PDF Referat Hiv Compress
PDF Referat Hiv Compress
PDF Referat Hiv Compress
\GCG\AP
F un
una
ak I nnukh
ukh`
`gci bi
biggkby S i r us (FIS)
Zgnlinlikm4
@isusuk hogf4
CAEWOPAR EG@HEPG\AK
<:<1
EAPA ZGKMAKPA\
Lisniooafirrafnakirrafin.
Zudi syueur eani pakdateak egpa`a Aooaf R]P atas sgmaoa lgreaf, rafnat, `ak
egnu`afak yakm tgoaf `ilgrieak sgfikmma eani `apat ngkygogsaieak rgcgrat yakm lgrdu`uo
FIS iki. Rfaoawat sgrta saoan tae oupa saya sanpaieak egfa`irat Kali Lgsar, \asuouooaf
Nufanna`
Nufanna` RA] sgnhma eita sgkaktiasa ngk`apat syaca’atkya fikmma `i fari aefir kakti.
kakti.
Wbapak tgrina easif ti`ae oupa eani sanpaieak puoa egpa`a `r. Miri Adi, Rp.Z@ yakm
tgoaf ngnlinlikm eani `aoan prhsgs pgkmgrdaik rgcgrat iki `ak duma egpa`a sgnua tgnak-
tgnak yakm tgoaf ngk`ueukm eani uktue ngkygogsaieak
ngkygogsaieak oaphrak iki.
\gcgrat iki eani luat `aoan rakmea ngkygogsaieak tumas Egpakitgraak Eoikie Ionu
Zgkyaeit @aoan \RWZ Catnawati. Eani ngkya`ari lafwa `aoan pgkyusukak rgcgrat iki
nasif tgr`apat lakyae egeurakmak. Wktue itu, eani sakmat ngkmfarapeak eritie `ak sarak
yakm ngnlakmuk amar `apat eani da`ieak pgnlgoadarak `gni egsgnpurkaak pgkyusukak
rgcgrat iki.
@gnieiak rgcgrat iki eani susuk, sgnhma `apat lgrnakcaat lami eani sglamai pgkuois
efususkya sgrta sgdawat CE WIK <:1= `ak nasyaraeat ouas pa`a ununkya.
]assaoanu’aoaieun, ]r. ]l.
]l.
Pakmgrakm Rgoatak, <= Aprio <:<1
Zgkyusuk
i
@ACPA\ IRI
EAPA ZGKMAKPA\
ZGKMAKPA\ ....................................................
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@ACPA\
@ACPA\ IRI ...................
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LAL I ZGK@AFWOWAK
ZGK@AFWOWAK .........................................................
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LAL II PIKDAWAK
PIKDAWAK ZWRPAEA ..........................................................................................
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.................. <
<.1 @gciki
@gcikisi
si .....................................
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................................................. <
<.< Gpi`gn
Gpi`gnihohmi
ihohmi .......................................................................
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................................…….<
<
<.2 Gtihohmi .....................................
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2
<.0. Sirhohmi.................................
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<.6.0 Zgnaktauak
Zgnaktauak Rgtgoaf
Rgtgoaf Zgnlgriak A\S..............................................................................<2
A\S..............................................................................<2
<.6.7 Zgnaktauak tgrfa`ap gcge sanpikm A\S `ak sulstitusi A\S...................................
A\S.. .....................................<0
....<0
<.6.3 @iamkhsis
@iamkhsis egmamaoak
egmamaoak tgrapi A\S...........................................................
A\S.....................................................................................<7
..........................<7
<.6.= Za`uak A\S oiki eg`ua pa`a rgnada `ak `gwasa...........................................................<3
`gwasa...........................................................<3
<.6.6 Za`uak A\P Oiki Egtima.................................
Egtima.............................................................................
................................................................<=
....................<=
<.6.9 Zgkbgm
Zgkbgmafak
afak pasba padakak (ZZZ) ...................................................
...................................................................................<=
................................<=
<.9. Ikcgesi Hphrtukis pa`a Zasigk FIS/AI@R ...............................................................................<6
ii
LAL 1
ZGK@AFWOWAK
FIS ( Funak
Funak Innukh`gcibigkby
Innukh`gcibigkby Sirus)
Sirus) a`aoaf virus yakm tgrnasue canioi rgtrhviri`ag
yakm `apat ngkmikcgesi sgo oinchsit `ak ngkyglaleak pgkurukak egeglaoak tuluf.
Rgngktara itu, AI@R ( Abquirg` Innukg @gcibigkby Ryk`rhng)
Ryk`rhng) sgk`iri `i`gcikisieak sglamai
eunpuoak mgdaoa atau pgkyaeit yakm `isglaleak hogf pgkurukak egeglaoak tuluf aeilat
ikcgesi FIS.1
<
Easus AI@R pgrtana eaoi `itgnueak `i Angriea Rgrieat pa`a tafuk 1961.
Rg`akmeak `i Ik`hkgsia AI@R pgrtana eaoi `ioaphreak sgbara rgsni hogf @gpartgngk
Egsgfatak pa`a tafuk 196= `i Zrhviksi Laoi. 1 @i sgouruf `ukia tgr`apat 27 duta hrakm yakm
2
ngk`grita FIS `ak 19 duta hrakm `iaktarakya ti`ae ngkmgtafui ehk`isi tgrsglut. @i eawasak
Asia Zasicie `ioaphreak tgr`apat 27:.::: hrakm yakm ngk`grita FIS `ak sgeitar 30% yakm
tgrikcgesi a`aoaf oaei-oaei. 0 Za`a tafuk <:1=, tgr`apat 06.2:: easus FIS phsitic `i Ik`hkgsia
`ak 9.<6: hrakm `iaktarakya tgoaf ngnasuei tafap aefir `ari ikcgesi tgrsglut yaitu AI@R. 7
Zgkyaeit iki `apat `ituoareak ngoaoui lgrlamai bairak tuluf. Hrakm-hrakm yakm
lgrgsieh tikmmi tgregka pgkyaeit iki a`aoaf pgkmmuka karehtiea `gkmak darun suktie sgbara
lgrmaktiak, pgegrda sges ehngrsiao, pgkgrina `hkhr `araf `ari hrakm yakm
yakm tgrikcgesi, `ak layi
<
`gkmak ilu yakm tgrikcgesi FIS.
Pikmmikya dunoaf pgk`grita pgkyaeit iki sgrta lakyaekya hrakm yakm lgrgsieh
tgrpapar ngkda`ieak FIS/AI@R sglamai saoaf satu pgkyaeit ikcgesi yakm farus tgrus
`ipgoadari. Pgs `iamkhstie FIS, upaya pgkbgmafak `ak pgkmhlatak sgrta g`ueasi pa`a
nasyaraeat awan tgktakm pgkyaeit iki ngkda`i pgktikm uktue `iegtafui amar ngnikinaoisir
rgsieh pgkuoarak. Raat iki, laie pgngriktaf Ik`hkgsia naupuk `ukia sg`akm tgrus
ngkmgnlakmeak bara paoikm gcgetic uktue ngkmfanlat pgkyglarak pgkyaeit sgrta
ngkikmeateak egsgnlufak pasigk `gkmak bara ngkmeanpakygeak pgkmmukaak aoat
1
ehktrasgpsi sgrta pgkmhlatak ngkmmukaeak
ngkmmukaeak A\S.
1
LAL <
PIKDAWAK ZWRPAEA
<.1. @gcikisi
FIS ( Funak
Funak Innukh`gcibigkby Sirus)
Sirus) a`aoaf virus yakm ngkygrakm sgo oinchsit
sgfikmma ngkurukeak egeglaoak tuluf tgrfa`ap pgkyaeit. Rgngktara AI@R ( Abquirg`
( Abquirg`
Innukg @gcibigkby Ryk`rhng)
Ryk`rhng) `i`gcikisieak sglamai tafap aefir `ari ikcgesi FIS yakm
`itak`ai `gkmak lgrlamai mgdaoa atau pgkyaeit yakm tinluo aeilat pgkurukak egeglaoak
tuluf.1
<.<. Gpi`gnihohmi
Zhpuoasi tgrikcgesi FIS tgrlgsar `i `ukia a`aoaf `i lgkua Acriea (<7,= duta hrakm),
egnu`iak `i Asia Pgkmmara (2,6 duta), `ak `i Angriea (2,7 duta). Rg`akmeak yakm tgrgk`af
a`a `i Zasicie Larat sglakyae 1,9 duta hrakm. Pikmmikya
Pikmmikya phpuoasi hrakm tgrikcgesi FIS `i Asia
Asi a
Pgkmmara ngkmfaruseak Ik`hkgsia uktue oglif waspa`a tgrfa`ap pgkyglarak `ak pgkuoarak
virus iki.
Ngseipuk bgk`grukm couetuatic, `ata easus FIS AI@R `i Ik`hkgsia tgrus ngkikmeat
`ari tafuk eg tafuk. Rgoana sglgoas tafuk tgraefir dunoaf easus FIS `i Ik`hkgsia ngkbapai
pukbaekya pa`a tafuk <:19, yai
yaitu
tu sglakyae 7:.<6< easus. Lgr`asareak `ata ]FH tafuk
<:19, tgr`apat =6% ikcgesi FIS laru `i rgmihkao Asia Zasicie. Wktue easus AI@R tgrtikmmi
9
<
Za`a tafuk <:19 oina prhviksi `gkmak dunoaf easus FIS tgrlakyae a`aoaf Dawa
Pinur, @EI Daearta, Dawa Larat, Dawa Pgkmaf, `ak Zapua. Zrhviksi `gkmak dunoaf easus
AI@R tgrlakyae a`aoaf Dawa Pgkmaf, Zapua, Dawa Pinur, @EI Daearta, `ak Egpuoauak \iau.
Easus AI@R `i Dawa Pgkmaf a`aoaf sgeitar <<% `ari thtao easus `i Ik`hkgsia. Prgk easus
FIS `ak AI@R tgrtikmmi `ari tafuk <:1= sanpai `gkmak <:19 nasif sana, yaitu sglamiak
<.2. Gtihohmi
Zgkyglal AI@R a`aoaf ikcgesi FIS. Sirus iki tgrnasue eg `aoan canioi rgtrhviri`ag
`ak sulcanioi ogktivirus. Pgr`apat < tipg FIS yakm `iegtafui yaitu FIS-1 `ak FIS <.
Zgrlg`aakkya pa`a moiehprhtgik eapsuo.
2
<.0. Sirhohmi
Pgr`apat < dgkis virus FIS yakm `ilami lgr`asareak pgrlg`aak rakmeaiak
kueoghti`a pa`a nasikm-nasikm virus yaitu FIS-1 `ak FIS-<. Raat iki, FIS oglif
1,<
sgrikm `isglaleak hogf dgkis virus FIS-1.
FIS-1 `ilami eg`aoan 2 egohnphe yaitu Nadhr (N), Hutoikgr (H), khk-N `ak
khk-H (K). Egohnphe yakm paoikm sgrikm ngkyglaleak ikcgesi FIS a`aoaf egohnphe
N, naea `ari itu `ioaeueak pgnlamiak sultypg uktue ngkmgtafui pgkyglarak, sicat,
`ak earaetgristie virus muka egpgktikmak `iamkhsis `ak pgkmhlatak. Rultypg
egohnphe N tgr`iri `ari 9 sultipg yaitu A-E. Rgngktara itu sultypg uktue dgkis virus
FIS-< fakya a`a < yaitu A `ak L. 1
<.0.<. Nhrchohmi
Nhrchohmi FIS
FIS ngrupaeak dgkis virus \KA yakm lgr`iangtgr 1::-1<: kn. Pgr`apat `ua
ehnphkgk pgktikm pa`a virus iki yaitu eapsuo `ak ikti virus. Eapsuo tgr`iri `ari `ua
oapis chschoipi` `ak moiehpgpti`a, sgngktara ikti virus tgr`iri `ari mgkhn virus yakm
ngkmatur lgrlamai aetivitas virus sgpgrti pgnlgktueak prhtgik, `aya ikcgesi, sgrta
rgpoieasi virus.1
0
FIS ngnioiei 2 `hnaik mgkgtie, yaitu mgk mam, pho, `ak gkv. Mgk mam yakm
lgrcukmsi uktue ngkmeh`g
ngkmeh`g prhtgik aktimgk atau prhtgik eapsi`. Mgk pho lgrcukmsi
ngkda`i @KA. Rgtgoaf itu @KA virus aeak ngkyatu `gkmak @KA fhst ngkmmukaeak
7
laktuak gkzin iktgmrasg sgfikmma tgrlgktue @KA laru yakm ngrupaeak malukmak
aktara natgri mgkgtie virus `ak fhst. <
Runlgr4 Caubi AR., gt. ao. <:10. Farrishk’s Zrikbipog hc Iktgrkao Ng`ibikg (<:tf g`.)
sgo fhst, `iawaoi `gkmak prhsgs trakseripsi uktue ngnlgktue natgri mgkgtie virus
laru lgrupa n\KA atau \KA, sgoakdutkya tgrda`i prhsgs traksoasi yakm lgrtuduak
ngnlgktue prhtgik-prhtgik virus laru.
laru. Rgtgoaf itu, natgri
natgri mgkgtie `ak prhtgik virus
aeak ngkyatu `ak ngkmaeticeak gkzin prhtgasg uktue ngnlgktue virus yakm natur
`ak siap `iriois.<
3
Runlgr4 Caubi AR., gt. ao. <:10. Farrishk’s Zrikbipog hc Iktgrkao Ng`ibikg (<: tf g`.) (tgoaf `ihoaf
egnlaoi)
Zgkyglarak virus FIS paoikm lakyae `isglaleak hogf fulukmak sgesuao, laie
fgtgrhsgesuao naupuk fhnhsgesuao eargka virus iki tgr`apat pa`a bairak sgnikao, saat tgrda`i
ikcoanasi pa`a `agraf mgkitao, ehksgktrasi oinchsit `ak nhkhsit `aoan bairak sgnikao aeak
lgrtanlaf sgfikmma rgsieh pgkuoarak sgnaeik lgsar. Fulukmak akhmgkitao oglif rgktak
ngkda`i daour pgkyglarak virus eargka nuehsa akao oglif tipis sgfikmma oglif rgktak tgrda`i
<
trauna nikhr.
=
Daour pgkyglarak oaikkya a`aoaf ehktae `gkmak `araf pgk`grita bhkthfkya pgkgrina
`hkhr `araf `ari pasigk yakm tgrikcgesi naupuk pgkmmukaak darun suktie sgbara lgrmaktiak.
Daour traksnisi sgoakdutkya a`aoaf pgkuoarak `ari ilu yakm tgrikcgesi eg dakik (iktrapartun5
nuoai `ari tringstgr pgrtana fikmma eg`ua) atau eg layikya (eargka ARI atau eargka prhsgs
ngoafireak) tgrutana diea virao oha` ilu
ilu ;1::: ehpi/no, kanuk rgsieh pgkuoarak `ari ilu eg
Zgrdaoakak ikcgesi FIS `apat `ilami ngkda`i tima casg yaitu Ikcgesi aeut, ikcgesi
erhkie (asinthnatie `ak sinthnatie), `ak AI@R. @ari egsgourufak easus FIS, 3:-=:%
lgregnlakm ngkda`i sta`iun AI@R `aoan waetu 1:-11 tafuk (tipieao prhmrgsshr), 1:-<:%
lgregnlakm ngkda`i AI@R `aoan waetu eurakm `ari 7 tafuk (rapi` prhmrgsshr), sglamiak
egbio 7-17% lgrdaoak sakmat oanlat, nasif lgoun ngkbapai sta`iun AI@R `aoan waetu oglif
`ari 17 tafuk (sohw prhmrgsshr) `ak sgeitar 1% ikcgesi FIS `iegkao sglamai lamiak oaik `ari
sohw prhmrgsshr yakm `isglut ohkm tgrn khk prhmrgsshr (OPKZ).1
Zgrlg`aak prhmrgsivitas ikcgesi FIS `itgktueak hogf dunoaf virus `aoan poasna (virao
oha`), dunoaf oinchsit B@0 `ak rgsphk inuk spgsicie laie sgouogr naupuk funhrao.
Pikmmikya \KA FIS sgtgoaf ngkuruk `ari pukbaekya saat sgrhehkvgrsi `isglut sgrhohmie sgt
phikt, ngkgktueak prhmkhsis egbgpatak prhmrgsivitas pgky
pgkyaeit.
aeit.
AI@R (sik`rhn inukh`gcisigksi `i`apat) `isglaleak hogf FIS-1 atau FIS-< ( Funak
Funak
innukh`gcibigkby virus).
virus). Mgkhn rgtrhvirus iki `isak`i `aoan `ua nhogeuo \KA uktai-
tukmmao (RR\KA) yakm kyaris i`gktie. Zrhtgik mp1<: tgr`apat `i sgoulukm virihk (partiego
virus ogkmeap) yakm sinuotak pa`a B@0 `ak rgsgpthr egnheik (BB\7 pa`a awao ikcgesi5
BVB\0 pa`a tafap aefir) ngnlrak sgo pgdanu `ak aoat laktu ngnlrak sgrta gk`hsithsis
virihk (Hrakm `gkmak `gcge BB\7 ununkya tgroik`ukm `ari ikcgesi FIS). Rgoaik sgo B@6,
sgo P B@0 oaf yakm tgrutana `ipgkmarufi ss\KA `itrakseripsieak ngkda`i B@KA hogf
rgvgrsg traksbriptasg `i virihk `ak aefirkya `imalukmeak sglamai `s@KA uktai mak`a
(prhvirus) eg `aoan mgkhn sgo pgdanu (sta`iun oatgk). Aetivasi sgo B@0 (pa`a awitak ikcgesi
`ak tafap oakdut) ngnibu gesprgsi prhvirus. Zrhtgik yakm tgrlgktue
tgr lgktue `ari prhsgs iki, tat `ak rgv
sgrta KCEL `ari prhsgs sgo pgdanu, lgrpgrak `aoan pgnlgktueak virihk laru egnu`iak
ngkmaoani geshsithsis (virgnia). Rgo B@0 nukmeik fakbur sgoana tafap-tafap iki, tgrutana
6
ik`gpgk`gkt-FOA) sgfikmma pa`a tafap oakdut tgrda`i `gcisigksi sgo B@0 yakm sgrius.
Zgrulafak `aoan sitheik
sitheik ehksgktrasi ngrusae sgo Pf1
Pf1 `ak sgo P siththesie. Puluf ngkda`i
oglif ti`ae lgr`aya saat tgrpadak eg nierhla oaik yakm liasakya ti`ae lgrlafaya (nisaokya
danur) `ak sgo tunhr tgrtgktu (sarehna Eaphsi, oinchna) (sgo
(s go B@0 ?7::/uO `araf4 A\B
(AI@R-rgoatg` bhnpogx)5
bhnpogx)5 ?<::/uO4
?<::/uO4 AI@R tafap aefir/sakmat paraf). Nukmeik `ipgroueak
waetu lgrtafuk-tafuk aktara virgnia awao (ea`ar aktimgk p<0 yakm tikmmi, `isgrtai
pgnlgktueak ImN) fikmma A\B `isgrtai virgnia laru (ti`ae oami a`a ImN), yaitu saat
sgo-s go B@0 ikaetic yakm rgoatic sg`ieit (1:3) (rgrutana `i sisi
prhvirus lgrtafak fi`up `aoan sgo-sgo
oincg).11
9
tgrikcgesi, `gcisigksi inuk, sgrta AI@R sgbara eoikis. Ikcgesi FIS `i`apateak ngoaoui
fulukmak sgesuao, pgkmmukaak darun yakm tgrehktanikasi sgbara lgrmaktiak yakm `imukaeak
hogf pgkmmuka hlat-hlatak iktravgka, trakscusi `araf atau prh`ue `araf yakm tgrikcgesi.
Rgtgoaf ikcgesi, `apat tgrda`i suatu virgnia aeut yakm sikmeat, egtiea virus tgr`gtgesi `i `aoan
`araf, `ak ikakm `apat ngnlgrieak rgsphks sgpgrti pa`a ikcgesi virus rikmak yakm oaik..
Sirus iki ngkmikcgesi sgo P B@0, sgo `gk`ritie, `ak naerhcam pa`a tgnpat nasuekya ngoaoui
gpitgo, `i `aoan hrmak-hrmak oinohi`
oinohi` sgpgrti oincg `ak `i `aoan `araf. Za`a darikmak nuehsa
nuehsa
pa`a tgnpat nasuekya
nasuekya virus, tinluo lakyae egrusaeak sgo P yakm tgrikcgesi. Hogf eargka
sglamiak lgsar oinchsit `i `aoan tuluf `ak efususkya ngnhri lgra`a `i `aoan darikmak
tgrsglut, aeilat `ari egrusaeak oheao tgrsglut `apat lgrupa suatu makmmuak cukmsi yakm ti`ae
tgroifat `ari eglgra`aak sgo yakm
yakm tgrikcgesi atau pgkurukak sgo P `i `aoan `araf. Rgo
`gk`ritie `apat ngkakmeap virus pa`a saat nasue ngoaoui gpitgo nuehsa `ak ngnlawakya
eg hrmak oinchi` pgricgr, `i naka virus iki ngkmikcgesi sgo P. Pgr`apat sg`ieit hrakm `gkmak
nutasi BB\7 yakm ngkmaeilateak FIS ti`ae `apat nasue eg `aoan sgo P B@0 `apat tgtap
naeka `ari `gcge cukmsihkao tgrsglut nasif lgoun `ipafani lgtuo, `ak fioakmkya sgo P
1:
(`iieuti pgkurukak dunoaf sgo P B@0 `araf) tgtap ngkda`i ik`ieathr yakm paoikm tgrpgrbaya
uktue prhmrgsivitas pgkyaeit.1<
11
Lgrieut a`aoaf talgo mgdaoa eoikis yakm paoikm sgrikm `itgnui pa`a pasigk
pas igk FIS.
Runlgr4 Riti Rgtiati, gt., ao. <:17. Lueu Adar Ionu Zgkyaeit
Zgkyaeit @aoan (G
(G`isi
`isi 3) (tgoaf `ihoaf egnlaoi).
1<
Ehksgoikm `ak tgs FIS farus ngkmieuti priksip yakm tgoaf `isgpaeati
sgbara mohlao yaitu 7 ehnphkgk `asar yakm `isglut 7B yaitu ikchrng` bhksgkt
yakm lgrarti pasigk ngnlgrieak pgrsgtuduak uktue ngkdaoakeak sgmaoa
1. Rgtiap hrakm `gwasa, akae, `ak rgnada `gkmak ehk`isi ng`is yakm `i`uma
tgrda`i ikcgesi FIS tgrutana `gkmak riwayat tulgreuo
t ulgreuohsis
hsis `ak INR.
12
Rgngktara itu, layi `ak akae ngngroueak tgs FIS pa`a ehk`isi `i
lawaf iki4
1. Akae saeit (dgkis pgkyaeit yakm lgrfulukmak `gkmak FIS sgpgrti PL lgrat
atau ngk`apat HAP lgruoakm, naokutrisi, atau pkgunhkia lgruoakm `ak `iarg
erhkis atau lgruoakm)
<. Layi yakm oafir `ari ilu tgrikcgesi FIS `ak su`af ngk`apateak tik`aeak
pgkbgmafak pgkuoarak `ari ilu
ilu eg akae
7. Pgrpadak atau phtgksiao tgregka ikcgesi FIS ngoaoui darun suktie yakm
tgrehktanikasi, ngkgrina trakscusi lgruoakm `ak sglal oaik
1. Zhpuoasi Eukbi (Zgegrda sges, Hrakm yakm ngnioiei pasakmak sges oglif
`ari 1, Fhnhsgesuao, ]aria) `ak `iuoakm nikinao sgtiap 3 luoak sgeaoi
0. Zasigk PL
10
3. Zasigk INR
=. Zasigk Fgpatitis
1. Pgs sgrhohmi
Rgbara unun tuduak pgngriesaak tgs bgpat `ak GIA a`aoaf sana, yaitu
ngk`gtgesi aktilh`i sada (mgkgrasi pgrtana) atau aktimgk `ak aktilh`i
(mgkgrasi egtima `ak eggnpat). Ngth`g wgstgrk loht su`af ti`ae `imukaeak
sglamai stak`ar ehkcirnasi `iamkhsis FIS oami `i Ik`hkgsia. 3,=
eurakm `ari 16 luoak. Pgs virhohmis yakm `iakdureak4 FIS @KA euaoitatic `ari
`araf ogkmeap atau @rig`
atau @rig` Lohh` Rpht (@LR), `ak FIS \KA euaktitatic `gkmak
ngkmmukaeak poasna `araf. Layi yakm `iegtafui tgrpadak FIS sgdae oafir
`iakdureak uktue `ipgriesa `gkmak tgs virhohmis paoikm awao pa`a unur 3
nikmmu. Za`a easus layi `gkmak pgngriesaak virhohmis pgrtana fasiokya
phsitic, naea tgrapi A\S farus sgmgra `inuoai5 pa`a saat yakm sana `ioaeueak
pgkmanlioak sanpgo `araf eg`ua
eg`ua uktue pgngriesaak tgs virhohmist eg`ua.
17
Pgs iki uktue ngngriesa dunoaf virus `i `aoan `araf, `ak `apat
`imukaeak uktue pgnaktauak tgrapi A\S pa`a `gwasa `ak `iamkhsis pa`a
ti`ae tgrsg`ia. 3
layi diea FIS @KA ti`ae
3,=
<) Zgngriesaak virhohmis euaktitatic atau euaoitatic
euaoitat ic tgr`gtgesi FIS.
b. @iamkhsis FIS pa`a layi lgrunur eurakm `ari 16 luoak
13
l. Khk rgaetic, farus `iuoakm lioa nasif ngk`apateak ARI. Zgngriesaak uoakm
`ioaeueak paoikm bgpat 3 nikmmu
nikmmu sgsu`af layi `ak akae lgrfgkti ngkyusu.
b. Diea tgs sgrhohmis rgaetic `ak tgs virhohmis lgoun tgrsg`ia, pgrou `ioaeueak
luoak. 3
pgnaktauak eoikis egtat `ak tgs sgrhohmis `iuoakm pa`a usia 16 luoak.
Layi `ak akae unur eurakm `ari 16 luoak `gkmak mgdaoa `ak tak`a
`i`uma `isglaleak hogf ikcgesi FIS farus ngkdaoaki tgs sgrhohmis `ak diea
fasio tgs tgrsglut4
@iamkhsis FIS pa`a layi lgrunur eurakm `ari 16 luoak, i`gaokya `ioaeueak
pgkmuoakmak udi virhohmis
virhohmis FIS pa`a spgsingk yakm lgrlg`a
lgrlg`a uktue ikchrnasi ehkcirnasi fasio
lawaf iki.3
phsitic yakm pgrtana sglamainaka lamak `i lawaf
Runlgr4 Egng
Egngktriak
ktriak Egsgfatak \I. <:17. Zgratur
Zgraturak
ak ngktgri egsgfatak \I khnhr 6=
tafuk <:10 tgktakm pg`hnak
p g`hnak pgkmhlatak akti rgtrhvirao.
rgtrhvirao.
1=
Za`a layi `ak akae unur eurakm `ari 16 luoak yakm saeit `ak `i`uma
`isglaleak hogf ikcgesi FIS tgtapi tgs virhohmis ti`ae `apat `ioaeueak,
`iamkhsis `itgmaeeak ngkmm
ngkmmukaeak
ukaeak `iamkhsis prgsuntic .
Palgo <.<. @iamkhsis FIS prgsuntic pa`a layi `ak akae unur eurakm
3,=
`ari 16 luoak.
Zkgunhkia Zkgunhby
Zk gunhbystis
stis Hrao tfrusf
(ZBZ), ngkikmitis, (Eak`i`iasis hrao)
eriptheheus, eak`i`iasis Zkgunhkia lgrat
gshpfamus Rgpsis lgrat
Pheshpoasnhsis Egnatiak ilu
Naokutrisi lgrat yakm yakm lgreaitak
ti`ae ngnlaie `gkmak `gkmak FIS atau
pgkmhlatak stak`ar pgkyaeit FIS
yakm oakdut pa`a
ilu
Dunoaf pgrsgktasg
B@0 ? <:%
Runlgr4 Egng
Egngktriak
ktriak Egsgfatak \I. <:17. Zgratur
Zgraturak
ak ngktgri egsgfatak \I khnhr 6=
tafuk <:10 tgktakm pg`hnak
p g`hnak pgkmhlatak akti rgtrhvirao.
Egputusak eoikis `ari fasio pgngriesaak akti FIS `apat lgrupa phsitic,
kgmatic, `ak ik`gtgrnikatg. Lgrieut a`aoaf iktgrprgtasi fasio `ak tik`ae oakdut
yakm pgrou `ioaeueak. 3,=,6
16
Lioa fasio A1 rgaetic tapi pa`a `iakdureak pgrioaeu fi`up sgfat
pgkmuoakmak A1 `ak A< khk-
Lioa lgrisieh, `iakdureak pgngriesaak
rgaetic uoakm nikinun 2 luoak, 3 luoak `ak 1<
Lioa saoaf satu rgaetic tapi ti`ae luoak `ari pgngriesaak
pgngriesaak pgrtana
lgrisieh
Ik`gtgrnikatg
Lioa `ua fasio tgs rgaetic
Pgs pgrou `iuoakm `gkmak spgsingk laru
Lioa fakya 1 tgs rgaetic
r gaetic tapi nikinao sgtgoaf `ua nikmmu `ari
ngnpukyai risieh atau pgngriesaak yakm
yakm pgrtana.
pasakmak lgrisieh
Lioa fasio tgtap ik`gtgrnikatg, `ioakduteak
`gkmak pgngriesaak ZB\.
Lioa saraka pgngriesaak ZB\ ti`ae
ngnukmeikeak, rapi` tgs `iuoakm 2 luoak,
3 luoak, `ak 1< luoak `ari pgngriesaak
yakm pgrtana. Lioa sanpai satu tafuk
fasio tgtap ‟ik`gtgrnikatg„ `ak caethr
risieh rgk`af, fasio `apat `ikyataeak
sglamai kgmatic
Runlgr4 Egng
Egngktriak
ktriak Egsgfatak \I. <:17. Zgratur
Zgraturak
ak ngktgri egsgfatak \I khnhr 6=
tafuk <:10 tgktakm pg`hnak
p g`hnak pgkmhlatak akti rgtrhvirao.
rgtrhvirao.
19
Runlgr4 Egng
Egngktriak
ktriak Egsgfatak \I. <:17. Zgratur
Zgraturak
ak ngktgri egsgfatak \I khnhr 6= tafuk <:10
r gtrhvirao.
tgktakm pg`hnak pgkmhlatak akti rgtrhvirao.
<.6. Pataoaesaka
Zriksip pgnlgriak A\S a`aoaf farus ngkmmukaeak 2 dgkis hlat yakm egtimakya farus
tgrsgrap `ak lgra`a `aoan `hsis tgrapgutie `aoan `araf, `iegkao `gkmak fimfoy abtivg
aktirgtrhvirao tfgrapy (FAA\P) atau Aktirgtrhvirao
Aktirgtrhvirao (A\S). Zgngriktaf ngkgtapeak
ngkgtapeak pa`uak
pa`uak
yakm `imukaeak `aoan pgkmhlatak A\S `gkmak lgr`asareak pa`a 7 aspge yaitu gcgetivitas,
gcge sanpikm/thesisitas, iktgraesi hlat, egpatufak, `ak farma hlat.
Ehksgoikm tgrapi yakm ngna`ai sakmat pgktikm uktue tgrapi sgunur fi`up `ak
eglgrfasioak tgrapi dakmea pakdakm. Isi `ari ehksgoikm tgrapi iki
iki tgrnasue4 egpatufak nikun
nikun
hlat, phtgksi/egnukmeikak risieh gcge sanpikm atau gcge yakm ti`ae `ifarapeak atau
tgrda`ikya sik`rhn puoif inuk (Innukg \gbhkstitutihk Ikcoannathry Ryk`rhng/I\IR)
sgtgoaf ngnuoai tgrapi A\S, tgrutana pa`a H@FA `gkmak sta`iun eoikis oakdut atau dunoaf
dunoaf B@0.
<:
Za`a akae `gkmak FIS, pgrou `ioaeueak eadiak efusus uktue egsiapak tgrapi A\S, `i
aktarakya4
1. Eadi situasi egouarma tgrnasue dunoaf hrakm yakm tgregka atau lgrisieh tgrikcgesi
FIS `ak situasi egsgfatakkya.
<. I`gkticieasi hrakm yakm ngkmasuf akae `ak egsg`iaakkya uktue ngnatufi
pgkmhlatak A\S
A\S `ak pgnaktauakkya.
Ikisiasi A\P sgbara `iki tgrlueti lgrnakcaat sgbara eoikis, lgrmuka uktue pgkbgmafak,
ngkikmeateak farapak fi`up `ak ngkurukeak iksi`gk ikcgesi tgreait
tgrea it FIS `aoan phpuoasi.
Palgo <.7. \gehngk`asi Ikisiasi A\P pa`a @gwasa `ak Akae ; 7 tafuk
t afuk
Zhpuoasi \gehngk`asi
@gwasa `ak akae ; 7 ta
tafuk
fuk Ikisiasi A
A\P
\P pa`a h
hrakm
rakm tgr
tgrikcgesi
ikcgesi FIS sta`iun eo
eoikis
ikis 2 `ak 0, atau
diea dunoaf B@0 ≠ 27: sgo/nn
sgo/nn
Ikisiasi A\P takpa ngoifat sta`iun eoikis ]FH `ak lgrapapuk
<1
dunoaf B@0
• Ehikcgesi PL*
• Ehikcgesi Fgpatitis L
• Ilu fanio `ak ngkyusui tgrikcgesi FIS
• Hrakm tgrikcgesi FIS yakm pasakmakkya FIS kgmatic (pasakmak
sgrh`isehr`ak), uktue ngkmurakmi risieh pgkuoarak
• ORO, ZR, ]aria, atau Zgkasuk
• Zhpuoasi unun pa`a `agraf `gkmak gpi`gni FIS ngouas
Akae ? 7 tafuk Ikisiasi A\P takpa ngoifat sta`iun eoikis ]FH `ak lgrapapuk
dunoaf B@0
Egtgrakmak 4
*Zgkmhlatak PL farus `inuoai oglif `afuou, egnu`iak hlat A\S `ilgrieak `aoan <-
6 nikmmu sgdae nuoai hlat PL, takpa ngkmfgktieak tgrapi PL. Za`a H@FA `gkmak
B@0 ?7: sgo/nn2, A\S farus `inuoai `aoan < nikmmu sgtgoaf nuoai pgkmhlatak
PL. Wktue H@FA `gkmak ngkikmitis eriptheheus, A\S `inuoai sgtgoaf 7 nikmmu
eriptheheus
pgkmhlatak eriptheheus
H@FA yakm lgoun ngngkufi syarat uktue ngk`apat tgrapi A\S pgrou `inhkithr
Zioifak pak`uak A\P oiki pgrtana lgrieut iki lgroaeu uktue H@FA yakm lgoun
pgrkaf ngk`apateak A\S
A\S sglgounkya (kaivg A\S).
Palgo <.3. A\P oiki pgrtana uktue akae usia 7 tafuk eg atas `ak `gwasa
<<
Egtgrakmak4 Dakmak ngnuoai P@C diea brgatikg bogarakbg tgst (BBP) fitukm ? 7: no/ngkit,
atau pa`a easus `ialgtgs oana, fipgrtgksi tae tgrehktrho `ak mamao mikdao, Dakmak ngnuoai
`gkmak ATP diea Fl ? 1: m/`O sglgoun tgrapi, Ehnlikasi 2 `hsis tgtap
tgt ap (E@P) yakm tgrsg`ia4
P@C + 2PB + GCS.
Za`uak A\P oiki pgrtana pa`a akae sana sgpgrti hrakm `gwasa, yaitu ngkmmukaeak
ehnlikasi < K\PI `ak 1 KK\PI `gkmak pioifak
pioifak sgpgrti pa`a talgo <.=.
Egtgrakmak 4 Ti`hvu`ik (ATP) ngrupaeak pioifak utana. Kanuk lioa Fl akae ? =,7 m/`o
naea `ipgrtinlakmeak pgnlgriak Rtavu`ik(`0P). pgrtinlakmeak ngkmulaf `0P eg ATP
(lioa Fl akae ; 1: mr/`o) sgtgoaf pgnaeaiak 3 ‒ 1<
1< luoak. Lioa tgr`apat gcge akgnia lgruoakm
naea `apat egnlaoi eg `0P. Pgkhchvir saat iki `apat `imukaeak pa`a akae usia `i atas <
tafuk. GCS `apat `imukaeak pa`a akae ≧ 2 tafuk atau LL ≧ 1: em, dakmak `ilgr ieak
`ilgr ieak pa`a
akae `gkmak makmmuak psieiatrie lgrat. GCS a`aoaf pioifak pa`a akae `gkmak PL. Diea lgrat
la`ak akae ngnukmeikeak,
ngnukmeikeak, sglaiekya mukaeak
mukaeak E@P.
Rgoana ngkmmukaeak Dunoaf Rgo B@0 (tiap 3 luoak) - Rgrun ergatikik tiap 3 luoak
<2
Egtgrakmak 4 Za`a H@FA `gkmak egpatufak `ak fasio pgkmhlatak A\S yakm laie, crgeugksi
pgn
pgnaktauak
aktauak B@0
ngkgktueak `ak FIS
egmamaoak \KA
\K A `apat `ieurakmi. Pgs FIS \KA (virao oha`) sakmat `iakdureak uktue
tgrapi
Raat iki pa`uak A\P yakm `iakdureak (E@P) `aoan oiki pgrtana ngnpukyai gcge
sanpikm nikinao (darakm tgrda`i), eurakm thesie `ak sg`grfaka (sgeaoi sgfari), sgfikmma aeak
ngkikmeateak egpatufak pgkmhlatak. Gcge sanpikm (thesisitas) A\S `apat tgrda`i `aoan
lglgrapa nikmmu pgrtana sgtgoaf ikisiasi fikmma thesisitas pa`a pgnaeaiak oana.
Eglakyaeak rgaesi thesisitas A\S ti`ae lgrat `ak `apat `iatasi `gkmak ngnlgri tgrapi
suphrtic. Gcge sanpikm nikhr `apat ngkyglaleak H@FA ti`ae
t i`ae patuf nikun hlat, eargkakya
tgkama egsgfatak farus tgrus ngkmehksgoikm H@FA `ak ngk`ueukm tgrapi. Zriksip
sanpikm aeilat A\S a`aoaf sglamai lgrieut43
pgkakmakak gcge sanpikm
b. Zgrtinlakmeak prhsgs pgkyaeit oaik (sgpgrti fgpatitis virus atau sunlatak lioigr diea tinluo
ietgrus)
<0
1) @gradat 0, rgaesi yakm ngkmakban diwa4 sgmgra fgktieak sgnua hlat A\S, lgri
tgrapi suphrtic `ak sinthnatis5 lgrieak oami A\S `gkmak pa`uak yakm su`af `inh`icieasi
(bhkthf4 sulstitusi 1 A\S uktue hlat yakm ngkyglaleak
ngkyglaleak th
thesisitas)
esisitas) sgtgoaf H@FA stalio
<) @gradat 2, rgaesi lgrat4 makti hlat yakm `iburimai takpa ngkmfgktieak pgnlgriak
A\S sgbara egsgourufak
2) @gradat <, rgaesi sg`akm4 lglgrapa rgaesi (oiph`istrhci `ak kgurhpati pgricgr)
ngngroueak pgkmmaktiak hlat. Wktue rgaesi oaik, pgrtinlakmeak uktue tgtap ngoakduteak
pgkmhlatak5 diea ti`ae a`a pgrulafak `gkmak tgrapi sinthnatis, pgrtinlakmeak uktue
ngkmmakti 1 dgkis hlat A\S.
Egmamaoak tgrapi `apat `ioifat `ari lgrlamai eritgria, yaitu eritgria virhohmis,
inukhohmis, `ak eoikis. Eritgria tgrlaie a`aoaf eritgria virhohmis, kanuk lioa ti`ae `apat
`ioaeueak pgngriesaak naea `imukaeak eritgria inukhohmis. Rglaiekya ti`ae ngkukmmu
eritgria eoikis tgrpgkufi amar `apat ngoaeueak switbf eg oiki sgoakdutkya oglif `iki. H@FA
farus ngkmmukaeak A\S nikinao 3 luoak sglgoun `ikyataeak mamao tgrapi `aoan ega`aak
egpatufak yakm laie. Eaoau H@FA egpatufak ti`ae laie atau lgrfgkti nikun hlat, pgkioaiak
t gratur nikinao 2-3 luoak3
egmamaoak `ioaeueak sgtgoaf nikun hlat egnlaoi sgbara tgratur
Palgo <.9 @gcikisi Egmamaoak Pgrapi `ak Egputusak uktue Wlaf Za`uak (Rwitbf
( Rwitbf))
A\S
<7
- B@0 pgrsistgk `ilawaf 1:: sgo/nn2 sgtgoaf - Eritgria eoikis `ak inukhohmis
satu tafuk pgkmhlatak ngnioiei sgksitivitas rgk`af
- Atau uktue ngkmi`gkticieasi mamao
- B@0 turuk ;7:% `ari B@0 tgrtikmmi virhohmis, tgroglif pa`a easus
yakm ngnuoai A\S `ak
ngkmaoani mamao tgrapi pa`a
dunoaf B@0 yakm tikmmi.
Kanuk saat iki lgoun a`a
aotgrkatic yakm vaoi` uktue
ngk`gcikisieak mamao
inukhohmis sgoaik eritgria iki.
Akae usia `ilawaf 7 tafuk
B@0 pgrsistgk `i lawaf
<::sgo/nn2 atau ? 1:%
Mamao virhohmis Za`a H@F
H@FA A `gkmak egpatu
egpatufak
fak y
yakm
akm laie, virao oha` `i Latasak uktue ngkmi`gkticieasi
atas 1::: ehpi/nO lgr`asareak <x pgngriesaak FIS egmamaoak virhohmis `ak pgkmmaktiak
\KA `gkmak darae 2-3 luoak pa`uak A\S lgoun
lgoun `apat `itgktueak
\gsistgksi sioakm `aoan egoas A\S yakm sana tgrda`i pa`a ngrgea yakm ngkmaoani
egmamaoak tgrapi. \gsistgksi tgrda`i egtiea FIS tgrus lgrprhoicgrasi ngseipuk `aoan tgrapi
A\S. Diea egmamaoak tgrapi tgrda`i `gkmak pa`uak KK\PI atau 2PB, fanpir pasti tgrda`i
rgsistaksi tgrfa`ap sgouruf KK\PI `ak 2PB. Zgkmmukaak A\S ngkmmukaeak ehnlikasi <
K\PI + lhhstg` ZI ngkda`i rgehngk`asi sglamai tgrapi pioifak oiki eg`ua uktue `gwasa,
rgnada, `ak duma akae `gkmak pa`uak lgrlasis KK\PI yakm `imukaeak
`imukaeak sglamai oiki pgrta
pgrtana.
na.
Palgo <.1: pak`uak A\S oiki eg`ua pa`a rgnada `ak `gwasa
Zhpuoasi tarmgt Zak`uak A\S yakm `imukaeak Zak`uak oiki eg`ua pioifak
pa`a oiki pgrtaka
pgrtaka
@gwasa `ak rgnada ; 1: tafuk Lgrlasis ATP atau `0P P@C + 2PB (atau CPB) + OZS/r
<3
Diea tgrda`i egmamaoak oiki eg`ua naea pgrou `ioaeueak tgrapi pgkygoanatak yakm
gcgetic. Eritgria yakm `imukaeak uktue pgkgktuak egmamaoak tgrapi oiki eg`ua farus
ngkmmukaeak eritgria virhohmis (pgngriesaak FIS \KA). Rgpgrti pa`a pgkgktuak mamao
tgrapi oiki pgrtana, pgkgktuak egmamaoak tgrapi oiki eg`ua farus `ioaeueak saat H@FA
ngkmmukaeak A\P oiki eg`ua nikinao 3 luoak `aoan ega`aak egpatufak yakm laie. Pgs
rgsistaksi mgkhtypikm `iwadileak sglgoun pik`af eg oiki egtima.
Palgo <.1< Zak`uak A\S oiki egtima pa`a `gwasa `ak akae
Zgkbgmafak pasba padakak (ZZZ) a`aoaf pgnlgriak A\S `aoan waetu sikmeat uktue
ngkmurakmi egnukmeikak `i`apatkya ikcgesi FIS sgtgoaf tgrpapar egtiea lgegrda atau sgtgoaf
egegrasak sgesuao. ZZZ sglaiekya `itawareak pa`a eg`ua egohnphe padakak tgrsglut `ak
`ilgrieak sgsgmgra nukmeik `aoan waetu =< dan sgtgoaf paparak. 3 ZZZ ti`ae `ilgrieak diea
hrakm yakm lgrisieh tgrpapar sglgkarkya FIS phsitic atau sunlgr paparakkya FIS kgmatic.
Oanakya pgnlgriak ZZZ FIS a`aoaf <6-2: fari.
<=
Raat iki ZZZ duma `iakdureak uktue `ilgrieak pa`a easus egegrasak sgesuao.
Ngkmikmat lakyaekya egsuoitak ngkygogsaieak pa`uak ZZZ iki, `ipgroueak `ueukmak `ak
ehksgoikm egpatufak sglgoun `ak sgoana ngkmmukaeak A\S uktue ZZZ.
<.6.1: Ehksgoikm
Ikcgesi hphrtukistie
hphrtukistie (IH) a`aoaf ikcgesi hogf pathmgk yakm
yakm liasakya ti`ae lgrsicat
ikvasic kanuk `apat ngkygrakm tuluf saat egeglaoak tuluf ngkuruk,
ngkuruk, sgpgrti pa`a hrakm
yakm tgrikcgesi FIS/AI@R. Ikcgesi iki `apat `itinluoeak hogf pathmgk yakm lgrasao `ari ouar
tuluf (sgpgrti laetgri, danur, virus atau prhthzha), naupuk hogf nierhlihta su`af a`a `aoan
<6
tuluf nakusia kanuk `aoan ega`aak khrnao tgregk`aoi hogf sistgn inuk (sgpgrti cohra
khrnao usus).
Mgdaoa eoikis PL pa`a H@FA ti`ae spgsicie. Za`a sglamiak lgsarH@FA mgdaoa eoikis
yakm sgrikm `itgnueak a`aoaf `gnan
`g nan `ak pgkurukak lgrat la`ak yakm simkicieak, sg`akmeak
egoufak latue pa`a H@FA sgrikmeaoi ti`ae spgsicie sgpgrti yakm `iaoani tgr`uma PL pa`a
ununkya. Hogf eargka itu `irgehngk`asieak lioa H@FA `atakm `gkmak egoufak latue
lgrapapuk oanakya farus `igvaouasi uktue `
`iamkhsis
iamkhsis PL. Ngkikmi
Ng kikmitis
tis tulgreuohsis ngrupaea
ngrupaeakk
ehnpoieasi tulgreuohsis paru yakm paoikm lgrat. Ikcgesi FIS ngkikmeateak risieh tgregka
pgkyaeit iki sanpai oglif `ari 1: eaoi oipat.
oipat.
KgurhAI@R a`aoaf istioaf unun uktue egoaikak pa`a sistin sarac yakm `isglaleak
hogf atau yakm lgrfulukmak `gkmak ikcgesi FIS. Za`a lamiak iki yakm aeak `ilibaraeak
tgrutana aspge ikcgesi hphrtukistie `ari KgurhAI@R. Ikcgesi hphrtukistie htae sgrikmeaoi
tinluo pa`a pa`a H@FA `aoan sta`iun oakdut `gkmak dunoaf B@0 `i lawaf <:: sgo/nn2.
Ikcgesi hphrtukistie KgurhAI@R duma tgrda`i sglamai nakicgstasi sik`rhn puoif inuk
(innukg rgbhkstitutihk ikcoannathry syk`rhng/I\IR). Egburimaak ikcgesi hphrtukistie `i
li`akm kgurhohmi ununkya laru `ipieireak diea pgk`grita FIS sta`iun oakdut yakm ngnioie i
dunoaf B@0 `i lawaf
lawaf <:: sgo/nn2.
H@FA oglif nu`af tgrtuoar INR eargka `aya tafak tuluf ngkuruk, tgrutana diea
nasif ngoaeueak pgrioaeu lgrisieh. Nakicgstasi INR pa`a ikcgesi FIS ngkda`i ti`ae efas,
ununkya oglif paraf, oglif suear sgnluf. Nisaokya uoeus pa`a siciois pringr yakm ununkya
shoitgr, lisa ngkda`i nuotipgo, lgktue ti`ae luoat, lisa irgmuoar, ik`urasi ti`ae tgroaou dgoas,
`apat `isgrtai kygri, `ak ea`akm `isgrtai tak`a-tak`a ikcgesi susukaksarac pusat. Fgrpgs
mgkitaois lisa oglif kygri `ak ogsikya oglif ouas. Eutio egoanik `apat lgrueurak lgsar atau
lgrdunoaf lakyae.
<9
H@FA pgrgnpuak `gkmak FIS phsitic `ua eaoi oglif lgrisieh tgregka ikcgesi FZS
`ilak`ikmeak yakm FIS kgmatic (30% vs <6%). Sirao oha` tikmmi `gkmak fitukm B@0 rgk`af
duma lgrfulukmak `gkmak ngkikmeatkya prgvaogksi `ak iksi`gk ikcgesi FZS. Zgrgnpuak
`gkmak FIS phsitic oglif nu`af tgrikcgesi FZS, ngkda`i pgrsistgk `gkmak tipg hkehmgkie,
`ak oglif nu`af ngkmaoani prhmrgsivitas ngkda`i RIO. Iksi`gk eakegr sgrvies 6.6 eaoi oglif
tikmmi pa`a pgrgnpuak `gkmak FIS `ilak`ikmeak `gkmak phpuoasi unun. Zrgvaogksi ikcgesi
FZS duma oglif tikmmi pa`a H@FA ORO `gkmak FIS phsitic `ilak`ikmeak `gkmak ORO FIS
kgmatic (7=% vs 66%). Zgnlgriak ehtrinhesasho farus `ilgrieak sglamai lamiak `ari
pgoayakak FIS. Lgrlamai pgkgoitiak tgoaf ngnluetieak gcgetivitas
gcget ivitas pgkmhlatak pgkbgmafak
ehtrinhesasho `aoan ngkurukeak akmea egnatiak `ak egsaeitak pa`a hrakm yakm tgrikcgesi
FIS. Ru`af a`a lglgrapa rgehngk`asi uktue ngnlgrieak ehtrinhesasho sglamai pgkmhlatak
pgkbgmafak pa`a H@FA `gwasa, wakita fanio `ak akae uktue Zkgunhbystis pkgunhkia,
theshpoasnhsis `ak ikcgesi laetgri, nakcaat uktue prhcioaesis naoaria `ak pgtukdue
pgnlgrfgktiak ehtrinhesasho. 3
2:
LAL 2
EGRINZWOAK
sgfikmma ti`ae `iegkao hogf rgsphks inuk `ak egmamaoak rgsphks inuk sgoouogr
iktriksie `ari pgkyaeitkya
pgkyaeitkya sgk`iri
sgk`iri
0. @iamkhsis FIS lgr`asareak akankgsis, pgngriesaak cisie, `ak pgngriesaak
pgkukdakm. Zgngriesaak
Zgngriesaak pgkukdakm yaitu tgs sgrhohmis `ak tgs virhohmis.
7. Rgtgoaf `ikyataeak phsitic FIS, naea `ioaeueak pgngriesaak uktue ngkgktueak
sta`iun eoikis.
3. Zriksip pgnlgriak A\S a`aoaf farus ngkmmukaeak 2 dgkis hlat yakm egtimakya farus
tgrsgrap `ak lgra`a `aoan `hsis tgrapgutie `aoan `araf, `iegkao `gkmak fimfoy abtivg
aktirgtrhvirao tfgrapy (FAA\P).
=. Pgrluea egsgnpatak uktue ngkbgmaf pgkuoarak FIS laie ngoaoui pgrulafak pgrioaeu
naupuk iktgrvgksi
iktgrvgksi lihng`ie. Wpaya p
pgkakmmuoakmak
gkakmmuoakmak FIS pa`a
pa`a tikmeat mohlao tgoaf
ngnlgrieak fasio yakm bueup kyata eargka itu eita duma lgrusafa ngkikmeateak
upaya pgkakmmuoakmak FIS `i Ik`hkgsia
21
@ACPA\ ZWRPAEA
0. WKAI@R. WKAI@R \gphrt ik <:124 FIS ik Asia ak` Pfg Zasicib. <:12.
3. Egngktriak Egsgfatak \I. Zgraturak ngktgri egsgfatak \I khnhr 6= tafuk <:10 tgktakm
pg`hnak pgkmhlatak
pgkmhlatak akti rgtrhvirao. <:17.
=. Egngktriak Egsgfatak \I. Egputusak Ngkegs Kh 9: Pafuk <:19 tgktakm 4 Zg`hnak
kasihkao pgoayakak eg`hetgrak tata oaesaka FIS.
6. Egngktriak Egsgfatak \I. Zrhmran Zgkmgk`aoiak FIS AI@R `ak ZINR Casioitas
Egsgfatak Pikmeat Zgrtana. <:1=.
9. Egngktriak Egsgfatak \I, Ikch`atik FIS AI@R <:<:, Daearta 4 Egngktriak Egsgfatak \I.
<:<:
1:. @itdgk Z<Z (Ristgn Ikchrnasi FIS/AI@R `ak INR (RIFA), Oaphrak Pafuk <:19 <:19
11. Riolgrkamo Rtgcak, Oakm Cohriak. Pges `ak Atoas lgrwarka Zathcisihohmi. Daearta 4 GBM.
<:13
1<. Allas E, Oibtnak Ak`rgw, Inukhohmi @asar Allas Cukmsi `ak egoaikak Ristgn Inuk.
Gosgvigr 4 <:13
2<