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Entrance Exam 2001 - 2002 Mathematics Duration : 3 hours

July 2001

Remark: The use of a calculator with no programs is allowed.

The distribution of grades is over 25

I- (2 points)
 x 1 
Solve the inequation ln   ln(2 x  3)
5 x
II- (5points)
 
Suppose the complex plane is referred to an orthonormal system (O; u, v ) . Designate by A the
point of affix 1, by B the point of affix i , by (C) the circle of center O and of radius 1 and by
(D) the straight line of equation y = 1.

z i
To every point M of affix z  i, we associate the point M´ of affix z´ =
z i
1) Determine the set of M of affix z so that z´ = 1.
2) Show that z´ z  = 1. Interpret geometrically the result.
z  1
3) a- Show that, for every M which does not belong to (D), is pure imaginary.
z i
b- Prove that the two straight lines (AM´) and (BM) are perpendicular.
c- M being a given point which does not belong to (D), construct geometrically point M´.
d- Precise the position of M´ when M belongs to (D) deprived from B.

III- (5 points)
 
In the complex plane referred to an orthonormal system (O; u, v ) . Consider the points:
A0 , A1 ,…., An , An+1 ,..., of respective affixes z0 , z1 , …, zn , zn+1 , …, defined by :
1
z0 = 0 and zn+1 = zn  i (n  N).
1 i

1) Show that, whatever is n, An+1 is the image of An by a direct similitude whose center I,
its ratio k and its angle α are to be determined.

2) a- Prove that, whatever is n, the triangle IAn An+1 is right angled at An+1 .
b- Deduce a construction of An+1 using An and place the A0 , A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5
(for drawing the figure and only for this purpose, take as unit of length 4 cm ).

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3) Suppose ak = area (IAk Ak+1) and Sn = a0+ a1+ a2+…..+ an

a- Show that the sequence of general term ak is a geometric sequence whose first term and
its common ratio are to be determined.
b- Calculate Sn in terms of n and determine its limit when n tends to +∞ .

IV- (4 points)
We consider 3 urns U1 , U2 and U3 , containing each 6 balls :
U1 contains 2 blue balls and 4 red ones.
U2 contains 3 blue balls and 3 red ones.
U3 contains 5 blue balls and 1 red ball.

1) In this part, consider the urn U1 . We draw from it a ball at random.

This operation is repeated 5 times replacing the ball each time in the urn U1 .
a- What is the probability to obtain 4 blue balls and 1 red ball in the following order :
blue, blue, blue, blue, red ?
b- What is the probability to obtain 4 blue balls 1 red ball in any order ?
c- What is the probability to obtain at least one blue ball ?

2) In this part, we choose at random an urn from the three urns U1 , U2 , U3 , and we draw at
random from it a ball.
a- What is the probability to obtain a blue ball?
b- We know the draw ball is blue; what is the probability that the ball comes from U3 ?

V- (9 points)
x 1
A- Consider the function f , defined over ] 0, + ∞ [ , by f (x) = (ln x  2)
x  
and designate by ( C ) its representative curve in an orthonormal system (O; i , j ) .
1) Show that lim f (x) = + ∞ and lim f (x) = + ∞.
x   x 0

1
2) Show that f is differentiable over ] 0, + ∞ [ and that f ' (x) = (ln x  x  3)
x2
3) Let g be the function defined over ] 0, + ∞ [ by g (x) = ln x  x  3
a- Study the variation of g .
b- Show that g (x) = 0 has a unique solution α and that 2.20 < α < 2.21.
c- Study the sign of g (x) over ] 0, + ∞ [.

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4) a- Study the variation of f.

(  1)2
b- Show that f ( )   . Deduce that - 0.67  f ( )  0.65

5) a- Study the sign of f (x) and show that f (x) < 0 if and only if x  ]1 , e² [ .
b- Calculate f (1) and f ( e² ) and draw (C).

x
B- Consider the function F defined over ] 0, + ∞ [ by F (x) =  f(t)dt .
1
We call (  ) the

representative curve of F .

1) a- Without calculating F (x), study the variations of F over ] 0, + ∞ [ .

b- What can be said about the tangents to (  ) at its points of abscissas 1 and e² ?

x
2) a- Prove that  ln(t)dt  x ln x  x  1
1
1
b- Prove that F (x) = x ln x  3x  (ln x)2  2 ln x  3
2
c- Calculate lim F (x) .
x 0

 3 1 ln x 2 
d- Noticing that F (x ) = x ln x1      3 , calculate
 ln x 2 x x

F(x)
lim F(x) and lim
x   x   x

e- Set up a table of variations of F and draw (  ) .

3) Calculate the area S of the domain limited by (C), the axis of abscissas and the two
straight lines of equations x = 1 and x = e² . Give an approximated value of S to the
nearest 10-3 by greater value.

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Entrance exam 2001-2002 Solution of Mathematics Duration: 3 hours

July 2001

x 1
0
I- This inequality is defined for: 5  x
2x  3  0
3 3
Which gives -1< x < 5 and x > , that is for < x < 5.
2 2
 x 1  x 1
The inequality: ln   ln(2 x  3) gives > 2x-3
5 x 5 x
2 x 2  12x  16
Therefore  0 which is verified for x < 2 or 4< x< 5
5 x
3
The accepted solution is then: 4 < x < 5 or <x<2
2

II- 1) z´=1 gives z  i = z  i , then z - z = 2i and if z = x + i y we get y = 1, then the set of

points M is the straight line (D) deprived of the point B. y
z i z i
2) z´ z ´ =  1
z i z i 2 M

But z z  z  1  OM 2 so OM   1
2
B (D)

And consequently the point M  is a point of circle (C) (C)

M´
-1 0 A x

3) a- M does not belong to (D), so Im (z)  1.

z i
1
z  1 z  i z  i  z  i 2i (Im( z )  1)
   and Im(z)  1
z i z i ( z  i )( z  i) z i
2

z  1
Hence is pure imaginary.
z i
z  ' z  z A z  1
b- AM  M   that is pure imaginary, so the two straight lines (A M  ) and (BM)
z BM zM  zB z i
are perpendicular.

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c- M does not belong to (D), then (A M  ) and (BM) are perpendicular, so M  is on the
perpendicular through A to mathematics solution
(BM) and M  is a point of (C), so M  is a point of intersection of these two sets other than A.
d- If M is a point of (D) deprived of B then z = x+ i with x  0

xi i
z  1 So M  is confounded with A.
xi i

1 1 i
III- 1) zn 1  zn  i  zn  i , which is the complex form of a similitude.
1 i 2

1 i 2 i 4 b i
a  e and z1   1 i
2 2 1 a 1 1
1 i
2
So An+1 is the image of An by the direct similitude of center I (1+i), ratio
2

and angle  .
4
 2
2) a- ( IAn ; IAn 1 )  (2 ) et IAn 1  IAn , so triangle IAn An 1 is right at An+1
4 2
b- IAn An 1 is right isosceles of principal vertex An+1 and

( An 1I ; An 1 An )  (2 ) then An 1 is the intersection of the semi-circle of diameter [IAn]
2
and of the perpendicular bisector of [IAn].
1 3 3 5 5 5
z0 =0, z1 = i, z2 =  i , z3 = 1 i , z4 =  i , z5 =  i
2 2 2 4 4 4

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A2 A3
A4
A1
A5

A0 x
0 1

1   1 2
3) a- ak  Area of ( IAk Ak 1 )  IAk  IAk 1  sin   IAk
2 4 4
2
1 2  1 1 1
  IAk 1     IA 2 k 1  ak 1
4 2  4 2 2
1 2 1
Then, a k is the general term of geometric sequence of initial term a0  IA0 
4 2
1
and of common ratio r 
2
n 1
1
1   n 1
1  q n 1 1  2  1
b- Sn  a0  1  
1 q 2 1 1  2
2
lim S n  1
n  

2 2 2 2 4 2
IV-1) a- p (of getting B, B, B, B, R) =     
6 6 6 6 6 243
b- To get a red ball from the 5 drawn balls is to get:
(R, B, B, B, B) or (B, R, B, B, B) or (B, B, R, B, B) or (B, B, B, R, B) or (B, B, B, B, R)
2 10
Then p (of getting 1R and 4B)= 5  
243 243

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c- The event : getting at least one blue ball is the opposite of the event: the 5 balls are red,
then :
5
4 211
p (at least one blue ball)= 1    
6 243
2) a- Designating by B the event : the drawn ball is blue
Ui : the ball comes from Ui
p( B)  p(U1 )  p( B / U1 )  p(U 2 )  p( B / U 2 )  p (U 3 )  p( B / U 3 )

1 2 1 3 1 5 5
p ( B)       
3 6 3 6 3 6 9

p(U 3  B) 18 1
b- p(U 3 / B)   
p( B) 5 2
9

 x 1
V- A. 1) lim f ( x)  lim    lim ln x  2  1  ()  
x   x  
 x  x  
 x 1
lim f ( x)  lim    lim ln x  2  ()  ()  
x 0  x 0  x  x 0 
2) f is differentiable over ]0 ;   [ since it is the product of two differentiable functions
on ]0 ;   [
x  x 1
f ( x)  2
ln x  2  x  1  1  12 (ln x  x  3)
x x x x
1
3) a- g ( x)   1  0 for all x ]0;[ , then, g is strictly increasing over ]0;[
x
b- lim g ( x)   and lim g ( x)  
x 0 x  

g is continuous and strictly increasing and g(x) varies from   to   so the equation
g(x) = 0 has one unique solution  .
g (2, 20) = ln (2, 20) + 2,20 – 3  - 0,01 < 0
g (2, 21) = ln (2, 21) + 2,21 – 3  0,002 >0
Then 2, 20 <  < 2, 21

c- g (x) < 0 for 0 < x <  and g (x) > 0 for x > 
g (x) = 0 for x = 

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4) a- f (x) has the same sign as g(x), then the table of variations of f is :

x 0  
f´ (x) - 0 +
f (x)  

f ( )

 1
b- f (  )  (ln  2) and ln    3  0

 1  (  1)2
then f (  )  (   3  2 )  ,
 
2,20 <  <2,21 then 1,20 <  -1 < 1,21
and 1,44 < (  -1)2 < 1,4641
therefore
1 1 1 1,44 (  1) 2 1,4641
  then  
2,21  2,20 2,21  2,20

and consequently – 0,67 < f ( ) < -0,65
 x 1
5) a- f (x) = 0 gives  ln x  2  0 so x = 1 or x = e
2

 x 
Then the curve (C) cuts the axis x´x at two points of abscissas 1 and e2 and since f (  )< 0
then 0 < 1 <  and e2 > 

x 0 1  e2 
f (x) + 0  f ( )  0 +

Then f (x) > 0 for 0 < x < 1 or x > e2

f (x) < 0 for 1 < x < e2 then f(x) < 0 if and only if x ]1; e 2 [

b- f (1) = 0 and f ( e2 ) = 0. (we get   1 and   e 2 )

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f ( x)  x  1  ln x 2 
lim  lim      0
x   x x  
 x  x x 
Hence x´x is an asymptotic direction.

-5 0 5 e2 10 x

B- 1) a- F´(x)= f (x) with F(1) = 0 , then the table of variations of F is:

x 0 1 e2 
F´(x) + 0  0 +

F(x) 0

b- The tangents at (  ) at the points of abscissas 1 and e2 are parallel to x´x since
F´(1) = F´ ( e2 ) = 0
1
2) a- Taking u = ln t and v´= 1 , we get : u  and v=t, then,
t
x x

 ln t dt  t lnt 1   dt  x ln x  x  1
x

1 1

 t 1  ln t 2 
x x

b- F ( x)    (ln t  2)dt    ln t  2   dt

1
t  1
t t
x
 1 2 
= t ln t  t  2t  ln t  2 ln t 
 2 1

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1 2
= x ln x  x  2 x  ln x  2 ln x  (3)
2
2
ln x
= x ln x  3x   2 ln x  3
2
c- lim F ( x)  
x 0

3 1 ln x 2
d- lim F ( x)  lim x ln x(1    )  3  
x  x  ln x 2 x x
F ( x)
lim  
x x
e- x = 0 is a vertical asymptote to () . y´y is an asymptotic direction of () at  
F (1) = 0, F ( e2 ) = 5- e2  -2,389

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13 x

3) For x ]1; e 2 [ , () is below x´ x, then

e2
S    f ( x)dx   F (e2 )  F (1)  e2  5  2,390 u 2 .
1

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