Analog Digital
Analog Digital
Analog Digital
2 Stages:
• Sampling
• Quantizing and Encoding
Binary
output
Sampling
Sampling Signal: Tw
1
Sampling Period: Ts
fs
Nyquist Criterion: fs 2 f max
Aliasing
High and low frequency samples are indistinguishable
Results in improper conversion of the input signal
Usually exists when Nyquist Criterion is violated
Can exist even when: fs 2 f max
Prevented through the use of Low-Pass (Anti-aliasing) Filters
Quantizing and Encoding
• Approximates a continuous range of values and replaces it
with a binary number
• Error is introduced between input voltage and output binary
representation
• Error depends on the resolution of the ADC
Resolution
Resolution
Resolution
Increase in resolution improves the accuracy of the conversion
23-1 = 7 Comparators
Pros Cons
• Fastest (in the • Each additional bit
order of nano of resolution
seconds) requires twice the
• Simple number of
operational comparators
theory •Expensive
• Speed is limited • Prone to produce
only by gate and glitches in the
comparator output
propagation delay
Vax=10.4V
1010
MSB
LSB
R/2R Ladder DAC
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage:
Amplification Filtering
Isolation Linearization
Signal Conditioning
• Signal conditioning circuits improve the quality of signals
generated by transducers before they are converted into digital
signals by the PC's data-acquisition hardware.
• Examples of signal conditioning are signal scaling,
amplification, linearization, cold-junction compensation, filtering,
attenuation, excitation, common-mode rejection, and so on.
Signal Conditioning
• One of the most common signal conditioning functions is
amplification.
• For maximum resolution, the voltage range of the input signals
should be approximately equal to the maximum input range of
the A/D converter. Amplification expands the range of the
transducer signals so that they match the input range of the A/D
converter. For example, a x10 amplifier maps transducer
signals which range from 0 to 1 V into the range 0 to 10 V
before they go into the A/D converter.
Analog to Digital (A/D)
Converter
Analog 4 Samples/cycle
Input
8 Samples/cycle
16 Samples/cycle
A/D Converter:
Sampling Rate
• Aliasing.
Acquired signal gets distorted if sampling
rate is too small.
Anti-aliasing Filter
• One way of avoiding the problem of aliasing is to
apply an anti-aliasing filter to the signal, prior to the
sampling stage, to remove any frequency components
above the "folding" or Nyquist frequency (half the
sampling frequency).
• An anti-aliasing filter is a low-pass filter.
A/D Converter:
Resolution
A/D Converter:
Range
• Minimum and maximum voltage levels that the
A/D converter can quantize