Simplified Gramma 00 Ott Rich
Simplified Gramma 00 Ott Rich
Simplified Gramma 00 Ott Rich
OP
SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
OP THE PRlNCIPAIi
X.
SWEDISH.
BY E, G. OTTfi.
TRUBNER'S COLLECTION
OF
I.
Hindustani, Persian and Arabic. By B. H. Palmer.
2nd Edition. 5s.
SWEDISH LANGUAGE
E. C. OTTfi
THinD HDITIOTV
LONDON
KEGAISr PAUL, TKENCH, TEIJBNEE & CO., Ltd.
PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD
1902
Printed by
The East of England Printing Works
London and Norwich
INTRODUCTION.
Europe.
We have evidence that these two main branches of the
Old Northern never deviated sufficiently from each other
to interfere with their comprehension by all the Scandina-
vian peoples, although each possessed certain inherent and
258537
VI INTRODUCTION.
dence which the first of the Vasas secured for them, has not
PART 11.
..*.,,..
. •
The Numerals 46
Pronouns . . , 48
Verbs 52
Adverbs .... 58
Prepositions .....,,.
.........
60
61
Conjunctions
Modes ....
of Infiection in Old Swedish 65
SWEDISH GEAMMAE.
PART I.
THE ALPHABET.
The Swedish alphabet consists of the following twenty-
eight letters {Boksiqfver) :
—
A, called aA, pronounced like a in father.
B
1
THE ALPHABET. 6
U J,
00 }, like 00 in sp(9c>n, or when short
like u in In addition to
full.
» n >»
^,
like French 7c in pure»
„ as hard English s,
„ like aw in safo.
J,
like a in sale, and when short
like e in wr^n.
peio (Fr.).
4 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
give/
The letter g has the sound of hard g or soft h at the end
of words, as shog, m. {skodgli), Svood/ but it takes the
sound of Swedish j when preceded by I or ;*,
as talg (faljy
'
tallow / fdrg [fdrj], ^colour/
When g precedes a soft vowel at the beginning of a word,
or of a syllable, it takes the sound of Swedish y, or English
{shuuk), sick/ is
Final e is
generally sounded, as in German.
many words e has precisely the same sound as a, which
In
nas been made to supersede it in the modern system of
D SWEDISH GRAMMAR,
and two forms of the " Definite '' the Affixed{bestdnid), (1)
or Terminal Article (slutartilcel) , and
(2) the Independent
{fnstden&e) Article.
The Indefinite Article, w hich precedes the noun, or the
adjective which qualifies the latter, is as follows :
—
MASC. AND FEMIN. GENDEUS. . NEUTER GENDER.
eny a, an, eit, a, an.
^
Examples engosse, m., 'a boy,^ enflltlg gosse, a diligent
:
^
boy / en flichaj f., ^a girl,^ en vacker fliclca, a fine girl/
^ ^
ett lam, n., a child/ ett godt barn, a good child.^
^
Plural,
nCy ndy en or a, the.
^ ^
Examples :
dag^ m., day/ dagew, the day / hlomma,
^ ^ ^
f., flower/ hloramawj the flower ;' 7iamn, n., name,'
ARTICLES. 9
' '
na??inet,
'
the name ;' ril'e, n., kingdom/ riket, the king-
^
dom / clalar, m. pL, ^valleys/ dalarne, the valleys/ sa^or^
^
f.
pi.,
*
tales/ safforna, Hhe tales/ ^^a^^;/, n. pL, names/
^
namnen,
'
the names j^ n>i'(?w, n. pL, kingdoms/ rih?i2ij
'
the kingdoms/
The proper application of these affixes depends, (1) upon
the form of declension to which the noun belongs; (2)
on whether the word ends in a vowel or a consonant; and
(3) on considerations of euphony.
This mode of incorporating the article with the noun
is a special characteristic of the Scandinavian tongues
which they derive from the Old Northern. It does not
exist inOld Gothic, but it is met with under a modified
form in Albanian, and in the kindred languages of Bulgaria,
and Roumania.
In the Old Northern we may trace the origin of this
leaving only as suffixes inn^ hi, itt^ pi., ir, ar, in. The
Scandinavian twin branches of language, known as Svetisha,
Swedish, and Bansk'NorsJc, Dano-Norvvegian, which have
been derived from the Old Northern as their common
10 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
supplied by the numeral einn, mas., ein^ fem., eltt^ n., ^one."^
From this has been derived the modern Swedish article
' ^
eiiy etiy a,^ an/ which is merely the unaccentuated form
of the word which expresses the numeral ^
one/
ArtiheV), is :
—
lingular. Plural,
MASC. AND FEM. UEUTEB. ALL GENDEBS.
de7i, the det, the de^ the.
NOUNS. {Tivgorcl)
parishes.
To this declension belong both masculine and feminine
nouns.
nas).
Plu, 'Nom,, etc, f nam7i, ... names, ^^(^?;2?/ en, the names,
. . .
Gen., najuTts, ... ... nanmausy of
To this declension belong masculine and neuter nouns.
In regard tc differences of gender it may be observed
that the following belong generally to the mascidine :
—
-
1. Nouns that indicate the male sex in persons or
* ^
animals ; as, Iwmmgy m., king j' tujop, m., cock/
*
church ;' verhxn, f,, 'effect;^ rand, f., 'edge;' string, f.,
' ' '
pole ;^ ^/^yd^ f., virtue ;' drdgty f., dress -,' /odehe, f.,
' '
birth ;^ geografi^ f., geography ;^ /<2^nk, f., 'manufac-
' ^
tory ;' religion, f., religion / /^a^ur, f., nature/
^(9 neuter gender belong generally
z^/^^ :
—
1. The names of countries and places, letters of the
2i^yhJ€Ttay n., 'heart/ oga, n., *eye^ (pi., ogon) ; ora, n.,
^
'
ear (pi., dro?t] ; in e, el, er, on, and in um^ eum, and mm in
'
words of foreign origin ; as, rike, n., kingdom ;' /lagel, n.,
* '
'hail;' blomsler, n., flower;^ oslron, n., oyster ;^ /<2>^^um,
n., 'fact;^ museum, n.,
*
museum ;' kolleg'mm, n., 'college.^
Compound words, irrespective of their precise meaning,
take the gender of the last member of the combined
*
Ftir ovfura^ f., fir-tree / the former va'aking furer, and the
latter /Vr6>r, in the plural.
*
pride,'and many other abstract nouns of a similar kind.
Some nouns can only be used in the plural ; as, hopdlar,
*
m. pi.,
*
domicile/ r'dtiker, m. pi., cabal.'
sorter ; man, m., 'man,' pi. man or manner ; gdsy f., 'goose,'
'
pi. gass ; nms, f,, mouse,' pi. 7ndss. The two last take en
ADJECTIVES. {Egenskapsord.)
gent girls ;' ddlsL 7iamn, i\., noble names.^ Here it will be
observed that in this indefinite so-called "weak^^form of the
Singular.
18 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
'^
The '^definite or so-called "strong" form of the adjective
is marked by the addition of a to the abstract form in the
feminine and neuter singular and plural, while in regard to
the masculine it must be borne in mind that the older
or is
preceded by a pronoun; as, honnngens li/cMigix regeringy
''
*
the king's happy reign min gamlt van, *
my old friend.'
ADJECTIVES. 19
'
'
Mera or mer,
''
POSITIVE.
PRONOUNS. 21
PEONOTJNS. [Ersdttningsord.)
Gen.,
— — hans ;
hennes ; dess,
(reflect).
Plural.
Singular.
MASC.
24s SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
*
Ndgon, m., f., ndgot, n., pi. ndgra^ 'some one/ any one;'
*
tnrjen^ rn. f., hitet^ n.^-pLinga, no one/ 'none/ ddgge, Mda,
*
'both/ wdngeuy m., f.^ wdiiget^ n., pi. mdnga, many/
* '
many a one / annan, m., f.^ annat, n.^ pi. andra, otber/
6>>W5^, 4)oth/ 'each/ tV/V//^ m., f., sjelfty n., pi. sjeJfva, 'other/
t/^/^'y?:, 'such/ eg&n, m., f.^ ^y^<^, n., pi. egna, 'own/
VERBS. {Hdndelseord,)
Infinitive,
ait liafva, to have. att vara^ to be.
Indicative,
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular,
Jagy duy kan, houy den, det, Jag, du, 7ian, Jion^ den, aei
har (Jiafver), I have, etc. dr, I am, etc.
VERBS. 25
Plural,
I hafven [han], ye ,,
/ dren^ ye „ .
IMPERFECT TEISSB.
Singular,
Flural,
Suhjimclive or Optative,
Present.
Singular,
Plural,
Impe^'ative,
kafva Jcallat, ^to have called '/ Pres. Party hallaiide, 'call-
Indicative.
rUTURE TENSES.
Sidyunctive or Optative.
Present. Imperfect. Perfect.
Imperative.
2 „ Imllfda (/).
Indicative.
Present. Imperfect.
Opiaf'fVL
Present, Imperfect. Imperative.
Infinitive,
^
Example :
{att) tro, to believe / Part. Pre» ^roende ;
Indicative.
Present. Imperfect. Imperative.
0]}tative,
Present. Imperfect.
Sing.
and
)
ymd tro.
The same as Imperf.
Plur. Indie.
Sup. bxxndit.
30 SWEDISH GllAMMAR.
Inrltcattve.
Present. Imperfect.
Optative,
present. Imperfect.
Sinor Sing. I
and \-gri])Qj hinch. jnicl l-grepe, buncie,
Plur. J Plur. J
Imperative,
Sing. 2 pers. grip, hind.
Plur. 1 J, gripom, bindom,
2 y, g ripen, Mnden.
„ bojas, „ bent.
,, tros, fy trusted.
„ btndeis, „ bound.
VERBS. 31
Past.
9} 3) ^ojts, „ „ „ bent.
99 }} troiiSy ^, „ „ trusted.
btmdits, ,, ,, ,j bound.
iojts, dojd,
trotts, trodd.
bimdits, Ijimdau.
Indicative,
Present.
{tjojens) ,
tros, ,,
(^rons).
di?ides. ,, „ ,,
{dindans).
Imperfect.
kallades.
2 pers. plur. (A^^ZZadens),
%*des.
9f ii (%*dens).
i^rcddes.
}f >} [trodden^),
hands,
1 and 3 pers. plur. hmdo^,
2 ,, „ 6undens
82 SWEDISH GRA^MMAK.
Compound Tenses.
^
jag minnaSj I remember.'
^
husetj dancing going on in the house.""
there is
PREPOSITIONS. {ForonL)
CONJUNCTIONS. (
Bindeord. )
INTERJECTIONS. ( Utropsord)
! ah ! ack ! ah ! hd ! nd ! hurra ! ve !
Some are imitative sounds of noises ; as, Kling hlang !
klatseh ! hras !
puf ! Some are merely elliptical renderings
of invocations, oaths, etc. ; as, Gunds ! {Gud ndde os,
'
God
have mercy on us ^) ; Kors ! (^ the Cross ') ; Vassera fre !
(
Far Herras trd, ^ our Lord's tree-cross ') ; bevars I {bevare
OSS I
'
Preserve us !^), 'Oh dear P
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 85
PART 11.
a/ an/ is merely
*
the unaccented form of the indefinite pronoun en, ett, one,'
*
which is the same as the numeral en, ett, one/
In Old Northern there is no trace of the use of a
distinct indefinite article, the earliest representative of
' *
which was the indefinite pronoun einri, oue/ein/iverr, each
one/ From these have been derived the modern Scan-
dinavian en, ett
The plural ena, 'ones/
'
some/ is used to express surprise
'
or contempt ; as, det dr ena obegripUga flickory they are
incomprehensible girls V
This article is in many respects governed by the same
rules as in English. T.ius it directly precedes the noun
' '
which it indicates ; as, boy / en blomma, a
en gosse^ a
'
flower / ett hus, a house / while where the noun is quali-
-n, m., f. ;
-et or -t, n. sing. ; -ne, -na, -en or -a, pi., which
now constitute one of the most distinctive characteristics
of the language.
Swedish thus possesses two distinct forms of the definite
*
article, the one independent, as den blomvia, the flower/
THK DEFINITE AllTICLE. 37
^
(the) life is short / vinet pressas ur drufvor, ' (the) wine
is extracted from grapes / hvad hostar smoret i dag ?
' '
what does (the) butter cost to-day ?
The affix is used with some names of countries and
'
places ;
as for
example Italien, (the) Italy / Alperna,
:
*
*the Alps / Scandinavian Scandinavia / and with certain J
^
titles ; as, Rihrddet (councillor)' Lynherg ; Presideiiten
* ^ ' '
prince / grefve^ count / Herr, Mr. / Lqjtnant, lieu-
tenant;' nor with any feminine titles; as, drottning,
^
suffix-article shouldbe used wherever the English ^ the is
'I'he Noun.
voro feta, men oxarne magray *the horses were fat, but the
oxen were lean/
In simple sentences the sui)ject noun precedes the verb ;
as, jag ser jiickan,
'
I see the girl.^ But it follows the
verb :
—
1. In interrogatives as, hrarfor ligger inte harnet?
;
'
why does not the child go to bed V
In secondary sentences
2. as, ndr flickan har ndgot ;
godt, sd delar hon alltid med sig dt andra, when the girl
*
garded as a rich man;' jag sdg henne komma, '1 saw her come.'
The genitive may be expressed by the use, not merely
40 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
I am doing my duty.'
In regard to the five declensions of nouns adopted in
modern Swedish, it
may be well to draw attention to the
following points :
—
1. The First Declension includes all feminine nouns ending
in a. Of these, some were masculines in the older forms
* *
Adjectives.
' '
man. !
ye noble men ! Where the adjective is used to
^
underwood/ As a noun or an adverb, smdtt is of
common occurrence ; as, Jag har smdtt om tid,
^
I am
'
pinched for time ;'
det regnar smdtt, it is (a small rain)
drizzling.^
Survivals of older forms are to be found in such ex-
* ^
pressions as, till fidlo, in full / pd Ijusan dag, in broad
daylight/
Adjectives ending in a, e, se ;
hra (abbr. of braf),
as,
^ ^ ' '
fine ;' liha, like ;' ode^ desert ; 'gdngse, current,^ do not
admit of being declined.
A similar rule applies to present participles and adverbs
ADJECTIVES. 45
'
used in the sense of adjectives ; as, ett leende ham, a
' ^
laug-hing child -/ inhyses hjon^ a dependant/ a person
living free of cost in another person's house ;' inhordes krig,
'intestine war/
Certain superlatives are used only in prayer or invoca-
as, r/^?^ ^/^^^ ^the one/ ^^ ^^^^ ^the ones.' Hundra and
^«a^/^ may be used as nouns. The old neuter in may be
used in some cases; as, i tit.,
Mn two;^ tu par, Hwo pairs.^
The old masculine nominative tver [tve) occurs in compound
words; as, tveti/dig, ^ambiguous.'
The in nio and tio, and the 21 in tjugu, are usually
nth. elfte.
12th. tolfte,
13th. treUonde,
14th. fjortonde,
15th. femtonde.
48 SWEDISH GHAMxMAll.
trefaldig, etc.
Pronouns.
in Stockholm, Doctor?^
' ^
The pronouns han, he,' hon, she,* are still occasionally
*
(or family) ;* jag visste ej hans son var dod, I did not
Denne and den samme, ' that one/ ^ the same/ have a
more demonstrative character than den.
*
Ho, who/ is
chiefly used in biblical or poetical lan-
guage ;
hvem in common parlance.
Hvilken^ hvadfor, hvilhen som, are all used as relatives ;
2iB,jag vet ej hvilhen som Tcommer, eller hvad som vore hast
att gora, I do not know who is coming, or what would be
'
best to do/
The prefix e gives the same significance to relatives as is
derived in English from the addition of ^ever/ as, e/io,
*
Svhoever;' ehvad, 'whatever;' ehurudan, who or what-
ever / hvilken an, hvem iin^ etc., have much the same
significance.
The relative som is indeclinable, and may be used for all
genders ; as, hdr dr mannen som onsJcar tola med Er, '
here
is the man, who wishes to speak to you / min hroder har
^
salt det huset som han Jcopte i Juni, my brother has sold
the house which he bought last June/
The Old Northern demonstrative form y (ty),
*
that,' is
'
traceable in dylik, Hhe like (such), and occurs in such ex-
^
pressions as, efter ty som sages, according to what is said /
'
i ty fall, in that case.' The Old Northern gen. pi. feirra
one of them / hag-
'
is traceable in such words as endera,
' '
gedera, both of them / ndgondera, some of them/ etc.
The pronoun must agree in gender and number with the
noun which it represents as, Hvar dr flickan ? Hon dr %
;
Verbs.
precedes its
subject as, der^d begaf Tian sig till generalen,
;
*
thereupon he betook himself to the general/
The indicative present is used to express a certain or
conditional future as well as a mere present; as, min son
^
kommer i afton, my son will come this evening ;' hommer
'
lian, sd gar jag icke, if he should come, I will not go/
^
bar Stockholm sedan min ungdom,
i I have lived in Stock-
Idnge
'
lefve honungeUj long live the king !^
go ! do not go !
'
an experienced doctor/
The supine, which always ends in t, and has been derived
from the neuter of the perfect participle, is always used in
conjunction with the verb hafva, Ho have/ as, lian liar
*
navian languages ; as, det dansas hdr i
afton, there will be
^
till Norge, the king has gone to Norway/
In Old Swedish the passive was expressed by the use of the
^
auxiliaries verda {var^a), to be/ as it may still be rendered
ing verbs from which they have been derived; as, hdlltr^
holl, and anhdller, anhoUy etc., ^hold,^ and 'detain.* But
where they have been derived from German, or other foreign
sources, they do not follow the inflection of the corre-
^
sponding Swedish verb; as, hushdlla, to keep house,^ which
^ *
is not derived directly from hus, house,* and hdlla, to hold,'
andra och sfjelpte sig sjelf, ^he helped others and ruined
*
himself;' det halp icke, han stalp, there was no help for it,
he was ruined.^
Some verbs can be used both as intransitives and imner-
56 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
'
sonal reflect! ves ; as, det far han dngra, he will repent
^
of that ;' det dngrar mig, I regret/
The irregularities of Swedish verbs scarcely admit of
being reduced to any definite classification, but are depen-
dent on various conditions, such as a foreign origin ; mere
(5) in 0. As —
58 SWEDISH GRAMMA E.
draga, gifva ; Miry tar, drar, for blifver, tager, drageVy gifver;
and ^n, de bliy tay dray I blhiy tan, dran, for viy de hlifvay
Adverbs. {Omstandighelsord,)
The place of the adverb in Swedish is in many cases
identical with that which it occupies in English ; as, den
^
nnga flichan taler vol, the young girl speaks well / dagen
^
derpd, gik han bort, the day after, he went away / glddjen
^
drforbiy the pleasure is over / der du dr, der viljag vara!
^ ^
where you are, there I will be !
ADVERBS. 59
tande,
'
only God is omniscient/
Others be used with a preposition in the sense of a
may
noun ; as, jag liar ej sett honom pa lange, ' I have not seen
him for a long time/ du har fait nog aftdrar, 'you have
shed enough tears/
Some adverbs are used as relative or demonstrative pro-
nouns; as, del tidehvarf EN A.Vii Luther framstod var en of de
'
stora verldshistorisha epoker, the age in which Luther
appeared marked one of the great historical epochs of the
(>0 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
^
world ;^ hvarest vinet gar iri^ der gar vettet ut, where
wine enters in, sense goes out.*
det han she honomforutan, that may happen without him ;'
'
'
OSS emellan sagdt, dlskar jag henne iche, between ourselves,
'
I do not care for her ;^ att gd cm, to pass by ;' systeren
'
*
ni med, you and all.' *'
somra^,
'
last summer ;' i sommar^
'
this summer ;' om
*
somraaren^ in the summer;' i hostasy 'last cutumn ;' i
'
host, this autumn/
The correct use of the prepositions presents considerable
*
of my sister / tjenaren iios generalen, the servant of the
^
general -/ full med, full of;' af gammal familj, ^of an old
family •/ en man af snille,
'
a man of genius/
Till still governs a genitive as in Old Swedish ; as,
'
Conjunctions. {Bindeord.)
* ^
The conjunction samty with/ also/ is
frequently used
'
in the place of and / as, Generalen horn med grefven samt
presten,^ t\\Q general came with the count and the clergyman.
^
Ej heller f nor/ is used after a negative ; as, min fader
vet det icke, ej heller min broder, *
neither my father nor my
brother knows it.^
'
Ejy or iclce hlott, not only,' is used in combination with
* ' *
my brother
knows it as well as my father / icke blottfadren, utan afven
^
brodren trodde det, not only the father, but the brother
even believed it.'
Attf
*
that,' often requires to be preceded by an, ^ than/
or for,
*
for / as, bamet dr yngre an att det hunna, resa alle-
na, 'the child is too young to be able to travel alone / hon
var alt for myclcet nedslagen, for att hon sJcidle gdi sail-
hjelpe,
*
I am innocent, so help me God.' Omjag vinner spe-
as,
hans heteende dr oforhlarligt han har namligen alltid an- ;
HvAD an md intrdffa.
Whatever (then) may happen.
Nouns.
Plur.;
68 SWEDISH GRAMMAR.
Demonstrative Peonoi
OLD SWEDISH. 69
Vekbs.
Weak mode of Gonjugation, Strong mode of Conjugation,
Infinitive, kalla, Ho call/
'
hrinna, to burn/
Pres. Part, kallandi hriniiandi,
Perf. Part, kalla^er brunnin.
Indicative,
Present.
Sing. 1, 2, 3 Pers
14 DAY USE
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