WSN

Netns

Wire wYeless

Jotastyctless Jnfastueture (In (ouYse)

CADH OC))

frolem Cntralised tntty o control mdium

Topoloqies
BAS
Stutie or dyname ?
Stas

Dynami Topolagtes with time as od es moves.

Can
thange
whewea ldatas
LÍnks

Sens or an sen se ard

also comnunícate and
Compute
SansoY
Nodes Snternet
Bose
CDevile capoele of Gtoth'on
Sunsing physical peuameter)
CensorS

) Tep 5) Gas Sen soS

2) Wtods ound GaPS
3) LuminoysLig kt 7) h e t rate monitor
4
Prosinaty (IR) 8) puls e monitoy
J) Micophone
 Exeuste tnstnue tions
Pyecsbs data
Memory

Comnnaton Controite
Power Supply

ContoolLe

IRegistYs RA M
Prog ALU
Tar
Ca che

han Micxo-Conto e- Stares rog ram on KOM

eq Sma Sensox Chips. Dont have

Mi0>PYocessor - Staues progxam

Secanden Memexy
Both ue dlet ant.

Devtet uCEmbedded
sten
 Page No.
Date

Micro- Cont tolle on Ayduino

ATMEL 2560
ARM CoRTExA3 CRapi)

Memog
) Tempsory Memo9
2) StoeS inteYmedidte vasuase

Reqiste RoM(4-8kB) RAM (G4K6)

1GMHZ
y- block.

EEPROM/flash-Memoty
yte-ig-yte (Electricaly Erasaule Progganab le Read-only Memory )
lommu'ation Devices )

Half- Duplex Communi cation.

Sttes
Ty - Transfuatiaq Stute
Rx- ReCeixing stude
fdle idle Stute
Sleep
Sicep Sleep State
E SonsoX and ActuatoHS
 Ypec f Sensoxs
YPassie g Omnelivectional.
2) Passiye 2 ouyechio nal
3) ActiYe.
C
Transccive
On
Bx
Tx ofE
idle idle
Sleep

InJ : enery/insta ction

13= ba ttex
= Power X time

Powe:
24x60 x60 S

F Dynamic Voltage Caaling

Case -12 Comlede Task -Slep- Wekeup-omplete Task-l

case -2: Work Slouty tll deadne and Stst next tusk
 Date

Case 2 moee pow-efiaent acOvding to veseoxcb

More -enerqy is consAmedSsom Sleep to Wakeup, that's

hy Case-1 is consuming oYeL me2e enerqy

Iranstixing zequireS me enegy than ceiting. L'ke

We Hequàe mare poe fàr Showhing than
listeaing Therefore
Tansceve ony oien reguired ond lesSs fraquent.
Transmission v/s Compututiony
13

0 manag ement
Memoryx
fsocess Managnent
File Manascment|X
Ho Conareht execuchion ib handled by Son sor.
context Switching 3equies meime than ekecution.
Thexefore Conteat uwtching S at lohe n se so

Polling >X
>X

eveut diven Poqrcaming maclel must be usee to proess.

dota
 Date

AS soon s
packet
All gais ea events axe stoxtd n queue
Because Sensor dont want to Seve ststes.
F exetes proqpn at Oncea

FNetor k Aschitete

Interation patterns
Event dete chon
fesiodic Measurement
Funcion apprex
detecton.

A derite that Convts packets in one proloco| to another

TCP/ IP WSN
Protocol Protocol

’
Mutti-hop netwoR ae more effient.
Sensors wih ue elay nodes they hae fou ting ta[l
also along wi xtdion
Compxtdtian capability
Radibtad

Fvent Mobi lity

 Page tio.

Quanity paHanekxs in CN
bandid
delay Netwk Level
Quality PaTametes.
Puolty
e uemore (on(eyned about
pa4ametus

Qualty ay sesie oy WsN (Q05)

Event oetection
Evert ClassiAcation cTor.
Event delectian dela. All Telated to
Missing Repoxts Trade-off Delay/knrgy
Tacking
Opimzaéion btoal i Eney Eficency
Energy pey CorecH y xcelce bt
Enexgy peY teported even t.
Delay/ éney of trade-o
Netuozk (ifetir
1. first Node dead time
2- NetworK Half life
3. Time to purtition
4. Time to loss of
3. Time to
COVerage
fatluxe of frst event notiitation.

Netuook Htetime o Enerqy

 Optimizahon Ghoult Stabiliy
pexform imespeckive of Size of netuoork
Ablity to

Design fxneters

Distalhted Orqanisdtlon netwosk

2TheXe i no centsa'sed ent'ty to (ontol the
Each node e had to work itsell fo zet oqeniscd
the.
All RLztiipants should ca-openate fox cnganising
network.

’imited Cental'sed

Adaptive Rdeliky and

NSN Ls Data entnc

It s hetevoqeneous in natuse
Computton
i-e Evey Node colL have diftent eneg
 frotocols Page No.
Date

MÀC
Medium ACCess Control.C MAC)
Data Link Dtan

Pysiad Lq Eror control

flouw controJ

Medem Access contol. Slacued

t deals oitth access to mediun

Pefnunce’teTequiTements qven by appli ation.

delay dlelay
thinxnput L Channel Access Delay
’RiTness
’Stubilty
MAC fol lowed in oirec netoTks
). CSMA ( Casrier Sense Mediu AceessS)
Coll isions Can be detecte in oioe netooKS,
Thexefoe CSMA Cp 1s used
Ccol|\st on, Dete tion)

t> 2tp S neceSsany for Collision Dete ction

B
 (Stuot

(A JAssembling a frame

2.4 oHz is foee foequency to use

(ISM Beund)

A B

Hidden tezminal pro6ler

A B ollok AM

Exposed tesminl Problem

A B X

8 stuts tansmitting signa'

Now C Sendy med as
busy. (But collisiorn only 0cews at

Jeceivee ent ).andD is fee. But C dont toansita

In relgss metu0k nodes are half dup lex t
only ohe ot time.
Tounsmit o8 Recel ve can do only

CSMACA protocol is used ta wreless netooh

As collslon detecton is not poss) 6le.
CA ColiSon Avol ance

Catslon detecton posslble. in loled ntwsrks2

Coz theue is no aY veyle5s atteneLatlon of SI2
cwyed netwok

Attenlattion : LoSs of energy of Slqnel OVeT aStance

 2.4rHz incollson kess Thexefore
&422 &417 R.412
Bend. aRaig Aeq Single only not 2.4Gtz
is
Bcuno
Acess) Mutiple on
Dirisi Cfrequen
ty ForA
2.
Supeufames
is
vequi7edsynchyonizqtion timne Stict
hme. laeg ovex Sent be
otpCKets lats total4 when sed bemUSt DNA le
to
sDMA 3)Rendom
Ohoy) calsPreto ment assiqn Fxed
TDMA
divsion (Tme
Netuooyks wiss
ele frotals
fo NAC
 Paga No.

Date

24'cH can be dividea ino 4 channes.

Indi uses 1, G, 12 hannels.

Diffuence in chamels c0z Aeih Neauby danntls can ovOkloup

3] Code division, Muttiple Access(ComA)

T6 Ppl talking in hindi cant be distanbed by ppl ta king
n chinese. Coz thexe is ffeyence in Code, There 's not

4) Sple Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

WSN
Tuis cant be used in WSN. ecause do useS multi- hop
patacol.

Problem ita TDMA- We have to Know whic sot is

fos coth nde, And AS SEAVed
thee is ho ntral entity
WSN e have to erchenge msgs o
MOxe Know. oh
FDennand Ass)ynment Po otocols

Centralised Destbuted.

IEER 802.4

Token Ring Node w h toKen

Can Only send

Node Can demand token for

t7ansmis sionie denand assigose

F Random Assiqn ment rotocoL

CSMA ES e Random Assiqrrnent frotoco l,
Zrery station wiLaait zAndorm ant of timne

xPexsistent Ccontinuoasly Stnsing)

Non Pre5ient

IEEE 802.11 (wif)t CSMACA

IEEE 80a.3 (Ethernet)’ CSMAJCD
 Dsts

bisti buted Coori netion Funct'on ( DCE

Pexsistant tean to used by 802.)|_ s DUE

(w )
Distibyted Inteiame
Tk DIfS,space + Contention hWindous Cu)

Wait befoye toansm'ting.

These || 6e andonness n DIFS.

Node nooses its DIES foom Contention Window (Cw)

HSTFSLAck

4 MAC Protocols fos wreless netuorks.

Node first senses the medium Cames Sen sinq

busy’ deteY tacnsmission ss
idle ’ taansmissio Stuts.

Persistant wait foY randon time

Noo PeyslStant. backoff

DCF
 Shll nole aue prone to hiddtn tsminal & cxpo32 ten
Problem

For tul's e hawe Control Pkts.

Ready t0 Seno CRTS )
Cleas to Send (CtS)

A
bIES

S RTS
NAV
sIes

SEFS
NAV (Neturk AlLOLattd
Datu Packe Veetor)
STES
ACK

B D

RTS
CTS CTS

Data
 Poge No.
Date

tu tone - se dlfterent equencaes.

Conisal
A PKS B a412 Gttz
3417 GHz
PKtS
Datet

bietexent freg cant colid

Bat for tis eeiyex xequire.
Compl'ated cruit with ilteys,
and tunet, etc.

RTS TS Dat
WSN DODdata pkt size is Similau to RrS CTS Pkts
Thcfore t is waste of enengs for sendbng 3 Pkts lnstead of
Only one date pkt. That's it is not usedin WSN,

F Enagy proles in MAC Protocols in for WN.

Collisions
2.
3, Orerheazing
Erotoco l ovexhead.
Tdie listening
MAC Poto cols for WSN

S-MAC CSensor MAC)

Duty ycle
elisten
bata
step
SYu RTs CTS
 Pege No.
Dale

Con sunes mOTe

Boydey Node Power.
RTS
Shedule Table
Stores 4Shedulee tor
both t uELnyts
oth c uses is Sehedo
ud Sane for X.
x Z Can heae CTS

20 25 12. 22

C- Scheole Z-Schedle

Vytual-Cauie
Sensing
Adaphve Listening - To reduce tatenty
Loe Aaovaxlap in Isten tine
cOhat Z is sleeping Howwi it listn CTS 2

Cyce CoIliSion at D
hapen
F Ia wireless Netuork Short pkts ong Pkts
Ss5s 5s chme. to TebanSmit

famettationlost Ack/Pkt
Dete e Ack Pkt asO
RTS
hasduxton.
A B D
CTS
iot. dont
Toensmlsslon SooPB CTS destrsys
fore
zoftone sy- bu Athere of pki dat with
e (oh it pkt data tintrnsmi
g Stusts
4991FA
RecetvioA
ALsedI Z
A
CTS
fone, Busy
RTS
Solved. Pro,
TerNinal Hield
en #
add MAO dest SoLore has Pkts RTS
PKts Data channe) Data,
TKAc Control Channel Contan| chennls
sed luwo
hn, contro| Sets dot,it B CTS
sturts Receivex ohen busy-tone
RtS
CPAMA
S) Signalling with Access MediumData Audare Pouoey
GPA pTotoCo] busedConterion
bckoffCW
NAY Sets, Ceur) CTS s
VAV
(d) RTS
Sets
Date
Jn casa.ef.ohtnioEnesy lostin ntL te tlnei

Ho) PAMAS Solves OverheaTi n 2

RTS
CTS

Onicd D Con SLeep elsedon't Send

onytig
Al nodes Kno date tCLnsmisson rate-So
ho mach gata
hansmisson is 3ernainin q It Can sleep
Not in

Sleep tie inl t,

nelqsba hoous
ter: IP all neiybauíng
Stusts vecçnng unsmission
endts

74t:X Con Staset bnSmi th ag

$O no Coll/slon
 Page No.

Date

Scnedule based pratacol.

LEACH
Ctaia Enezgy ApAdaptive (lstening Hlerardia)
Custe Dense N of Horoagenuos
Nodes
Clustez Head

MemberS
Agsregote data fom membex nodes and send to Sink.
Eq EnvirOnmenteL Monitoring
Clster Heads a@ Same as mem bex noces

Adaptive1 Any nade can becOMe custex- head.

5; of node e hecame clusterteac fo long<st Nw ifetine

Nuqhbouing
Can colli
Tqnsm ssibr
Round
Roun > N e ) leede
elected
Step-up Phasesteady State phase

Ctsteieg Sehedle
phese hase
lection Adstise
Pha Se
 Pege No.
Date

Multiple AcCess)
TDMA Sclhecule. ( Toe DVisjon

Scheclule i byoa deas t to modes by clustez-hed

frames
Nodes can taansmit in only desiqaattd tine- slot
#CDMA bce bs 2ot
Code is also bY 0ad cast th data
SO Collsio data an he flteed by code

TDMA Solves both HiddenTexminal 2 Exposed Tesminal