs might not be aware of audit reporting

schedule since they are submitted directly to the vice chancellor, management committee or audit

committee of council. The finding does not augur well with Sebbowa (2009)’s suggestion that

internal auditing is a consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s

operations. This therefore means that Zabihollah (2001)’s assertion of internal audit procedures

ensuring reliability of financial statements, operational reports, safeguarding corporate assets and

effective organizational controls may not be achieved.

50
4.2.2.6 Management discusses internal audit reports frequently

From the survey, as reflected in table 4.7, it can be deduced that respondents slightly agree that

management discusses internal audit reports frequently, this is revealed by a mean value of 3.11,

although the standard deviation under the same test revealed a variations in responses generated.

Management discussing internal audit reports is an indication of management commitment. It

reaffirms Wallace & Kreutzfeldt (1991)’s finding that companies with internal audit functions

are well run entities, are more competent in their management and accounting personnel and are

subject to better management controls. This is also in line with Earnest and Young (1995)’s

statement that the work of the internal auditor should appear to be properly planned, controlled,

recorded and reviewed.

4.2.2.7 Internal auditor makes appropriate recommendations to management

From table 4.7 above, respondents seem to marginally agree with statement regarding internal

audit recommendations to management regarding improvement in system of control as reflected

by the mean value of 3.34. However, a significant standard deviation figure of 1.072 reveals

varied responses from the respondents on the same, implying that they have different opinions

about this role played by internal auditor. This could also infer as to whether the internal auditor

makes appropriate recommendations for management to improve. The finding is in agreement

with Gupta (2001)’s statement that “the objective of internal audit is to assist members of the

organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities”.

4.2.2.8 Internal audit department visiting up country centers

From the results of the survey as reflected in table 4.7 above, respondents did not agree about the

internal auditor visiting up-country centers. This is revealed by a mean value of 2.68. It worth

51
noting that in as much as the respondent disagreed with the Internal auditor’s visit to up country

centers regularly, they were tending towards the average value of 3, implying that to some extent

the respondents were not sure as to whether the Internal auditor visits up country centers

regularly. However, a standard deviation of 0.852 suggests varied responses over the control.

Therefore Gupata’s statement of “the objective of internal audit is to assist members of the

organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities” may not hold true in this respect.

4.2.2.9 Internal audit issuing audit reports on upcountry centers

The results of the survey as revealed by table 4.7 in this regard suggest a disagreement by

respondents as to whether the internal auditors issues reports on upcountry centers regularly.

This is shown by a mean value of 2.66. This is in tandem with the revelation in 4.2.2.8 where

respondents didn’t agree that the internal auditor visit up country centers regularly. A closely

similar standard deviation of 0.878 seems to emphasize the respondents’ observation in 4.2.2.8,

implying those respondents are equally not sure as to whether the internal auditor issues

upcountry reports regularly. This finding therefore seems to suggest a failure by the internal

audit function in its monitoring role alluded to by Whittington and Pany (2001).

4.2.2.10 Degree of independence of internal audit department

The results of the survey as reflected in table 4.7 suggest those respondents are indifferent as to

the internal auditor’s independence from management. This is revealed by a mean value of 3.08.

However, a standard deviation of 0.882 reveals that there were varied responses from the

respondents as to the independence of the internal auditor from management. This does not

rhyme with Gupta (2001) Millichamp (1993) and Sebbowa (2009) who advocate for

independence of the internal auditor in the execution of his/her duties.

52
4.2.3 Descriptive statistics on Control activities

Table 9: 4.8: Mean and standard deviation of Control Activities

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Clear separation of roles 38 1 5 3.42 1.244
Employees’ work checked by others 36 1 5 3.08 .906
Appropriate supervision by senior staff 38 1 5 3.47 .893
Corrective action taken to address weakness 38 1 5 3.21 1.119
Staff trained to implement system 38 1 5 3.34 .938
Well developed Chart of Account 37 1 5 3.35 1.060
Information accessed with consent of senior staff 36 1 5 2.97 .971
No expense is incurred in excess of budgeted 37 1 5 3.05 .998
Variance reports generated with explanations 37 1 5 2.89 1.197
Security systems safeguards Assets 37 1 5 2.51 1.096
Valid N (list wise) 34
Source: Primary data

In the table 4.8 above the researcher set out to examine the functionality of the internal control

systems in an Institution of higher learning using control activities as an internal control

component. The results were analyzed used mean and standard deviations so as to drawing

conclusions from the survey. The results are discussed under the various headings of the

statements tested. These are discussed as follows;

4.2.3.1 Separation of roles within the Institution

The results of the survey as reflected in table 4.8 suggest that respondents agree there is a clear

separation of roles while executing finance and accounting functions. This is shown by a mean of

3.42. However a significant standard deviation of 1.244 is a clear manifestation of varied

responses from respondents as far as clear separation of roles is concerned. This is in line with

Ray and Pany (2001)’s “suggestion of segregation of duties” such that no one person should

handle all aspects of a transaction from the beginning to the end.

53
4.2.3.2 Internal checks within the Institution

To results of the survey as reflected in table 4.8 suggest that respondents were indifferent as to

whether every employee’s work is checked by others as revealed by the mean value 3.08.

However, a standard deviation of 0.906 reveal varied responses from the respondents

interviewed as far as checking other employees’ work is concerned. The lack of internal checks

within an institution is at odds with Whittington and Pany’s recommendation of “information

processing” in which he recommends checks to ensure accuracy and completeness of

information being processed.

4.2.3.3 Supervision by senior staff

The table 4.8 reveals that respondents agree that there is appropriate supervision of junior staff

by their seniors. This is revealed by a mean value of 3.47, though it is not significantly far from

the “not sure” position. The standard deviation of 0.893 reveals that there were varied responses

from the respondents interviewed. The lack of supervision by senior staff is an indication of

deficiencies in strategic controls as advocated for by Hitt, Hoskisson, Johnson, and Moesel

(1996) which if not addressed may lead to material internal control weaknesses.

4.2.3.4 Action taken to address weaknesses

The results in table 4.8 above reveal that respondents agree that corrective action is normally

taken to address weaknesses as shown by a mean value of 3.21. This value is close to the

midpoint position, implying that respondents were almost not sure as to whether corrective

action is taken to address weaknesses. However, a significant standard deviation of 1.119 shows

that there are very varied responses as far as responses to this control test was concerned. Action

being taken to address weaknesses in the system is an indication of the commitment to system by

54
management as recommended by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). This is the commitment

referred to by Whittington and Pany (2001)

4.2.3.5 Staffs are trained to implement Accounting and Financial management system

Table 4.8 reveals that respondents agree that staffs are trained to implement Accounting and

financial management system and this is shown by a mean value of 3.34. However, this seems

close the midpoint of 3 implying that the respondents do seem to appreciate internal control

activities. Nevertheless, a standard deviation of 0.938, however suggests varied responses from

respondents as far as staff training in the implementation of accounting and financial

management systems are concerned. Staff being trained in the use of Accounting and Financial

management system is an indication of the commitment to the effectiveness of systems of

internal control. It is what Verschoor, (1999) recommended as “programs of selection and

training of personnel”.

4.2.3.6 A well developed chart of account

The results in table 4.8 suggest that respondents agree to a small extent that the Institution has a

well developed chart of accounts. This is revealed by a mean of 3.35. However a significant

standard deviation of 1.06 suggests that there were varied responses as far as this test concerned.

Having a well developed Chart of Account is both a strategic control and a financial control

referred to by Hitt, et al; (1996)

4.2.3.7 Restriction of access to valuable information

The results in table 4.8 indicate that respondents were almost indifferent as whether “it is

impossible for one staff to have access to all valuable information without the consent of senior

staff. This is revealed by a mean value of 2.97, which is very close to the “not sure” position

55
although the standard deviation of 0.971 indicates the respondents varied greatly as far as this

test was concerned. This may be an indication of lack of segregation of duties which may impact

on the reliability of financial reports referred to by Whitttington and Pany.

4.2.3.7 Controls over expenditure

The results in table 4.8 above revealed that respondents were not sure as to whether controls are

in place to exclude incurring expenditure in excess of allocated funds. This is revealed by a mean

value of 3.05 which is very close the average of 3 (i.e. the not sure position). However, the

deviation of 0.998 suggests varied responses to the test from the respondents interviewed. The

finding could be a failure in the monitoring aspect referred to by Hayes, et al (2005)

4.2.3.8 Departmental budgets review

The results in table 4.8 suggest that respondents disagreed with the test statement that

“departmental budgets are reviewed with actual expenditure compared with budgets and

explanations for the variances obtained”. This is revealed by a mean value of 2.89. However, in

as much as respondents disagreed with the test statement, they were tending towards the “not

sure” position of 3. The standard deviation of 1.197 over the same test suggests varied responses

from the respondents interviewed. The failure by the Institution to provide budget reviews is at

odds with Ray and Pany (2001)’s recommendation for “performance reviews” where he

recommends comparing actual performance with budgets, forecasts and prior period

performance.

4.2.3.9 Security system on safeguard of Institutional assets

The results of the survey as reflected in table 4.8 suggest that respondents disagree with the

security system ability to identify and safeguard assets of the Institution. This is revealed by a

56
mean value of 2.51. However, a significant standard deviation of 1.096 suggests that respondents

varied greatly in their responses to the test statement. The failure by the system to identify and

safeguard assets of the institution does not augur well with Ray and Pany (2001)’s

recommendation for “physical controls” (necessary to provide security over both records and

other assets.

4.3 Examining the financial performance of Institutions of Higher Learning

This section answers objective two of the study. Financial performance of institutions of higher

learning was examined by analyzing data collected under dimensions of financial performance

and computing for the mean and standard deviation of the responses to the statements

categorized under liquidity, accountability and reporting. Details of these analyses are shown in

table 4.9 below;

4.3.1 Descriptive statistics on Financial Performance

Table 10: 4.9: Mean and standard deviation of Liquidity

N Min. Max. Mean Std. Dev

Enough cash to meet obligations 37 1 5 1.97 1.213
Fees charges appropriate. 37 1 4 2.59 .956
Fees dully collected 36 1 5 2.64 1.046
Outstanding fees dully paid 37 1 5 2.97 1.142
Valid N (list wise) 36
Source: Primary data

4.3.1.1 Cash availability within the Institution

From the information revealed by table 4.9, respondents believe that the Institution doesn’t have

enough cash to meet its obligations effectively as and when they fall due. This is revealed by a

mean value of 1.97. However, a significant standard deviation value of 1.213 under the same test

revealed varied responses from the respondents interviewed. The lack of cash does not rhyme

with Verschoor. (1999)’s assertion of “financial soundness” as a measure of performance.

57
4.3.1.2 Appropriateness of Institution’s fees structure to cover costs

From table 4.9, it can be revealed that the fees charged by the Institution are not appropriate to

cover the costs of running the courses. This is shown by a mean value of 2.59 although the

standard deviation of 0.956 under the same test revealed varied responses from the respondents.

This has implications on the financial soundness of the Institution and it may hinder investment

as mentioned by Verschoor. (1999).

4.3.1.3 Management collects all University fees

From the information collected from respondents according to table 4.9, it clear that all

University fees are not dully collected. This is revealed by a mean value of 2.64. However, a

standard deviation of 1.046 reveals varied responses from the respondents interviewed over the

same test. The information revealed could be an explanation as to the inadequacy of the cash

position of the institution as revealed by the finding under 4.3.1.1 (Cash availability within the

Institution). This means that the financial soundness alluded to by Verschoor (1999) may not be

achieved.

Table 11: 4.10: Mean and Standard deviation of Accountability

N Min. Max. Mean Std. Deviation

System identifies Grant receipts & expenditure. 37 1 5 3.00 1.054
Assets have increased over time 37 1 5 3.00 1.130
Valid N (list wise) 37

4.3.1.5 Institution’s accounting system adequately identifies the receipts and expenditure of

the grant contracts

From table 4.10, it is clearly evident that, respondent were indifferent as to whether the

Institution’s accounting system adequately identifies receipts and expenditures of grant contracts.

58
This is revealed by a mean value of 3.00 which is the “not sure” position according to the Likert

scale. However, the standard deviation of 1.054 reveals that, respondents varied in their

responses to the test.

4.3.1.6 The University’s asset base

The results in table 4.10 reveal that respondents were not sure as to whether the University’s

assets have increased over time. This is shown by a mean value of 3.00. However, a significant

standard deviation of 1.130 reveals that in as much are respondents were not sure in their

responses, they varied greatly in their responses to test statement. This casts doubt on the

financial soundness referred to by Verschoor (1999)

4.4 Relationship between Internal Control systems and financial performance

This section answers objective three of the study. The relationship between internal control

systems and financial performance in an institution of higher learning in Uganda was

investigated using control environment, internal audit and control activities as dimensions for

internal control systems while liquidity, accountability and reporting were for financial

performance.

Table 12: 4.11: Pearson’s Correlation analysis

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Control environment 1
2 Internal Audit 0.217* 1
3 Control Activities 0.301** 0.502* 1
4 Liquidity 0.294** 0.091* 0.291** 1
5 Accountability 0.338* 0.447** 0.411** 0.094** 1
6 Reporting 0.276** 0.389** 0.299** 0.179** 0.266** 1
** σ=0.01 (correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed)
* σ=0.05 (Correlation is significant at 0.05 level (2-tailed)
Source: Primary data

59
The correlation table presents the relationship between dimensions of Internal Controls measured

by control environment, Internal audit and control activities against Financial performance,

measured by liquidity, accountability and Reporting. The results show that all the dimensions

relate positively.

Specifically, control environment relates positively with liquidity, accountability and reporting (r

= 0.294, p < 0.01; r = 0.338, p < 0.01; r = 0.276, p < 0.01) respectively. These suggest that the

control environment relates positively with financial performance.

Figure 2: Relationship between Internal control systems & financial performance

4.4.1 Control environment is related with financial performance

Table 4.11 above shows that the control environment is positively related to liquidity with r =

0.294 and standard error, p < 0.01, the control environment is positively related with

accountability with r = 0.338 and standard error, p < 0.01, and the control environment is

positively related to reporting with r = 0.276 and p < 0.01. The results seem to agree with

Whittington and Pany’s assertion of the control environment setting the tone of the organization.

The control environment (as reflected by the audit committee) is what DeZoort et al., (2002)

60
referred to as “protecting the owners’ interests by monitoring management’s actions, in terms of

financial reporting, risk management and internal control”. Owners’ interests can only be

protected through accountability and reporting. This suggests that the Control environment is

related with financial performance and therefore hypothesis one (H1), there is a relationship

between the control environment and financial performance of institutions of higher learning in

Uganda is accepted.

4.4.2 Internal audit and financial performance.

The results in table 4.11 indicate a positive relationship between internal audit and liquidity with

r = 0.091 and p < 0.01, internal audit is positively related to accountability with r = 0.447 and p <

0.01, and positively related to reporting with r = 0.389 and p < 0.01.

These results seem to agree with Sebbowa (2009) where he notes that “Internal auditing is an

independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an

organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a

systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management

control and governance processes”. This is also in line with Whittington and Pany assertion that

“internal auditing is performed as part of the monitoring activity of an organization”. Since there

is a positive relationship between the internal audit function and the dimensions of financial

performance; liquidity, accountability and reports, hypothesis two (H2); an effective internal

audit function is related with the financial performance of institutions of higher learning in

Uganda is accepted.

61
4.4.3 Internal Control activities and financial performance.

Results in table 4.11 above indicate a positive relationship between internal control activities as a

component of internal control systems with liquidity, r = 0.291 with a standard error, p < 0.01.

Internal control activities further relate positively with accountability, r = 0.094 with a standard

error, p< 0.01 and with reporting, r = 0.299 with a standard error, p < 0.01. This seems to agree

with Ray and Pany (2001)’s belief that “control activities are policies and procedures that help

ensure that management directives are carried out”. Therefore, internal control activities affect

financial performance, thus hypothesis three (H3), Functionality of internal control activities

and financial performance of higher institutions of learning are related is accepted.

Table 13: 4.13: Multiple Regressions

Variable Standard t-test Sig R2 Adj. r2 F Sig.F

Coefficients (B)
2.166 0.031 0.214 0.201 35.910 0.000

Control 0.2709 2.058 0.000

environment
Internal Audit 0.1982 3.521 0.000
Control 0.1527 2.710 0.000
Activities
Source: Primary data

Table 4.12 above illustrates that, the independent variable (Internal Control Systems), through its

dimensions; control environment, internal audit and control activities) explains the variation in

the dependent variable up to 20.1 % as denoted by adjusted R2 value in the table.

Similarly, considering the dimensions of internal control systems in this study, control

environment seems to provide better explanation in the variation in the dependent variable by a

standardized coefficient of 0.2709 followed by internal audit 0.1982 and control activities

0.1527, respectively. The results seem to re-enforce the correlations established under the

62
correlation table 4.11. This finding further confirms the explanation given under the correlation

analysis.

4.5.0 Qualitative data presentation

Interview guide results:

In trying to assess the effect of Internal Control systems on financial performance in Institutions

of higher learning, the researcher conducted a number of interviews with key informant members

of the Institution. These included both top level and middle level management members. Results

of the Interview are summarized below under the various questions asked

4.5.1 The position of officers interviewed

This study conducted face-to-face interviews so as to strengthen the quantitative data collected

from questionnaires. Focus was put on the following positions; Internal auditor, Chief Finance

Officer, Director Human Resources, Deans and Coordinators of projects, Heads of department,

Associate Deans and Center Coordinators. The management team constitutes both top level and

middle level managers who are directly involved in implementation of the institution’s policies.

4.5.2 Systems of Internal control

The research examined and interviewed a number of key informants as to whether the

organization operates systems of internal control and as to whether the Internal Audit supports it.

The respondents seem to agree that the internal auditor role is supporting systems of internal

control. They also concur that the internal auditor advises management. He further gives

assurance to management that the systems of internal control put in place are functioning.

63
Similarly, they believe that the Institution operates a system of internal control; implementing

strategic plans and measuring actual performance against budgets, stating priorities and

implementing them on an annual basis through the budgeting process, ensuring policies and

procedures are followed in all financial operations of the University, safeguarding assets through

the maintenance of a fixed assets register and updating it regularly. They also note that they

participates in the budgeting process, sanctioning expenditures and at times acts as Dean when

delegated to act.

Additional support points that, the institution appoints the right people for the right positions,

drafting policies, and enforcing policies through staff. Watching over and ensuring quality

control through module writing, assessing modules, vetting exams, supervising staff, clearly

guiding staff, and evaluating courses, authorization of expenditure, sanctioning expenditures, and

supervision of other staff

However, they contend that although the Institution has some internal controls, there are gaps in

those controls. For instance, there is lack of close monitoring of project bank accounts,

overseeing and approving project accountabilities and project expenditure (ensuring project all

expenditures were budgeted for and incurred for genuine project expenditure). They also posit

that they prepare budgets although they seem to feel that budgets are never followed.

4.5.3. Effectiveness of systems of internal control

The respondents believe that some of the systems do function. They gave reasons for the non-

functioning of other areas of the system to include; fewer staff in the departments meant to

enforce controls, such that the few staff available are overloaded with work, lack of monitoring

of the functioning of the systems of Internal control, lack of adequate supervision. For instance, a

64
responsible officer only signs requisitions but without greatly getting involved in the monitoring

of the entire payment system, this seems to weaken the controls in the process. In addition, there

is a communication gap between managers and this consequently affects the process of

budgeting, management of funds and eventually reporting. Further still, it is still possible for line

managers to get their budgets approved by donors without the involvement of those charged with

the responsibility of managing funds. They further contend that this makes prioritizing project

expenditures difficult and thereby creating more conflict in opinion.

They also brought out another issue of internal borrowing whereby, those in charge of funds

sometimes borrow project funds without the consent of those who coordinate the Projects

thereby creating mistrust within the Institution. They therefore propose that budget managers

(project coordinators) need to be furnished with regular information about the financial status of

their projects. This sometimes creates impression that there are no funds yet there might be funds

lying idle in the Institution for project activities. They also propose that the communication

between line managers should be effective so as to improve their relationship.

They pointed out that there is laxity by top management in enforcing the controls. For instance;

the budgets are never adhered to. They believe that there is lack of commitment to the

effectiveness of the system. This is evidenced by the laxity in scrutinizing expenses especially

project funds. Much scrutiny is done on University expenses which is not the case with project

expenses. They further pointed out that there is lack of control over the income by the faculties

and departments and allot of unnecessary and wasteful expenditure as well as failure to have

clear priorities.

In a related concern, they pointed out that, lack of appropriate controls would lead to the

Institution losing a lot of money. Other concerns relate to understaffing in some departments and

65
other employees lacking awareness of the need for systems of internal controls. This however,

can be addressed by mentoring, short term training and guidance by senior managers.

4.5.4 Main measures of financial performance

The staff believe that the following are the main measures of financial performance; Liquidity by

meeting the day to day obligations as and when they fall due, e.g. salaries, statutory obligations,

creditors, value for money e.g. in procurement process, buying genuine products. In addition,

they consider assets utilization or maximizing value of the Institution’s assets as some of the

measures of financial performance. Further still, the ability to set up endowment funds by

investing funds in assets that generate funds to support development activities of the Institution.

Others believe that having balanced budget, discipline budget process, setting priorities and

following them strictly, continuous budget reviews, proper accountability guidelines issued and

monitored. Other measures include; infrastructure development, ability to acquire scholastic

materials, level of motivation of lecturers.

4.5.5 Fund availability

The respondents agree that availability of funds is critical in implementing the Institution’s

activities, for instance; conducting research. While they also pointed out other critical measures

which include; Assets utilization, Investment made by the University to avoid having idle funds

on the University bank account, meeting the critical needs of the University for example; good

salaries, Laboratories, Housing, Library. Others stress that the best measure is to ensure research

and publications are done, this is an academic institution whose performance should be measured

by the number of publications made in a year, number of students’ enrollment, number and

66
quality of lecturers (e.g. education levels of lecturers, their experience, and publications), and

quality of products (students) produced.

4.5.6 Ability to pay bills

In regard to the Institution’s ability to meet its obligations, the respondents seem to think that the

Institution is sound and has met its obligations appropriately. They support this by the following;

it has operated uninterruptedly without much financial stress implying that it is sound, it has

operated consistently and has realized a steady growth over the years, it has managed to pay its

staff promptly and up to date, the University has not accumulated much outstanding obligations.

Other support include that the University has liquidity, but that it also incurs some unnecessary

expenditures, thus constraining the available cash. They also think that management sometimes

fails to prioritize their expenditures, as well as failure to collect some of the funds due to the

University. They also pointed out that the expansion plan that the University has adopted is

constraining the available funds in the University. However, the group seem to suggest that the

University doesn’t have enough liquidity to meet obligations as and when they fall due for the

following reasons; the nature of the business is cyclical; without regular cash flows throughout

the year and cash flows depend on the academic time table, over dependence on tuition, laxity in

controls, spending beyond what some departments/ faculties generate, inadequate planning, and

excessive and unplanned expansions.

4.5.7 Accountability procedure

The respondents gave their opinion on the effectiveness of the accountability procedure and

supported their position by citing some key examples which are presented below; they believe

that, the Accountability process is not adequate and their reason being that some staff take the

67
process for granted. Some line managers noted that they have never been asked for

accountability for money given to them especially after implementing the activities. They also

pointed out that the problem of accountability is related with lack of a comprehensive finance

manual that stipulates clearly what has to be done in regard to accountability. They also pointed

out lack of supervision and follow up of accountability related issues. However, they equally

support that other instances regarding accountability seem to be adequate and these include;

improving transparency in the system, and procurement process.

4.5.8 Reporting procedure

The respondents seem to have mixed opinions regarding the Institution’s position on reporting.

Others believe that the institution has adequate reporting system (the reporting in the Institution

is gradually improving) while others think the reporting system is not any better (lack of regular

reports; senior managers do not ask for reports from their juniors, similarly, line managers also

fail to ask for regular reports and with sanctions in case this is not adhered to)

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presents summaries of the study findings as per the study objectives, conclusions

based on those findings and recommendations which are based on both the study findings and

other relevant literature considered necessary and vital to be used in future to improve the study

situation.

5.1 Summary findings

This part presents the summarized results and interpretation (findings) based on the study

objectives as established at the beginning of the study.

5.1.1 Functionality of the internal control system

The study found out that management of the institution is committed to the controls of the

University and they actively participate in monitoring and supervision of the activities of the

University. The study also reveals that all the activities of the Institution are initiated by the top

level management. On the effectiveness of the internal audit, the study found out the internal

audit department is not efficient, doesn’t conduct regular audit activities and doesn’t produce

regular audit reports. They however, agree that the few reports that are produced in the

department address the weaknesses in the system. The study also found that the internal audit

department is understaffed and this could be one of the reasons for not producing reports as

expected. Regarding control activities, the study found that, there is a clear separation of roles,

supervision of activities by senior staff, weaknesses that are realized are addressed, and there is a

training program for capacity building in the institution. However, the study also found out that

69
there is lack of information sharing in the University and also no security measures are put in

place to safeguard the assets of the University.

5.1.2 The financial performance of the Institution

The study found out that the Institution does not have enough cash to meet its intended goals,

and that the fees that the University charges on the students are not appropriate to cover the

costs. The study further reveals that all the fees that are supposed to be remitted to the University

are not collected. However, it was also found that all revenues and expenditures are properly

classified, and that assets of the University have generally increased.

5.1.3 Internal control system and financial performance

The study examined and established a significant relationship between internal control system

and financial performance. This relationship was examined through the dimensions of internal

control systems and that of the financial performance selected for this particular study. The

dimensions of internal control systems (control environment, internal audit, and control

activities) were linked to the dimensions of performance (liquidity, accountability, and

reporting). Details show that control environment is linked to liquidity (r = 0.294, p ≤ 0.01),

control environment is also linked to accountability (r = 0.338, p ≤ 0.05), and control

environment is related with reporting (r = 0276, p ≤ 0.01).

Similarly, the study found that internal audit as a dimension of internal control system, is related

with all the dimensions of financial performance in the following details; internal audit and

liquidity are related (r = 0.091, p ≤ 0.01), internal audit is related with accountability (r = 0.447,

p ≤ 0.01), and internal audit and reporting have significant relationship (r = 0.389, p ≤ 0.01).

70
In addition, control activities as a dimension of internal control system and all the dimensions of

financial performance are related; control activities and liquidity are related ( r = 0.291, p ≤

0.01), control activities and accountability are related (r = 0.411, p ≤ 0.01), and control activities

and reporting are related (r = 0.299, p ≤ 0.01).

5.2 Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the institution has an effective internal

control system as supported by the study findings of clear separation of roles, supervision,

training, and commitment of management. However, there are challenges in the implementation

of controls especially considering that the audit function is not well extended to the upcountry

centers which clearly has affected their efficiency as revealed by this study

On financial performance of the institution, the study concludes that the liquidity position of the

University is not appropriate, details of which are directly in the study, although the study

reveals an improved assets value as well as classification of its revenues and expenditures.

The final conclusion of this study is that there is a significant positive relationship between

internal control system (control environment, internal audit, and control activities) with financial

performance (liquidity, accountability, and reporting).

5.3 Recommendations

Since it was evident in the study, that the staffing level in the internal audit department is not

adequate to cover the entire University set up, evidenced by not conducting regular audit

71
activities, not operating efficiently as well as their reports not being regular, the study therefore

recommends competence profiling which should be based on what the University expects the

internal audit to do and what appropriate number staff would be required to do this job.

The study also recommends that the institution establishes and manages knowledge/information

management system within the institution so as to enable all parties within the institution to

freely access and utilize the official information.

The study also recommends that the institution establishes a strategy for improving the

generation of additional finances for the operations of the University. This could be done through

writing projects, other competitive endeavors which are directly aimed at winning funds for the

University.

Finally, the study recommends that there should be a deliberate attempt to conduct a study which

establishes the relationship of management’s commitment based on factors that are external to

the University such as behavioral issues of the students, financial stress of parents, and

information technology.

5.4 Suggestions for further research

1. The influence of ICT on the effectiveness on internal control system

2. The effect of cultural and behavioral factors on the performance of a higher institution of

learning

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 APPENDICES

Appendix One: Questionnaire:

Uganda Martyrs University

Academic/Administrative Staff Questionnaire

Dear Respondent, My name is Ssuuna Pius Mawanda. I am currently carrying out a study for
the purpose of writing a dissertation as a requirement for the award of Master of Business
Administration and Management of Uganda Martyrs University. The topic of study is EFFECT
OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN AN
INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING IN UGANDA. You have been selected to participate
in this study due to the importance of your information in the study. The information you provide
will only be used for the purpose of this study and will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Please feel free and answer all the questions truthfully.

Section A

RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUND
1. Gender (Please tick appropriately)
1. Male
2. Female
2. What is your highest level of education?
1. Certificate/Diploma
2. Bachelor
3. Masters
4. PhD
5. Other (Specify)……………………………………………………………………...
3. What position do you currently hold in the Organization/Institution that you work for?
1. Management Committee member
2. Departmental head or Dean of the Faculty
3. Former Dean or Departmental head
4. Associate Dean
5. Finance and Accounts staff
4. In what age bracket do you fall? (Circle where appropriate)
1. 18-25
2. 26-35
3. 36-45
4. 46-55
5. 56+
5. For how long have you served in your organization/Institution?
1. 1-3 years
2. 4-6 years
3. 7-10 years
4. 10+ years

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 Section B:

To examine the functionality of Internal Control systems of Institutions of Higher

Learning in Uganda

Please rank the following statement on likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly
agree
Where;
1= strongly disagree
2= disagree
3= not sure
4= agree
5= strongly agree

Statements 1 2 3 4 5

Control environment 1 2 3 4 5

Our institution has an accounting and financial management

system
Management is committed to the operation of the system
Management closely monitors implementation of Internal control
systems in our institution
Management provides feedback to the junior officers about the
operation of the system
Appropriate measures are taken to correct misfeasance in
operation of our Accounting & Finance Management System
Management acts with a great degree of integrity in execution of
their roles
Ethical values are upheld in all management decisions
Our Institution has an objective, independent and active audit
committee
Our governing council and its committees are independent of
management

Internal audit 1 2 3 4 5

Our institution has an internal audit department

Our internal audit is sufficiently staffed
Internal audit staff conduct regular audit activities in our
institution

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Internal audit report address weaknesses in our internal control
system
Internal audit reports are produced regularly
Management discusses internal audit reports frequently
Internal auditor makes appropriate recommendations for
management to improve
Internal audit department visits up-country centers often times
Internal auditor issues Up-country reports regularly
Internal auditor performs his duties with a greater degree of
autonomy and independence from management

Control activities 1 2 3 4 5

Our institution has clear separation of roles

Every employee’s work check on the others
There is appropriate supervision by senior staff on the work of
their juniors
Corrective action is taken to address weaknesses
Staff are trained to implement the accounting and financial
management system
Our Institution has a well developed Chart of Account
It is impossible for one staff to have access to all valuable
information without the consent of senior staff
Controls are in place to exclude incurring expenditure in excess
allocated funds
Departments have budget reviews where actual expenditure is
compared with budgeted expenditure and explanations for the
variances given
Our security system identifies and safeguard Institutional Assets

Financial performance 1 2 3 4 5

Our institution has enough cash to meet its obligations effectively

(as and when they fall due)
The fees charges by our institution is appropriate to cover the costs
of running the courses
All University fees are dully corrected
Outstanding fees are dully paid in time (before students sit for
exams)
Our Institution’s Accounting system adequately identifies the
receipts and expenditure of grant contracts
The University’s asset base has greatly increased over time

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 Section B:

To examine financial performance of Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda

6. In your opinion, what do you consider to be the best measures for collecting fees from

students?

7. Do you think the University charges appropriate fees for its programmes?

Section C:

To examine the relationship between internal control systems and financial

performance in Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda

8. In your opinion, do you think there is a relationship between internal control systems

operated by your organization and financial performance?

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 Appendix Two: Interview Guide

Effect of internal control systems on financial performance in institutions of higher

learning in Uganda

Interview Guide:

Dear Respondent:
My name is Ssuuna Pius Mawanda. I am currently carrying out a study for the purpose of
writing a dissertation as a requirement for the award of Master of Business Administration and
Management of Uganda Martyrs University. You have been selected to participate in this study
due to the importance of your position in the Institution. The information you provide will only
be used for the purpose of this study and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Kindly help
me generate solutions to the following Questions:

1. What is your position in the Institution?

2. What management level do you occupy by virtue of your position in the Institution?
3. In your opinion, does the Institution operate systems of internal controls? If so how does
your role support it?
4. Are the systems of internal controls referred to in 3 above functioning as they are
intended to?
5. In your opinion, what would you consider to be the main measures of financial
performance in an Institution of higher learning?
6. In your opinion is having enough money the best measure of performance of University?
What would be the other measures you would consider appropriate?
7. In your opinion, do you think your institution has adequate liquidity to meet its
obligations as and when they fall due? Any reasons to explain the situation.
8. In your opinion, is the Accountability process adequate in your organization? Give
reasons.
9. How would you rate the reporting process in your organization?

Thanking you for your participation.

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