FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

NAME: SADDEEQ USMAN GWARZO

181204017

500 LEVEL

2022/2023 SESSION

EEE 595
PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN

AUTOMATED POULTRY MORNITORING SYSTEM

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: Engr. Ahmad Galadima

COURSE INSTRUCTORS: Engr. Tech Paul Okpe

Miss Halimatu Sadiya Yakub

 ABSTRACT
The Automated Poultry Monitoring System is a project aimed at enhancing the management and
monitoring of poultry farms by utilizing advanced technologies. This system leverages sensor-
based data collection, real-time monitoring, and automation to ensure optimal conditions for the
poultry environment, detect and respond to critical situations promptly, and streamline farm
operations. The system incorporates various sensors, including temperature and humidity
sensors, light sensors, rain sensors, water level sensors, and flame sensors, to continuously
monitor important parameters within the poultry farm. These sensors provide real-time data on
environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, rainfall, water
availability, and flame detection. The collected sensor data is processed and analyzed by an
Arduino microcontroller, which controls the overall system operations. The Arduino interacts
with the sensors, captures data at regular intervals, and performs actions based on predefined
thresholds and conditions. It manages the control of components like automatic door locks,
ventilation systems, and water supply mechanisms to maintain optimal conditions within the
poultry farm. Furthermore, the system incorporates a GSM module to enable communication via
SMS. This allows the system to send real-time alerts and notifications to the farm owner or
designated personnel in case of critical situations, such as high temperatures, low temperatures,
or flame detection. Additionally, the system can receive commands via SMS to request current
sensor data or perform specific actions. The Automated Poultry Monitoring System offers
several benefits. It minimizes human effort and intervention by automating tasks, such as
regulating temperature, controlling access, and managing water supply. It improves the overall
efficiency of the farm by ensuring optimal environmental conditions for poultry, which can result
in better growth, health, and productivity. The real-time monitoring and alerting capabilities
help prevent and mitigate risks, such as fire outbreaks, extreme temperatures, or inadequate
water supply, minimizing losses and ensuring the well-being of the poultry.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1: BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

Agriculture accounts for 35% of Nigeria’s GDP. Before the ascendancy of oil, agriculture was
the country’s major earner of foreign currency. Now that oil is on the decline, there is great
clamor for diversification of the Nigerian economy. This has redirected attention to agriculture
and now the government of Nigeria is paying unprecedented attention to agricultural
development – both as an instrument for reducing the nation’s import bill and as a potential
leading source of foreign currency. The Nigerian poultry industry contributes approximately
25% to agricultural GDP. About 85 million (42%) of Nigeria's population, 4 in every 10
Nigerian, are into poultry production, primarily small scale to medium scale poultry farming [1].
There's hardly any part of the country where you wouldn't see these two-legged creatures
roaming around the neighborhood or being reared. Nigeria has the largest annual egg production
and second largest chicken population in Africa. The Nigerian poultry industry comprises about
180 million birds. Of these, 80 million chickens are raised in extensive systems, 60 million in
semi-intensive, and the remaining 40 million in intensive systems site. The federal government
encouraged farmers to upgrade from subsistence to commercial agriculture. In fact, a financial
intervention scheme was launched in this regard, the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme
(CACS) [2].

Technology development has made life for us simpler and easier. Automation is the use of
information technologies and control systems to lessen the need for human labor in the creation
of goods and services. Automation goes beyond mechanization in the context of
industrialization. Automation considerably reduces the need for human sensory and mental
requirements as well, whereas mechanization human operator’s machinery to help them with the
muscle requirements of work. The importance of automation in the global economy and in day-
to-day life is rising. Systems that are automatic are preferred to those that are manual.

The incentive behind this project is to design and implement an automated poultry monitoring
system that bestow end users with the facility to monitor temperature and humidity level, door
security, drinker water level indicator, rainfall in that specific location remotely via the use of

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various sensors in order to save energy and cost. Agriculture remains the most important sector
of the Nigerian economy. Over the year’s variety of modifications have been implemented on the
poultry farming with include poultry cage and lots more. Farms need to be converted to modern
farms, notably poultry farming, which is easily to be automated, due to advancements in
technology. Considering the advancement in technology, this project will be to provide a means
for our local farmers to convert their traditional chicken farming to contemporary poultry
farming. The system is made of temperature and humidity sensor, water level sensor, rain sensor,
flame sensor, light dependent resistor lock (LDR), LCD display, GSM module. The sub circuit is
designed using passive and active electronic components like capacitors, resistors, diode,
regulators, transistors and relays.

1.2: PROBLEM STATEMENT

The poultry industry is an important sector of agriculture that plays a vital role in meeting the
growing demand for meat and eggs. However, poultry farming can be a challenging task,
especially when it comes to monitoring the birds and ensuring their well-being. Traditional
methods of monitoring poultry farms are often time-consuming, expensive, and require a lot of
manual labor. Therefore, an automated poultry monitoring system using Arduino and GSM
module, with various sensors such as rain sensor, water level indicator, flame sensor,
temperature and humidity sensor, LDR, and door lock can provide numerous benefits to poultry
farmers.

The problem that this system aims to solve is the lack of efficient and effective monitoring in
poultry farming. Farmers have to manually check on their birds regularly, which can be time-
consuming and can result in missed opportunities to identify potential problems. For example, in
case of a sudden change in temperature or humidity, it may be difficult to identify the problem
until it is too late, which can result in a loss of birds.

The proposed system aims to provide real time monitoring of various parameters that are critical
to the well-being of the birds, such as temperature, humidity, and water level. The rain sensor
can detect rainwater, which can prevent the water from overflowing. The flame sensor can detect
any fire incidents and immediately alert the farmer. The LDR sensor can detect the light intensity
inside the poultry house, which can be useful in determining the best time for the birds to sleep
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or wake up. The door lock can be programmed to automatically open and close, based on a
predetermined schedule, to ensure the birds are safe inside their house.

In summary, the proposed automated poultry monitoring system can provide numerous benefits
to poultry farmers, including improved efficiency, reduced labor costs, and enhanced bird
welfare. With the ability to monitor critical parameters in real-time and receive immediate alerts
in case of any issues, farmers can take proactive measures to ensure the health and safety of their
birds, resulting in higher productivity and profitability.

1.3: AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to design and construct an automated poultry monitoring system on
GSM module that can be monitored. This aim shall be achieved through the following
objectives:

 To designing a circuit and choosing the appropriate component values to ensure

reliability of the project
 To Program the microcontroller to execute the desired tasks
 To set up all the sensors appropriately in circuit
 To implement the remote control of poultry farm function and increase energy efficiency

1.4: SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study is significant because it may uniquely bring ideas on how simple technology can be
used to improve on key poultry pen required regulations and improve on farm security. Nigerian
poultry farmers continuously record higher rates of losses from operational inefficiencies
compared to other countries. The challenges and impacts of manual operations and its related
outcomes as reported by many studies are enormous for the poultry sector and its consequence
on the country economy. As a result of unfavorable outcomes of these inefficiencies, farmers
suffer physical, emotional and catastrophic expenditures from wastages which may lead to
collapse of their investments.

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Any favorable outcomes from this study may have the potential to be used for poultry farms
enhancements, modelling, and identifying future research priorities in poultry technology and
pullets’ quality of care. The results of this research may have potential social change
implications. If our local farmers adopt technology, there will be value for money in their
maintenance cost with consequence in reduction in their bills.

1.5: SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The system specification shows the description of the function and the performance of the
system and the user. The scope of this project “automated poultry monitoring system” is
immense. The project itself can be modified to achieve a complete poultry automation system
which will then create a platform for the user to interface between himself and his poultry farm.
This project has certain limitations and a list of such is listed below:

 Operation of the controlling units is only possible through a cell phone and sim card with
the capability of receiving phone calls
 The control unit must be able to receive and decode phone calls
 The receiver must reside in a location where a signal with sufficient strength can be
received from a cellular phone networks.

1.6: ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

Chapter One entails the background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives, purpose of
study, significance of study and the limitations of study.

In Chapter Two a brief history of automation will be given. Existing pieces of literature on the
subject would be reviewed. It also includes an explanation and a review of the components used
during the project.

Chapter Three outlines the detailed methodology used to design the system circuit including
block diagrams, flowcharts, formulas, etc. It also describes the test procedures utilized in
validating the performance of the system. The system is subdivided into three units (input,
processing, and output). Each unit will be discussed accordingly.

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Chapter Four entails the steps taken to implement the methodology designed in chapter three.
The results derived from the implementation and testing were reviewed.

Chapter Five contains the summary of the project, setbacks encountered and recommendations
for future works

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: INTRODUCTION

The poultry industry plays a vital role in meeting the growing global demand for poultry
products. However, managing and monitoring poultry farms efficiently is a complex task that
requires constant attention to various environmental and operational factors. In recent years,
automated poultry monitoring systems have emerged as a promising solution to enhance the
management and productivity of poultry farms. These systems utilize a combination of advanced
technologies, including the GSM module, LCD, LDR, flame sensor, water level indicator, lock,
rain detector, and temperature and humidity sensors, to collect real-time data and provide
valuable insights for poultry farmers.

The objective of this chapter is to review the existing literature on automated poultry monitoring
systems that incorporate the aforementioned components. By exploring the work conducted in
this field, I aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the different approaches,
methodologies, and technological advancements employed in developing and implementing such
systems. This literature review will serve as a foundation for our research, allowing me to
identify gaps, challenges, and opportunities for further investigation in the context of utilizing
these specific components for poultry monitoring.

The chapter begins by providing an overview of the poultry industry, highlighting the key
challenges faced by farmers in maintaining optimal conditions for their flocks. These challenges
include monitoring environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and lighting, as well as
detecting and preventing potential hazards like fire outbreaks and water shortages. By
automating the monitoring process using a combination of the GSM module, LCD, LDR, flame
sensor, water level indicator, lock, rain detector, and temperature and humidity sensors, poultry
farmers can benefit from real-time data collection, early warning systems, and remote control
capabilities.

The literature review will delve into the individual components of the automated poultry
monitoring system, discussing their functions, capabilities, and how they contribute to overall

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farm management. The GSM module enables wireless communication and data transmission,
allowing farmers to receive alerts and updates remotely. The LCD provides a visual interface for
displaying important information, such as temperature, humidity levels, and system status. The
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) helps monitor lighting conditions within the poultry house,
ensuring optimal levels for the flock's health and productivity. The flame sensor acts as a safety
measure, detecting any potential fire hazards. The water level indicator helps maintain adequate
water supply for the birds, while the lock ensures secure access to the poultry house. The rain
detector assists in managing environmental conditions during adverse weather, and the
temperature and humidity sensor provide crucial data for monitoring and adjusting the poultry
house's climate.

Furthermore, this chapter will explore the existing research and developments in integrating
these components into an integrated system. It will review studies that have employed data
analysis techniques, such as machine learning algorithms, to process the collected data and
provide actionable insights for farmers. The review will also investigate the practical
implementation of these systems, considering factors such as cost-effectiveness, scalability, and
ease of use.

In conclusion, this literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing
knowledge and research in the field of automated poultry monitoring systems that incorporate
the GSM module, LCD, LDR, flame sensor, water level indicator, lock, rain detector, and
temperature and humidity sensor. By examining the current state of the art, identifying research
gaps, and exploring potential opportunities, I can contribute to the advancement of this
technology and offer valuable insights for poultry farmers, researchers, and industry
stakeholders.

2.2: RELEVANCE OF THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND EXPLANATION

OF FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

2.2.1: GSM Module:

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The GSM module plays a crucial role in the automated poultry monitoring system as it enables
wireless communication and data transmission. By utilizing the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) technology, this module establishes a network connection, allowing
poultry farmers to remotely access and control the monitoring system. Real-time alerts, updates,
and two-way communication can be facilitated through the GSM module.

2.2.2: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

The LCD serves as the visual interface in the automated poultry monitoring system. It provides a
display screen where important information such as temperature, humidity levels, system status,
and alerts can be presented. This component enhances accessibility and user-friendliness,
allowing farmers to quickly and easily access crucial information regarding the poultry farm's
conditions.

2.2.3: LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

The LDR, or Light Dependent Resistor, is a sensor employed to measure light intensity within
the poultry house. It plays a significant role in controlling the lighting conditions necessary for
the health, growth, and productivity of the poultry. By detecting variations in light levels, the
LDR triggers adjustments to maintain optimal lighting conditions, ensuring the well-being of the
birds.

2.2.4: FLAME SENSOR:

The flame sensor is a safety component integrated into the automated poultry monitoring system.
It utilizes infrared technology to detect the presence of flames or fire outbreaks within the
poultry house. Early detection and prompt response to potential fire hazards are made possible
by the flame sensor, safeguarding the welfare of the poultry and minimizing the risk of damage
to the facility.

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2.2.5: WATER LEVEL INDICATOR:

The water level indicator is an essential component that monitors and manages the water supply
for the poultry. It utilizes sensors or probes to measure the water level in the poultry drinking
system or water reservoir. Continuous monitoring of the water level allows farmers to ensure a
constant and adequate water supply, promoting the well-being and productivity of the poultry.

2.2.6: LOCK:

The lock is a security feature integrated into the automated poultry monitoring system,
controlling access to the poultry house. Its purpose is to allow only authorized personnel to enter
the facility, protecting the birds from unauthorized entry and potential risks. The lock can be
operated manually or integrated with electronic access control systems for enhanced security
measures.

2.2.7: RAIN DETECTOR:

The rain detector is a component that detects the presence of rain or excessive moisture in the
vicinity of the poultry house, particularly in open or semi-open systems. By detecting rainfall,
the rain detector triggers necessary adjustments to maintain optimal environmental conditions for
the poultry. This includes regulating ventilation, controlling temperature, and managing humidity
levels.

2.2.8: TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR:

Temperature and humidity sensors are critical components of automated poultry monitoring
systems. These sensors measure the ambient temperature and humidity levels within the poultry
house. The data collected by these sensors provide insights into the thermal comfort of the birds

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and the overall environmental conditions. Monitoring and adjusting temperature and humidity
parameters ensure an optimal and stress-free environment for the poultry

2.3: REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

In [3] the author did wearable wireless sensor that can detect the infected chickens. The overall
production, quality and economy can be improved by the system. Poultry sheds can be controlled
24 hours by automation. It is help to provide an optimum output by reducing man power in
poultry farming.

With the continuous advancements in technology a potential innovation, IoT is coming down the
road which is burgeoning as a ubiquitous global computing network where everyone and
everything will be connected to the Internet. IoT is continually evolving and is a hot research
topic where opportunities are infinite. Imaginations are boundless which have put it on the verge
of reshaping the current form of internet into a modified and integrated version. The number of
devices availing internet services is increasing every day and having all of them connected by
wire or wireless will put a powerful source of information at our finger tips. The concept of
enabling interaction between intelligent machines is a cutting-edge technology but the
technologies composing the IoT are not something new for us. IoT, as you can guess by its name,
is the approach of converging data obtained from different kinds of things to any virtual platform
on existing Internet infrastructure [4].

In [5] it stated that the chicken poultry is a crucial component of our nation's sustainable food
supply. The creation of an automated system for managing poultry can be highly beneficial for
the expansion of the poultry sector. In the current setup, the hens require a human presence to
manually provide them with food and water to keep the farm running. The proposed method can
take the position of the employee in charge of caring for the farm and feeding the chickens.
Consequently, the sector's labor issues were resolved, and the chicken industry introduced an
automatic procedure. The poultry farm and agricultural sectors can use the proposed system. The
goal of this project is to create a working prototype that can automatically water and feed
chickens while also keeping the farm clean. The customer can lead the poultry speedier and more

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effectual. It is composed of automated devices like, Breadboards, timer Modules, Arduino, sun
gear mechanism and load cells to deliver food to the poultry. The automatic Poultry management
system is more effectual than physical process of poultry feeding. Thus, reduce the feeding time
and maintain the poultry and makes the poultry production better.

Furthermore in [6] it was stated that farming plays an important role in today's world and it
requires proper environmental and diet care. A smart system is needed to operate and monitor
animal farm remotely. Our project aims at providing basic needs such as feed and water
whenever required, maintaining the humidity and temperature of the farm, and also alerts the
user/owner when there is any intruder in the farm and detects the smoke in the farm. The overall
surveillance of the farm can be done by the IP camera installed in the farm. Therefore, our
project is an approach in which the farmers in the rural areas will be benefitted by automatic
monitoring and control of animal farmhouse environment. This kind of intelligent system can be
designed cost effectively by using microcontrollers and various kinds of sensors such as
ultrasonic sensors, DHT sensors, water level sensors and gas sensors with help of internet
connectivity. Hence it is the technical approach in which the farmers in the rural areas will be
benefitted by automatic monitoring and control of farm house environment which replaces the
human intervention at times.

In [7] the author stated that Nowadays, automation plays a very important role in everyday life.
IoT based poultry farming is useful in situations where remote monitoring and maintenance is
needed and this in turn modifies the conventional farm into a modern farm with various
automated features. Various factors that affect the health of chicken are monitored at regularly
interval to improve health and growth of chicken. This paper provides an insight on how to setup
an IoT based Smart Poultry Farming System using IoT components. The system uses Arduino
Nano for interfacing with different sensors to sense the values of specific parameters and
ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module to upload the data to the cloud. Various environmental factors are
sensed in the poultry management system, which includes temperature, ammonia content in the
air and light intensity. The system not just monitors these parameters, but also regulates them
effectively with the help of various automated techniques. The proposed work is useful to
farmers who follow conventional farming methods as they could easily access and control the

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poultry farm remotely using their mobile phones thereby reducing the manual monitoring and
increasing the yield of the poultry farm.

Again in [3] IoT based Smart Poultry Farm will give a hassle free and better observation
experience to the user of the Poultry Farm. This system will make use of the sensors and
microcontroller unit to perform the said operations of feeding, water supply and temperature-
humidity observation which are the main causes for any kind of epidemic or diseases for poultry
birds. Introducing IoT in the system will benefit in providing ease of operation as well as real
time data observation through internet to the user.

In [8] Poultry Management is one major agriculture business. The big challenge in the poultry is
to identify the disease in the early stage and avoid to spread the disease to another. Most of the
cases it needs an intense labor and training. We propose an embedded system that can monitor
the poultry and distinguish the affected ones from the group. This will allow the users to detect
the sick units earlier and leads a cost effective solution for poultry industry. The initial target of
this paper is to develop an embedded IOT system connected with the server that can monitor the
poultry farms. The second target is to present the current work that has been done on sound
analysis for poultry industry. The third target is to describe the future work that can be done to
develop real-time IOT system.

More over the task of modern systems of heat supply in the poultry houses are the maintenance
of the necessary temperature parameters in the habitats of the poultry. On the basis of researches
of infrared heating systems in poultry house an engineering technique for calculating the
temperature regime in module for growing poultry has been developed. The module was
equipped with an infrared heater and an exhaust outlet and allows designing efficient infrared
heating systems in agricultural premises to ensure standard temperature regime. In this case, the
technique is only resolved when the conditions for providing the required temperature and air
speed parameters are met. If the temperature of the module tin changes from 16 °C to 35 °C, and
inflow air speed varies from 0.2 m/s to 0.3 m/s, the infrared heating system and the ventilation
system completely provide the normalized air temperature in the irradiation area. Based on an
algorithm using a developed technique a computer program was developed. This program

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allows, through the use of a simple method of substituting input factors, to determine the
parameters of the temperature regime of the module for poultry breeding [9].

In [10] Poultry farming is one of the most important sectors in the agricultural industry that
participates in import substitution and has the highest innovation potential. To increase
competitiveness of enterprises it is necessary to implement process innovations in poultry
raising, maintenance and feeding. In order to increase the level of new technologies in business
entities, there is a need to develop a complex system for evaluation of economic efficiency of
innovative technologies with considerations for sector-specific requirements. Such system will
allow getting extended vision of influence from innovations onto competitiveness of business
entities involved in poultry farming.

In order to solve the problem of real-time monitoring of environmental data in broilers, the
author designs an intelligent handheld terminal based on Android, the environment temperature
and humidity that can pair of farm, illuminance and indoor harmful gas concentration undertake
real - time and remote wireless monitoring. The results show that: Operators can use handheld
terminals to timely access to the current temperature, humidity, lighting, carbon dioxide and
other concentrations of broiler farm data, Alarm of data exceeding the threshold value, at the
same time, real-time video monitoring is realized in the breeding environment. The system has
created a new model for managing mobile farms, Suitable for all kinds of farms, it has the
advantages of low research and development cost, strong expansion ability and easy
maintenance, Facilitate a wide range of promotion [11].

In [12] resent a framework for understanding the effects of automation and other types of
technological changes on labor demand, and use it to interpret changes in US employment over
the recent past. At the center of our framework is the allocation of tasks to capital and labor—the
task content of production. Automation, which enables capital to replace labor in tasks it was
previously engaged in, shifts the task content of production against labor because of a
displacement effect. As a result, automation always reduces the labor share in value added and
may reduce labor demand even as it raises productivity. The effects of automation are
counterbalanced by the creation of new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. The
introduction of new tasks changes the task content of production in favor of labor because of a

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reinstatement effect, and always raises the labor share and labor demand. We show how the role
of changes in the task content of production—due to automation and new tasks—can be inferred
from industry-level data. Our empirical decomposition suggests that the slower growth of
employment over the last three decades is accounted for by an acceleration in the displacement
effect, especially in manufacturing, a weaker reinstatement effect, and slower growth of
productivity than in previous decades.

Beside in [13] the author summarizes a framework for the study of the implications of
automation and artificial intelligence on the demand for labor, wages, and employment. Our
task-based framework emphasizes the displacement effect that automation creates as machines
and AI replace labor in tasks that it used to perform. This displacement effect tends to reduce the
demand for labor and wages. But it is counteracted by a productivity effect, resulting from the
cost savings generated by automation, which increase the demand for labor in non-automated
tasks. The productivity effect is complemented by additional capital accumulation and the
deepening of automation (improvements of existing machinery), both of which further increase
the demand for labor. These countervailing effects are incomplete. Even when they are strong,
automation in- creases output per worker more than wages and reduce the share of labor in
national income. The more powerful countervailing force against automation is the creation of
new labor-intensive tasks, which reinstates labor in new activities and tends to increase the labor
share to counterbalance the impact of automation. Our framework also highlights the constraints
and imperfections that slow down the adjustment of the economy and the labor market to
automation and weaken the resulting productivity gains from this transformation: a mismatch
between the skill requirements of new technologies, and the possibility that automation is being
introduced at an excessive rate, possibly at the expense of other productivity-enhancing
technologies.

Additionally, Informatization can effectively improve the production and management efficiency
in the poultry farming process. In his study, a management system was designed to realize the
acquisition, transmission, storage, and management of information, and upload the data to the
cloud database to increase the flexibility and scalability of the system. On the basis of realizing
production management functions, the system also incorporates an office management module,
thus forming a complete data chain in production activities, so as to conduct farming data mining

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and accurate traceability in the next stage of the work. In particular, the system also adds poultry
disease detection module supports to achieve the purpose of healthy farming. The research
provides an information management plan for the intensive poultry farming model, and the
designed management system may be the starting point of a future intelligent poultry farming
management system based on cloud services and big data technology [9].

In [14] the author stated the thermal comfort is a decisive factor in broiler chicken production, as
it defines the relationship between food consumption and meat production. Temperature and
humidity are major parameters for thermal balance. In spite of available automation technology,
poultry farming is still dependent on an expert to observe the process and set up control
parameters accordingly. Besides being inefficient, this is also uncomfortable and error-prone.
This article proposes a framework for control, supervision, and decision-making in poultry
farming. We initially set up a plant architecture that enables us to take advantage of emerging
modern technologies, such as sensor networks, control theory, and remote monitoring, to handle
temperature and humidity inside a poultry house. Then, we present the steps of modelling,
synthesis, and implementation of a controller that observes events in the plant and commands the
actuators in a minimally restrictive, controllable and non-blocking way, while complying with a
set of operational requirements. Our final result provides a dual-channel web-based supervision
system that shows the process status remotely for users and allows them to interfere with control,
whenever convenient.

2.4: REVIEW OF COMPONENTS

2.4.1: POWER SUPPLY UNITS (DC)

This unit powers most of the system, that is every part of the system except the alternating
current (AC) loads. It converts AC voltage supplied from the main grid to a regulated DC
voltage sufficient to power the microcontrollers and components that make up the circuit. The
Block diagram of a power supply unit is depicted in figure 2.1 [15] and a breakdown of each
block follows.

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 Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of Power Supply Unit

2.4.2: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer shown in figure 2.2 converts high alternating current (AC) from the
primary winding to low alternating current (DC) in the secondary winding. The transformer turns
high voltage, low current electricity into low voltage, high current power because the secondary
voltage is smaller than the main voltage [16]. They are classified into various types: single-phase
step-down transformer, center phase step-down transformers, and multi-tapped step- down
transformers. They are used in power transmission lines, welding equipment, voltage stabilizers
and inverters, etc.[17]. The transformer turn ratio is approximately proportional to the voltage
ratio as shown in equation 2.1 below

Vp Np
n= =
Vs Ns
……… (2.1)

where Vp is the primary low voltage (LV) voltage, Np number of turns on the primary
side, Vs is the secondary side high voltage (HV) voltage and Ns is the number of turns on the
secondary side. This means energy flows from the HV to the LV side [16]. The voltage is
reduced from the main (input voltage) to the secondary voltage (output voltage). This equation
may be rearranged to provide the output voltage formula (i.e., secondary voltage). This is also
known as the step-down transformer formula [18] as shown in equation 2.2.

Ns ×Vp
Vs=
Np
(2.2)

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 Figure 2.2 A step-down transformer showing its windings

2.4.3: DIODE
A diode is a two-terminal semiconducting device that permits current to flow in one direction
while restricting current flow in the opposite direction. It also has low resistivity in one direction
and high resistivity in the opposite direction. it acts as an insulator when it is reverse biased [19].
There are various types of diodes but each has a cathode (-) and anode (+). A diode is formed by
connecting two equally doped N-type and P-type semiconductor materials. When these two
materials are joined together, they form another small layer in-between them called the
depletion layer [20]. This is because the N-type layer contains excess electrons and the P-
type layer has surplus holes that both seek to disseminate into each other, resulting in a high
resistance barrier between the two materials. This layer of depletion needs to be broken if the
current has to pass through a diode [21]. The forward biased mode is activated when the anode
and cathode are supplied with positive and negative voltage respectively which means the
current is allowed to flow, and when it is in the opposite, its reverse bias. The voltage dropped
across a conducting forward-biased diode is called the forward voltage and reverse voltage for
reverse-biased [20]. The maximum reverse-bias voltage that a diode can withstand without
“breaking down” is called the Peak Inverse Voltage, or PIV rating [21]. Diodes can be used in
circuits like; rectifier circuits, signal limiters, switches, etc.

Table 2.1 shows the specifications of the 1N4007 diode and figure 2.3 shows a full-
wave bridge rectifier

Table 2.1 1N4007 diode specifications

S/N Description Specification

1 Current 1A

2 Peak inverse voltage 50V

3 VF max 1.1V

4 Reverse current 5µA

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 5 Non-repetitive peak current 30A

6 RMS reverse voltage 35V

Figure 2.3 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Both D3 and D1 are forward biased during the positive half cycle of the input signal whereas D2
and D4 are reverse biased. D2 and D4 are forward bias during the negative half cycle, whereas
D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Although the secondary winding polarity has reversed, the current
through the load is still in the same direction.

2.4.4: CAPACITORS

A capacitor (figure 2.4) is an electrical component that stores electrical energy in an electrical
field. As a voltage is placed across it, it stores an electric charge and releases it to the circuit
when needed [22]. A capacitor consists of two parallel conductors separated by a dielectric
material, when a voltage source is applied across the capacitor, the capacitor plate attached to the
positive side of the source becomes positively charged and the one attached to the negative
becomes negatively charged which causes a difference in charging level between the two plates
[23]. The charges cannot migrate from one plate to another due to the presence of dielectric
between the conductors. An electric potential difference appears across the plates, and the
voltage that appears across the capacitor rises until it becomes equal to the voltage of the
connected voltage source [23]. Capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farad ‘F’ and the
factors that affect capacitance include; plate area, plate separation and the dielectric material.
Ultra-capacitors, special purpose capacitors, tantalum capacitors, and film capacitors are types of
capacitors [23].

18
 Figure 2.4 A Capacitor

The output of the rectifier has an AC portion (ripple voltage) and an average DC
voltage. A filter capacitor is used to smoothen the pulsating DC output after
rectification by reducing the amount of ripple voltage to an acceptable level in order to
supply a nearly constant DC voltage to the load. Figure 2.5, [24] shows the pulsating
DC output before filtering (grey dotted line) and after (red continuous line).

Figure 2.5 A Graph Showing the Filtered Output of the Power Supply

2.4.5: VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator (figure 2.6) [25] is a component of the power supply unit that maintains
a steady voltage level under all operational conditions. Both DC and AC can be regulated
by taking a higher input voltage and emitting a lower and more stable output voltage [25].
The two main types of voltage regulators are linear and switching voltage regulators [26].
The 78XX and 79XX family of DC linear fixed voltage regulator ICs are frequently used in
electrical circuits for positive and negative outputs, respectively, where XX stands for the
output voltage range from 2.5V to 35V. They have three pins i.e., Input, output and ground
pins as shown in figure 2.6 [26].

19
 Figure 2.6 A BJT Voltage Regulator

2.4.6: INPUT UNITS (SENSORS)

A sensor is a device that measures physical input and converts to data for a machine or human to
interpret. There are various types of sensors for different purposes, the sensors used in this
project are as follows;

2.4.6.1: TEMPERATURE SENSOR

A temperature sensor is a basic instrument that measures the degree of hotness or coolness in a
system and transforms it to a readable device. It is also a thermocouple or resistance temperature
detector that gives a readable method of temperature measurement by an electrical signal [29].
The operation of a temperature sensor is dependent on the potential difference across the diode;
the temperature shift is directly proportional to the diode's resistance, i.e., the greater the
resistance, the hotter the temperature, and vice versa; if the voltage increases, the temperature
rises, resulting in a voltage drop between the transistor terminals of the base and emitter in a
diode [29]. The resistance across the diode is measured and translated to readable units of
temperature such as Fahrenheit, Celsius, Centigrade, etc.
DHT11 - DHT11, is a temperature sensor that measures temperature and humidity, it contains a
chip that does analogue to digital conversion and gives out a digital signal with the temperature
and humidity. Figure 2.9 [29] shows the pinout of the temperature sensor. Table 2.3 shows the
properties of DHT11.

20
 Figure 2.9 Pinout of DHT11 Sensor

Table 2.3: Properties of DHT11

S/N Description Specification

1 Communication protocol One-wire

2 Power supply range 3 - 5.5V

3 Temperature range 0 - 50O C

4 Humidity range 20 - 90%

5 Current 0.3mA

6 Sampling period 1 second

2.4.6.2: LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

The LDR in Figure 2.10 is a type of resistor that suffers alteration in resistance levels
when it detects changes in luminosity. It is also known by many names including
photo-resistor, photo-conductor, and photo-cell [30]. The resistance value of the LDR
is inversely proportional to the intensity of light it detects. Some of the most often
semiconductors utilized in the fabrication of an LDR include cadmium sulphide, lead
sulphide, etc [31]. Similar to a conventional resistor, its pins do not have polarity.

Figure 2.10 A Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)

The mechanism behind the working of the LDR is photo-conductivity. When the surrounding of

21
the LDR is dark, its resistance increases to several Mega ohms (MW) which significantly limits
current flow [38]. However, when the area around the photo-resistor is bright, photons with
greater energy are absorbed, electron-hole pairs are formed. The subsequent carriers of free
charge conduct electricity, thus lowering the resistance [32]. Therefore, a non-linear relationship
exists between light intensity and resistance for photo-resistor.

Figure 2.11: Shows The Symbolic Representation of the LDR.

2.4.6.3: WATER LEVEL SENSOR

Water level sensor (figure 2.2) is a device that measures the liquid level in a fixed container that
is too high or too low. According to the method of measuring the liquid level, it can be divided
into two types: contact type and non-contact type. The input type water level transmitter we call
is a contact measurement, which converts the height of the liquid level into an electrical signal
for output. It is currently a widely used water level transmitter.

Figure 2.12: A Water Level Sensor

2.4.6.4: RAIN SENSOR

Rain sensor shown in figure 2.13 is one kind of switching device which is used to detect the
rainfall. It works like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is, whenever there is rain,
the switch will be normally closed.

22
 Figure 2.13: A Rain Sensor

2.4.7: PROCESSING UNITS (MICROCONTROLLER)

The processing unit consists of a microcontroller which is a small, low-cost micro-computer that
is designed to perform specific tasks of embedded systems. It consists of a processor, memory,
serial ports, etc. They are classified based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets [27].
There are various types of microcontrollers with different features, some of which are;
2.4.7.1: AURDINO
Arduino is the microcontroller which will be used in the project. It has both WIFI and Bluetooth
module. [28] There are various models of Arduino IDE based on their specification and upgrade.

Figure 2.7: Pin Out Diagram of the Arduino Mega

Table 2.2: Technical specifications of the Arduino

23
 Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family
microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input Voltage 7 - 12V

Input Voltage Limits 6 – 20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16MHz

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1: INTRODUCTION
This chapter present the methodology that will be use for the design and construction of an
automatic poultry monitoring system that can monitor the temperature and humidity level, door
security, drinker water level indicator, lighting and rainfall in that specific location remotely via
the use of various sensors in order to save energy and cost. It also provides recommendation for
future improvement and application in the poultry industry.

3.2: SYSTEM FLOWCHART

This is the diagrammatic depiction of how the system will be implemented and the working
principle of the system. The flowchart consisting of the interactions between the microcontroller
and the sensors is as shown in Figure 3.1. It illustrates a methodical approach of the system's
operation. Initially, the system is switched ON. Thereafter, the microcontroller seeks to access

24
the GSM module. Then the system refreshes and displays the temperature, humidity, water
level, door security, rainfall sensor and light intensity readings.

START

SENSORS

DATA PROCESSING DATA COLLECTION

DECISION ACTUATOR

END
Figure 3.1 Flowchart for Farm Automation System

3.3: SOFTWARE DESIGN

3.3.1: ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE) SOFTWARE
The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform program that is available for Windows, Linus, and maOs.
It is built in the Java Programming Language. It features text editing space that has various
operations such as: searching and replacing text, pasting and cutting text, indenting
(automatically), brace matching ({}), and syntax highlighting with their specific colors. Written
codes can be validated, compiled, and uploaded to the appropriate Arduino board with a single
click.

The C and C++ programming languages are supported by the Arduino IDE. Userwritten code
necessitates the use of two (2) essential keywords (functions) for the initialization of an Arduino
sketch file and the loop of thereal program. Some of the keywords include setup(), and loop ().
The first function is setup(), which is usually used to initialize variables and settings. Loop() is a

25
function that comprises a block that the user would like to call/execute on the Arduino board
repeatedly. Figure 3.2 depicts the Arduino IDE with the basic setup() and loop() features.

Figure 3.2 Arduino IDE with setup() and loop() functions

3.3.2: PROTEUS 8.9 PROFESSIONAL

Proteus 8 Professional is primarily used by electronic engineers to design schematic diagrams
for PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). It is a software program that is used to create a printed circuit
board layout as well as simulate and capture electronic circuits. Figure 3.2 depicts the Proteus 8
Professional development environment.

Figure 3.3 Proteus 8 Professional Development Environment.

26
3.2.3: USER INTERFACE
The user interface is the link between the poultry cage and the user; it allows the user to issue
commands, which the microcontroller processes and outputs. GSM module is basically a GSM
Modem (SIM 900) connected to a PCB with different types of output taken from the board.

Figure 3.4: GSM Module

3.4: HARDWARE DESIGN

3.4.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM

The Farm Automation system comprises four main parts as shown in the functional block
diagram in Figure 3.4. They are the power supply unit, the input unit, the processing unit, and
the output unit. The input unit consists of the light sensor (LDR), water level indicator sensor,
rainfall sensor, temperature sensor (DHT11) and flame sensor. The processing unit is the
Arduino microcontroller and the output unit consists of the GSM module and LCD Display.

27
 5V
POWER
SUPPLY

LIGHT SENSOR

RAINFALL
SENSOR LCD DISPLAY
Arduino Mega
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR

WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR
SENSORS USER
INTERFACE
GSM
FLAME DOOR
SENSOR SENSOR
Module

Figure 3.5: Block Diagram of the Poultry Automation System

3.4.2: DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS

3.4.2.1: DETERMINING CAPACITY OF THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The capacity of a power supply refers to the maximum amount of wattage it's capable of
supplying the load. To derive the rating of the power supply suitable for use in any system, it is
necessary to determine the electrical load requirement (power rating of the fitting) of the system.
A 5V power supplies will be designed according to the following specifications;

I. Step-Down Transformer - The transformer is the first stage of the power supply. It will be
connected to the main power grid which is rated to be 220 Volts. The microcontroller,

28
 LDR, DHT11 sensor, Water level indicator sensor, Rainfall Sensor and Flame sensor, all
require 5V DC. The calculations detailed below led to the decision to utilize a 1.5A 12V
transformer for the solenoid lock and a 2A 15V (stepped down to 5V using a voltage
regulator) transformer for the other components. The turns ratio between the primary and
secondary side of a transformer is as shown in Equation 3.1 below.

The turn ratio of the 15 volts’ transformer is;

Vp
n= (3.1)
Vs
220
n=
15

= 220:15

Vp: Primary voltage | Vs: Secondary voltage

Np: Primary turn ratio | Ns: Secondary turn ratio

The current values of the DH11, Flame sensor, LDR, Rainfall sensor, Water level indicator,
buzzer and were taken from Table 3.1, Table 3.2, Table 3.3, Table 3.4, Table 3.5, Table 3.6 and
Table 3.7 below respectively.

I flame sensor = 20mA I rainfall sensor 15mA

I channel relay = 600mA I LDR = 5mA
I Arduino = 50mA I DHT = 0.3mA

For 5V components;

29
 𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅(𝟓𝑽) = 20mA + 600mA + 50mA + 30mA + 15mA + 5mA+ 0.3

𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅(𝟓𝑽) = 720.3mA = 0.7203A

𝑷𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑽𝑫𝑪 * 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 (3.2)

𝑷𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅(𝟓𝑽) = 𝑽𝑫𝑪 * 𝑰𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅(𝟓𝑽)
720.3
5V × 1000 =3.6015W

II. Rectifier - In this project, a full-wave bridge rectifier will be utilized to convert the
stepped-down voltage at the secondary winding of the transformer from VAC to VDC
(as shown in figure 3.9). It consists of four 1N4001 diodes. The choice of these diodes
was influenced based on their peak inverse voltage. Calculation of the maximum
secondary voltage is done by multiplying the root mean square voltage by √2. This is
shown in Equation 3.3.
For full-wave Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) = 2Vmax (for 5V power supply)

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × (3.3)

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 7.07 𝑉
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 14.14 𝑉

Figure 3.8 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

This method of rectification makes use of both cycles (positive and negative cycles). When the
cycle is positive the diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased while D2 and D4 are reversed bias
and the opposite happens for the negative cycle.

30
III. Filter capacitor - The output of the rectification stage is passed through a filter to provide
a good smooth pulsing DC output. This filter ensures that the regulated DC voltage has
less than 9% ripples in order to be used as a power supply. A capacitor is utilized in this
circuit to filter the ripples. To find the ideal capacitor for the circuit we use equation 3.4

For the 5V output;

I
C= (3.4)
2 πFV

Load Current
C=
2 π (Frequency)(Voltage)

C=0.000458 F

3.4.3: CIRCUITS DIAGRAMS

3.4.3.1: Power Supply of the System
Figure 3.6 illustrates the power supply circuit diagram of the automated poultry monitoring
system, providing a visual representation of the power distribution and connections within the
system. This circuit diagram serves as a reference point for understanding the subsequent
methodology and the implementation of the power supply.

31
 VARIABLE REGULATOR(LM317)
1N4007
FIXED REGULATOR(7805)
3 2 1 3
TR1 RECTIFIER VI VO VI VO

GND
ADJ

OUTPUT TO THE MAIN CIRCUIT

SWITCH
V1

2
R1

BATTERY TERMINAL
10k

R4

MAINS INDICATOR
R3 D5 240 12.0V
VSINE TRAN-2P2S 1k 1N4007 C1
D9
470uF

C3 RV2 C5
470uF 10uF C4
470uF

93%
100k

Power supply and Battery Charging

Figure 3.6: Power Supply Circuit Diagram of the Automated Poultry Monitoring System

The power supply circuit diagram showcases the arrangement and connections of the power
source, voltage regulators, capacitors, and other components involved in providing the necessary
electrical power to the automated poultry monitoring system. Each component is represented by
its respective symbol, and the flow of power is indicated through appropriate wiring connections.
This comprehensive circuit diagram offers an overview of the power distribution within the
system, ensuring stable and reliable operation.

3.4.3.2: System Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.7 illustrates the circuit diagram of the automated poultry monitoring system, providing a
visual representation of the connections and interactions between the various components. This
circuit diagram serves as a reference point for understanding the subsequent methodology and
the implementation of the system.

32
 D1(K)
VALUE=12v

R3

Door Lock
1k
D1
HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE Q2
BC547
+5V

4.7K
U1
1
VDD
2 > 60.0
Hum 4
DATA
38.0
GND
%RH °C

DHT11

DHT11 Humidity and Temperature module

HL - 83 Rain Sensor
SIM1

+5V

AREF

13
13
12 + -

ARDUINO
RESET 12
11
~11
10
5V ~10
9
GND OUT Vcc ~9
8

SIMULINO
8

POWER
+5V GND
www.TheEngineeringProjects.com

Flame Sensor

ATMEGA328P
7
7

DIGITAL (PWM~)
6
~6
buzzer

ATMEL
A0 5
A0

ANALOG IN
~5
A1 4
Light Detector

A1
A2
A2 ~3
4
3 Hum
water A3
A3 2
2
A4 1
A4 TX > 1
A5 0
A5 RX < 0
www.arduino.cc
blogembarcado.blogspot.com
SIMULINO UNO
1

OUT GND Vcc

LDR1 TestPin
www.TheEngineeringProjects.com TestPin

TORCH_LDR

Rain Detector
+5V
2

R2
water

10k +5V

Flame Sensor
Sim900 Gsm Module
Power BTN
S + - www.TheEngineeringProjects.com NEXT

STATUS
buzzer

TestPin

SIM900D ON
(1) Water Sensor TXD
VALUE=12v
RXD
S2-1041Y-Z097C

R1
1k
CE0980
Q1
BC547

SIM Card
Buzzer Circuit

TheEngineeringProjects.com

Water Lavel Sensor

Figure 3.7: Circuit Diagram of the System

The circuit diagram showcases the interconnection of the GSM module, LCD, LDR, flame
sensor, water level indicator, lock, rain detector, and temperature and humidity sensor within the
system. Each component is represented by its respective symbol and is linked to other
components through appropriate wiring connections. This comprehensive circuit diagram offers
an overview of how the system functions and highlights the communication pathways between
the components.

3.4.3.3: DHT11 DESIGN SPECIFICATION

The design specifications of the DHT11 sensor are shown in table 3.1 below.

Table 3.1 Design specifications of DHT11 Sensor [33]

S/N Description Specification

33
 1 Operating Voltage 3.3V – 5.5V
2 Operating Current 0.3mA (measuring)
60mA (standy)

3 Temperature Range 0C to 50C

4 Humidity Range 20% to 90%

3.4.3.4: FLAME SENSOR DESIGN SPECIFICATION

The design specifications of the flame sensor are shown in table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2 Design specifications of Flame sensor [34]

S/N Description Specification

1 Operating Voltage 3.3V – 5.5V

2 Operating Current 20mA

3 Operating Temperature 25℃ ~ 85℃

4 Spectrum Range 760nm – 1100nm

3.4.3.5: LDR SENSOR DESIGN SPECIFICATION

The design specifications of the LDR sensor are shown in table 3.3 below.
Table 3.3 Design specifications of LDR sensor [35]

S/N Description Specification

1 Maximum Operating Voltage 100V

34
 2 Current 20mA

3 Power Dissipation at 250C 50mW

4 Operating temperature range -250C - 700C

3.4.3.6: RAINFALL SENSOR DESIGN SPECIFICATION

The design specifications of the Rainfall sensor are shown in table 3.4 below.
Table 3.4 Design specifications of Rainfall sensor [36]
S/N Description Specification
1 Operating Voltage Range 3.3 to 5V

2 Operating Current 15mA

3 Comparator chip LM393

4 Output Types Analog & Digital voltage

3.4.3.7: WATER LEVEL INDICATOR SENSOR DESIGN SPECIFICATION

The design specifications of the water level indicator sensor are shown in table 3.5 below.

Table 3.5 Design specifications of a water level indicator sensor [37]

S/N Description Specification
1 Operating Voltage Range 3 to 5V

35
 2 Operating Current <20mA

3 Operating temperature 10℃-30℃

4 Humidity 10% -90% noncondensing

3.5: CONCLUSION
A detailed description the various components that will be used, as well as their functions in the
control system was discussed. The approaches that will be used to design the system were also
highlighted. Calculations were carried out to determine the rating of the power supply employed
in this project. Furthermore, the approaches that will be included using software tools such as
the Arduino IDE, proteus, as well as the block diagram and flowchart.

36
 CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

4.1: INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the implementation details and results of the project, which aimed to
address the problem statement or research question identified in Chapter 1. Building upon the
theoretical framework discussed in Chapter 2 and the methodology described in Chapter 3, this
chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how the project was executed and the outcomes
achieved.

Overall, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive account of the implementation process and
the results obtained, it serves as the culmination of the entire project, demonstrating the
successful execution of the research design and providing valuable insights to contribute to the
existing body of knowledge in the field.

4.2: IMPLEMENTATION

4.2.1: Breadboard

The implementation of the automated poultry monitoring system was achieved on the
breadboard. In addition, all working modes of the project functioned as designed, meaning the
system was able to provide feedback through the GSM module and display information when
requested, including emergency cases. Feedback on the state of the system was successfully
achieved. The system displayed temperature, humidity, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), flame
sensor, lock, water level, and rainfall sensor readings on the LCD display and through SMS
messages. Figure 4.1 and 4.2 illustrate the operation of the system on breadboard.

37
Figure 4.1: Flame Sensor Detecting Flame On Breadboard

Figure 4.2: Working Circuit On Breadboard

38
4.2.2: Vero board

The implementation of the automated poultry monitoring system was achieved on the Vero
board. In addition, all working modes of the project functioned as designed, meaning the system
was able to provide feedback through the GSM module and display information when requested,
including emergency cases. Feedback on the state of the system was successfully achieved. The
system displayed temperature, humidity, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), flame sensor, lock,
water level, and rainfall sensor readings on the LCD display and through SMS messages. Figure
4.3 illustrate the operation of the system on Vero board.

Figure 4.3: Working Circuit on Vero Board

4.2.3: PCB DESIGN

The PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design for the automated poultry monitoring system is a crucial
component of the project, as it serves as the foundation for integrating and connecting various
electronic components. The PCB design ensures proper electrical connections, efficient signal
routing, and compactness of the system. Figure 4.4 and 4.5 below shows the pcb design of the
system.

39
Figure 4.4: PCB Design

Figure 4.5: PCB Design

40
4.2.4: SIMULATION

Figure 4.6 below shows a picture of how the system is been programmed and simulated

Figure 4.6: Simulation Diagram

41
4.2.5: CONTROL BOX

Figure 4.7 below shows a picture of the control box

Figure 4.7: Control Box

4.3: RESULTS

The results of the numerous test carried out on the system were successful as illustrated in
section 4.2. the functionalities achieved include;

1. Temperature monitoring: The system successfully measures and monitors the

temperature within the poultry environment.

2. Humidity monitoring: The system effectively measures and monitors the humidity levels
within the poultry environment.

3. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) functionality: The system incorporates an LDR sensor
to detect and respond to changes in light levels.

4. Flame sensor functionality: The system is equipped with a flame sensor to detect and
alert in the event of a fire or flame.

42
 5. Lock control: The system has the capability to control and manage locks, ensuring
appropriate access to the poultry area.

6. Water level monitoring: The system monitors and alerts about the water level, ensuring
an adequate water supply for the poultry.

7. Rainfall sensor functionality: The system includes a rainfall sensor to detect and provide
information about the amount of rainfall in the poultry environment.

8. LCD display: The system displays relevant information, such as temperature, humidity,
sensor readings, and system status, on an LCD screen.
9. GSM module integration: The system effectively integrates with a sim900 GSM module
to send and receive information, including feedback, alerts, and system status updates
through SMS messages.

Table 4.1 shows the time it takes for each function to be executed.

Table 4.1: Latency results from the system

S/N FUNCTION TIME-TAKEN (s)

1 To reboot 15 seconds
2 To connect to the GSM module 5 seconds
3 To send SMS upon request 10 seconds
4 To detect flame and send SMS 12 seconds
5 To detect Temperature and Humidity and send 5 seconds
SMS
6 To detect Rainfall and send SMS 5 seconds
7 To receive the lock command 3 seconds
8 To detect water level and send SMS 5 seconds
9 To detect light level and send SMS 6 seconds

The result of table 4.1 was obtained using an MTN network in communication lab, Nile
University of Nigeria. Although MTN provides the best system response in Block A of Nile

43
University of Nigeria, it was observed that the network yielded unsatisfactory results in other
areas within the block.

The voltage levels of the sensors when they are high and low are provided in Table 4.2 below.

Table 4.2: Voltage levels of the sensors when they are high and low

S/N Sensors High Low

1 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 5V 0V
2 Water level Sensor 5V 0V
3 Rainfall Sensor 5V 0V
4 Lock 12V 0V
5 LDR 5V 0V
6 Flame Sensor 5V 0V

44
4.4: BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION
(BEME)

In table 4.3 below, the Bill of Engineering and Evaluation is shown.

Table 4.3: Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME)

S/N COMPONENTS QUANTITY UNIT TOTAL

PRICE
1 Arduino Mega 1 6840 6840
2 5V 2 amp power supply 1 4200 4200
3 Sim 900 GSM Module 2 18,100 36200
4 12V 2 amp power supply adapter 2 1800 3600
5 Door lock 2 4800 9600
6 RFID reader 1 6180 6180
7 RFID tag 1 180 180
8 I2c module 1 1680 1680
9 Servo motor 1 2040 2040
10 Control box 1 4500 4500
11 16 × 2 LCD Display 1 2400 2400
12 Buzzer 1 420 420
13 Water Level Sensor 1 360 360
14 Rain Sensor 1 840 840
15 Moisture Sensor 1 1080 1080
16 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 1 1440 1440
17 Arduino nano 1 8120 7120
18 Passive components 5000 5000
19 Small cage 1 3000 3000
20. Battery 1 4500 4500
21. Gum 6000 6000

45
 22. Cables 3000 3000
Total: 110,180
CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1: SUMMARY

The project aimed to design and implement an automated poultry monitoring system with utmost
efficiency. The project achieved its objectives, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of
various aspects related to the system.

The project encompassed meticulous circuit design, including the careful selection of suitable
component values to ensure reliability and optimal performance. The microcontroller was
programmed to execute the desired tasks, showcasing proficiency in programming and control
systems.

Integration of specific sensors such as the LDR, rainfall sensor, temperature and humidity sensor,
water level indicator sensor, flame sensor, and door sensor contributed to the successful
implementation of the system. The selection and appropriate setup of these sensors reflected a
sound understanding of their functionalities and their significance in monitoring poultry farm
conditions.

A user-friendly interface was provided through an LCD display, enabling clear visualization of
essential information, including temperature, humidity, sensor readings, and system status.
Additionally, the incorporation of the sim900 GSM module allowed for remote monitoring and
control of the poultry farm, emphasizing efforts to enhance functionality and convenience.

Overall, the project demonstrated a formal and structured approach in designing and
implementing an automated poultry monitoring system. It showcased a deep understanding of
circuit design, sensor integration, programming, and system implementation, resulting in the
successful realization of the project's objectives.

46
5.2: PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

During the course of the project, I encountered a major challenge that required careful attention
and problem-solving. The issue revolved around the integration and calibration of the various
sensors used in the automated poultry monitoring system. Some of the major problems are as
follows:

I. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the sensor readings. Each sensor had specific
calibration requirements and tolerances, which needed to be carefully accounted for in
the system design. Achieving consistent and precise measurements, especially for
temperature, humidity, and water level, proved to be particularly challenging.

II. I faced difficulties in synchronizing the data from multiple sensors and ensuring their
proper functioning within the system. This involved meticulous wiring, connections, and
programming to establish effective communication and coordination among the different
sensor components.

III. I encountered certain compatibility issues between the microcontroller and the GSM
module. These problems affected the system's ability to send and receive SMS messages
reliably, hindering the remote monitoring and control functionality that was intended.

5.4: RECOMMENDATION:

Based on the completion of the project and the challenges encountered, I have several
recommendations for further improvement and enhancement of the automated poultry
monitoring system:

I. Enhance system integration: Strengthen the integration of various system components,

such as the microcontroller, sensors, LCD display, and GSM module. This can be

47
 achieved by optimizing wiring connections, refining communication protocols, and
conducting thorough compatibility testing.
II. Integrate additional features: Consider incorporating additional features that could further
enhance the functionality and usability of the system. For example, incorporating data
logging capabilities can provide redundancy and historical data for analysis.
III. Improve user interface: Focus on improving the user interface of the system, particularly
the LCD display. Make it more intuitive, visually appealing, and user-friendly. Display
relevant information clearly and consider incorporating graphical representations for
easier interpretation.
IV. Conduct extensive field testing: Perform comprehensive field testing of the system in a
real poultry farm environment to validate its performance, reliability, and durability. This
will provide valuable feedback and insights for further refinement and optimization.
V. Document and share the project findings: Compile a detailed documentation of the
project, including system design, implementation, challenges faced, and solutions
applied. Share this knowledge with the academic community or relevant industry
professionals to contribute to the field of automated poultry monitoring.

5.5: CONCLUSION

At the end of the project, I was able to achieve the aim of the project which can provide an easy
means for modern farming.

48
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