Calculus of A Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual 1
Calculus of A Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual 1
Calculus of A Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual 1
CH APTER 4
Applications of Differentiation
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C H A P T E R 4
Applications of Differentiation
Section 4.1 Extrema on an Interval
x2 8. Critical number: x = 0
1. f ( x) =
x + 4
2
x = 0: neither
( x2 )
+ 4 ( 2 x) − x ( )(22 x) 8x
f ′( x ) = 2
= 2 9. Critical numbers: x = 1, 2, 3
(x 2
+ 4 ) (x 2
+ 4 )
x = 1, 3: absolute maxima (and relative maxima)
f ′(0) = 0
πx
2. f ( x) = cos 10. Critical numbers: x = 2, 5
2
π πx x = 2: neither
f ′( x ) sin
= −
2 2 x = 5: absolute maximum (and relative maximum)
f ′(0) = 0
f ′( 2) = 0 11. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 6x = 3x( x − 2)
4
3. f ( x) = x + 2 = x + 4x −2 Critical numbers: x = 0, 2
x
8
f ′( x) = 1 − 8x −3 = 1 − 12. g ( x) = x4 − 8x 2
x3
−1 2
f ′( x ) = −3x ⎡ 1 ( x + 1) ⎤ + x + 1( −3) 13. g (t ) = t 4 − t, t < 3
⎣2 ⎦
⎡1
( 4 − t )−1 2 (−1)⎤
−1 2
= − 3 ( x + 1) ⎡x + 2( x + 1)⎤ g′(t ) = t + (4 − t )
12
2 ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
−1 2
= − 23 (x + 1) (3x + 2) 1 −1 2
= ( 4 − t ) ⎡−t + 2( 4 − t )⎤
⎣ ⎦
( )
f ′ − 23 = 0 2
8 − 3t
=
2 4−t
f ( x ) = ( x + 2)
23
5.
8
f ′( x) = 2
(x + 2)
−1 3 Critical number: t =
3 3
f ′( −2) is undefined.
4x
14. f ( x) =
x +1
2
6. Using the limit definition of the derivative,
(x )
+1 ( 4)− ( 4 x)( 2 x) (
4 1 −x )
f ( x)− f (0) (4 − x ) − 4 ( )
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( x2 )
2 2
lim = lim− =1 +1
2
x → 0− x −0 x→0 x f′ x = =
( x2 )
2
+1
f ( x) − f (0) (4 − x ) − 4 Critical numbers: x = ±1
lim = lim+ = −1
x → 0+ x −0 x→0 x −0
π 5π
7. Critical number: x = 2 Critical numbers in (0, 2π ) : x = , π,
3 3
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Sectio n 4.1 Extrema o n a n Interval 269
⎣ ⎝ cos θ ⎠ cos θ ⎦
Critical number: ( 2, −8) Minimum
= sec θ ( 2 sin θ + 1)
2
( )
g′( x ) = 8x 3x + 4x 2 3 x ln 3 = 4x 3 x ( 2 + x ln 3) ( )
Critical numbers: x = 0, −1.82 25. ( ) 3 3 2
[ ]
f x = x − 2
x , −1, 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 3x = 3x( x − 1)
(
ln x 2 +1 )
19. (
f ( x ) = x 2 log 2 x 2 + 1 = x ) 2
ln 2 (
Left endpoint: −1, − 52 Minimum)
(
ln x 2 +1 ) 2x Right endpoint: (2, 2) Maximum
f ′( x) = 2x + x
ln 2 2 +1 ) Critical number: (0, 0)
(ln 2)( x 2
=
2x ⎡ 2
(
⎢ln x + 1 + ) x2
⎥
⎤
(
Critical number: 1, − 1 )
ln 2 ⎣ x + 1⎦
2 2
20. g (t ) = 2t lnt f ′( x) = 6x 2 − 6 = 6 x 2 − 1( )
f ′( x) = −1 ⇒ no critical numbers
L t endpoint: ( −1, R ght endpoint: (2, 1)
e
f 4) Maximum i Minimum
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27.
f [−1, 1]
(x
)
(
21 − 3
x )
3
= x
3x
23
−
2x
,
f
′( x)
=
2x −
13
− 2
=
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270 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
28. g ( x) = 3
x = x1 3 , [−8, 8] 33. f ( x) = a xb, [−2, 2] y
1
g′( x ) =
2
From the graph of f, you see
3x 2 3 that the maximum value of f is 1
3
⎛ 1⎞
Left endpoint: 0, − Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
1
t
30. h(t ) = , [−1, 6]
t +3 ⎡ 5π 11π ⎤
35. f ( x ) = sin x, ,
⎢⎣ 6 6 ⎥⎦
(t + 3)(1) − t (1) (t = 3
h′(t ) = f ′( x) = cos x
+ 3)
2 (t + 3)2
3π
No critical numbers Critical number: x =
2
⎛ 1⎞
Left endpoint: −1, − Minimum
⎜
2
⎟ ⎛ 5π 1⎞
⎝ ⎠ Left endpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ Maximum
⎝ 6 2⎠
⎛ 2⎞
Right endpoint: 6, Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Critical number: ⎜ , −1⎟ Minimum
⎝ 2 ⎠
31. y = 3 − t − 3 , [−1, 5]
⎛ 11π 1⎞
Right endpoint: ⎜ ,− ⎟
For x < 3, y = 3 + (t − 3) = t ⎝
6 2
⎠
and y′ = 1 ≠ 0 on [−1, 3) ⎡ π π⎤
36. g ( x ) = sec x, ⎢− , ⎥
For x > 3, y = 3 − (t − 3) = 6 − t ⎣ 6 3⎦
g′( x ) = sec x tan x
and y′ = −1 ≠ 0 on (3, 5]
⎛ π 2 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
− ≈ −
So, x = 3 is the only critical number. Left endpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ ⎜ , 1.1547 ⎟
⎝ 6 3⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
Left endpoint: ( −1, −1) Minimum
π
Right endpoint: ⎜⎛ , 2 ⎟⎞ Maximum
Right endpoint: (5, 1) ⎝3 ⎠
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32. g ( x) = x + 4 , [−7, 1]
37. y = 3 cos x, [0, 2π ]
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Sectio n 4.1 Extrema o n a n Interval 271
⎛ πx ⎞ 42. y = x 2 − 8 ln x, [1, 5]
38. y = tan ⎜ ⎟, [0, 2]
⎝ 8 ⎠ 8
y′ = 2x −
π ⎛ πx ⎞ x
y′ = sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ ≠ 0
8 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 8
2x − = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 = 8 ⇒ x = 2
⎛1⎞
=x = − Right endpoint: (π , 0) Minimum
1 − ln x
g′( x ) = =
⎜x ⎟ln x x2
⎝ ⎠ 44. y = x ln ( x + 3), [0, 3]
x2
Critical number: x = e
⎛ 1 ⎞
Left endpoint: (1, 0) Minimum y′ = x ⎜ ⎟ + ln ( x + 3)
⎝ x + 3⎠
⎛ ln 4 ⎞
Right endpoint: 4, ≈ ( 4, 0.347 ) Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
Right endpoint: (3, 3 ln 6) ≈ (3, 5.375) Maximum
⎛ 1⎞
Critical number: e, ≈ ( 2.718, 0.368) Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ e⎠ 45. f ( x) = 2x − 3
h′( x) = 5e x − 2e 2x = e 5 − 2e
x x
( ) Maximum: ( 2, 1)
⎛ 5 1⎞ 46. f ( x ) = 4 − x2
Left endpoint: ⎜ −1, − 2 ⎟ ≈ ( −1, 1.704)
⎝ e e ⎠
(a) Minima: ( −2, 0) and ( 2, 0)
( )
Right endpoint: 2, 5e 2 − e 4 ≈ ( 2, −17.653) Minimum
Maximum: (0, 2)
⎛ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 25 ⎞
Critical number: ln , Maximum (b) Minimum: ( −2, 0)
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⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎠
(c) Maximum: (0, 2)
⎛ 5 ⎞
Note: h ⎜ ln ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎟ = 5eln(5 2) − e 2 ln(5 2)
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ (d) Maximum: 1, ( 3 )
2
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 25
= 5⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ =
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 2 4
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272 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
3 49. f ( x) = [− 2, 2]
2 10
47. f ( x ) = , (1, 4] x + 4e x ,
x −1
8 (−2, 2.1098)
−3 3
0
(−0.7753, 1.9070)
0 4
(= 2 )=
0 2
2x x +10 8x + 5 e
f ′( x) =
2 x + 4
48. f ( x ) =
10
2 − x
, [0, 2)
Right endpoint: ( 2, 3.6542) Maximum
Left endpoint: (0, 1) Minimum
Critical point: ( − 0.7753, 1.9070) Minimum
3
x
50. f ( x ) = x + cos
2
, [0, 2π ]
(0, 1)
−1 5 3
−1 (1.729, 1.964)
0 2
0
1 1 x
f ′( x) = − sin
2 x 2 2
Left endpoint: (0, 1) Minimum
0 1
(0.4398, −1.0613)
−2
−15 + 449
x = ≈ 0.4398
32
Left endpoint: (0, 0)
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Sectio n 4.1 Extrema o n an Interval 273
52. (a) 3
(2, 38 ) ⎛ 8⎞
Maximum: 2,
⎜⎝ ⎟
3⎠
0 3
0
4
(b) f ( x) = x 3 − x, [0, 3]
3
4⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ 4 1 2(6−3x ) 6( 2 − x ) 2( 2 − x)
f ′( x) = x (3 − x)−1 2 (−1) + (3 − x)1 2 (1) = (3 − x)−1 2 ⎛ ⎞⎡−x + 2(3 − x)⎤ = = =
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟⎣ ⎦
3⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ 3 ⎝2⎠ 3 3− x 3 3− x 3− x
Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum
⎛ 8⎞
Critical point: 2, Maximum
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
Right endpoint: (3, 0) Minimum
53. (a) 6
(3, 5.3753)
Minimum: (1.0863, −1.3972)
−1 4
(1.0863, −1.3972)
−3
(
(b) f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x ln ( x + 3), ) [0, 3]
( )
x 2 − 2 x + 2 x 2 + 4 x − 6 ln ( x + 3)
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
f ′ x = x 2 − 2x ⋅ + 2x − 2 ln x + 3 =
x + 3 x +3
(2.1111, −1.0502)
−3
x
(b) f ( x) = ( x − 4) arcsin , [− 2, 4]
4
1
x x −4 x
f ′( x) = ( x − 4) 4 + arcsin = + arcsin
2
x2 4 x 4
1− 4 1−
16 16
Left endpoint: ( − 2, π ) Maximum
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274 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
f ( x ) = x ln ( x + 1), [0, 2]
55. f ( x ) = 1 + x3 ( ) [0, 2]
12
58.
x
f ′( x) = + ln ( x + 1)
( )
3 2 −1 2
f ′( x) = x 1 + x
3
2 ,
( x + 1)
x +1 − x
( x4 )( )
3 −3 2 1
f ′′( x ) = + 4x 1 + x3 f ′′( x ) = +
4 ( x + 1)2 x+1
( x6 )( )
3 −5 2
f ′′′( x) = − + 20x 3 − 8 1 + x3 1 1 x +2
8 = + =
( x + 1) 2
x +1 ( x + 1)2
Setting f ′′′ = 0, you have x 6 + 20x 3 − 8 = 0.
f ′′′( x) =
( x +1)2 −( x + 2)2( x +1) =
−x − 3
−20 ± 400 − 4(1)( −8) 4 3
x3 = (x + 1) ( x + 1)
2
(
f ′′ 3
−10 + 108 ) ≈ 1.47 is the maximum value. f ′′( x) = − 92 ( x + 1)
−4 3
−7 3
f ′′′( x) = 8
27
(x + 1)
1 ⎡ 1 3⎤
56. f ( x) = ⎢ , ⎥ f ( 4) ( x) = − 56 ( x + 1)
−10 3
,
x2 + 1 ⎣2 ⎦ 81
f ′( x ) =
−2 x f ( ) ( x) =
5 560
243
(x + 1)
−13 3
( x2 )
2
+1
()
f ( 4) 0 = 56
81
is the maximum value.
f ′′( x) =
(
−2 1 − 3x 2
)
( x2 )
3
+1 1
60. f ( x) = , [−1, 1]
x2 + 1
24 x − 24 x 3
f ′′′( x ) = 24 x − 24 x3
f ′′′( x ) =
( x2 )
4
+1
( x 2 + 1)
4
f ′′( x ) = −x −xe − x ( 2 2
)−e − x2 2 e
−
x
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(
x
2
+
1
61.
)
6
f ( x ) = tan x
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Sectio n 4.1 Extrema o n a n Interval 275
63. y
65. (a) Yes
5
(b) No
4
3
2
f 66. (a) No
1
x
(b) Yes
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6
−2 67. (a) No
−3
(b) Yes
68. (a) No
64. y
5 (b) Yes
4
f
3
69. P = VI − RI 2 = 12I − 0.5I 2 , 0 ≤ I ≤ 15
2
x
P = 0 when I = 0.
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
P = 67.5 when I = 15.
−2
−3 P′ = 12 − I = 0
Critical number: I = 12 amps
When I = 12 amps, P = 72, the maximum output.
32 4 4
dθ
is constant.
dt
dx dx dθ v 2 cos 2θ dθ
= ( by the Chain Rule) =
dt dθ dt 16 dt
In the interval [π 4, 3π 4], θ = π 4, 3π 4 indicate minimums for dx dt and θ = π 2 indicates a maximum for dx dt.
This implies that the sprinkler waters longest when θ = π 4 and 3π 4. So, the lawn farthest from the sprinkler gets the
most water.
3s 2 ⎛ 3 − cos θ ⎞ π π
71. S = 6hs + ⎜ ⎟ , ≤ θ ≤
2 ⎝ sin θ ⎠ 6 2
2
dS
=
3s
(− 3csc θ cot θ + csc 2 θ )
dθ 2
3s 2
=
2
csc θ − ( )
3cot θ + csc θ = 0
csc θ = 3cot θ
sec θ = 3
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⎛π ⎞
S ⎜ ⎟ = 6hs +
⎝ 6⎠
3s
( 3)
2
⎛π ⎞
S ⎜ ⎟ = 6hs +
⎝ 6⎠
3s
2
( 3)
( )
S arcsec 3 = 6hs +
3s2
2
( 2)
S is minimum when θ = arcsec 3 ≈ 0.9553 radian.
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276 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
A
B
9% 6%
x
−50 0 500
(b) y = ax + bx + c
2
y′ = 2ax + b
At B: 2a(500) + b = 0.06
Solving these two equations, you obtain
3 3
a = and b = − .
40,000 200
Using the points A( −500, 45) and B(500, 30), you obtain
(
For −500 ≤ x ≤ 0, d = ax 2 + bx + c − ( −0.09x ). )
(
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 500, d = ax 2 + bx + c − (0.06x ). )
3 3
(d) y′ = x − = 0
20,000 200
3 20,000
x = ⋅ = 100
200 3
The lowest point on the highway is (100, 18), is not directly over the origin.
73. True. See Exercise 37. 77. If f has a maximum value at
g ( x) = f ( x − k ) = ( x − k )
2
x = k is a critical number of g.
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Sectio n 4.1 Extrema on an Interva l 277
78. f ( x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0
f ′( x) = 3ax + 2bx + c
2
1
Example: ( a = c = 1, b = 2, d = 0) f ( x ) = x3 + 2x 2 + x has two critical numbers: x = −1, − .
3
⎧ 2a ⎫ 2a 2
R = ⎨( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ ⎬ has k = :
a −2 a −2
⎩ ⎭
2
⎛ 2a ⎞ 2a
Area = a⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ a − 2⎠ a −2
⎛ 2a ⎞ 2a( a − 2) + 2( 2a ) 2a 2
Perimeter = 2a + 2⎜ ⎟ = = .
⎝ a − 2⎠ a − 2 a − 2
f attains its maximum value on [0, a] at some point P( x0 , y0 ), as indicated in the figure.
y
P (x0 , y0 )
y0
O A x
x0 a
Draw segments OP and PA. The region R is bounded by the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ y0 , so area ( R ) = k ≤ ay0 .
Furthermore, from the figure, y0 < OP and y0 < PA. So, k = Perimeter ( R ) > OP + PA > 2 y0 . Combining,
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2 y0 < k ≤ ay0 ⇒ a > 2.
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278 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
2. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply to f ( x) = cot ( x 2) over f is continuous on [0, 3] and differentiable on (0, 3).
c-value: 3
2
4. f ( x) = (2 − x )23 3
10. f ( x) = x 2 − 8x + 5, [2, 6]
f ( −1) = f (1) = 1
f ( 2) = 4 − 16 + 5 = −7
f ′( x) =
− (2 − x ) 23
f (6) = 36 − 48 + 5 = −7
13
x
f is continuous on [2, 6] and differentiable on ( 2, 6).
f is not differentiable at x = 0.
Rolle’s Theorem applies.
5. f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x − 2)( x + 1)
f ′( x ) = 2x − 8 = 0
x-intercepts: ( −1, 0), ( 2, 0) 2x = 8 ⇒ x = 4
f ′( x) = 2x − 1 = 0 at x = 1
2.
c-value: 4
8. f ( x ) = −3x x +1
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Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e Mean Valu e Th eore m 279
12. f ( x) = ( x − 4)( x + 2) , [− 2, 4]
2
13. f ( x) = x 2 3 − 1, [−8, 8]
(− 2, 4). Rolle’s Theorem applies. on ( −8, 8) because f ′(0) does not exist. Rolle’s
(
f ( x) = ( x − 4) x 2 + 4x + 4 = x3 − 12x − 16 ) Theorem does not apply.
14. f ( x) = 3 − x − 3 , [0, 6]
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 = 0
f (0) = f (6) = 0
3x 2 = 12
( Note: x = − 2 is not in the interval.) (0, 6) because f ′(3) does not exist. Rolle’s Theorem
does not apply.
c-value: 2
x 2 − 2x
15. f ( x) = , [−1, 6]
x + 2
1 +2
f ( −1) = = 3
1
36 −12
f ( 6) = = 3
8
f is continuous on [−1, 6]. f is differentiable on ( −1, 6). Rolle’s Theorem applies.
( )
(x (
+ 2)( 2 x − 2) − x −22 x (1) ) 2 x2 + 4 x − 2 x − 4 − x2 + 2 x x2 + 4 x − 4
f′ x = = =
(x + 2) (x + 2) (x + 2)
2 2 2
−4 ± 16 +16
f ′( x) = x 2 + 4x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = = −2 + 2 2
2
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π 3π
c-values: ,
2 2
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280 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
f is continuous on [−π , π ] and differentiable on (−1, 1) because f ′(0) does not exist. Rolle’s Theorem
(−π , π ). Rolle’s Theorem applies. does not apply.
f ′( x ) = −2 sin 2x
1
−2 sin 2x = 0
−1 1
sin 2x = 0
π π
x = −π , − , 0, ,π −1
2 2
π π 24. f ( x) = x − x −1 3 , [0, 1]
c-values: − , 0,
2 2
f (0) = f (1) = 0
f is not continuous on 1
3
x2 =
[π , 2π ] because f (3π 2) = sec(3π 2) does not exist. 3
Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. 1
x2 =
27
( )
21. f ( x) = x 2 − 2x e x , [0, 2] 1 3
x = =
f (0) = f ( 2) = 0 27 9
3
f is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on (0, 2), so c-value: ≈ 0.1925
9
Rolle’s Theorem applies.
( ) (
f ′( x) = x 2 − 2x e x + ( 2x − 2)e x = e x x 2 − 2 )
= 0 ⇒ x = 2 0 1
c-value: 2 ≈ 1.414
−1
22. f ( x) = x − 2 ln x, [1, 3]
f (1) = 1 25. f ( x) = x − tan π x, ⎡− 1 , 1⎤
⎣ 4 4⎦
f (3) = 3 − 2 ln 3 =/ 1 ( )
f −1 = −1 + 1 = 3
4 4 4
Because f (1) =/ f (3), Rolle’s Theorem does not apply f () 1
= 1
−1 = −3
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4 4 4
on [1, 3]. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply.
0.75
−0.25 0.25
−0.75
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Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e Mean Valu e Th eore m 281
(a) f (1) = f ( 2) = 38
f ( −1) = f (0) = 0
1 π πx t = 3
sec
f ′( x) =
2
− cos = 0
2 6 6
⎞ ⎛
πx 3 1
30. C ( x ) = 10⎜ +
x
cos = x + 3 ⎟⎠
6 π ⎝x
6 3
⎡Value needed in ( −1, 0).⎤⎦
25
x = − arccos (a) C (3) = C (6) =
π π ⎣ 3
≈ −0.5756 radian
⎛ ⎞
1 3
(b) C′( x ) = 10⎜ − + ⎟ = 0
c-value: –0.5756 ⎜ x2 ( x + 3) ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
0.02
3 1
= 2
x 2 + 6x + 9 x
−1 0 2x 2 − 6x − 9 = 0
6 ± 108
−0.01 x =
4
27. (
f ( x) = 2 + arcsin x 2 − 1 , [−1, 1] ) =
6 ±6 3
=
3 ±3 3
4 2
f ( −1) = f (1) = 2
In the interval
2x 2x
f ′( x ) = = 3 +3 3
1 − x2 − 1 ( )
2
2x 2 − x 4 (3, 6): c = ≈ 4.098 ≈ 410 components
2
f ′(0) does not exist. Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. 31. y
Tangent line
3
(c2, f (c2))
(a, f (a))
f
−1 1 (b, f (b))
(c1, f (c1))
Tangent line
x
−1 a b
(
28. f ( x) = 2 + x 2 − 4x 2 − x 4 , [0, 4] )( ) 32. y
f ( 0) = f ( 4) = 2
(⎛ 1⎞
f ′( x) = ( 2x − 4) 2− x 4 + x 2 − 4x ln 2 ⋅ 2 − x 4⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
) a b
x
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤
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x
= 2 − x 4 ⎢2x − 4 − (ln 2)⎜ − x ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝4 ⎠⎦ 33. f is not continuous on the interval [0, 6]. ( f is not
= 0 ⇒ x ≈ 1.6633 continuous at x = 2.)
c-value: 1.6633
34. f is not differentiable at x = 2. The graph of f is not
3
smooth at x = 2.
1
0 4
35. f ( x) = , [0, 6]
x −3
−3
f has a discontinuity at x = 3.
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282 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
6 −0 6−0
1 −4
(a) Slope = = −1 f ′( x) = 6x = 72 2
2 +1
x 2 = 12
Secant line: y − 4 = −( x + 1)
x = ±2 3
y = −x + 3
x + y −3 = 0 In the interval (0, 6) : c = 2 3.
1
(b) f ′( x) = −2x = −1 ⇒ x = c =
2 41. f ( x) = x3 + 2x is continuous on [−1, 1] and
−1
42. f ( x ) = x 4 − 8x is continuous on [0, 2] and
38. f ( x) = x 2 − x − 12 differentiable on (0, 2).
−6 − 0 f ( 2) − f (0)
(a) Slope = =1 0 −0
−2 − 4 = = 0
2− 0 2
Secant line: y −0 = x − 4
x − y − 4 = 0
f ′( x ) = 4x 3 − 8 = 4 x3 − 2 = 0 ( )
3
x = 2
(b) f ′( x) = 2x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = c =1
x = 3
2
(c) f (c) = f (1) = −12
c = 3
2
Tangent line: y + 12 = x − 1
x − y − 13 = 0 43. f ( x ) = x 2 3 is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on
5
(d)
f (0, 1).
−15 15
f (1) − f (0)
=1
Secant
Tangent 1−0
2 −1 3
f ′( x ) =
−15
x =1
3
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39. f ( x) = x 2 is continuous on [−2, 1] and differentiable 3
⎛2⎞ 8
x = ⎜ ⎟ =
on ( −2, 1). ⎝ 3⎠ 27
f (1) − f ( −2) 1− 4 8
= = −1 c =
1 − ( −2) 3 27
f ′( x) = 2x = −1 x +1
44. f ( x ) = is not continuous at x = 0.
1 x
x = −
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Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e M ean Valu e Th eore m 283
The Mean Value Theorem does not apply. and differentiable on ( −2, −1).
1
f ( 2) − f ( −7) 0 −3 1 f ′( x) = ( x + 3) + ln ( x + 3) = 1 + ln ( x + 3)
= = − x +3
2 − ( −7) 9 3
1 + ln ( x + 3) = ln 4
−1 1
f ′( x) = = − 4
2 2− x 3 ln ( x + 3) = ln 4 − 1 = ln 4 − ln e = ln
e
2 2− x = 3 4
x +3 =
3 e
2 − x =
2 4
9 x = − 3 ≈ 1.386
2 − x = e
4 4 − 3e
1 c =
x e
= −
4
ln x
c = −
1 51. f ( x ) = x log2 x = x
4 ln 2
f is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable on (1, 2).
47. f ( x) = sin x is continuous on [0, π ] and differentiable
f ( 2) − f (1) 2 −0
on (0, π ). = = 2
2 −1 2 −1
f (π ) − f (0) 0−0 1 ln x 1 + ln x
= = 0 f ′( x ) = x + = = 2
π −0 π x ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
f ′( x) = cos x = 0 1 + ln x = 2 ln 2 = ln 4
x = π 2 xe = 4
π x =
4
c = e
2
4
c =
48. f ( x ) = e
−3x
is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable e
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284 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
(a) – (c) 1
f tangent
Tangent secant 2
−2
f tangent
−0.5 2
Secant
−2
2 2 y = x
y − = (x − 2)
3 3
(c) f ′( x) = 1 − 2 cos x = 1
2
y = ( x − 1) cos x = 0
3
π
1 2 x = c = ±
(c) f ′( x) = = 2
(x + 1)
2
3
⎛π ⎞ π
3 f⎜ ⎟ = −2
(x + 1) =
2
⎝2⎠ 2
2
⎛ π⎞ π
3 6 ⎜ ⎟ = − +
x = −1 ± = −1 ±
f − 2
⎝ 2⎠ 2
2 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
In the interval [−1 2, 2]: c = −1 + ( 6 2 ) Tangent lines: y − ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 1⎜ x − ⎟
2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
y = x − 2
−1 + ( 6 2 )
f (c ) = ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎡−1 + ( )
6 2⎤ +1 y − ⎜ − + 2 ⎟ = 1⎜ x + ⎟
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−2 + 6 y = x + 2
=
6
−2 55. f ( x) = x, [1, 9]
= +1
6 (a) – (c) 3
Tangent
2 ⎛ ⎞
Tangent line: y − 1 + = 2 x − 6
+1
⎜ ⎟
6 3⎝ 2 ⎠ f Secant
6 2 6 2 1 9
y −1+ = x − +
3 3 3 3
(b) Secant line:
y =
1
(2x + 5 − 2 6 ) f (9) − f (1) 3 −1 1
3 slope = = =
9 −1 8 4
1
y − 1 = ( x − 1)
4
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1 3
y = x +
4 4
1 1
(c) f ′( x) = =
2 x 4
x = c = 4
f ( 4) = 2
1
Tangent line: y − 2 =
4
( x − 4)
1
y = x +1
4
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Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e Mean Valu e Th eore m 285
−100 0 2
0
(b) Secant line:
(b) Secant line:
f (6) − f (0) 900 − 0
slope = = = 150 f ( 2) − f (0) 0− 2
6 −0 6 slope = = = −1
2−0 2−0
y − 0 = 150( x − 0)
y − 2 = −1( x − 0)
y = 150x
y = −x + 2
(c) f ′( x) = 4x3 − 6x 2 + 2x = 150
⎛1 πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞ π
f ′ x = 2 e x 4 cos
⎟ + 2e ⎜ −sin
x 4
Using a graphing utility, there is one solution in ⎜ ⎟
⎝4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠4
(c) ( )
(0, 6), x = c ≈ 3.8721 and f (c) ≈ 123.6721 ⎡1 πx π πx ⎤
= e x 4
⎢ cos − sin ⎥
Tangent line: y − 123.6721 = 150( x − 3.8721) ⎣ 2 4 2 4⎦
y = 150x − 457.143 f ′(c) = −1 ⇒ c ≈ 1.0161, f (c) ≈ 1.8
58. f ( x) = ln sec π x
(a) – (c) 0. 5
f
secant
0 0.25
tangent
− 0. 1
f (1 4) − f (0)
1
(c) f ′( x) = ⋅ sec π x ⋅ tan π x ⋅ π = π tan π x
sec π x
f ′(c ) = π tan π c = ln 4
1 ln 4
c = tan −1 ≈ 0.1323
π π
f (c) ≈ 0.0889
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286 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
59. s (t ) = −4.9t 2 + 300 62. f ( a) = f (b) and f ′(c) = 0 where c is in the interval
(0, 3). Therefore, the Mean Value Theorem applies. g′( x ) = f ′( x ) ⇒ g′(c ) = 0
−14.7
t = = 1.5 sec Critical number of g: c
−9.8
(b) g ( x) = f ( x − k )
⎛ ⎞ g ( a + k ) = g (b + k ) = f ( a )
9
60. S (t ) = 200⎜ 5 − ⎟
2 + t⎠
⎝ g′( x) = f ′( x − k )
S (12)−S (0) 200 ⎡⎣5 −(9 14)⎤⎦−200⎡⎣5 −(9 2)⎤⎦ g′(c + k ) = f ′(c ) = 0
(a) =
12 − 0 12
450 Interval: [a + k, b + k ]
=
7 Critical number of g : c + k
⎛ 9 ⎞ (c) g ( x) = f ( kx)
(b) S′(t ) = 200⎜ ⎟ = 450
⎝⎜ 2⎠
(2 + t ) ⎟ 7 ⎛ =a ⎞ ⎛ =b ⎞
g ⎜ ⎟ = g ⎜ ⎟ = f ( a)
1 1 k
⎝ ⎠ ⎝k⎠
=
( 2 + t )2 28 g ′( x ) = kf ′( kx )
2+t = 2 7 ⎛c⎞
g = kf (c) = 0
′⎜ ⎟ ′
⎝k⎠
t = 2 7 − 2 ≈ 3.2915 months
⎡a b ⎤
S′(t ) is equal to the average value in April. Interval: ⎢ , ⎥
⎣k k ⎦
⎩1 − x, 0 < x ≤ 1
f ( −1) ≠ f ( 2).
No, this does not contradict Rolle’s Theorem. f is not
continuous on [0, 1].
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But,
f ′( x) < 1 for all x.
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Sectio n 4.2 Rolle’ s Theorem and th e Mean Valu e Th eore m 287
65. Let S (t ) be the position function of the plane. If 70. (a) f is continuous on [−10, 4] and changes sign,
t = 0 corresponds to 2 P.M., S (0) = 0, S (5.5) = 2500
( f (−8) > 0, f (3) < 0). By the Intermediate Value
and the Mean Value Theorem says that there exists a Theorem, there exists at least one value of x in
time t0 , 0 < t0 < 5.5, such that
[−10, 4] satisfying f ( x) = 0.
2500 − 0
S ′(t0 ) = v(t0 ) = ≈ 454.54. (b) There exist real numbers a and b such that
5.5 − 0
velocity function on the intervals [0, t0 ] and [t0 , 5.5], Therefore, by Rolle’s Theorem there exists at least
−8 −4
temperature over the interval [0, 5] is
4
−4
390 −1500
= −222° F/h. −8
5−0
67. Let S (t ) be the difference in the positions of the differentiable on ( −5, 5). Example: f ( x) = x
2 bicyclists, S (t ) = S1 (t ) − S 2 (t ). Because y
8
S (0) = S ( 2.25) = 0, there must exist a time 6
f (x) = ⏐x⏐
(−5, 5) (5, 5)
t0 ∈ (0, 2.25) such that S′(t0 ) = v(t0 ) = 0. 4
x
68. Let t = 0 correspond to 9:13 A.M. By the Mean Value −4 −2 2 4
−2
Theorem, there exists t0 in 0, ( 1
30 ) such that
85 − 35 72. f is not continuous on [−5, 5].
′
v (t0 ) = a(t0 ) = = 1500 mi/h . 2
1 30
⎧1 x, x ≠ 0
Example: f ( x ) = ⎨
⎛ πx ⎞ ′ ⎛ πx ⎞⎛ ⎛ πx ⎞⎞⎛ π ⎞ ⎩0, x = 0
69. f ( x) = 3 cos , f ( x ) = 6 cos −sin
2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎝ ⎠ y
⎛ πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞
= −3π cos⎜ ⎟sin ⎜ ⎟ 4 f (x) = 1x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
(a)
7 (5, 15)
f′ f x
2 4
(− 5, − 15)
−2 2
−5
−7
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(b) f and f ′ are both continuous on the entire real line.
(c) Because f ( −1) = f (1) = 0, Rolle’s Theorem
lim f ′( x ) = 0
x → 3+
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288 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
73. f ( x ) = x 5 + x 3 + x + 1 77. f ′( x) = 0
f ′( a) = f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) = 0.
So, f ( x) = 4x + 1.
But, f ′( x ) = 5x + 3x + 1 > 0 for all x. So, f has
4 2
74. f ( x ) = 2x 5 + 7x − 1 f ( x) = x 2 + c
f (1) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + c ⇒ c = −1
f is differentiable for all x.
f x = 3x 2 − x + c
Rolle’s Theorem would guarantee the existence of a ( )
f ( 2) = 7 ⇒ 7 = 3 2 2 − 2 + c
number a such that = 10 + c ⇒ c = −3
f ′( a) = f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) = 0.
So, f ( x ) = 3x 2 − x − 3.
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But f ′( x) = 3 − cos x > 0 for all x. So, f ( x) = 0 has
x1 and x2 . Then by Rolle’s Theorem, because
number a such that Mean Value Theorem, there exists c in ( a, b ) such that
one real solution. This contradicts the fact that f ′( x) = 0 for all x in ( a, b).
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 289
f (b)− f ( a ) f ′( x) = − 21 sin x
p′( x ) = 2 Ax + B =
b − a 1 1
− 2 ≤ f ′( x ) ≤ ⇒ f ′( x ) < 1 for all real numbers.
( Ab 2 ) (
+ Bb + C − Aa 2 + Ba + C ) 2
(b − a ) ⎡⎣ A(b + a) + B⎤⎦ all real numbers. By the Mean Value Theorem, for any
=
b − a interval [a, b], there exists c in ( a, b ) such that
= A(b + a ) + B.
f (b ) − f ( a )
So, by Rolle’s Theorem these exists c ∈ ( −1, 2) 92. Let f ( x) = sin x. f is continuous and differentiable for
such that h′(c) = f ′(c) − g ′(c) = 0. all real numbers. By the Mean Value Theorem, for any
So, at x = c, the tangent line to f is parallel to the interval [a, b], there exists c in ( a, b ) such that
tangent line to g.
f (b ) − f ( a )
= f ′(c )
h( x ) = x3 − 3x − 2, h′( x ) b − a
2 c b − a b −a
f (c2 ) − f (c1 ) c2 − c1
f ′(c ) = = = 1. 1 b −a
c2 − c1 c2 − c1 So, b − a = (b − a ) < .
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2 c 2 a
This contradicts the fact that f ′( x) < 1 for all x.
Section 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions and the First Derivative Test
1. (a) Increasing: (0, 6) and (8, 9). Largest: (0, 6) 2. (a) Increasing: ( 4, 5), (6, 7 ). Largest: ( 4, 5), (6, 7 )
(b) Decreasing: (6, 8) and (9, 10). Largest: (6, 8) (b) Decreasing: ( −3, 1), (1, 4), (5, 6). Largest: ( −3, 1)
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290 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
3. f ( x ) = x 2 − 6x + 8 4. y = −( x + 1)
2
From the graph, f is decreasing on ( −∞, 3) and From the graph, f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) and
increasing on (3, ∞ ). decreasing on ( −1, ∞ ).
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 3 3 < x < ∞ Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < ∞
x3
5. y = − 3x
4
From the graph, y is increasing on ( −∞, − 2) and ( 2, ∞ ), and decreasing on ( −2, 2).
3x 2
Analytically, y′ = −3 =
3
( x2 )
− 4 =
3
(x − 2)( x + 2)
4 4 4
Critical numbers: x = ± 2
6. f ( x ) = x 4 − 2x 2
From the graph, f is decreasing on ( −∞, −1) and (0, 1), and increasing on ( −1, 0) and (1, ∞ ).
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
1
7. f ( x ) =
(x + 1)
2
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 291
x2
8. y =
2x − 1
From the graph, y is increasing on ( −∞, 0) and (1, ∞), and decreasing on (0, 1 2) and (1 2, 1).
(2x − 1)2x − x 2 ( 2) 2x 2 − 2x 2x( x − 1)
Analytically, y′ = = =
(2x − 1) (2x − 1) (2x − 1)
2 2 2
Critical numbers: x = 0, 1
Discontinuity: x = 1 2
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x <12 12 < x <1 1< x < ∞
9. g ( x ) = x 2 − 2x − 8
g′( x ) = 2x − 2
Critical number: x = 1
Critical numbers: x = ± 2
Increasing on: ( − 2, 2)
Decreasing on: ( −∞, − 2), ( 2, ∞ )
11. y = x 16 − x 2 Domain: [−4, 4]
(
−2 x 2 − 8 ) −2
y′ = =
( x − 2 2)( x + 2 2)
16 − x 2 16 − x 2
Critical numbers: x = ±2 2
(
Increasing on: −2 2, 2 2 )
(
Decreasing on: − 4, − 2 2 , 2 2, 4 )( )
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292 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
9
12. y = x +
x
1−9 x2 − 9 (x − 3)( x + 3)
y′ = = =
x2 x2 x2
Critical numbers: x = ± 3
Discontinuity: x = 0
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
x
14. h( x ) = cos , 0 < x < 2π
2
h′( x )
1 x
sin
= −
2 2
Critical numbers: none
Conclusion: Decreasing
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s an d the First Derivativ e Test 293
⎛ 7π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 7π 11π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
16. f ( x ) = sin 2 x + sin x, 0 < x < 2π
f ′( x) = 2 sin x cos x + cos x = cos x( 2 sin x + 1)
1 7π 11π
2 sin x + 1 = 0 ⇒ sin x = − ⇒ x = ,
2 6 6
π 3π
cos x = 0 ⇒ x = ,
2 2
π 7π 3π 11π
Critical numbers: , , ,
2 6 2 6
π π 7π 7π 3π 3π 11π 11π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < < x < < x < 2π
2 2 6 6 2 2 6 6
Sign of f ′( x ) : f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞, ⎛ 7π , 3π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π 7π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 11π ⎞
Decreasing on: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠
17. g ( x) = e − x + e3x
g′( x ) = −e − x + 3e3x
Critical number: x = − 14 ln 3
(
Increasing on: − 14 ln 3, ∞ )
(
Decreasing on: −∞, − 14 ln 3 )
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294 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
18. h( x) = x e− x , x ≥ 0
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 − 2x
h′( x ) = − x e− x + e− x = e− x − x = e− x −
⎜ ⎟
2 x ⎝2 x ⎠ 2 x
1
Critical number: x =
2
(x = 0 is an endpoint )
1 1
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞
2 2
Sign of h′( x ) : h′ > 0 h′ < 0
⎛ 1⎞
Increasing on: ⎜0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛1 ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ x⎞ x ⎛ x⎞
f ′( x) = 2x ln ⎜ ⎟ + = 2x ln ⎜ ⎟ + x
2 x 2 Critical number: x = 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 (b)
Critical number: x = Test intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
e
Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0
2 2
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞ Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
e e
Sign of f ′( x ) : f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Decreasing on: ( −∞, 2)
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
Increasing on: ( 2, ∞ )
⎝ ⎠ Critical number: x = −3
ln x
20. f ( x) = , (b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < ∞
x x > 0
x Sign of f ′: f′ < 0 f′ > 0
1
− ln x Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
x 2 x = 2 − ln x
f ′( x) =
x 2x 3 2
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( )
Increasing on: 0, e 2
Decreasing on: (e 2 , ∞ )
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 295
f ′( x) = 6x 2 + 6x − 12 = 6( x + 2)( x − 1) = 0
Critical numbers: x = −2, 1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
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296 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x + 3) = x3 + x 2 − 5x + 3
2
27. (a)
f ′( x) = 3x 2 + 2x − 5 = ( x − 1)(3x + 5)
Critical numbers: x = 1, − 53
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < − 53 −5 3 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
(
Increasing on: −∞, − 53 and (1, ∞ ) )
(
Decreasing on: − 53, 1 )
(c) Relative maximum: − 53, ( 256
27 )
Relative minimum: (1, 0)
f ( x) = ( x + 2) ( x − 1)
2
28. (a)
f ′( x) = 3x( x + 2)
Critical numbers: x = −2, 0
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
f ′( x) = x 4 − 1
Critical numbers: x = −1, 1
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
⎛ 4⎞
(c) Relative maximum: ⎜ −1, ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions and th e First Derivativ e Test 297
f ( x) = x 4 − 32x + 4 f ( x ) = ( x + 2)
23
30. (a) 33. (a)
f ′( x) = 4x3 − 32 = 4 x3 − 8 ( ) f ′( x) =
2
( x + 2)−1 3 = 2
3( x + 2)
13
3
Critical number: x = 2
2 −1 3 2 35. (a) f ( x) = 5 − x − 5
f ′( x) = x = 13
3 3x x < 5
⎧ 1,
x −5
Critical number: x = 0 f ′( x )
x −5 ⎩−1, x > 5
(b) = − = ⎨
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
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298 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
36. (a) f ( x) = x + 3 − 1
x +3 ⎧ 1, x > −3
′
f ( x) = = ⎨
x +3 ⎩−1, x < −3
Critical number: x = −3
(b)
Test intervals: − ∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < ∞
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Increasing on: −∞, − and ,∞
⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ − , 0⎟ and ⎜ 0, 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
(c) Relative maximum: ⎜ − , −2 2⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
Relative minimum: ,2 2
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
x
38. (a) f ( x) =
x −5
f ′( x) =
( x − 5) − x =
−5
( x − 5)2 (x − 5)
2
No critical numbers
Discontinuity: x = 5
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 5 5 < x < ∞
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Decreasing on: ( −∞, 5), (5, ∞ )
(c) No relative extrema
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 299
x2
39. (a) f ( x) =
x −9
2
′( ) =
( x2 ) ( )(22 x)
− 9 ( 2 x) − x
=
−18x
f x
( x2 ) ( x 2 − 9)
2 2
−9
Critical number: x = 0
Discontinuities: x = −3, 3
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 3 3 < x < ∞
′( x ) =
(x (
+1)( 2 x − 2) − x − 2 x +1 (1) ) =
x + 2x −3
=
(x + 3)( x −1)
2 2
f
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)
2 2 2
x x x
Critical numbers: x = −3, 1
Discontinuity: x = −1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −3 −3 < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1< x < ∞
⎧−2x, x < 0
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎩−2, x > 0
Critical number: x = 0
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing
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Increasing on: ( −∞, 0)
Decreasing on: (0, ∞ )
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300 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
⎧2x + 1, x ≤ −1
42. (a) f ( x) = ⎨ 2
⎩x − 2, x > −1
⎧2, x < −1
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎩2x, x > −1
Critical numbers: x = −1, 0
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
⎧3, x <1
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎩−2x, x > 1
Critical number: x = 1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
⎧⎪−3x 2 , x < 0
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩−2x + 2, x > 0
Critical numbers: x = 0, 1
(b)
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
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Note: (0, 1) is not a relative minimum
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 301
f ′( x) = (3 − x)e x −3 − e x −3 f ′( x) =
x
+ arctan x
2
1+ x
= e x −3 ( 2 − x )
f ′( x) = 0
Critical number: x = 2
Critical number: x = 0
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞ Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
Decreasing on: ( 2, ∞ ) −2 4
f ′( x) = ( x − 1)e x + e x = xe x
g′( x ) = (1 − x ln 3)3
−x
Critical number: x = 0
1
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞ Critical number: x = ≈ 0.9102
ln 3
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
1 1
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Test intervals: −∞ < x < < x < ∞
ln 3 ln 3
4 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
f ′( x ) = 4 − Relative maximum: , ≈ (0.9102, 0.3349)
⎜ ⎟
1 − x2 ln 3 e ln 3
⎝ ⎠
Critical number: x = 0
50. f ( x) = 2
x 2 −3
Test intervals: −1 ≤ x < 0 0 < x ≤1
No relative extrema
(0, 0) Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
−1.5 1.5
(Absolute maximum at Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
x = −1, absolute minimum Increasing on: (0, ∞) 3
at x = 1 ) −3
Decreasing on: ( −∞, 0)
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R
e 8
l −3 3
a
t −1
i
v
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
:
(
0
,
1
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302 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
ln x e 2x
51. f ( x) = x − log 4 x = x − 53. g ( x) =
ln 4 e +1
2x
f ′( x ) = 1 −
1
x ln 4
= 0 ⇒ x ln 4 = 1 ⇒ x =
1
ln 4 g′( x ) =
(e2 x +1)2e 2 x (
− e 2 x 2e 2 x ) =
2e 2 x
2
2
1
(e2x +1 ) (e 2 x +1 )
Critical number: x =
ln 4 No critical numbers. 2
1 1
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < ∞ Increasing on: ( −∞, ∞ )
ln 4 ln 4
54. h( x) = ln ( 2 − ln x)
5
⎛ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 ln (ln 4) +1⎞
( )
2
⎜ , − log 4 ⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ Decreasing on: 0, e
⎝ ln 4 ln 4 ⎝ ln 4 ⎠⎠ ⎝ ln 4 ln 4 ⎠
No relative extrema.
≈ (0.7213, 0.9570) −6
1 ( 2 − x)
f ( x) = e ( ) = e
x3 −1 x − 2
55. , x =/ 2
52. f ( x) = − ln x
3
1 ( 2 − x)
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′( x) = e ⎜
⎜ ( 2 − x) ⎟
2
⎟
Domain: x > 0 ⎝ ⎠
2
1 x −1
f ′( x) = x −
2
= No critical numbers.
x x x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
Critical number: x = 1
Sign of f ′( x): f′ > 0 f′ > 0
Test intervals: 0 < x <1 1< x < ∞
Conclusion: Increasing Increasing
Sign of f ′( x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
Increasing on: ( −∞, 2), ( 2, ∞) 4
No relative extrema.
Decreasing on: (0, 1)
−1 4
−1 3
1
Relative minimum: ⎜⎛1, ⎞⎟ −1
⎝ 3⎠ −1
56. f ( x ) = earctan x 6
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′( x) = earctan x⎜ 2⎟ =
/ 0
⎝1 + x ⎠
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critical numbers.
Increasing on: ( −∞, ∞ )
−4 8
No relative extrema.
−2
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s and the First Derivativ e Te st 303
x
57. (a) f ( x) = + cos x, 0 < x < 2π
2
1
f ′( x) = − sin x = 0
2
π 5π
Critical numbers: x = ,
6 6
π π 5π 5π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π 5π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝6 6 ⎠
⎛ π π +6 3 ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ,
⎜6 12 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 5π 5π − 6 3 ⎞
Relative minimum: ,
⎜ 6 12 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5
(c)
0 2
0
1
58. (a) f ( x ) = sin x cos x + 5 = sin 2x + 5, 0 < x < 2π
2
f ′( x) = cos 2x
π 3π 5π 7π
Critical numbers: , , ,
4 4 4 4
π π 3π 3π 5π 5π 7π 7π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′: f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , 2π⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 7π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ π 11 ⎞ ⎛ 5π 11 ⎞
(b) Relative maxima: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟ (c) 7
⎝4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
⎛ 3π 9 ⎞ ⎛ 7π 9 ⎞
Relative minima: ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
0 2
3
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304 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ation
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π 5π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝4 4 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ⎜ , 2⎟
⎝4 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
(c) 3
0 2
−3
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
Increasing on: 0, , , 2π
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2π 4π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: , + 3 ≈ , 3.826
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 3 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4π 4π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
Relative minimum: , − 3 ≈ , 2.457
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 3 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(c) 7
0 2
−2
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s an d the First Derivativ e Test 305
5π 5π 3π 3π 7π 7π
Test intervals: π < x < < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 2 2 4 4
Sign of f ′(x): f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , π ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
4 2 4 4 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ π ⎞, ⎛ π , 3π ⎞, ⎛ π , 5π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 7π ⎞
Decreasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
4 2 4 4 2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛π ⎛ 3π
(b) Relative maxima: , 1 , (π , 1), ,1 (c) 3
⎞ ⎞
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Relative minima: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0⎟, ⎜ , 0⎟
4 4 4 4 0 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−1
−1 − 3
tan x = =
3 3
5π 11π
Critical numbers: x = ,
6 6
5π 5π 11π 11π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
6 6 6 6
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ 5π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π 11π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π
⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ,2 (c) 3
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 11π ⎞
Relative minimum: , −2 0 2
⎜ ⎟
6 Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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⎝ ⎠
−3
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306 Chapter 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
⎛ π ⎞, ⎛ 7π , 3π ⎞, ⎛ 11π , 2π ⎞
Increasing on: 0,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π 7π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 11π ⎞
Decreasing on: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠
⎛ 7π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 11π 1⎞
(b) Relative minima: ⎜ , − ⎟, ⎜ ,− ⎟
6 4 6 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Relative maxima: ⎜ , 2 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(c) 3
0 2
−1
sin x
64. (a) f ( x) = , 0 < x < 2π
1 + cos 2 x
(
cos x 2 + sin 2 x )
f ′( x) = = 0
(1 + cos x)
2 2
π 3π
Critical numbers: x = ,
2 2
π π 3π 3π
Test intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
2 2 2 2
Sign of f ′(x): f′ > 0 f′ < 0 f′ > 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Increasing on: ⎜0, ⎟, ⎜ , 2π ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Decreasing on: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
(b) Relative maximum: ⎜ , 1⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
2
(c)
0 2
−2
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Sectio n 4.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functio n s an d the First Derivativ e Test 307
(
2 9− 2x ) () ( )
(a) ( )
f′ x = 2
(a) f ′ t = t 2 cos t + 2t sin t = t t cos t + 2 sin t
(b)
(b) y
y 9 − x2 40
f
30 f′
10
8 20
f′ 10
4
2 t
π 2π
x − 10 2
−1 1 2
− 20
f
−8
− 10
(c) t (t cos t + 2 sin t ) = 0
(c)
(
2 9 − 2x 2
) = 0
t = 0 or t = −2 tan t
9 − x 2 t cot t = −2
t ≈ 2.2889, 5.0870 (graphing utility)
3 3 2
Critical numbers: x = ± = ±
2 2 Critical numbers: t = 2.2889, 5.0870
(d) Intervals: (d) Intervals:
⎛ 3 2⎞ ⎛ 3 2 3 2⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞ (0, 2.2889) ( 2.2889, 5.0870) (5.0870, 2π )
−3,− − , ,3
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ f ′(t ) > 0 f ′(t ) < 0 f ′(t ) > 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
x 2 − 3x + 16 (b) y
8
(b) y
15 6
f
4
2 f′
6
3 f′ x
π 2π 3π 4π
−1 1 3 4
−3
1 1 x
(c) − sin = 0
2 2 2
5( 2x − 3)
(c) − = 0 x
x 2 − 3x + 16 sin = 1
2
3 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
Critical number: x = 0, ,5
2
(d) Intervals:
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x π Critical number: x = π
=
2 2 (d) Intervals:
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ (0, π ) (π , 4π )
f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x ) > 0 f ′( x ) > 0
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308 Chapte r 4 Applicatio n s o f Differenti ati on
x 3π 9π
69. (a) f ( x ) = −3 sin , [0, 6π ] (c) Critical numbers: x = ,
3 2 2
x
f ′( x ) = −cos (d) Intervals:
3
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 9π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞
(b) y ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⎜ , ⎟ ⎜ , 6π ⎟
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
4 f′ < 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
f
1
70. (a) f ( x) = 2 sin 3x + 4 cos 3x, [0, π ] (c) f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ tan 3x =
2
f ′( x) = 6 cos 3x − 12 sin 3x
Critical numbers: x ≈ 0.1545, 1.2017, 2.2489
(b) y (d) Intervals:
12
f' (0, 0.1545) (0.1545, 1.2017) (1.2017, 2.2489) ( 2.2489, π )
8
71. f ( x) =
1 2
(
x − ln x , (0, 3] ) (
72. f ( x) = 4 − x 2 e x , [0, 2] )
2
2 x 2 −1
(a) ( ) ( )
(a) f ′( x) =
(b) f ′ x = 4 − 2x − x e
x 2
2x
y
(b) y
10 f
4 x
1 2
f
3
− 10
2 f′
− 20
1 f
x − 30
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
(c) (4 − 2x − x 2 )e x = 0
2x 2 − 1
(c)
2x
= 0 Critical number: x ≈ 1.2361 ( x = −1 + 5 )
1 2 (d) Intervals: (0, 1.2361) (1.2361, 2)
Critical number: x = =
2 2 f ′( x ) > 0 f ′( x) < 0
⎞ Increasing Decreasing
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2
(d) Intervals: 0, , 3⎟
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⎜ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ (e) f is increasing when f ′ is positive, and decreasing
f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0 when f ′ is negative.
Decreasing Increasing
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Sectio n 4 .3 Increasing an d Decreasing Functio ns and the First Derivative Te st 309
73. f ( x ) =
x5 − 4 x 3 + 3x
=
( x 2 −1)( x3 − 3x ) = x 3 − 3x, x ≠ ±1 y
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 5
( )
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 3 = 3 x 2 − 1 , x ≠ ±1 ⇒ f ′( x ) ≠ 0 x
− 4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 5
( )
−
zeros of f : (0, 0), ± 3, 0 − 45
4
f symmetric with respect to y-axis
π 2 f′
zeros of f : ± x
4 −4 −2 2 4
−2
Relative maximum: (0, 1)
−4
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ − , −1⎟ , ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
78. f is a 4th degree polynomial ⇒ f ′ is a cubic polynomial.
y
y
2
6
1 f′
x
−π π
x
−1 − 6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
4
4
2
2 f′
f′ x
x −4 −2 2 4
−4 −2 2 4 −2
−2
−4
−4
6 4
2
f′
−
−6 6 2
− 3 −2 −1
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−2 x
1 2 3
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310 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ati on
In Exercises 81 – 86, f ′( x ) > 0 on ( −∞, − 4), f ′( x ) < 0 on 90. (i) (a) Critical number: x = 2 ( Because f ′(2) = 0)
82. g ( x ) = 3 f ( x) − 3
(c) f has a relative minimum at x = 2.
g′( x ) = 3 f ′( x )
(ii) (a) Critical numbers:
g′( −5) = 3 f ′( −5) > 0 x = 0, 1 ( Because f ′(1) = 0)
⎧> 0, x < 4 ⇒ f is increasing on ( −∞, 4). (b) f increasing on ( −3, 1) and (1, 5)
⎪
′
89. f ( x)⎨undefined, x = 4
⎪ (Because f ′ > 0 on these intervals). In fact,
⎩ < 0, x > 4 ⇒ f is decreasing on ( 4 ∞ ).
f is increasing on ( −3, 5).
Two possibilities for f ( x) are given below.
f decreasing on ( − ∞, −3) and (5, ∞ )
(a) y
f ′(6) = 3 ⇒ f is increasing at x = 6.
2
1 3 4 5
x (5, f (5)) is a relative minimum.
−1
−3
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Sectio n 4 .3 Increasing an d Decreasing Functio ns and the First Derivative Te st 311
2
1
f
1
x x
π
−1 1 2
−1 −2
(b) The critical numbers are in intervals ( −0.50, − 0.25) (b) The critical numbers are in the intervals
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 5π ⎞
and (0.25, 0.50) because the sign of f ′ changes in 0, , , , and , because the sign of
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6 3 2 4 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
these intervals. f is decreasing on approximately f ′ changes in these intervals. f is increasing on
(−1, − 0.40), (0.48, 1), and increasing on ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π 6π ⎞
approximately ⎜ 0, ⎟ and ⎜ , ⎟ and decreasing
(−0.40, 0.48). 7 7 7
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(c) Relative minimum when x ≈ −0.40: ( −0.40, 0.75) ⎛ π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 6π ⎞
on , and ,π .
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
7 7 7
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Relative maximum when x ≈ 0.48: (0.48, 1.25)
3π
(c) Relative minima when x ≈ ,π
7
π 6π
Relative maxima when x ≈ ,
7 7
95. s (t ) = 4.9(sin θ )t 2
(b)
π π π 2π 3π
θ 0 π
4 3 2 3 4
π
The speed is maximum for θ = .
2
96. (a) M = − 0.06803t 4 + 3.7162t 3 − 76.281t 2 + 716.56t − 2393.0
(b) 350
9 20
100
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(c) Using a graphing utility, the maximum is approximately (17.7, 322.0), which compares well with the actual maximum in
2007: (17, 326.0).
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312 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differenti ati on
3t
97. C = ,t ≥ 0
27 + t 3
(a)
t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0 3
0
(c) C′ =
(27 + t 3 )(3) − (3t )(3t 2 ) =
(
3 27 − 2t 3 )
(27 + t 3 ) (27 + t )
2
3 2
C′ = 0 when t = 3 3
2 ≈ 2.38 hours.
(a)
x 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
f
g
0
−2
(
v′ = k 2Rr − 3r 2 )
= kr ( 2R − 3r ) = 0
r = 0 or 2R
3
Maximum when r =
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2 R.
3
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Sectio n 4.3 Increa sing and Decreasing Functio ns a nd the First Derivativ e Te st 313
(b) 125
(c) Moving in negative direction when t > 3.
(d) The particle changes direction at t = 3.
− 100 100
102. (a) s(t ) = t 2 − 7t + 10, t ≥ 0
− 25
v(t ) = 2t − 7
The minimum resistance is approximately
(b) v(t ) = 0 when t =
27
v(t ) = 3t 2 − 10t + 4
10 ± 100 − 48 5 ± 13
(b) v(t ) = 0 for t = =
6 3
Particle is moving in a positive direction on
⎡ − ⎞ ⎛ 5 + 13 ⎞
5 13
⎢0, ⎟ ≈ [0, 0.4648) and ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ ≈ ( 2.8685, ∞) because v > 0 on these intervals.
3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(c) Particle is moving in a negative direction on
⎛ 5 − 13 5 + 13 ⎞
⎜⎝ , ≈ (0.4648, 2.8685)
3 3 ⎠⎟
5 ± 13
(d) The particle changes direction at t = .
3
104. (a) s(t ) = t 3 − 20t 2 + 128t − 280 105. Answers will vary.
v(t ) = 0 when t = 16 ,
3 8
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314 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
107. (a) Use a cubic polynomial (d) 4
f ( x ) = a3 x + a2 x + a1 x + a0
3 2 (2, 2)
−2 4
(b) f ′( x) = 3a3 x 2 + 2a2 x + a1. (0, 0)
3 2 1 0 0
f ( 2) = 2: a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a = 2 ⇒
3 2
8a + 4a = 2
3 2 1 0 3 2
f ′( 2) = 0: 3a ( 2) + 2a ( 2) + a = 0 ⇒ 12a + 4a = 0
2
3 2 1 3 2
( )
f x
= −1
x
3
+ 3 2
x .
2 2
f ( 0) = 0: a (0 ) + a (0) + a (0) + a = 0 ⇒
3 2
a = 0 − 400
3 2 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 3 2
f ′( 4) = 0: 3a ( 4) + 2a ( 4) + a = 0 ⇒
2
48a + 8a = 0
3 2 1 3 2
( )
f x = −
125 3
x +
375 2
x .
4 2
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2
f ′( 4) = 0: 4a ( 4) + 3a (4) + 2a ( 4) + a = 0 ⇒
3 2
256a + 48a + 8a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2
f ( 2) = 4: a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a ( 2) + a = 4 ⇒
4 3 2
16a + 8a + 4a = 4
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2
f ′( 2) = 0: 4a ( 2) + 3a (2) + 2a ( 2) + a = 0 ⇒
3 2
32a + 12a + 4a = 0
4 3 2 1 4 3 2
( ) 1 4 3 2
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f x = 4
x − 2x + 4x
(d) 5
(2, 4)
−2 5
(0, 0) (4, 0)
−1
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Sectio n 4.3 Increa sing and Decreasing Functio ns a nd the First Derivativ e Te st 315
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0
8 2 4 2 8
f x
( ) = − 1 4
x
+ 1 3
x
+ 1 2
x
− 3
x
+ 23
.
8 2 4 2 8
(d) 6
(−1, 4) (3, 4)
(1, 2)
−4 6
−2
111. True. 117. Assume that f ′( x) < 0 for all x in the interval (a, b) and
Let h( x ) = f ( x) + g ( x) where f and g are increasing. let x1 < x2 be any two points in the interval. By the
Then h′( x ) = f ′( x) + g′( x ) > 0 because Mean Value Theorem, you know there exists a number c
such that x1 < c < x2 , and
f ′( x) > 0 and g ′( x) > 0.
f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 )
f ′( c) =
112. False. x2 − x1
Let f ( x ) = x 3 , then f ′( x) = 3x 2 and f only has one 118. Suppose f ′( x ) changes from positive to negative at c.
critical number. Or, let f ( x ) = x3 + 3x + 1, then Then there exists a and b in I such that f ′( x) > 0 for all
( )
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 1 has no critical numbers. x in (a, c) and f ′( x) < 0 for all x in (c, b). By Theorem
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f ′( x ) is n − 1.
119. Let f ( x ) = (1 + x ) − nx − 1. Then
n
116. False. The function might not be continuous on the So, f ( x) is increasing on (0, ∞ ). Because
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
316 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
120. Let x1 and x2 be two real numbers, x1 < x2 . Then 122. f ( x) = axebx
2
x3 < x 3
⇒ f (x ) < f ( x ). So f is increasing on
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
f ′ x = ax 2bx ebx + aebx = aebx 1 + 2bx 2
(−∞, ∞ ).
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
f ( 4) = 2: 2 = 4ae ⇒ 2a = ⇒ a = e −16b
16b
121. Let x1 and x2 be two positive real numbers, e16b 2
f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) So, a =
1 12
e =
e
,
2 2
So, f is decreasing on (0, ∞ ).
e − x2
f ( x) = xe 32
.
2
Notice the f is increasing on (0, 4) and decreasing on
(4, ∞), so ( 4, 2) is a relative maximum.
=
(sin x + cos x)2 − 1
sin x cos x(sin x + cos x − 1)
2sin x cos x
=
sin x cos x(sin x + cos x − 1)
2
=
sin x + cos x − 1
Let t = sin x + cos x − 1. The expression inside the absolute value sign is
2 2 2
f (t ) = sin x + cos x + = (sin x + cos x − 1) + 1 + = t +1+
sin x + cos x − 1 sin x + cos x − 1 t
⎛ π⎞ π π 2
Because sin x + = sin x cos + cos x sin = (sin x + cos x),
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ 4 4 2
f ′(t ) = 1 −
2 = t2 − 2
=
t + ( )(
2 t − 2 )
2 2 2
t t t
(
f −1 + )
2 = −1 + 2 +1+
2
= 2 +
2
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−1 + 2 2 −1
4 − 2⎛ 2 +1 ⎞ 4 2 −2 + 4 − 2
= = = 2+3 2
⎜ ⎟
2 − 1⎝ 2 + 1⎠ 1
Finally, f (t ) ≥ 2 2 − 1.
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Te st 317
2. g ( x ) = 3x 2 − x3
Intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < ∞
g′( x) = 6x − 3x 2
Sign of g′′: g′′ > 0 g′′ < 0
g′′( x ) = 6 − 6x
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward
g′′( x ) = 0 when x = 1.
Concave upward: ( −∞, 1)
Concave downward: (1, ∞ )
3. f ( x) = −x3 + 6x 2 − 9x − 1
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = −3x 2 + 12x − 9
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
f ′′( x) = −6x + 12 = −6( x − 2)
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 2.
Concave upward: ( −∞, 2)
Concave downward: ( 2, ∞ )
4. h( x) = x5 − 5x + 2
Intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < ∞
h′( x) = 5x 4 − 5
Sign of h′′: h′′ < 0 h′′ > 0
h′′( x ) = 20x3
Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward
h′′( x ) = 0 when x = 0.
Concave upward: (0, ∞ )
Concave downward: ( −∞, 0)
24
5. f ( x) = 2
x + 12
Intervals: −∞ < x < − 2 −2 < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
−48 x
f ′( x) = Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
( x2 )
2
+ 12
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
(
−144 4 − x 2 )
f ′′( x ) =
( x2 )
3
+ 12
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = ± 2.
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318 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
2x 2
6. f ( x) =
3x 2 + 1
4x
f ′( x ) =
(3x 2 )
2
+1
−4(3x −1)(3x +1)
f ′′( x ) =
(3x 2 )
3
+1
1
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = ± .
3
⎛ 1 1⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜− ∞, − ⎟⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
x +1
2
7. f ( x) = 2
x −1
−4 x
f′ =
( x2 − 1)
2
4(3x 2 + 1)
f ′′ =
( x 2 − 1)
3
8. y = 1
270 (−3x5 + 40x3 + 135x)
270 ( )
y′ = 1 −15x 4 + 120x 2 + 135
y′′ = − 92 x( x − 2)( x + 2)
y′′ = 0 when x = 0, ± 2.
Sign of y′′: y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0 y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Test 319
x2 + 4
9. g ( x) =
4 − x2
16 x
g′( x) =
( )
2
4 − x2
(
16 3x + 4 ) (
16 3x + 4 )
( x)
2 2
= = ( 2 − x)3 ( 2 + x)3
g′′
(4 − x ) 2 3
f is not continuous at x = ± 2.
−6
h′′( x ) =
(2x − 1)
3
1
f ′′ is not continuous at x = .
2
⎛ 1⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ −∞, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛1 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞
11. y = 2x − tan x, − , π π
⎜ ⎟ Intervals: − < x < 0 0 < x <
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
y′ = 2 − sec x 2
Sign of y′′: y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
y′′ = −2 sec x tan x 2
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward
y′′ = 0 when x = 0.
⎛ π ⎞
Concave upward: ⎜− , 0 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
Concave downward: ⎜0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
(
= 2 csc x + csc x cot x
3 2
)
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y′′ = 0 when x = 0.
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320 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
13. f ( x) = x3 − 6x 2 + 12x
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 12x + 12
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
f ′′( x) = 6( x − 2) = 0 when x = 2.
Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward
Concave upward: (2, ∞ )
Point of inflection: ( 2, 8)
14. f ( x) = − x3 + 6x 2 − 5
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = −3x 2 + 12x
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
f ′′( x) = −6x + 12 = − 6( x − 2) = 0 when x = 2.
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward
Concave upward: ( − ∞, 2)
Concave downward: ( 2, ∞ )
f ( x) = + 2x3
1 x4
15. 2
Intervals: −∞ < x < −2 −2 < x < 2 0 < x < ∞
f ′( x ) = 2x3 + 6x 2
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
f ′′( x) = 6x 2 + 12x = 6x( x + 2)
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = 0, −2
f ( x) = x( x − 4)
3
17.
f ′( x ) = x ⎡3( x − 4) ⎤ + ( x − 4) = ( x − 4) ( 4x − 4)
2 3 2
⎣ ⎦
f ′′( x) = 4( x − 1) ⎡⎣2( x − 4)⎤⎦ + 4( x − 4) = 4( x − 4)⎡⎣2( x − 1) + ( x − 4)⎤⎦ = 4( x − 4)(3x − 6) = 12( x − 4)( x − 2)
2
Concave downward: ( 2, 4)
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Test 321
f ( x) = ( x − 2) ( x − 1)
3
18.
f ′( x ) = ( x − 2) ( 4x − 5)
2
f ′′( x) = 6( x − 2)( 2x − 3)
3
f ′′( x) = 0 when x = , 2.
2
⎛ 3⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ −∞, ⎟, ( 2, ∞)
⎝ 2⎠
⎛3 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , 2 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
1⎞⎛3
Points of inflection: , ( 2, 0)
, −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 16 ⎠
19. f ( x) = x x + 3, Domain: [−3, ∞ ) 20. f ( x) = x 9 − x , Domain: x ≤ 9
⎛1⎞ 3( x + 2) 3(6 − x)
f ′( x ) =
−1 2
f ′( x ) = x (x + 3) + x +3 =
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 2 x +3 2 9− x
6 x + 3 − 3( x + 2)( x + 3)
−1 2
f ′′( x) =
= 3(= x
= 0 when x = 12.
f ′′( x) =
4( x + 3) − 12)
4(9 − x)
32
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322 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
4
21. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
−8 x
f ′( x ) =
( x 2 + 1)
2
8(3x 2 −1)
() =
f ′′ x
( )
3
2
x +1
3
f ′′( x) = 0 for x = ±
3
3 3 3 3
Intervals: −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave downward Concave upward
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Concave upward: − ∞, − , ,∞
⎜ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3 3⎞
Concave downward: − ,
⎜ 3 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ − , 3 ⎟ and ⎜ , 3⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
x +3
22. f ( x) = , Domain: x > 0
x
x −3
f ′( x) =
2x 3 2
9 −x
′′
f ( x) = = 0 when x = 9
4x 5 2
x
23. f ( x) = sin , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
2 Intervals: 0 < x < 2π 2π < x < 4π
f ′( x) = cos⎛ ⎞
1 x
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward
1 ⎛ x⎞
f ′′( x ) sin
= − ⎜2⎟
4 ⎝ ⎠
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f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = 0, 2π , 4π .
Concave upward: ( 2π , 4π )
Point of inflection: ( 2π , 0)
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Te st 323
3x
24. f ( x) = 2 csc , 0 < x < 2π
2
3x 3x
f ′( x) = −3 csc cot
2 2
9 ⎛ 3 3x 3x 3x ⎞
f ′′( x) = csc + csc cot 2 ≠ 0 for any x in the domain of f .
⎜ ⎟
2⎝ 2 2 2⎠
2π 4π
f ′′ is not continuous at x = and x = .
3 3
2π 2π 4π 4π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′( x): f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
Concave upward: 0, , , 2π
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2π 4π ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
No point of inflection
⎛ π⎞
25. f ( x) = sec x − , 0 < x < 4π
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
f ′( x ) = sec⎜ x − ⎟ tan ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
f ′′( x) = sec3 ⎜ x − ⎟ + sec⎜ x − ⎟ tan 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ≠ 0 for any x in the domain of f .
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f ′′ is not continuous at x = π , x = 2π , and x = 3π .
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324 Chapte r 4 A pplication s o f Different iation
⎛ 3π 7π ⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Concave downward: 0, , , 2π
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
Intervals: 0 < x < 1.823 1.823 < x < π π < x < 4.460 4.460 < x < 2π
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Concave upward: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛ π 3π
Concave downward: 0, ⎞, ⎛ , 2π ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π π ⎞, ⎛ 3π , 3π ⎞
Points of inflection: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Test 325
29. y = e −3 x
3
y′ = 2 e −3 x
x
e −3 x (9 − 6x)
y′′ =
x4
3
y′′ = 0 when x = . y is not defined at x = 0.
2
3 3
Test intervals: −∞ < x < 0 0 < x < < x < ∞
2 2
Sign of y′′: y′′ > 0 y′′ > 0 y′′ < 0
Conclusion: Concave upward Concave upward Concave downward
⎛3 ⎞
Point of inflection: ⎜ , e −2 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
Concave upward: ( − ∞, 0), ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛3 ⎞
Concave downward: ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
30. y =
1 x
2
(
e − e− x )
1 x
y′ = e + e
2
( −x
)
1 x
(
y′′ = 2 e − e
−x
)
y′′ = 0 when x = 0.
Concave downward: ( − ∞, 0)
31. f ( x) = x − ln x, Domain: x > 0
1
f ′( x ) = 1 −
x
1
f ′′( x) =
x2
f ′′( x) > 0 on the entire domain of f. There are no points of inflection.
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326 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
32. y = ln x2 + 9 =
1
2
(
ln x 2 + 9 )
x
y′ =
x2 + 9
9 − x2
y′′ =
( x 2 + 9)
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ ±3, ln 18 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Concave upward: ( −3, 3)
4
f ′( x ) =
5x15
1 − x8 5
85
20 x −4
f ′′( x) =
(1 − x8 5 )
32
65
25x
58
1 ⎛1⎞
f ′′( x ) = 0 when 20x8 5 = 4 ⇒ x8 5 = ⇒ x = ± ≈ ± 0.3657.
5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
f ′′ is undefined at x = 0.
58 58
1 1 1 58 ⎛1⎞
58
Test intervals: −1 < x < − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ < x < 0 0 < x < ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ < x <1
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝⎜ 5 ⎠⎟
Sign of f ′′: f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞5 8 1⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜± ⎜ ⎟ , arcsin ⎟ ≈ ( ± 0.3657, 0.4636)
⎜ 5 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎝5⎠
58 58
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ 1 1 , 1⎟
⎟, ⎜
Concave upward: −1, −
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎟ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
58
⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 58
⎞
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 1 1
, 0⎟, ⎜0, ⎟
Concave downward: −
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
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⎜ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deri vative Test 327
34. f ( x) = arctan x 2 ( )
2x
f ′( x ) = 4
x +1
′′( ) =
(
2 1 − 3x 4 )
f x
( x4 )
2
+1
1
f ′′( x ) = 0 when 3x 4 = 1 ⇒ x = ± 4 ≈ ± 0.7598.
3
1 1 1 1
Test interval: −∞ < x < − 4 −4 < x < 4 4 < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of f ′′( x ): f ′′ < 0 f ′′ > 0 f ′′ < 0
⎛ 1 1⎞
Points of inflection: ± 4 , arctan ≈ ( ± 0.7598, 0.5236)
⎜ 3 ⎟
3⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 1⎞
Concave upward: − 4 , 4
⎜ 3 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛4 1 ⎞
Concave downward: − ∞, − 4 , ,∞
⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
35. f ( x) = 6x − x 2 38. f ( x) = − x3 + 7x 2 − 15x
f ′( x) = 6 − 2x f ′( x) = −3x 2 + 14x − 15 = − ( x − 3)(3x − 5)
f ′′( x ) = −2 f ′′( x ) = − 6x + 14 = − 2(3x − 7)
Critical number: x = 3 Critical numbers: x = 3, 53
f ′′(3) = − 2 < 0
f ′′(3) = − 4 < 0
Therefore, (3, 9) is a relative maximum.
Therefore, (3, 9) is a relative maximum.
36. f ( x) = x 2 + 3x − 8 (5)
f ′′ 3
= 4 > 0
f ′( x ) = 2x + 3
f ′′( x) = 2
Therefore, (53, − 275
27 ) is a relative minimum.
f ′( x ) = 4x3 − 12x 2 = 4x 2 ( x − 3)
f ′′ (− ) = 2 > 0
3
2
f ′′( x ) = 12x 2 − 24x = 12x( x − 2)
Therefore, ( − 32 , − 41
4 ) is a relative minimum. Critical numbers: x = 0, x = 3
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minimum. and (0, 3); so, (0, 2) is not an extremum. f ′′(3) > 0
so (3, −25) is a relative minimum.
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328 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
⎝ 6 2⎠
1
f ′′( x ) = ⎛ 3π ⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ = 6 > 0
( x2 )
32
+1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Critical number: x = 0 ⎛ 3π ⎞
Therefore, , −3 is a relative minimum.
⎜ 2 ⎟
f ′′(0) = 1 > 0 ⎝ ⎠
4 ( )
43. f ( x) = x + x
x 1
4 x2 − 4 f ′′( x) = 16 + 2
f ′( x) = 1 − 2 = x
x x2 1 1
f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ 16x = ⇒ 16x = 1 ⇒ x = ±
2
8
f ′′( x ) = x 4
x3
⎟ or in part.
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Critical number:
Critical numbers: x = ±2 1 1
⎛ ⎞
x = ⎜ x = − is not in the domain.
f ′′( −2) = −1 < 0 4 4
⎝ ⎠
Therefore, ( −2, −4) is a relative maximum. ⎛1⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ > 0
⎝4⎠
f ′′( 2) = 1 > 0
⎛1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Therefore, ( 2, 4) is a relative minimum. Therefore, ⎜ , − ln ⎟ = ⎜ , + ln 4⎟ is a relative
⎝ 4 2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠
minimum.
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Test 329
48. y = f ( x) = x ln x 52. g ( x) =
1
e −( x −3)
2 2
2π
f ′( x ) = ln x + 1
−1 −( x −3)2 2
′
1 g ( x) = ( x − 3)e
f ′′( x) = 2π
x
1 − x −3 2 2
′′ 2 4
Critical number: ln x + 1 = 0 ⇒ ln x = −1 g ( x) = )( x − )e ( )
(x −
2π
1
⇒ x = e −1 = Critical number: x = 3
e
⎛1⎞ g′′(3) < 0
f ′′⎜ ⎟ > 0
⎝ e⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Therefore, ⎜ 3, ⎟ ≈ (3, 0.399) is a relative
⎛1 1⎞ ⎝ 2π ⎠
Therefore, ⎜ , − ⎟ is a relative minimum.
⎝ e e⎠ minimum.
x 53. f ( x ) = x 2e − x
49. y = f ( x) =
ln x f ′( x ) = −x 2e− x + 2xe − x = xe − x ( 2 − x)
⎛ 1⎞ x x⎞ ( ) ( )
f ′( x ) = x 2 + 2x ln = x 1 + 2 ln
f ′ x = −xe − x + e − x = e − x 1 − x
⎛
−x −x −x
⎜ ⎟
x 4
⎜
4
⎟ ′′
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ f ( x) = −e (
+ −e )(1 − x) = e ( x − 2)
x ⎛1⎞ x
f ′′( x) = 1 + 2 ln + 2x = 3 + 2 ln Critical number: x = 1
4 ⎜ ⎟ 4
⎝ x⎠
f ′′(1) < 0
Critical number: x = 4e −1 2
( )
f ′′ 4e −1 2 > 0
( )
Therefore, 1, e −1 is a relative maximum.
( )
Therefore, 4e −1 2 , −8e −1 is a relative minimum. 55. ( )
f ( x) = 8x 4− x
f ′( x ) = −8( 4− x )( x ln 4 − 1)
x −x
e +e
f ( x) =
51.
( −x )
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) in whole or in part.
2 f ′′ x = 8 4 ln 4 x ln 4 − 2
x −x
e −e
f ′( x) = Critical number: x =
1
=
1
2 ln 4 2 ln 2
ex +e −x
f ′′( x ) = ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 f ′′⎜ ⎟ < 0
⎝ 2 ln 2 ⎠
Critical number: x = 0
⎛ 1 4e −1 ⎞
f ′′(0) > 0 Therefore, ⎜ , ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 2 ln 2 ln 2 ⎠
Therefore, (0, 1) is a relative minimum.
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330 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
ln x f x = 0.2x 2 x − 3 , −1, 4
3
f ′( x ) = 0.2x(5x − 6)( x − 3)
2
x( 2 ln x +1) (a)
f ′( x ) =
ln 3 f ′′( x ) = ( x − 3) 4x 2 − 9.6x + 3.6 ( )
f ′′( x) =
2 ln x + 3 = 0.4( x − 3) 10x 2 − 24x + 9 ( )
ln 3
(b) f ′′(0) < 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is a relative maximum.
Critical number: ln x
1
⇒ x = e−1 2 ( 6) ( )
= − f ′′ 5 > 0 ⇒ 1.2, –1.6796 is a relative minimum.
2
Points of inflection:
( )
f ′′ e −1 2 > 0
(3, 0), (0.4652, −0.7048), (1.9348, −0.9049)
Therefore, e ( −1 2
)
, −0.1674 is a relative minimum. (c) y
f″
57. f ( x) = arcsec x − x f′
2
1
f ′( x) = − 1 = 0 when x x − 1 = 1.
2 1
x x2 − 1 −2 −1 4
x
(
x2 x2 − 1 = 1 ) f
2 60. f ( x ) = x 2 6 − x 2 , ⎡− 6, 6⎤
⎣ ⎦
1 x
f ′′( x ) = − −
(
3x 4 − x 2 )
(a) f ′( x ) =
6 − x2
x2 − 1 x
( x2 )
x 32
−1 x
f ′′(1.272) < 0
f ′( x ) = 0 when x = 0, x = ± 2.
Therefore, (1.272, −0.606) is a relative maximum.
(
6 x 4 − 9 x 2 +12 )
( )
f ′′( −1.272) > 0
(6 )
32
2
(c) y
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3 f
Critical numbers: x = ±
6
2
⎛ 3⎞
f ′′⎜ ⎟ > 0 x
⎝ 2 ⎠ −3 3
⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜ , −0.68 ⎟ is a relative minimum. f ''
f'
−6
⎝ 2 ⎠
The graph of f is increasing when f ′ > 0 and
⎛ 3⎞
f ′′⎜ − ⎟ < 0 decreasing when f ′ < 0. f is concave upward
⎝ 2 ⎠
when f ′′ > 0 and concave downward when
⎛ 3 ⎞ f ′′ < 0.
⎜− , 0.68 ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 2 ⎠
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Te st 331
61. f ( x) = sin x −
1 1 62. f ( x ) = 2x sin x, [0, 2π ]
3
sin 3x + sin 5x,
5
[0, π ]
sin x
(a) f ′( x) = cos x − cos 3x + cos 5x (a) f ′( x) = 2x cos x +
2x
ππ 5π
f ′( x) = 0 when x = ,x = ,x = . Critical numbers: x ≈ 1.84, 4.82
6 2 6
f ′′( x ) = −sin x + 3 sin 3x − 5 sin 5x f ′′( x) = − 2x sin x +
cos x
+
cos x
−
sin x
2x 2x 2x 2x
π 5π
f ′′( x ) = 0 when x = ,x = , 2cos x (4 x 2
)
+1 sin x
6 6 = −
x ≈ 1.1731, x ≈ 1.9685 2x 2x 2x
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ =
(
4x cos x − 4x 2 + 1 sin x )
(b) f ′′ < 0 ⇒ , 1.53333 is a relative
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2x 2x
2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
maximum. (b) Relative maximum: (1.84, 1.85)
⎛π
Points of inflection: , 0.2667 ⎞, (1.1731, 0.9638), Relative minimum: ( 4.82, −3.09)
⎜ ⎟
⎝6 ⎠
5π Points of inflection: (0.75, 0.83), (3.42, − 0.72)
(1.9685, 0.9637), ⎛ , 0.2667 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ (c) y
(c) y
π
x
2
4 f ''
−2
2 f
x
π π π −4
−2 4 2 f′
−4
f is increasing when f ′ > 0 and decreasing when
−6
f″ f ′ < 0. f is concave upward
−8
when f ′′ > 0 and concave downward when
f ′′ < 0.
3
x
1 2 3 4
(b) y
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x
1 2 3 4
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332 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
64. (a) y 67. (a) y
4
f ''
3
2
x
1 −2 −1 3
−1
x
1 2 3 4
4
x
3 −2 2
−2
2
−4
1
1 2 3 4
f ′ > 0, f ′′ < 0.
f ′ > 0 means f increasing
(b) The graph of f is decreasing and concave upward:
f ′ decreasing means concave downward
f ′ < 0, f ′′ > 0.
65. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
69. y
Let f ( x) = x 4 .
f ′′( x ) = 12x 2
4
(2, 0) (4, 0)
y x
2 4 6
6
3
70. y
2
2
1
x 1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(0, 0) (2, 0)
x
−1 1 3
S′ = C, S′′ = 0 2
1
(d) Sa es are steady. (2, 0) (4, 0)
S = C, S′ = 0, S′′ = 0 1 23 4 5
x
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deri vative Te st 333
y
72. y 73.
3
2 f
x
(0, 0) (2, 0) −4 8 12
x
−1 1 3 −8 f″
−1
f ′′ is linear.
f ′ is quadratic.
f is cubic.
f concave upward on ( −∞, 3), downward on (3, ∞ ).
74. (a) d
12
t
10
(b) Because the depth d is always increasing, there are no relative extrema. f ′( x) > 0
(c) The rate of change of d is decreasing until you reach the widest point of the jug, then the rate increases until you reach the
narrowest part of the jug’s neck, then the rate decreases until you reach the top of the jug.
75. (a) n = 1: n = 2: n = 3: n = 4:
f ( x) = x − 2 f ( x ) = ( x − 2) f ( x ) = ( x − 2) f ( x ) = ( x − 2)
2 3 4
f ′( x) = 1 f ′( x ) = 2( x − 2) f ′( x ) = 3( x − 2)
2
f ′( x ) = 4( x − 2)
3
6 6 6 6
f(x) = (x − 2)3
−9 9 −9 9 −9 9 −9 9
−6 −6 −6 −6
Conclusion: If n ≥ 3 and n is odd, then ( 2, 0) is point of inflection. If n ≥ 2 and n is even, then ( 2, 0) is a relative minimum.
n −1 n−2
(b) Let f ( x ) = ( x − 2) , f ′( x) = n( x − 2) , f ′′( x) = n( n − 1)( x − 2)
n
.
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334 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
76. (a) f ( x) = 3
x (b) f ′′( x) does not exist at x = 0.
f ′( x ) =
y
1 −2 3
3x
3
f ′′( x) = − 92 x −5 3 2
1
Point of inflection: (0, 0) (0, 0)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−3
77. f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
a = 1
, b = −6, c = 45
, d = −24
2 2
f ( x) = − 6x + 45 − 24
1 x3 2
x
2 2
78. f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Relative maximum: ( 2, 4)
Relative minimum: ( 4, 2)
16a + 2b = −1 2a = 1
a = 1,
2
b = − 29 , c = 12, d = −6
f ( x) = − 92 x 2 + 12x − 6
1 x3
2
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Te st 335
79. f ( x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Maximum: ( −4, 1)
Minimum: (0, 0)
f (0) = 0 ⇒ d = 0
f ( −4) = 1 ⇒ −64a + 16b − 4c = 1
f ′( −4) = 0 ⇒ 48a − 8b + c = 0
f ′(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
()
3 1 3 2
f x = 32
x + 16
x
(b) The plane would be descending at the greatest rate at the point of inflection.
f ′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b = x + = 30 ⇒ 3x = −2.
16 8
f ( x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d 150
A C
(0, 50)
−0.06 = (1000) 3a − 2000b + c
2
x
−1000 O 1000
(1000, 90): 90 = (1000) a + (1000) b + 1000c + d
3 2
The solution to this system of four equations is a = −1.25 × 10−8 , b = 0.000025, c = 0.0275, and d = 50.
(b) y = −1.25 × 10−8 x3 + 0.000025x 2 + 0.0275x + 50
100
−1100 1100
−10
(c) 0.1
−1100 1100
− 0.1
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336 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
C 5000
C = = 0.5x + 15 +
x x
C = average cost per unit
dC 5000
= 0.5 − = 0 when x = 100
dx x2
By the First Derivative Test, C is minimized when x = 100 units.
5.755 3 8.521 2 6.540
82. S = T − T + T + 0.99987, 0 < T < 25
34.53 17.042
S′′ = T − = 0 when T ≈ 49.4, which is not in the domain
8 6
10 10
S′′ < 0 for 0 < T < 25 ⇒ Concave downward.
0 25
0.996
5000t 2
83. S = ,0 ≤ t ≤ 3
8 + t2
(a)
t 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0 3
0
80,000(8 − 3t 2 )
S′′(t ) =
(8 + t 2 )
3
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8 2 6
S′′(t ) = 0 for t = ± . So, t = ≈ 1.633 yrs.
3 3
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Sectio n 4.4 Concavit y and the Secon d Deriv ative Te st 337
100t 2
84. S = ,t > 0
65 + t 2
(a) 100
0 35
0
13,000t
(b) S′(t ) =
(65 + t 2 )
2
(
13,000 65 − 3t 2 )
S′′(t ) = = 0 ⇒ t = 4.65
( )
3
65 + t 2
⎛π ⎞
85. f ( x) = 2(sin x + cos x), f⎜ ⎟ = 2 2
⎝4⎠
⎛π ⎞
f ′( x) = 2( cos x − sin x), f ′⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝4⎠
⎛π ⎞
′′
f ′′( x) = 2( −sin x − cos x), f ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ = −2 2
⎛ π⎞
P1( x) = 2 2 + 0⎜ x − ⎟ = 2 2
⎝ 4⎠
P1′ ( x ) = 0
2 2
⎛ π⎞ 1 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
P2 ( x) = 2 2 + 0⎜ x − ⎟+ (−2 2 )⎜ x − ⎟ = 2 2 − 2⎜ x − ⎟
4
P
⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 1
−2 2
′ ⎛ π⎞
P2 ( x) = −2 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ f
P2
⎝ 4⎠
−4
P2 ( x) = −2 2
′′
The values of f , P1 , P2 , and their first derivatives are equal at x = π 4. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2 are
equal at x = π 4. The approximations worsen as you move away from x = π 4.
P1′ ( x ) = 2 f P2
P ( x) = 2 + 2( x − 0) + (−2)( x − 0) = 2 + 2x − x 2
1 2
2 2
P2′′ ( x) = −2
P2′ ( x) = 2 − 2x
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−6 P1
6
−4
The values of f , P1 , P2 , and their first derivatives are equal at x = 0. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2 are
equal at x = 0. The approximations worsen as you move away from x = 0.
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338 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
π
87. f ( x) = arctan x, a = −1, f (−1) = −
4
1 1
f ′( x) = , f ′( −1) =
1 + x2 2
2x 1
f ′′( x) = − , f ′′( −1) =
(1 + x 2 )
2
2
π 1
P1 ( x) = f ( −1) + f ′( −1)( x + 1) = − + ( x + 1)
4 2
1
P1′ ( x ) =
2
1 π 1 1
P ( x) = f ( −1) + f ′( −1)( x + 1) + f ′′(−1)( x + 1) = − ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)2
2
+
2
2 4 2 4
1 1
P2′ ( x ) = + ( x + 1)
2 2
1
P2′′ ( x) =
2
The values of f , P1 , P2 , and their first derivatives are equal when x = −1. The approximations worsen as
P2
−6 6
f
P1
−4
x
88. f ( x) = , f ( 2) = 2
x −1
−( x +1) 3 3 2
f ′( x) = , f ′(2) = − = −
x ( x − 1)
2
2 2 2 4
3x 2 + 6 x −1 23 23 2
f ′′( x ) = , f ′′(2) = =
4x 3 2 ( x − 1)
3 16
8 2
⎛ 3 2⎞ 3 2 5 2
P1 ( x) = 2 + ⎜− ⎟( x − 2) = − x+
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 2
3 2
P1′ ( x) = −
4
⎛ 3 2⎞ 1 ⎛ 23 2 ⎞ 3 2 23 2
P ( x) = 2 + − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2)2 = (x − 2) + (x − 2)
2
2 −
2 ⎜ 4 ⎟ 2 ⎜ 16 ⎟ 4 32
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 2 23 2
P2′ ( x ) = − + ( x − 2)
4 16
23 2
P2′′ ( x) =
16
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The values of f , P1, P2 and their first derivatives are equal at x = 2. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2 are equal
P1 P2
f
−1 5
−1
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts at Infinity 339
⎛1⎞
89. f ( x) = x sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝x⎠
⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
′
f ( x) = x ⎢− 2 cos⎜ ⎟⎥ + sin ⎜ ⎟ = − cos⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟
⎣ x ⎝ x ⎠⎦ ⎝ x⎠ x ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
1⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞
f ′′ x sin cos cos sin 0
= − ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎛ ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟ =
⎟−
() ⎝ x⎠ x2
⎜
x⎠ x2 ⎝ x⎠ x3 ⎝ x⎠
x x2
⎣ ⎦ ⎝
1 1
x =
π
−1
⎛1 ⎞ 1
Point of inflection: ,0 (1, 0
⎜ ⎟ π
⎝π ⎠
When x > 1 π , f ′′ < 0, so the graph is concave downward. −1
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 24x + 36 = 3( x − 2)( x − 6) = 0
95. f and g are concave upward on (a, b ) implies that f ′ and
f ′′( x) = 6x − 24 = 6( x − 4) = 0
g′ are increasing on ( a, b), and f ′′ > 0 and g′′ > 0 .
Relative extrema: ( 2, 32) and (6, 0)
extrema of f.
(a, b) by Theorem 4.7.
96. f, g are positive, increasing, and concave upward on
91. True. Let y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0. Then
2x 4sin x
2. f ( x) = 5. f ( x) =
x + 2
2 x2 + 1
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No vertical asymptotes No vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±2 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Matches (c). f (1) > 1
Matches (b).
x
3. f ( x) =
x2 + 2
2x 2 − 3x + 5
No vertical asymptotes 6. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
No vertical asymptotes
f (1) < 1 Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
Matches (d). Matches (e).
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
340 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
4x +3
7. f ( x) =
2x − 1
lim f ( x) = 2
x →∞
10
− 10 10
− 10
2x 2
8. f ( x) =
x +1
20
0 10
−2
−6 x
9. f ( x) =
4x 2 + 5
lim f ( x ) = −3
x →∞
10
− 10 10
− 10
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts at Infinity 341
10
10. f ( x) =
2x 2 − 1
lim f ( x) = 0
x →∞
10
−9 9
−2
1
11. f ( x) = 5 −
x2 + 1
lim f ( x) = 5
x →∞
6
−1 8
0
3
12. f ( x) = 4 +
x2 + 2
lim f ( x) = 4
x →∞
10
0 15
0
f ( x) 5x − 3x +10 x 10 f ( x) −4 x + 2 x − 5 5
13. (a) h( x ) = = = 5x − 3 + 14. (a) h( x ) = = = −4x + 2 −
3 2
x2 x2 x x 2 x x
lim h( x) = ∞ (Limit does not exist ) lim h( x ) = −∞ ( Limit does not exist )
x →∞ x →∞
f ( x) 5x3 − 3x 2 +10 x 3 10 f ( x) −4 x 2 + 2 x − 5 2 5
(b) h( x ) (b) h x = = = −4 + −
()
= = = 5− + x2 x2 x x2
x3 x3 x x2
lim h( x ) = 5 lim h( x ) = −4
x →∞ x →∞
f ( x) 5 x 3 −3x 2 +10 x 5 3 10 f ( x) −4 x 2 + 2 x −5 4 2 5
(c) h( x )
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h( x ) = = = − + −
= = = − + (c) x3 x3 x x2 x3
lim h( x ) = 0
4 4 2 3
x x x x x
lim h( x) = 0 x→∞
x→∞
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342 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
x2 + 2 x
15. (a) lim = 0 25. lim
x →∞ x3 − 1 x → −∞ x2 − x
x2 + 2 = lim
1
(b) lim =1
x → −∞ ⎛ x2 − x ⎞
x →∞ x2 − 1
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − x2 ⎟
x2 + 2
⎝ ⎠
(c) lim
x −1
= ∞ (Limit does not exist )
x →∞ −1
= lim
x → −∞ 1 − (1 x)
3 − 2x
= 0
( )
16. (a) lim
x →∞ 3x3 − 1 = −1, for x < 0 we have x = − x2
3 − 2x 2
(b) lim
= −
x →∞ 3x − 1 3 x
26. lim
x → −∞
3 − 2x 2 x +12
(c) lim
x →∞ 3x − 1
= −∞ ( Limit does not exist ) 1
= lim
x → −∞ ⎛ x2 + 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
17. (a) lim 5 − 2x
32
= 0 ⎜ − x2 ⎟
x → ∞ 3x 2 − 4
⎝ ⎠
−1
5 − 2x3 2 2 = lim
(b) lim = − x → −∞
(
1 + 1 x2 )
x →∞ 3x 32
−4 3
5 − 2x 32
(
= −1, for x < 0 we have x = − x2 )
(c) lim
x →∞ 3x − 4
= −∞ ( Limit does not exist )
2x + 1
5x 3 2 27. lim
x → −∞
18. (a) lim = 0 x2 − x
x →∞ 4x 2 + 1
1
2+
5x3 2 5 x
(b) lim = = lim
x →∞ 4x 32
+1 4 x → −∞⎛ x2 − x ⎞
⎜ ⎟
5x 3 2 ⎜ − x2 ⎟
(c) lim = ∞ (Limit does not exist ) ⎝ ⎠
x →∞ 4 x +1
⎛ 1⎞
−2 − ⎜ ⎟
= lim ⎝x ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
19. lim 4 + = 4+ 0 = 4 x → −∞ 1
⎜
x → ∞⎝ ⎟ 1−
x⎠
x
20. lim
⎛5
−
x⎞
= ∞ ( Limit does not exist ) (
= −2, for x < 0, x = − x2 )
x → −∞⎝⎜ ⎟
x 3⎠
5x 2 + 2
2x − 1 2 − (1 x) 2−0 2 28. xlim
→∞
21. lim = lim = = x2 + 3
x →∞ 3x + 2 x →∞ 3 + ( 2 x) 3+0 3
5x 2 + 2
= lim
4 x2 + 5 (
4 + 5 x2 ) x →∞
x 1 + 3 x2 ( )
22. lim = lim = 4
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x → −∞ x2 + 3 x → −∞ (
1 + 3 x2 ) = lim
5x 2 + ( 2 x)
x →∞
1 + 3 x2
x 1x 0
23. lim = lim = = 0 = ∞
x →∞ x2 − 1 x → ∞ 1 − 1 x2 ( )
1
Limit does not exist.
5 x 3 +1 5 +1 x 3 x2 − 1 x2 − 1 x2
24. lim = lim = lim
x →∞ 10x − 3x + 7
3 2 x→∞ 10 − 3 x + 7 x
3 29. lim
x →∞ 2x − 1 x→∞ 2−1x
5 +0 1
= = 1 − 1 x2 1
10 − 0 2 = lim =
x →∞ 2 −1x 2
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts at Infinity 343
x 4 −1 x 4 −1 ⎜ 1 − x ( )⎟ (
39. lim log10 1 + 10− x = 0
→∞
)
30. lim = lim
x → −∞ x → −∞
x3 − 1 x3 − 1 ⎛⎜ 6 ⎞ x
1 x3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎛5 x 2 + 1⎞ 5
40. lim ⎜ + ln 2 ⎟ =
x →∞
1 x2 − 1 x
6 ⎝2 x ⎠ 2
= lim = 0,
x → −∞ −1 + 1 x3
⎛ 8⎞
lim 8t −1 − arctan t = lim − lim arctan t
π π
= 0− = −
⎛ ⎞ 2 2
x +1 x +1 1 x2 3
31. lim = lim
⎝ ⎠
π
(x2 ) ( x2 ) ( )
x →∞ 13 x→∞ 13 13
+1 +1 ⎜1 x2 ⎟ 42. lim arcsec(u + 1) =
u →∞ 2
23
x1 3 + 1 x
= lim = ∞
(1 + 1 x 2 )
x→∞ 13
x
43. f ( x) =
x +1
Limit does not exist. x
lim =1
x +1
32. lim
2x
= lim
2x (1 x )
2 x →∞
x → −∞
( x6 −1 )
13 x → −∞
( x6 −1 )
13
(1 ( x ) )6 13 lim
x → −∞ x +1
= −1
1 y = −1
33. lim = 0
x →∞ 2x + sin x −6 6
⎛1⎞ −4
34. lim cos = cos 0 = 1
x →∞ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
3x + 2
44. f ( x) =
35. Because ( −1 x) ≤ (sin 2x) x ≤ (1 x) for all x ≠ 0, you x − 2
x →∞ x x →∞ x x →∞ x
8
sin 2 x
0 ≤ lim ≤ 0.
x →∞ Therefore, x
sin 2 x
lim
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y=3
− 10 1
= 0. 0
x →∞ x y = −3
−6
x − cos x ⎛ cos x ⎞
36. lim = lim ⎜1 −
x →∞ x x→∞
⎟ 3x
x
⎝ ⎠ 45. f ( x) =
=1−0 =1 x2 + 2
Note: lim f ( x) = 3
x →∞
cos x lim f ( x) = −3
lim = 0 by the Squeeze Theorem because x → −∞
x →∞ x
1 cos x 1 Therefore, y = 3 and y = −3 are both horizontal
− ≤ ≤ .
x x x asymptotes.
(
37. lim 2 − 5e− x = 2
x →∞
) y=3
−9 9
8
38. xlim = 2 y = −3
→∞ 4 − 10 − x 2
−6
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344 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
9x2 −2 1
= lim
sin t
=1
46. f ( x) = 47. lim x sin
x →∞ x t → 0+ t
2x + 1
3 (Let x = 1 t. )
y = is a horizontal asymptote (to the right).
2
1 tan t ⎡sin t 1 ⎤
3 48. lim x tan = lim = lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
y = − is a horizontal asymptote (to the left). x →∞ x x → 0+ t x → 0+ ⎣ t cos t ⎦
2
6
= (1)(1) = 1
(Let x = 1 t. )
3
3 y=2
y = −2
−9 9
−6
) ) x 2 +3 ⎤
⎡
49. lim x + ( x 2 + 3 = lim (x + x2 + 3 ⋅
x −
= lim
−3
= 0
⎢ ⎥
x → −∞ x → −∞ x → −∞
x − x2 + 3 x − x2 + 3
⎡ x+ x2 + x ⎤ −x −1
( ) ( )
1
50. lim x − x + x = lim ⎢ x − x + x ⋅ ⎥ = lim = lim = −
( )
x→∞
2 2 x + x2 + x x→∞ x+ x2 + x x→∞ 1+ 1+ 1x 2
2
x→∞⎢
⎣
3x − 9 x − x ⎤
51. lim 3x + ( )
9x 2 − x = lim ⎡ 3x +
⎢
( 9x 2 − x ⋅ ) ⎥
x → −∞ x → −∞ 3x − 9x 2 − x
x
= lim
x → −∞ 3x − 9x 2 − x
= lim
x → −∞
1
9x 2 − x
(for x < 0 you have x = − x2 )
3−
− x2
1 1
= lim =
x → −∞ 3+ 9 − (1 x) 6
(
16 x 2 − 16 x 2 − x )
(
52. lim 4x − 16x 2 − x ) 4x + 16 x 2 − x
= lim
( )
x →∞ 4x + 16x 2 − x x→∞ 4x + 16x 2 − x
x
= lim
x →∞ 4x + 16x 2 − x
1
= lim
x →∞ 4+ 16 − 1 x
1 1
= =
4+ 4 8
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53.
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
f(x) 1 0.513 0.501 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
( ) x − x −x x+ x −x
2 2
x 1 1
lim x − x( x − 1) = lim ⋅ = lim = lim =
x→∞ x →∞ 1 x + x2 − x x→ ∞ x+ x2 − x x →∞ 1+ 1 − (1 x) 2
−1 8
−2
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts at Infinity 345
54.
x 100 101 10 2 103 10 4 105 106
f(x) 1.0 5.1 50.1 500.1 5000.1 50,000.1 500,000.1
x2 − x x2 − x x2 + x x2 − x x3
lim ⋅ = lim = ∞
x →∞ x→∞
1 x + x
2
x − x
2
x + x
2
x2 − x
0 50
0
55.
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
f(x) 0.479 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
Let x = 1 t.
⎛ 1 ⎞ sin (t 2) 1 sin (t 2) 1
lim x sin ⎜ ⎟ = lim = lim =
x →∞ ⎝ 2x ⎠ t → 0+ t t → 0+ 2 t 2 2
−2 2
−1
56.
x 100 101 10 2 103 10 4 105 106
f(x) 2.000 0.348 0.101 0.032 0.010 0.003 0.001
x +1
lim = 0
x →∞ x x
3
0 25
−1
y
57. (a) lim f ( x) = 4 means that f ( x) approaches 4 as x 59. x = 2 is a critical number.
x →∞
becomes very large (in absolute value) and negative. lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 6
x → −∞ x →∞
x
58. Answers will vary. For example, let −2 2 4 6
−6
f ( x) = + 6.
0.1( x − 2) + 1
2
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346 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
6 x −2 x −4 y
60. Yes. For example, let f ( x) = . 64. y =
x −3 5
(x − 2)
2
+1 4
8 Symmetry: none x
−1 1 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
3 4 5 6 7
−2
Vertical asymptote: x = 3
4 −3
2
y
x x +1
−4 −2 2 4 6 65. y =
−2 x2 − 4 4
3
x
Symmetry: none −4 −1 2 3 4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 −2
−4 5 −3
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 2 −4
−2
y
2x
(b) When x increases without bound, 1 x approaches 66. y =
9 − x2
6
5
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 3 −6
approaches ∞, and f ( x) approaches zero. As x
limit does not exist because the left limit does not Intercept: (0, 0)
equal the right limit. Therefore, x = 0 is a
y
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 1
62. (a) y
32 x
4 y′ = −8 −6 −4 −2
x
( )2
2 4 6 8
f
3
x 2 + 16 −1
2
f′
x Relative minimum: (0, 0) −2
−4 1 2 3 4
−3 2x 2
68. y =
−4
x − 4
2
→∞ ( )
(c) Because xlim f x = 3, the graph approaches that Symmetry: y-axis
Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
of a horizontal line, lim f ′( x) = 0.
x →∞
Vertical asymptotes: x = ± 2
x y 4x
63. y = y′ = − y
8
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1− x
( x 2 − 4)
4 2
3
Intercept: (0, 0) 2 6
1 16( x 2 + 4)
y′′ =
4
Symmetry: none
( x 2 − 4)
x 3
1 2
−1 2 3 4 5
Horizontal asymptote: y = −1 −2 x
Vertical asymptote: x = 1 −4
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts a t Infinity 347
y
69. xy = 9
2
4 75. y = 3 +
2
x
Domain: x > 0 3
2
Intercept:
Intercepts: none 1
x 2 2 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
Symmetry: x-axis −1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 y = 0 = 3+ ⇒ = −3 ⇒ x = − ; ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
−2
x x 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
3
y = ± −3
Symmetry: none
x −4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 3
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
y
8
9 y
70. x 2 y = 9 ⇒ y = 7
x2 6
5
4
Intercepts: none 3
2
Symmetry: y-axis
x
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
2
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
−2
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −4
4 4 + x2
76. y = 2
+1=
3x y
x x2
71. y =
x −1 7
6
Intercept: none
Intercept: (0, 0)
5
4
Symmetry: none
3
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
Symmetry: none 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 3 x
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
y
Vertical asymptote: x = 1 −2
3x y
72. y =
4
1 − x2 8
2
6
Intercept: (0, 0) 4
2 x
−4 −2 2 4
Symmetry: origin −4 −3 −2 −1 1
x
−2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
3
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±1 x
77. y =
x2 − 4
3 2x − 3
2
73. y = 2 − = y Domain: ( −∞, − 2), ( 2, ∞ )
x2 x2
4
Intercepts: none
⎛ 3 ⎞ 3
Intercepts: ± ,0
⎜ ⎟
2 Symmetry: origin
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1
−4 −3 −2
x Horizontal asymptote: none
2 3 4
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 20
16
12
1 x −1 y
74. y = 1 − = 6
8
4
x x metr 5
Sy y: −4 −3 −2 −1
Intercept: (1, 0) m none
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x
1 2 3 4 5
− 5 − 4 −3 −2 − 1
−8
− 12
x − 16
1 2 3 4 − 20
−2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 −3
−4
−5
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −6
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348 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
x 5
78. y = 79. f ( x) = 9 −
x2 − 4 x2
5
4
3
2 −6 6
x −2
−5 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4 5
−2
−3
−4
−5
1 1
80. f ( x) = =
x2 − x − 2 ( x + 1)( x − 2)
−( 2 x −1) 1
f ′( x ) = 2= 0 when x = .
( x − x − 2) 2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 4⎞
Because f ′′⎜ ⎟ < 0, ⎜ , − ⎟ is a relative maximum.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 9⎠ x = −1 x=2
2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 −2
x −2 x −2
81. f ( x) = =
x − 4x + 3
2
( x − 1)( x − 3)
f ′( x ) =
(x )
− 4 x + 3 − ( x − 2)( 2 x − 4)
=
−x + 4 x − 5
≠
2 2
( x2 ) ( x2 − 4x + 3)
2 2 0
− 4x + 3
( x2 ) (
) ( )
2
− 4 x + 3 ( −2 x + 4) − −x + 42 x − 5 ( 2) x − 4 x2 + 3 ( 2 x − 4)
f ′′( x) =
( x − 4x + 3)
4 2
(
2 x 3 − 6x 2 + 15x − 14) 2( x − 2)( x 2 − 4x + 7)
= = = 0 when x = 2.
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( x2 ) ( x2 )
3 3
− 4x + 3 − 4x + 3
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts a t Infinity 349
x +1 2x
82. f ( x) = 84. g ( x) =
x2 + x + 1 3x 2 + 1
−x( x+ 2)
f ′( x ) = =2 0 when x = 0, −2. g′( x) =
2
( x2 + x + 1 ) (3x 2
+1 )
32
(
2 x3 + 3x 2 −1 ) ′′( )
−18 x
() 0
f ′′ x = = g x =
( )
52
2
( )
3
x2 + x + 1 3x + 1
when x ≈ 0.5321, −0.6527, − 2.8794. No relative extrema. Point of inflection: (0, 0).
Therefore,
−6 6
⎛ 1⎞
−2, −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ y=− 2
3 −4
is a relative minimum.
⎛ x
Points of inflection: 85. g ( x ) sin ⎟, 3 x
⎞ < < ∞
= ⎜
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
( )
(x − 2)
2
Relative maximum:
−3 3 x π 2π
(0, 1) = ⇒ x = ≈ 5.5039
(−2, − 1 x − 2 2 π −2
3 y=0
−2 No vertical asymptotes
(−2.8794, −0.2931)
1.2 ( π 2π− 2 , 1
3x
83. f ( x) =
4x 2 + 1 y = sin(1)
3
f ′( x ) = ⇒ No relative extrema
(4x 2 )
32 12
+1 3
0
−36 x
f ′′( x) = 52= 0 when x = 0. 86. f ( x) =
2sin 2 x
; Hole at (0, 4)
(4x 2 +1 ) x
4 x cos 2 x − 2 sin 2 x
f′ x =
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Point of inflection: (0, 0) ()
x2
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350 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
87. (
f ( x) = 2 + x − 3 e − x 2
) x3 − 2 x 2 + 2 1 1
90. f ( x ) = − , g ( x) x +1−
2x 2 2 x2
f ′( x) = −e − x ( x + 1)( x − 3)
(a) = −
Critical numbers: x = −1, x = 3
4
f=g
(
Relative maximum: 3, 2 + 6e −3 ≈ (3, 2.2987 ) ) −4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 2 x 3 − 2x 2 + 2
(b) f ( x ) = −
4
y=2 2x 2
3
⎡ x 2x 2 2 ⎤
= −⎢ − + ⎥
2
−2 6 ⎣ 2x 2x 2 2x 2 ⎦
(−1, 2 − 2e) 1 1
= − x + 1 − 2 = g ( x)
2 x
−4
70
(c)
10 ln x 10 ln x
88. f ( x) = = , Domain: x > 0 −80
x2 x x5 2 80
5
f ′( x) = (2 − 5 ln x)
x7 2 −70
(1.4918, 1.4715) v v →∞ ⎢ c
⎥
v v
1 2
⎣ (1 2 ) ⎦
−1 10
y=0
92. C = 0.5x + 500
C
−6 C =
x
500
x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 2 C = 0.5 +
89. f ( x) = , g ( x) = x +
x( x − 3) x( x − 3) x
⎛ 500 ⎞
lim 0.5 + = 0.5
x → ∞⎜
(a) 8 ⎟
x
⎝ ⎠
lim E (t ) = c
−4 8
t →∞
−2
x 2 ( x − 3)
+
2
This is the temperature of the kiln.
= + x( x − 3)
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(b) lim = 72°
x( x − 3) T
t →∞
(c) 70 0.83
95. (a) lim = 0.83 = 83%
n →∞ 1 + e −0.2n
− 80 80 0.166e −0.2n
(b) P′ =
(1 + e−0.2n )
2
P′(3) ≈ 0.038
− 70
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts at Infinity 351
T1 (a) lim f ( x) = 6 = L
x→∞
lim f ( x) = −6 = K
x → −∞
− 10 130
6x
− 10 (b) f ( x1 ) + ε = 1
+ε = 6
x12 + 2
(c) 90
T2 6x1 = (6 − ε ) x12 + 2
(
36x 2 = x 2 + 2 (6 − ε )2 )
1 1
− 10 120
36x12 − (6 − ε ) x12 = 2( 6 − ε )
2 2
− 10
2 2 2
2( 6 − ε )
(d) T1 ( 0) ≈ 26.6° x12 =
12ε − ε 2
T2 (0) ≈ 25.0° 2
x1 = (6 − ε )
86 12ε − ε 2
(e) lim T2 = = 86
t →∞ 1 x2 = −x1 by symmetry
x12 + 2 f ( x1 ) + ε = 1
+ε = 3
x12 + 3
2x 2 + ε x 2 + 2ε = 2x 2 + 4
1 1 1
3x1 = (3 − ε ) x1 + 3
x12ε = 4 − 2ε
4 − 2ε
9x1 = (3 − ε ) x1 + 3 ( )
x1 =
ε 2 2 2
x2 = −x1 by symmetry
9x12 − (3 − ε ) x12 = 3(3 − ε )
2 2
(
x12 9 − 9 + 6ε − ε 2 = 3(3 − ε )2 )
4 − 2ε
3(3 − ε)
2
(c) Let M = > 0. For x > M :
ε x12 =
6ε − ε 2
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4 − 2ε 3
x > x1 = (3 − ε ) 6ε − ε 2
ε
x 2ε > 4 − 2ε
3
Let M = x1 = (3 − ε )
2x 2 + x 2ε + 2ε > 2x 2 + 4 6ε − ε 2
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352 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
3x 2
100. lim = −3 102. lim = 0. Let ε > 0 be given. You need
x → −∞ x →∞
x2 + 3 x
3x1 = (ε − 3) x x
x12 + 3
x > M.
9x 2 = (ε − 3) x 2 + 3
1
2
(1 )
2 x 1 4
< ε ⇒ > ⇒ x >
− (ε − 3) = 3(ε − 3)
2 2 2
9x12 x1 x 2 ε ε2
(
x12 9 − ε 2 + 6ε − 9 = 3(ε − 3) ) 2
Let M = 4 ε 2 .
3(ε − 3)
2
2
Let x1 = N = (ε − 3) 103. lim = 0. Let ε > 0. You need N < 0 such that
6ε − ε 2 x → −∞ x3
6(0.5) − (0.5) −1 −1
2
11 1
< ε ⇒ −x 3 > ⇒ x <
x3 ε ε1 3
(b) When ε = 0.1:
−1
3 Let N = .
N = (0.1 − 3) ε
3
6( 0.1) − ( 0.1)
2
−1
−29 177 For x < N = ,
=
3
ε
59
1
> −3 ε
1 x
101. lim = 0. Let ε > 0 be given. You need
x2
x →∞ 1
− < 3
ε
M > 0 such that x
1
1 1 − < ε
f ( x) − L = −0 = < ε whenever x > M .
x
x2 x2
3
1 1
x2 > ⇒ x >
⇒ f ( x) − L < ε .
ε ε 1
104. lim = 0. Let ε > 0 be given.
1 x → −∞ x − 2
Let M = .
ε
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You need N < 0 such that
For x > M , you have
1 −1
f x − L = −0 = < ε
1 1 1 x − 2
x > ⇒ x2 > ⇒ < ε ⇒ f ( x) − L < ε . ( )
x − 2
ε ε x2 whenever x < N.
−1 −1 1
< ε ⇒ x − 2 < ⇒ x < 2−
x − 2 ε ε
1 1
Let N = 2 − . For x < N = 2 − ,
ε ε
−1
x − 2 <
ε
−1
< ε
x − 2
⇒ f ( x) − L < ε .
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Sectio n 4.5 Limi ts a t Infinity 353
105. line: mx − y + 4 = 0 106. line: y + 2 = m( x − 0) ⇒ mx − y − 2 = 0
y
y
5
4
y = mx + 4 (4, 2)
3 2
d
2
x
1 (3, 1) −4 4
x (0, −2)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −4
− 12 12
−5 5
−2
distance from (3, 1) approaches 3. The line approaches the vertical line x = 0. So, the
distance from ( 4, 2) approaches 4.
p( x) an x n +" + a1 x + a0
107. lim = lim
x →∞ q( x ) x →∞ bm x m + " + b1x + b0
Divide p( x ) and q( x ) by x m .
an a1 a0
p ( x) +" + +
Case 1: If n < m: lim x m = 0 +" + 0 + 0 = 0 = 0.
= lim x
m −n
xm −1
b b
x → ∞ q ( x) bm + " + 0 + 0 bm
x→ ∞ bm + " + m −1 +
1 0
x xm
a a
p( x) a n + " + m1−1 + 0m
Case 2: If m = n: lim = lim x x = an +" + 0 + 0 = an .
b b
x →∞
x→∞ q( x ) b +"+
1
+ 0 bm + " + 0 + 0 bm
x m −1
m
xm
n−m a1 a
p( x) anx +"+ + 0m
Case 3: If n > m: lim = lim x m −1 x = ±∞ +" + 0 = ±∞.
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x3 > M ⇒ x > M 1 3. Let N = M 1 3 . For x > N = M 1 3 , x > M 1 3 ⇒ x3 > M ⇒ ( )
f x > M.
2x
109. False. Let f ( x) = . (See Exercise 57(b).)
x2 + 2
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354 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
4( x + 1)
1 1 1
and y1′′ ( 0) = − . Let p = ax 2 + bx + 1, then p( 0) = 1. So, p′ = 2ax + b and p′(0) = ⇒ b = .
4 2 2
1 1
Finally, p′′ = 2a and p′′(0) = − ⇒ a = − . Therefore,
4 8
⎧⎪( −1 8) x 2 + (1 2) x + 1, x < 0
() = ⎨
()
f x and f 0 = 1,
⎪⎩ x + 1, x ≥ 0
⎧⎪(1 2) − (1 4) x, x < 0 1
f ′( x) = and f ′(0) = , and
1 2 ( x )
1, x 0 2
⎨
⎪⎩ + >
2
y′′ = ⇒ undefined when x = 2
(x − 2)
3
⎛7 ⎞ ⎛ 7⎞
Intercepts: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ 0, − ⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Vertical asymptote: x = 2
Horizontal asymptote: y = −3
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
−∞ < x < 2 − − Decreasing, concave down
( 73 , 0 x
4
−2
−4 ( 0, − 72 y = −3
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 355
x
2. y =
x2 + 1
1 − x2 (1 − x)( x + 1)
y′ = = = 0 when x = ±1.
( x2 ) ( x2 )
2 2
+1 +1
(
2x 3 − x 2 )
y′′ = − = 0 when x = 0, ± 3.
( x2 )
3
+1
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
x = 0 0 + 0 Point of inflection
(− 3, − 3 )
3 < x < ∞ – + Decreasing, concave up 4
x2
3. y =
x + 3
2
6x
y′ = = 0 when x = 0.
( )
2
x2 + 3
y′′ =
(
18 1 − x 2 ) = 0 when x = ±1.
( )
3
x2 + 3
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
x = 0 0 0 + Relative minimum
y=1
0 < x <1 + + Increasing, concave up 1
1
x =1 + 0 Point of inflection −1, 1 (1, 1
4
1< x < ∞ + – Increasing, concave down ( 4 4
x
−4 (0, 0) 2 4
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356 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
x2 + 1
4. y =
x2 − 4
−10 x
y′ = = 0 when x = 0 and undefined when x = ± 2.
( x 2 − 4)
2
10(3x 2 + 4)
y′′ = < 0 when x = 0.
( x2 − 4)
3
Intercept: (0, − 1 4)
Symmetric about y-axis
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±2
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
−∞ < x < −2 + + Increasing, concave up
x = 0 − 41 Relative maximum
8
6
(0, − 14 ) 4
2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 y=1
x = −2
x=2
3x
5. y =
x2 − 1
y′ =
(
−3 x 2 + 1 )
undefined when x = ±1
( x − 1)
2
2
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
6x( x 2 + 3) − ∞ < x < −1 − − Decreasing, concave down
y′′ =
−1 < x < 0 − +
( x2 ) Decreasing, concave up
3
−1
x = 0 0 −3 0 Point of inflection
Intercept: (0, 0)
0 < x <1 − − Decreasing, concave down
Symmetry with respect to origin
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±1 1< x < ∞ − + Decreasing, concave up
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
x = −1 y x = 1
y=0 1 (0, 0)
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 357
x −3 3
6. f ( x) = =1−
x x
3
f ′( x ) = undefined when x = 0
x2
6
f ′′( x) ≠ 0
x3
= −
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Intercept: (3, 0)
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
−∞ < x < 0 + + Increasing, concave up
4
3 y=1
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4
−2 (3, 0)
x=0 −3
−4
32
7. f ( x) = x +
x2
f ′( x ) = −
64 (x (
− 4) x 2 + 4 x +16 )
= = x = x =
1 0 when 4 and undefined when 0.
x3 x3
192
f ′′( x) =
x4
Intercept: −2 3 4, 0 ( )
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Slant asymptote: y = x
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
−∞ < x < 0 + + Increasing, concave up
x = 4 6 0 + Relative minimum
(−2 3 4, 0) 8 (4, 6)
6
4
2 y=x
x
−8 −6 2 4 6 8
−4 x=0
−6
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358 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
x3 9x
8. f ( x) = = x + 2
x −9
2 x −9
f ′( x) =
(
x 2 x 2 − 27 ) x = ± x = ±
=
( x2 )
2
−9 0 when 0, 3 3 and is undefined when 3.
f ′′( x) =
(
18x x 2 + 27 ) = 0 when x = 0
( )
3
x2 − 9
Intercept: (0, 0)
Symmetry: origin
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±3
Slant asymptote: y = x
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
y=x
0 < x < 3 − − Decreasing, concave down
x
−12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 9 12
3 < x < 3 3 − + Decreasing, concave up
−6
9 3 x=3
x = 3 3 0 + Relative minimum
2
3 3 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up ( −3 3, − 9 3
2 )
x 2 − 6x + 12 4
9. y = = x − 2+
x − 4 x − 4
4 ( x − 2)( x − 6)
y′ = 1 − = = 0 when x = 2, 6 and is undefined when x = 4.
(x − 4) (x − 4)
2 2
8
y′′ =
(x − 4)
3
Vertical asymptote: x = 4
Slant asymptote: y = x − 2
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
−∞ < x < 2 + − Increasing, concave down
x=4
x = 2 −2 0 − Relative maximum y
8
2 < x < 4 − − Decreasing, concave down 6
(6, 6)
4
4 < x < 6 − + Decreasing, concave up 2 y=x−2
x
x = 6 6 0 + Relative minimum (0, − 3) 6 8 10
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6 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up
(2, − 2)
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 359
− x 2 − 4x − 7 4
10. y = = −x − 1 −
x + 3 x +3
x 2 + 6x + 5 (x + 1)( x + 5)
y′ = − = − = 0 when x = −1, −5 and is undefined when x = − 3.
(x + 3) (x + 3)
2 2
−8
y′′ =
(x + 3)
3
(
Intercept: 0, − 73 )
No symmetry
Vertical asymptote: x = −3
Slant asymptote: y = − x − 1
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
− ∞ < x < −5 − + Decreasing, concave up y
x = −5 6 0 + Relative minimum 12
10
(−5, 6) 8
6
−5 < x < − 3 + + Increasing, concave up 4 (−1, −2)
2
x
−3 < x < −1 + − Increasing, concave down −10 −8 −6 −4 −2
−4
2
−6
x = −1 −2 0 − Relative maximum −8 (0, − 7)
−10 3
8 − 3x 8
y′ = = 0 when x = and undefined when x = 4.
2 4− x 3
3x −16 16
y′′ = = 0 when x = and undefined when x = 4.
4( 4 − x )
32
3
16
Note: x = is not in the domain.
3
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
8 y
−∞ < x < + – Increasing, concave down
3 4 ( 8 16 3
3
,
9
8 16
x = 0 – Relative maximum 2
3 3 3
8
< x < 4 – – Decreasing, concave down (0, 0) (4, 0)
x
3 −2 2 4
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360 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
12. h( x) = x 9 − x 2 , Domain: −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
2
9 −2x 3 3 2
h′( x) = = 0 when x = ± = ± and undefined when x = ± 3.
9 − x 2 2 2
h′′( x ) =
(
x 2 x 2 − 27 ) = 0 when x = 0 and undefined when x = ± 3.
(9 − x 2 )
32
0 < x <
3 + − Increasing, concave down
5 ( 3 2
2
,
9
2
)
2 4
3
3 9 − 2
x = 0 Relative maximum (−3, 0) 1 (0, 0) (3, 0)
2 2 x
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
3 − −
< x < 3 Decreasing, concave down
2 (
− 3 2, − 9
2 2 )
x = 3 0 Undefined Undefined Endpoint −5
13. y = 3x 2 3 − 2x
y′ = 2x −1 3 − 2 =
(
2 1 − x1 3 ) = 0 when x = 1 and undefined when x = 0.
x1 3
−2
y′′ = < 0 when x ≠ 0.
3x 4 3
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
5
x = 0 0 Undefined Undefined Relative minimum
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 361
y = ( x + 1) − 3( x + 1)
2 23
14.
2( x +1)=
43
−1 3 −2
y′ = 2( x + 1) − 2( x + 1) = = 0 when x = 0, − 2 and undefined when x = −1.
(x + 1)
13
43
2 −4 3 6( x +1) +2
y′′ = 2 + (x + 1) =
3( x + 1)
43
3
x = −2 −2 0 + Relative minimum
x = 0 0 0 + Relative minimum
(−33/4 − 1, 0) 8
6
(−2, 0) 4
(−1, 0) (0, 0)
2
x
−5 −4 −2 2 3
(33/4 − 1, 0)
−4
15. y = 2 − x − x3
y′ = −1 − 3x 2
No critical numbers
y′′ = −6x = 0 when x = 0.
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
x = 0 2 – 0 Point of inflection
5
4
(0, 2)
1
(1, 0)
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3
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362 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
16. y = − 13 (x 3
− 3x + 2 )
y′ = −x 2 + 1 = 0 when x = ±1.
y′′ = −2x = 0 when x = 0.
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
– + Decreasing, concave up
− 34 0 + Relative minimum
x = 0 − 32 + 0 Point of inflection
x =1 0 0 – Relative maximum
1
(−2, 0) (1, 0)
x
−1 1 2
( 2
0, − 3
(−1, − 43 −2
17. y = 3x 4 + 4x3
y′ = 12x3 + 12x 2 = 12x ( x + 1) = 0 when x = 0, x = −1.
2
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
x = −1 –1 0 + Relative minimum
x = − 2
3
− 16
27 + 0 Point of inflection
− 23 < x < 0 + – Increasing, concave down
x = 0 0 0 0 Point of inflection
2
1
4
( −3, 0
(0, 0) x
−2 1
(− 23 , − 1627
(−1, −1)
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 363
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
3
y′ = −8x + 6x = 0 when x = 0, ± 3
. 3
2 −∞ < x < − + − Increasing, concave down
2
1
y′′ = − 24x 2 + 6 = 0 when x . 3 9
2 x = − 0 − Relative maximum
2 8
⎛ 6 ⎞ 3 1
Intercepts: ± ,0 − < x < − − − Decreasing, concave down
2 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 5
x = − −2 0 Point of inflection
y
2 8
( − 12 , 58 ) (12, 58)
1
− < x < 0 − + Decreasing, concave up
2
(− 3 9
, ) ( 3 9
, )
2 8 2 8 x = 0 0 0 + Relative minimum
(− 26, 0) ( 26 , 0) 1
x
0 < x < + + Increasing, concave up
−1
2
1 5
x = 2 0 Point of inflection
2 8
1 3
< x < + − Increasing, concave down
2 2
3 9
x = 0 − Relative maximum
2 8
3
< x < ∞ − − Decreasing, concave down
2
19. y = x 5 − 5x
y′ = 5x 4 − 5 = 5 x 4 − 1 = 0 when x = ±1. ( )
y′′ = 20x = 0 when x = 0. 3
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
x = −1 4 0 – Relative maximum
x = 0 0 – 0 Point of inflection
x =1 –4 0 + Relative minimum
y
− 4 5, 0 )
6
(−1, 4)
4
(0, 0)
4
5, 0 )
x
−2 −1 1 2
−2
−4
(1, −4)
−6
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364 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
20. y = ( x − 1)
5
y′ = 5( x − 1) = 0 when x = 1.
4
2
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
1
21. y = 2x − 3
2( 2x − 3) 3
y′ = undefined at x = .
2x − 3 2
y′′ = 0 y
y y′ Conclusion (0, 3)
3
−∞ < x < 3
2 − Decreasing 2
x = 3
2 0 Undefined Relative minimum 1
3
2
< x < ∞ + Increasing ( 32 , 0 3 4
22. y = x 2 − 6x + 5
(
2( x − 3) x 2 − 6 x + 5 ) 2( x − 3)( x − 5)( x −1)
y′ = =
x 2 − 6x + 5 (x − 5)( x − 1)
y′′ =
(
2 x2 −6x + 5 ) =
2( x − 5)( x −1)
undefined when x = 1, x = 5.
x − 6x + 5 (x − 5)( x − 1)
2
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
x = 3 4 0 − Relative maximum
5
3 < x < 5 − − Decreasing, concave down 4
(3, 4)
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 365
23. f ( x ) = e3x ( 2 − x )
5
f ′( x) = −e3x + 2( 2 − x)e3x = e (5 − 3x) = 0 when x =
3x
.
3
4
f ′′( x ) = −3e3x ( − 4 + 3x) = 0 when x = .
3
f ( x) f ′( x) f ′′( x ) Conclusion
4
−∞ < x < + + Increasing, concave up
3
4 2e4
x = 54.6 0 Point of inflection
3 3
4 5
< x < + – Increasing, concave down
3 3
5 e5
x = 0 – 445.2 Relative maximum
3 3
5
< x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down
3
5, e5
50
( 3 3
40
30
20
( 4 , 2e 4
3 3
10
(0, 2) (2, 0)
1 3 4 5
f ( x) f ′( x ) f ′′( x) Conclusion
−∞ < x < 4
3
+ + Increasing, concave up
x = 4
3
70.7975 109.1963 0 Point of inflection
4
3
< x < 5
3 + – Increasing, concave down
x = 5
3 96.9421 0 – 890.4790 Relative maximum
5
3
< x < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down
y
100 ( 53 , 96.9421)
80
60
( 43 , 70.7975 )
40
20
x
1 3 4 5
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366 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
10
25. g (t ) =
1 + 4e−t
40e−t
g′(t ) = > 0 for all t.
(1 + 4e−t )
2
40e ( 4e −1)
() 0 at 1.386.
−t −t
g′′ t = = t ≈
(1 + 4e−t )
3
8
26. h( x ) =
2 + 3e− x 2
12e x 2
h′( x) =
(2e x 2 + 3)
2
6e x 2 (3 − 2e x 2)
h′′( x ) =
(2e x 2 + 3)
3
3 3
h′′( x ) = 0: 3 = 2e x 2 ⇒ e x 2 = ⇒ x = 2 ln ⎛ ⎞
2 ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
8
Intercept: ⎛ 0, ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
6
3 y=4
−∞ < x < 2 ln + + Increasing, concave up 5
2 4
3
x = 2 ln
3 1 ( 0, 8
5 2
2
2
2
0 Point of inflection
( 2 ln 3 , 2
2
x
3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
2 ln < x < ∞ + – Increasing, concave down −2 y=0
2
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 367
3
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
2
1 < x < 1 + e −1 − + Decreasing, concave up
1
−1 −1 (2, 0)
x =1+ e −e 0 e Relative minimum
−1 2 3
x
(1.368, − 0.368)
1 + e −1 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave up −1
1 3
28. y = x − ln x, Domain: x > 0
24
y′ =
(x (
− 2) x 2 + 2x + 4 ) = 0 when x = 2.
8x
x3 + 4
4x 2 y
5
y y′ y′′ Conclusion
4
2
x = 2 − 0.3598 0 3 Relative minimum
1
(2, 13 − ln2)
2 < x < ∞ + + Increasing, concave down x
1 3 4 5
2
⎛ x −2 ⎞
29. g ( x) = 6 arcsin , Domain: [0, 4]
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
12( x − 2)
g′( x) = = 0 when x = 2.
( )(
4x − x 2 x 2 − 4x + 8 )
g′′( x ) =
(
12 x 4 − 8 x3 + 24 x 2 − 32 x + 32 )
⎣( 4x − x )( x
32
− 4x + 8 ⎦ ) y
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
g ( x) g′( x) g′′( x ) Conclusion 12
10
x = 2 +
4
0 0 Relative minimum 2 (2, 0)
x
2 < x < 4 + + Increasing, concave down − 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5
−4
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368 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
30. h( x ) = 7 arctan ( x + 1) − ln x 2 + 2x + 2 ( )
5 − 2x 5
h′( x) = = 0 when x = .
x + 2x + 2
2
2
(
2 x 2 − 5x − 7 ) 5 ± 53
( ) 0 when
′′ = = =
h x x
( )
2
2
x + 2x + 2 2
h( x) h′( x) h′′( x) Conclusion
−∞ < x < −1.1401 + + Increasing, concave up
5 ( 25 , 6.4635)
< x < 6.1401 – – Decreasing, concave down 8
2 4
(6.1401, 6.0707)
x = 6.1401 6.0707 – 0 Point of inflection x
−8 −4 4 8
(−1.1401, −0.9935)
6.1401 < x < ∞ – + Decreasing, concave up
x 27x
31. f ( x) = x −3 =
3 3x
27(1 − x ln 3) 1
f ′( x ) = = 0 ⇒ x = ≈ 0.910
3x ln 3
27 ln 3( x ln 3 − 2) 2
f ′′( x) = = 0 ⇒ x = ≈ 1.820
3x ln 3
lim f ( x) = 0, lim f ( x) = −∞
x→∞ x→ −∞
Horizontal symptote: y = 0
Intercept: (0, 0)
f ( x) f ′( x) f ′′( x) Conclusion
y
−∞ < x < 0.910 + – Increasing, concave down
10 (0.91, 9.04)
x = 0.910 9.041 0 – Relative maximum 8
(1.82, 6.65)
0.910 < x < 1.820
6
– – Decreasing, concave down
4
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 369
32. g (t ) = (5 − t )5t
5 ln 5 −1 1
g′(t ) = 5t (5 ln 5 − 1 − t ln 5) = 0 ⇒ t ln 5 = 5 ln 5 − 1 ⇒ t = = 5− ≈ 4.379
ln 5 ln 5
5 ln 5 − 2 2
g′′(t ) = 5t ln 5(5 ln 5 − 2 − t ln 5) = 0 ⇒ t = = 5− ≈ 3.757
ln 5 ln 5
lim g (t ) = −∞ and lim g (t ) = 0
t →∞ t → −∞
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Intercepts: (5, 0), (0, 5)
t = 3.757
600
525.553 + 0 Point of inflection 500
400
3.757 < t < 4.379 + – Increasing, concave down 300
200 y=0
t = 4.379 714.301 0 – Relative maximum
100 (0, 5)
(5, 0)
x
4.379 < t < ∞ – – Decreasing, concave down −100 1 2 3 4 6
(
ln x − x 2 ),
33. (
g ( x) = log 4 x − x 2 = ) ln 4
Domain: 0 < x < 1
2 x −1 1
g ′( x) = = 0 when x = .
ln 4 ⋅ x( x − 1) 2
2
−2 x + 2 x −1
g′′( x ) =
ln 4 ⋅ x 2 ( x − 1)
2
1
1 x=0
0 < x < + – Increasing, concave down x
2 − 0.5 0.5 1.0
−1
1
x = −1 0 – Relative maximum (0.5, −1)
2 −2 x=1
1 −3
< x <1 – – Decreasing, concave down
2 −4
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370 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
ln x 2 − 4x
34. f ( x) = log 2 x 2 − 4x =
ln 2
2( x − 2)
f ′( x ) = = 0 when x = 2 and undefined when x = 0 and x = 4.
x( x − 4) ln 2
(
−2 x 2 − 4 x + 8 )
( )
f ′′ x =
x 2 ( x − 4) ln 2
2
f ( x) f ′( x ) f ′′( x) Conclusion
6
x = 2 2 0 – Relative maximum 4
(2, 2)
2 < x < 4 – – Decreasing, concave down x
−4 −2 2 6 8
x = 4 Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined −2
−4
20x 1 19x 2 − 1 4 x3 + x + 4
35. f ( x) = − = 36. f ( x) = x + = = 0 for x ≈ −1.379
x2 + 1 x (
x x2 + 1 ) x2 + 1 x2 + 1
x 4 + 2x 2 − 8x + 1
(
− 19 x 4 −22 x 2 −1 ) f ′( x) = 2 = 0 for x ≈ 1.608, x ≈ 0.129
( ) 2
f′ x = 2 = 0 for x ≈ ±1.10 ( )
2
(
x x +1 2
) x +1
(
8 3x − 1
2
) = 0 for x = ±
(
2 19 x 6 −63x9 −3x 2 −1 ) f ′′( x) =
1
≈ ±0.577
0 for x ≈ ±1.84 (2 )
3
3
f ′′( x) = =
x +1
( )
3
x3 x 2 + 1
Slant asymptote: y = x
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Points of inflection: ( −0.577, 2.423), ( 0.577, 3.577)
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Minimum: ( −1.10, −9.05) Relative maximum: (0.129, 4.064)
10
−6 6
− 15 15 −3
−2 x 4
− 10
37. f ( x) =
x + 7
2
−6 6
−14
f ′( x) = < 0
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( x2 )
32
+ 7
−4
42 x
f ′′( x) = = 0 at x = 0
( x2 )
52
+ 7
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ± 2
Point of inflection: (0, 0)
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 371
4x 41. f ( x) = 2x − 4 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
38. f ( x) =
x 2 + 15 f ′( x ) = 2 − 4 cos x
60
f ′( x ) = > 0 f ′′( x) = 4 sin x
( x2 )
32
+ 15
1 π 5π
f ′ x = 0 ⇒ cos x = ⇒ x = ,
−180 x ( )
f ′′( x) = = 0 at x = 0 2 3 3
( x2 )
52
+ 15 f ′′( x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π , 2π
Horizontal asymptotes: y = ± 4 ⎛ π 2π ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2 3⎟
Point of inflection: (0, 0) ⎝3 3 ⎠
⎛ 5π 10π ⎞
+ 2 3⎟
6
Relative maximum: ⎜ ,
3 3
⎝ ⎠
−8 8 Points of inflection: (0, 0), (π , 2π ), ( 2π , 4π )
y
−6
16
12
x ⎛ x ⎞
39. y = + ln
⎜ ⎟
⎝ x + 3⎠
8
2
4
1 3
y′ = + x
2 x( x + 3) π
2
π 3π
2
2π
−3( 2x + 3)
y′′ =
x 2 ( x + 3)
2
42. f ( x) = −x + 2 cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
5 f ′( x ) = −1 − 2 sin x
f ′′( x) = −2 cos x
f ( x) = 0 at x ≈ 1.030
−8 6
1 7π 11π
f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ sin x = − ⇒ x = ,
−5
2 6 6
Vertical asymptotes: x = −3, x = 0 π 3π
f ′′( x) = 0 ⇒ x = ,
2 2
x
Slant asymptote: y = Relative minimum:
2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
,− 3 − ≈ 3.665, −5.397
40. y =
3x
2
(
1 + 4e − x 3 ) ⎜ ⎟ ( )
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
3e x 3 − 4( x − 3)
Relative maximum:
y′ = ⎛11π 11π ⎞
, 3 − ⎟ ≈ (5.760, −4.028 )
x3
2e ⎜
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
2( x − 6)
y′′ = y
3e x 3
4
3
Slant asymptote: y = x 2
2
x
π 3π 2π
35 −2 2
−4
−6
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
0 20
0
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
372 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
1
43. y = sin x − sin 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
18
1
y′ = cos x − cos 3x
6
1
= cos x − [cos 2x cos x − sin 2x sin x]
6
1⎡
( )
= cos x − ⎣ 1 − 2 sin 2 x cos x − 2 sin 2 x cos x⎦⎤
6
⎣
( ⎦
)
= cos x ⎡⎢1 − 1 1 − 2 sin 2 x − 2 sin 2 x ⎥⎤ = cos x ⎢⎡5 + 2 sin 2 x⎥⎤
6 ⎣6 3 ⎦
y′ = 0: cos x = 0 ⇒ x = π 2, 3π 2
5 2
+ sin 2 x = 0 ⇒ sin 2 x = −5 4, impossible
6 3
1
y′′ = −sin x + sin 3x = 0 ⇒ 2 sin x = sin 3x
2
= sin 2x cos x + cos 2x sin x
(
= 2 sin x cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 x − 1 sin x )
(
= sin x 2 cos x + 2cos x − 1
2 2
)
= sin x( 4 cos 2 x − 1)
sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π , 2π
π 5π 7π 11π
2 = 4 cos 2 x − 1 ⇒ cos x = ± 3 2 ⇒ x = , , ,
6 6 6 6 y
⎛ π 19 ⎞ 2
Relative maximum: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 18 ⎠ 1
⎛ 3π 19 ⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − ⎟ π π 3π
x
⎝ 2 18 ⎠ −1
2 2
⎛ π 4 ⎞ ⎛ 5π 4⎞ ⎛ 7π 4 ⎞ ⎛ 11π 4⎞
⎟ , (π , 0), ⎜ , − ⎟ , ⎜ ,− ⎟ −2
Points of inflection: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ ,
6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1
44. y = cos x − cos 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
4
1
y′ = −sin x + sin 2x = −sin x + sin x cos x
2
= sin x(cos x − 1)
y′ = 0: sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π , 2π
cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2π
y′′ = −cos x + cos 2x
= −cos x + 2 cos 2 x − 1
= ( 2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1)
2π 4π y
y′′ = 0: 2 cos x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = ,
3 3 2
cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2π 1
⎛ 5⎞ x
Relative minimum: π , − π π π π
⎜ ⎟ 3 2
⎝ 4⎠ −1
2 2
⎛ 2π 3 ⎞ ⎛ 4π 3⎞ −2
Points of inflection: ⎜ , − ⎟ , ⎜ ,− ⎟
⎝ 3 8⎠ ⎝ 3 8⎠
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 373
2 2 π 3π
y′ = 2 − csc2 x = 0 when x = , .
π 4 π4
y′ = 2 − sec 2 x = 0 when x = ± .
4
y′′ = −2 sec 2 x tan x = 0 when x = 0. y′′ = 2 csc2 x cot x = 0 when x = .
2
⎛π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
Relative maximum: , −1 Relative maximum: , − 5
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝4 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ π π − 3⎞
Relative minimum: − , 1 − Relative minimum: ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝4 2 ⎠
Point of inflection: (0, 0) π
⎛ ⎞
Point of inflection: ⎜ , π − 4 ⎟
π ⎝2 ⎠
Vertical asymptotes: x = ±
2 Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, π
y y
5
2
4
3
1 2
1
x x
−π π π −1 π
2 4 2
−1 −2
−3
−2 −4
−5
π
47. y = 2( csc x + sec x), 0 < x < y
2
16
π
y′ = 2(sec x tan x − csc x cot x) = 0 ⇒ x = 12
4
8
⎛π ⎞ 4
Relative minimum: ⎜ , 4 2 ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ x
π π
π −4 4 2
Vertical asymptotes: x = 0,
2
⎛ πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞
48. y = sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 2 tan ⎜ ⎟ − 1, −3 < x < 3
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
⎛ πx ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞⎛ π ⎞
y′ = 2 sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ tan ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟− 2 sec2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= 0 ⇒ x = 2
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠
Relative minimum: ( 2, −1)
y
5
4
3
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 3 4 5
−2 (2, −1)
−3
−4
−5
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
374 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
3π 3π 53. f is cubic. y
49. g ( x) = x tan x, − < x <
f″
2 2 f ′ is quadratic. f
x + sin x cos x
′ f ′′ is linear.
g ( x) = = 0 when x = 0.
cos 2 x
The zeros of f ′ correspond x
2(cos x + x sin x) −2 2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 f ''
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ f is quadratic.
Points of inflection: ( ±2.80, −1) The zero of f ′ corresponds x
y
to the points where the graph
10
8
of f has a horizontal tangent.
6
4
There are no zeros on of f ′′, f'
2
x
which means the graph of f ′
−π −2 π π 3π
4 2 has no horizontal tangent.
−4
−6
4( x −1)
−8 2
55. f ( x) =
x 2 − 4x + 5
50. g ( x ) = x cot x, − 2π < x < 2π Vertical asymptote: none
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ −1
Intercepts: ⎜− , 0 ⎟, ⎜− , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
2 2 2 2 The graph crosses the horizontal asymptote y = 4.
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Symmetric with respect to y-axis. If a function has a vertical asymptote at x = c, the
−4
x
−2π −π π 2π
−1
−2
−3
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7
−6 6
−1
51. Because the slope is negative, the function is decreasing
on ( 2, 8), and so f (3) > f (5). The graph crosses the horizontal asymptote y = 3.
If a function has a vertical asymptote at x = c, the
52. If f ′( x) = 2 in [−5, 5], then f ( x) = 2x + 3 and graph would not cross it because f (c) is undefined.
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 375
sin 2 x x 2 − 3x −1 3
57. h( x ) = 61. ( )
f x = − = −x + 1 +
x x − 2 x − 2
Vertical asymptote: none 3
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
3
−3 6
−3
−2 2
cos 3x
58. f ( x) =
4x
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
−10 20
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 −2
2
The graph appears to approach the slant asymptote
y = 2x + 2.
−2 2
2x3 2x
63. f ( x) = = 2x − 2
−2 x2 + 1 x +1
Yes, it is possible for a graph to cross its horizontal 4
asymptote.
It is not possible to cross a vertical asymptote because
−6 6
the function is not continuous there.
6 − 2x
59. h( x ) = −4
= = ⎨
3− x ⎩Undefined, if x = 3
−x3 + x 2 + 4 4
The rational function is not reduced to lowest terms. 64. h( x ) = = −x + 1 +
3 x2 x2
10
−2 4 − 10 10
−1
60. g ( x) =
x −1
(x + 2)( x − 1) ⎧x + 2, if x ≠ 1
= = ⎨
x −1 ⎩Undefined, if x = 1
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−8 4
−4
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376 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
y y
65. y y 67.
4 4 4
4 f″
f
2 f 2
2 f″
x x x
x −8 4
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4 −4 8
−2
−2 −2
−4
−4 −4 −4
66. y y 68. y y
120
2
100 10
80 f 8 1 1
60 6 f ′′
x x
4 −2 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
2 −1 −1
x x
− 6 −3 3 6 9 12 15 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −2 −2
−2
(or any vertical translation of f ) (or any vertical translation of the 3 segments of f )
2
cos πx
69. f ( x) = , (0, 4)
x2 + 1
(a) 1.5
0 4
− 0.5
On (0, 4) there seem to be 7 critical numbers: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5
(b) f ′( x) =
(
−cos π x x cos π x + 2π x 2 + 1 sin π x ( ) ) = 0
(x )
32
2
+1
1 3 5 7
Critical numbers ≈ , 0.97, , 1.98, , 2.98, .
2 2 2 2
The critical numbers where maxima occur appear to be integers in part (a), but approximating them using f ′ shows that
they are not integers.
(a) 3
−2 2
−3
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 377
f ′( x) =
1
, g′( x) =
1 x = 2 (relative minimum).
For x > 4, g′( x) > f ′( x). g is increasing at f ′ is positive for x > 2 and x < −2 (increasing).
a higher rate than f for “large” values of x. (b) f ′′( x ) = 0 at x = 0 (point of inflection).
25
f ′′ is positive for x > 0 (concave upward).
g
f ′′ is negative for x < 0 (concave downward).
f
(c) f ′ is increasing on (0, ∞). ( f ′′ > 0)
0 500
(b) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x ) = 4
x at x = 0 is less than the rate of change of f for all
1 1 other values of x.
f ′( x) = , g′( x) =
x 4 4 x3
For x > 256, g′( x ) > f ′( x). g is increasing at
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g
f
0 20,000
0
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378 Chapte r 4 Applicatio n s o f Differenti ati on
f ′( x0 ) x = x0 f ′( x0 ) − y0
x0
y = y0 +
y0 f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 )
x = x − = x −
f ′( x ) f ′( x )
0 0
0 0
⎛ x0 ⎞
⎛ f ( x0 ) ⎞ y-intercept: ⎜ 0, y0 +
f ′( x ) ⎟
x-intercept: x0 − ,0 ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ f ′( x0 ) ⎠
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
(b) Let x = 0: y − y0 = f ′( x0 )(−x0 ) (e) BC = x0 − − x0 =
f ′( x ) f ′( x )
0 0
y = y0 − x0 f ′( x0 )
( ) ( )= ( )= (
2 2
y = f ( x0 ) − x0 f ′( x0 ) (f ) PC ) 2
= y +⎜ ⎟=
0
2 2
⎝ f x0 ⎠⎞
⎛ f x0 f ′ x0 + f x0
0
⎜ f ′( x ) ⎟ f ′( x )2
0
y-intercept: (0, f ( x0 ) − x0 f ′( x0 ))
f (x ) 1 + ⎡ f ′( x )⎤
2
1 PC =
0 ⎣ 0 ⎦
(c) Normal line: y − y0 = −
f ′( x0 )
( x − x0 ) f ′( x0 )
Let y = 0: − y0 = −
1
( x − x0 ) (g) AB = x0 − ( x0 + f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 )) = f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 )
f ′( x0 )
2 2 2
′ 2
(h) AP = f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) + y0
− y0 f ′( x0 ) = −x + x0
2
x = x0 + y0 f ′( x0 ) = x0 + f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 ) AP = f ( x0 ) 1 + ⎡⎣ f ′( x0 )⎤⎦
x-intercept: ( x0 + f ( x0 ) f ′( x0 ), 0)
2x
80. f ( x) =
x4 + 1
(a) For n even, f is symmetric about the y-axis. For n odd, f is symmetric about the origin.
(b) The x-axis will be the horizontal asymptote if the degree of the numerator is less than 4.
That is, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
(c) n = 4 gives y = 2 as the horizontal asymptote.
2x 5 2x
(d) There is a slant asymptote y = 2x if n = 5: = 2x − 4 .
x4 + 1 x +1
n=2
−3 3 −3 3
n=3
n=1
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− 1.5
− 1.5
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
M 1 2 3 2 1 0
N 2 3 4 5 2 3
ax
81. f ( x ) =
(x − b)
2
Answers will vary. Sample answer: The graph has a vertical asymptote at x = b. If a and b are both positive,
or both negative, then the graph of f approaches ∞ as x approaches b, and the graph has a minimum at x = –b.
If a and b have opposite signs, then the graph of f approaches −∞ as x approaches b, and the graph has a
maximum at x = –b.
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Sectio n 4.6 A Summary of Curve Sketching 379
1 1
82. f ( x) = (ax)2 − ( ax ) = ( ax)( ax − 2), a ≠ 0
2 2
1
f ′( x ) = a 2 x − a = a( ax − 1) = 0 when x = .
a
f ′′( x ) = a 2 > 0 for all x.
⎛2 ⎞
(a) Intercepts: (0, 0),
y
,0 (b) a=2 a = −2
⎜ ⎟
⎝a ⎠ 45
⎛ 1 1⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜ , − ⎟
⎝a 2⎠
a=1
Points of inflection: none
x
−3 2 3
a = −1 −1
12
15
10
8 12
6
2
x 3
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
−9 −6 −3 3 6
−3
f ( x) − f ( a) f ( b) − f ( a )
−
f (b)− f (a )
f ( x) = f (a) + ( x − a) + λ ( x − b)( x − a)
b − a
⎧ f (b ) − f ( a )
Let h(t ) = f (t ) − f ( a) + (t − a ) + λ (t − a )(t − b) .
⎪ ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ b −a ⎭⎪
h( a ) = 0, h(b) = 0, h( x) = 0
By Rolle’s Theorem, there exist numbers α1 and α 2 such that a < α1 < x < α 2 < b and h′(α1 ) = h′(α 2 ) = 0.
By Rolle’s Theorem, there exists β in ( a, b) such that h′′( β ) = 0.
Finally,
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380 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
(b)
First Number, x Second Number Product, P
(55, 3025)
0 120
0
d 2P
= −2 < 0
dx 2
P is a maximum when x = 110 − x = 55. The two numbers are 55 and 55.
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 381
2. (a)
Height, x Length & Width Volume
dV
= 2x( 24 − 2x)( −2) + ( 24 − 2x ) = ( 24 − 2x)( 24 − 6x)
2
(c)
dx
0 12
0
P = xy = x( S − x) = Sx − x 2 S = x + 3y =
147
+ 3y
dP S y
= S − 2x = 0 when x = . dS 147
dx 2 = 3− = 0 when y = 7.
2
d 2P S dy y
= −2 < 0 when x = .
2
dx 2 2 d S 294
= > 0 when y = 7.
2 3
P is a maximum when x = y = S 2. dy y
S is minimum when y = 7 and x = 21.
4. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that
xy = 185. 6. Let x be a positive number.
185 1
S = x + y = x + S = x +
x x
dS 185 dS 1
=1− = 0 when x = 185. =1− = 0 when x = 1.
dx x2 dx x2
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d 2 S = 370 > 0 when x = d 2S 2
185 = 3 > 0 when x = 1.
dx 2 x3 dx 2 x
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382 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
7. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that 11. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
x + 2 y = 108. xy = 32
P = xy = y (108 − 2 y ) = 108 y − 2 y 2 32
y =
dP x
= 108 − 4 y = 0 when y = 27. 32 64
dy P = 2x + 2 y = 2x + 2⎜⎛ ⎞ ⎟ = 2x +
⎝ x⎠ x
d 2 P = −4 < 0 when y = 27.
dP 64
dy 2 = 2− = 0 when x = 4 2.
dx x2
P is a maximum when x = 54 and y = 27. 2
d P 128
= > 0 when x = 4 2.
2 3
8. Let x and y be two positive numbers such that dx x
x 2 + y = 54. P is minimum when x = y = 4 2 ft.
( )
P = xy = x 54 − x 2 = 54x − x3 12. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
dP xy = A
= 54 − 3x 2 = 0 when x = 3 2.
dx A
y =
2 x
d P
= −6x < 0 when x = 3 2.
dx 2 ⎛ A⎞ 2A
P = 2x + 2 y = 2x + 2⎜ ⎟ = 2x +
2x + 2 y = 80 d2 P 4A
= > 0 when x = A.
2 3
y = 40 − x dx x
P is minimum when x = y = A cm. (A square!)
A = xy = x( 40 − x) = 40x − x 2
dA
= 40 − 2x = 0 when x = 20.
dx
d2A
= −2 < 0 when x = 20. y
dx 2
A is maximum when x = y = 20 m.
x
10. Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
2x + 2 y = P
(x − 2) + ⎡x 2 − (1 2)⎤
2 2
13. d =
P −2x P ⎣ ⎦
y = = − x
2 2 = x 4 − 4x + (17 4)
⎞ ⎛P P
A = xy = x− x = x − x2 Because d is smallest when the expression inside the
⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ 2 radical is smallest, you need only find the critical
dA P P numbers of
= − 2x = 0 when x = .
dx 2 4
f ( x ) = x 4 − 4x + 17
.
2 4
d A P
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= −2 < 0 when x = . 3
dx 2
4 f ′( x) = 4x − 4 = 0
2
x (x, x 2 )
1 d (2, 12
x
−2 −1 1 2
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 383
14. f ( x ) = ( x − 1) , ( −5, 3)
2
16. f ( x ) = x − 8, (12, 0)
2 2 2
2 2
d = (x + 5) + ⎡( x − 1) − 3⎤ d = (x − 12) + ( x −8 −0 )
⎣ ⎦
x 2 − 24x + 144 + x − 8
(x ) ( ) =
2
= 2
+ 10x + 25 + x − 2x − 2 2
= x 2 − 23x + 136
= ( ) (
x 2 + 10x + 25 + x 4 − 4x3 + 8x + 4 )
Because d is smallest when the expression inside the radical
= x 4 − 4x 3 + x 2 + 18x + 29 is smallest, you need to find the critical numbers of
Because d is smallest when the expression inside the radical g ( x) = x 2 − 23x + 136
is smallest, you need to find the critical numbers of
23
g ( x) = x 4 − 4x3 + x 2 + 18x + 29 g ′( x) = 2x − 23 = 0 when x =
2
30
( ) 17. xy = 30 ⇒ y =
2
(x − 4) +
2
15. d = x − 0 x
⎛ 30 ⎞
= x 2 − 7x + 16 A = ( x + 2) + 2 (see figure)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
Because d is smallest when the expression inside the
dA ⎛ −30 ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
radical is smallest, you need only find the critical = ( x + 2)⎜ 2 ⎟ + ⎜ + 2⎟
numbers of dx x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f ( x ) = x − 7x + 16.
2
(
2 x 2 − 30 )
= = 0 when x = 30.
f ′( x) = 2x − 7 = 0 x2
30
x = 7 y = = 30
2 30
By the First Derivative Test, the point nearest to ( 4, 0) is By the First Derivative Test, the dimensions ( x + 2) by
(7 2, 7 2. ) (y + 2) are 2 + ( ) (
30 by 2 + )
30 (approximately
3
x
(x, x)
2
1 d
y y+2
x
1 2 3 (4, 0)
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384 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
18. xy = 36 ⇒ y =
36 19. xy = 245,000 (see figure)
x S = x + 2y
⎛ 36 ⎞
A = ( x + 3)( y + 3) = ( x + 3) +3 ⎛ 490,000 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = x+ where S is the length
⎝ x ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
108
= 36 + + 3x + 9 of fence needed.
x
dS 490,000
dA −108 =1− = 0 when x = 700.
= + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3x = 108 ⇒ x = 6, y = 6
2
dx x2
dx x2
d 2S 980,000
Dimensions: 9 × 9 = > 0 when x = 700.
dx 2 x3
x+3
S is a minimum when x = 700 m and y = 350 m.
x
y
y y+3
⎛ x⎞
21. 16 = 2 y + x + π ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
32 = 4 y + 2x + π x
32 − 2 x −πx
y =
4
2
π ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 32 − 2 x −πx ⎞ πx 2 1 π π
A = xy + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟x + = 8x − x −
2
x +
2
x2
2⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 2 4 8
dA π π ⎛ π⎞ 8 32
= 8 − x − x + x = 8 − x⎜1 + ⎟ = 0 when x = = .
dx 2 4 ⎝ 4⎠ 1 + (π 4) 4+π
d2A ⎛ π⎞ 32
= −⎜1 + ⎟ < 0 when x = .
dx 2 4 4+π
⎝ ⎠
32 − 2⎡⎣32 ( 4 +π)⎤⎦ −π⎡⎣32 ( 4 +π)⎦⎤ 16
y = =
4 4+π x
2 y
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16 32
The area is maximum when y = ft and x = ft.
4+π 4 +π x
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 385
6 −x
22. You can see from the figure that A = xy and y = .
2
y
6
5
6−x
4 y=
2
3
2 (x, y)
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
⎛6 −x⎞
A = x =
1
(6x − x 2 ).
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
dA 1
= (6 − 2x ) = 0 when x = 3.
dx 2
d2A
= −1 < 0 when x = 3.
dx 2
2
y = 2+
x −1
2
⎛ 2 ⎞ 8 4
L = x2 + y2 = x2 + 2 + = x2 + 4 + + , x >1
⎜ ⎟
x − 1⎠ x −1 (x − 1)
2
⎝
10
(b)
(2.587, 4.162)
0 10
0
A′( x) = 1 +
( x −1) − x =1−
1
= 0
( x − 1)2 (x − 1)
2
(x − 1) = 1
2
x − 1 = ±1
x = 0, 2 (select x = 2)
They y = 4 and A = 4.
Vertices: (0, 0), ( 2, 0), (0, 4)
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386 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
24. (a) A =
1
2
base × height =
1
2
2 36 − h 2 (6 + h) = ( ) 36 − h 2 (6 + h)
( ) ( )
dA 1 −1/2
( −2h)(6 + h) + 36 − h 2
1/ 2
= 36 − h 2
dh 2
(
−2 h 2 + 3h −18 ) −2( h + 6)( h − 3)
( ) ( )
−1/2
⎣ (
= 36 − h 2 ⎡−h 6 + h ) + 36 − h 2 ⎤ = =
⎦
36 − h 2 36 − h 2
dA
= 0 when h = 3, which is a maximum by the First Derivative Test. So, the sides are 2 36 − h 2 = 6 3, an
dh
equilateral triangle. Area = 27 3 sq. units.
6
h
36 − h 2
6 +h 6 +h
(b) cos α = =
2 3 6+ h 2 3
36 − h 2
tan α =
6 + h
⎛ 1⎞
Area = 2⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
( )
36 − h 2 (6 + h) = (6 + h) tan α = 144 cos 4 α tan α
2
2 3 6+h
α
6
6
h
36 − h 2
dA ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ −2x ⎞ ⎛ 25 − 2x 2 ⎞ 5 2
= 2x⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 2 25 − x 2
= 2⎜ ⎟ = 0 when x = y = ≈ 3.54.
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 25 − x 2 ⎠ ⎝ 25 − x ⎠ 2
2
By the First Derivative Test, the inscribed rectangle of maximum area has vertices
y
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
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5 2 5 2
⎛ 5 2 ± , .
± ,0 ,
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 2 ⎠⎟
8
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 6 ( x, 25 − x 2
5 2
Width: ; Length: 5 2
2 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 387
dA
=
(
2 r 2 − 2x 2 ) = 0 when x =
2r
.
dx r − x
2 2 2
By the First Derivative Test, A is maximum when the rectangle has dimensions
y
2r by ( )
2r 2.
(−x, r2 − x2 ( x, r2 − x2
x
(−r, 0) (r, 0)
⎛ y⎞ 200 − 2 x 2
27. (a) P = 2x + 2π r = 2x + 2π = 2x + π y = 200 ⇒ y = = (100 − x)
⎜ ⎟ π π
⎝ 2⎠
y
2
y
(b)
Length, x Width, y Area, xy
2
10 π
(100 − 10) 2
(10)π (100 − 10) ≈ 573
2 2
20
π
(100 − 20) (20)π (100 − 20) ≈ 1019
2 2
30
π
(100 − 30) (30) π (100 − 30) ≈ 1337
2 2
40
π
(100 − 40) (40)π (100 − 40) ≈ 1528
2 2
50
π
(100 − 50) (50) π (100 − 50) ≈ 1592
2 2
60
π
(100 − 60) (60) π (100 − 60) ≈ 1528
The maximum area of the rectangle is approximately 1592 m2.
(c) A = xy = x
2
π
(100 − x) =
π
2
(100x − x 2 )
2
(d) A′ =
π
(100 − 2x ). A′ = 0 when x = 50.
100
Maximum value is approximately 1592 when length = 50 m and width = .
π
(e) 2000
(50, 1591.6)
0 100
0
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388 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
22
28. V = π r 2 h = 22 cubic inches or h =
π r2
(a)
Radius, r Height Surface Area
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.2 2π (0.2) 0.2 + ≈ 220.3
π ( 0.2) π (0.2) ⎥⎦
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.4 2π (0.4) 0.4 + ≈ 111.0
π (0.4) π (0.4) ⎥⎦
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.6 2π (0.6) 0.6 + ≈ 75.6
π (0.6) π (0.6) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.8 2π (0.8) 0.8 + ≈ 59.0
π (0.8) π (0.8) ⎥⎦
2 2
⎣⎢
(b)
Radius, r Height Surface Area
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.2 2π (0.2) 0.2 + ≈ 220.3
π (0.2) π (0.2) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.4 2π (0.4) 0.4 + ≈ 111.0
π (0.4) π (0.4) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.6 2π (0.6) 0.6 + ≈ 75.6
π (0.6) π (0.6) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
0.8 2π (0.8) 0.8 + ≈ 59.0
π (0.8) π (0.8) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.0 2π (1.0) 1.0 + ≈ 50.3
π (1.0) π (1.0) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.2 2π (1.2) 1.2 + ≈ 45.7
π (1.2) π (1.2) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.4 2π (1.4) 1.4 + ≈ 43.7
π (1.4) π (1.4) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.6 2π (1.6) 1.6 + ≈ 43.6
π (1.6) π (1.6) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
1.8 2π (1.8) 1.8 + ≈ 44.8
π (1.8) π (1.8) ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣⎢
22 ⎡ 22 ⎤
2.0 2π ( 2.0) 2.0 + ≈ 47.1
π ( 2.0) π ( 2.0) ⎥
2 2
⎢
⎣
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 389
(d) 100
(1.52, 43.46)
−1 4
−10
dr r2
22
h = ≈ 3.04 in.
π r2
22 22 ⎛111 3 ⎞
Note: Notice that h = = = 2⎜ 1 3 ⎟ = 2r.
πr2 π (11 π ) ⎝π ⎠
23
29. Let x be the sides of the square ends and y the length of 30. V = πr2x
the package.
x + 2π r = 108 ⇒ x = 108 − 2π r (see figure)
P = 4x + y = 108 ⇒ y = 108 − 4x
r
x
31. No. The volume will change because the shape of the container changes when squeezed.
32. No, there is no minimum area. If the sides are x and y, then 2x + 2 y = 20 ⇒ y = 10 − x.
The area is A( x ) = x(10 − x) = 10x − x 2 . This can be made arbitrarily small by selecting x ≈ 0.
4
33. V = 14 = π r 3 + π r 2 h
3
14 − ( 4 3)π r 3 14 4
h = = − r
π r2 πr2 3
⎛ 14 4 ⎞ 28 8 2 4 28
S = 4π r 2 + 2π rh = 4π r 2 + 2π r − r = 4π r 2 + − πr = πr2 +
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝πr 3 ⎠ r 3 3 r
dS 8 28 21
= πr − = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 1.495 cm.
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dr 3 r2 2π
2
d S 8 56 21
= π + > 0 when r = 3 . r
dr 2 3 r3 2π
h
21
The surface area is minimum when r = 3 cm and h = 0.
2π
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390 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
4 3
34. V = 4000 = π r + π r 2h
3
4000 4
h = − r
πr2 3
Let k = cost per square foot of the surface area of the sides, then 2k = cost per square foot of the hemispherical ends.
( ) ⎡ ⎛ 4000 4 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 16
C = 2k 4π r 2 + k ( 2π rh) = k ⎢8π r 2 + 2π r ⎜ 2 − r ⎟⎥ = k ⎢ π r 2 +
⎣ ⎝ πr 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣3
8000⎤
r ⎥⎦
dC ⎡32 8000⎤ 750
= k πr − = 0 when r = 3 ≈ 6.204 ft and h ≈ 24.814 ft.
dr ⎢3 r 2 ⎥ π
⎣ ⎦
d 2C ⎡32 12,000⎤ 750
By the Second Derivative Test, you have = k⎢ π + > 0 when r = 3 .
dr 2 ⎣3 r 3 ⎦⎥ π
750
The cost is minimum when r = 3 ft and h ≈ 24.814 ft.
π
35. Let x be the length of a side of the square and y the length of a side of the triangle.
4x + 3y = 10
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
A = x2 + y y
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
=
(10 − 3y )2 +
3
y2
16 4
dA 1 3
= (10 − 3y )( −3) + y = 0
dy 8 2
−30 + 9 y + 4 3y = 0
30
y =
9 + 4 3
d2A 9+ 4 3
= > 0
dy 2 8
30 10 3
A is minimum when y = and x = .
9 + 4 3 9+ 4 3
36. (a) Let x be the side of the triangle and y the side of the square.
3⎛ π⎞ 2 4⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + ⎜ cot ⎟ y where 3x + 4 y = 20
4 3 4 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
3 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 20
= x2 + 5 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ .
⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 3
3 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
A′ = x + 2⎜ 5 − x ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = 0
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠
60
x =
4 3 +9
( )
When x = 0, A = 25, when x = 60 4 3 + 9 , A ≈ 10.847, and when x = 20 3, A ≈ 19.245. Area is maximum
when all 20 feet are used on the square.
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 391
(b) Let x be the side of the square and y the side of the pentagon.
4⎛ π⎞ 2 5⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + ⎜ cot ⎟ y where 4x + 5y = 20
4 4 4 5
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 4 ⎞
= x 2 + 1.7204774⎜ 4 − x ⎟ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ 4 ⎞
A′ = 2x − 2.75276384⎜ 4 − x ⎟ = 0
⎝ 5 ⎠
x ≈ 2.62
When x = 0, A ≈ 27.528, when x ≈ 2.62, A ≈ 13.102, and when x = 5, A ≈ 25. Area is maximum when all 20 feet
are used on the pentagon.
(c) Let x be the side of the pentagon and y the side of the hexagon.
5⎛ π⎞ 2 6⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + ⎜ cot ⎟ y where 5x + 6 y = 20
4 5 4 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
π⎞
2
=
5⎛
cot x2 +
3
( 3)⎛ 20 −5x ⎞ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
4 2 5 6
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
5⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 20 − 5x ⎞
A′ = cot x + 3 3 − = 0
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
2 5 6 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
x ≈ 2.0475
When x = 0, A ≈ 28.868, when x ≈ 2.0475, A ≈ 14.091, and when x = 4, A ≈ 27.528. Area is maximum when all
20 feet are used on the hexagon
(d) Let x be the side of the hexagon and r the radius of the circle.
6⎛ π⎞ 2
A = ⎜ cot ⎟ x + π r where 6x + 2π r = 20
2
4⎝ 6⎠
2
3 3 2 ⎛ 10 3x ⎞ 10
= x + π⎜ − ,0 ≤ x ≤ .
2 ⎝π π ⎠⎟ 3
⎛10 3x ⎞
A′ = 3 3 − 6⎜ − = 0
⎝π π ⎟⎠
x ≈ 1.748
When x = 0, A ≈ 31.831, when x ≈ 1.748, A ≈ 15.138, and when x = 10 3, A ≈ 28.868. Area is maximum when all
20 feet are used on the circle.
In general, using all of the wire for the figure with more sides will enclose the most area.
37. Let S be the strength and k the constant of 38. Let A be the amount of the power line.
proportionality. Given
A = h − y + 2 x2 + y2
h + w = 20 , h = 20 − w ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
dA 2y x
= −1 + = 0 when y = .
S = kwh 2
dy x2 + y2 3
(
S = kw 400 − w2 = k 400w − w3 ) ( ) d2A
=
2x 2
> 0 for y =
x
.
2 2 2 32 3
dy
dS
(
= k 400 − 3w2 = 0 when w = )
20 3
in.
(x + y )
dw 3
The amount of power line is minimum when
20 6
and h = in. y = x 3.
3
y
d 2S 20 3
x
(−x, 0) (x, 0)
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392 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
39. h h π
θ x2 + 4 40. sin α = ⇒ s = ,0 < α <
2 s sin α 2
x 4−x
h 2tan α
tan α = ⇒ h = 2 tan α ⇒ s = = 2 sec α
C ( x ) = 2k x 2 + 4 + k ( 4 − x) 2 sin α
k sin α k sin α k
2xk I = = = sin α cos 2 α
C′( x) = − k = 0 s2 4 sec 2 α 4
x + 4
2
dI k
2x = x2 + 4 = ⎡⎣sin α ( −2 sin α cos α ) + cos 2 α (cos α )⎤⎦
dα 4
4x 2 = x 2 + 4 k
= cos α ⎡cos
⎣
2
α − 2 sin 2 α
3x 2
= 4 4
k
x =
2 = cos α ⎡1 − 3 sin 2 α ⎤
⎣ ⎦
3
π 3π 1
Oil well = 04 when α = , , or when sin α = ± .
2 2 3
4
2 3 Because α is acute, you have
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ =
2 sin α = ⇒ h = 2 tan α = 2⎜ ⎟ 2 ft.
4− 2 Refinery
3 3 3 ⎝ 2⎠
α α
4 ft
1 + (3 − x)
2
41. (a) S = x 2 + 4, L =
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
Time = T = +
2 4
dT x x −3
= + = 0
dx 2 x2 + 4 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
x2 9 − 6x + x 2
=
x2 + 4 (
4 x 2 − 6x + 10 )
x − 6x + 9x + 8x − 12 = 0
4 3 2
S= x2 + 4
2
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x 3−x
1
L= 1 + (3 − x 2
Q
You need to find the roots of this equation in the interval [0, 3]. By using a computer or graphing utility you can
determine that this equation has only one root in this interval ( x = 1). Testing at this value and at the endpoints,
you see that x = 1 yields the minimum time. So, the man should row to a point 1 mile from the nearest point on
the coast.
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 393
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
(b) T = +
v1 v2
dT x x −3
= + = 0
dx v x2 + 4 v x 2 − 6x + 10
1 2
x x −3
Because = sin θ1 and = −sin θ 2
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6x + 10
v1 v2 v1 v2
θ1
d 2T 4 1 2
( ) ( )
2 32 32 1
dx v x + 4 2
v x − 6x + 10
2
θ2 Q
1 2
p′′ t = = 0 t ≈
(1 + 4e−t 3 )
3
9
43. f ( x) = 2 − 2 sin x x2 + d 2 d 2
+ ( a − x)
2
2
44. T = 1
+
y
v1 v2
3 dT x x −a
= + = 0
x2 + d + ( a − x)
dx 2 2 2
2 v1 v d
1 2 2
1
Because
x −a
x
−π π π x
4 4 2 = sin θ1 and = −sin θ 2
−1
x 2 + d12 d 2 + ( a − x)
2 2
Because
3
d2T d 21 d 2
= + 2
> 0
( )
32 32
dx 2 v1 x + d12 v2 ⎡d 2 2 + ( a − x) ⎤
2 2
−1
(0.7967, 0.9795)
−
4 2
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⎣ this condition yields a minimum time.
⎦
Minimum distance = 0.9795 at x = 0.7967.
corresponds to d = 0.9795.
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394 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Different iation
45. V =
1
π r 2h =
1
π r 2 144 − r 2 46. (a) f (c ) = f ( c + x )
1 ⎡ 2⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥⎤
( ) (−2r ) + 2r
dV −1 2
= π ⎢r 144 − r 2 144 − r 2 c c +x
dr 3 ⎜ ⎟ =
2
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ec ec + x
=
1 ⎡ 288r − 3r 3 ⎤
π⎢ cec + x = (c + x)ec
⎥
3 ⎣ 144 − r 2 ⎦
ce x = c + x
= π⎢
(
⎡ r 96 − r 2 ⎤ )
⎥ = 0 when r = 0, 4 6.
ce x − c = x
144 − r 2 x
c =
ex − 1
By the First Derivative Test, V is maximum when
(b) A( x ) = xf (c)
r = 4 6 and h = 4 3.
− ( )⎤
−1
Area of circle: A = π (12) = 144π = x 10
2
e
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞ x ex
⎢ ⎜ x ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ e − 1⎠ ⎦
Lateral surface area of cone:
=
10 x 2
e (
x 1− e x )
( ) (4 6 ) ( )
2 2
S = π 4 6 + 4 3 = 48 6π ex − 1
1 2 e −1
144π − 48 6π = θ r = 72θ 6
2
144π − 48 6π
θ =
72
2π
=
3 ( )
3 − 6 ≈ 1.153 radians or 66° 0
0
9
x 2
(d) c =
ex − 1
lim c = 1
x → 0+
lim c = 0 0 4
x →∞
0
47. Let d be the amount deposited in the bank, i be the interest rate paid by the bank,
and P be the profit.
P = (0.12) d − id
(
d = ki 2 because d is proportional to i 2 )
( ) ( )
P = (0.12) ki 2 − i ki 2 = k 0.12i 2 − i 3 ( )
dP
( )
= k 0.24i − 3i 2 = 0 when i =
0.24
= 0.08.
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di 3
d 2P
= k (0.24 − 6i ) < 0 when i = 0.08 ( Note: k > 0).
di 2
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Sectio n 4.7 Optimization Proble ms 395
L
49. y = , a > 0, b > 0, L > 0
1 + ae − x b
⎛ a ⎞ aL − x b
−L ⎜− e − x b ⎟ e
⎝ b ⎠ = b
y′ =
( )
2
1 + ae− x b
( )
2
1 + ae − x b
y′′ =
(1 + ae− x b )
4
−x b ⎛ −aL −x b ⎞ ⎛ aL − x b ⎞⎛ a −x b ⎞
(1 + ae ⎝)⎜ b 2 ⎟ + 2⎜ be
)(
e ⎟⎜ eb ⎟
=
⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
= (
Lae −xb ae −x b −1 1
(1 + ae ) −x b 3
+ ae )b
−x b 3 2
−x ⎛1⎞
y′′ = 0 if ae− x b
=1⇒ = ln ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ x = b ln a
b ⎝a⎠
L L L
yb a = = =
( ln )
1 + ae
−(b ln a) b
1 + a(1 a ) 2
30
3
2 20
1
( 2 −2
2 , e ) 10
x (0.3, 4.7)
m
−2 −1 1 2
1 2 3
−1
4m − 1 5m − 6 10m − 3
S = ( 4m − 1) + (5m − 6) + (10m − 3) 53. S3 = + +
2 2 2
51.
1
m2 + 1 m2 + 1 m2 + 1
dS1
= 2( 4m − 1)( 4) + 2(5m − 6)(5) + 2(10m − 3)(10) Using a graphing utility, you can see that the minimum
dm
occurs when x ≈ 0.3.
64
= 282m − 128 = 0 when m = . Line: y ≈ 0.3x
141
Line: y =
64
x 4(0.3)−1 + 5( 0.3)−6 + 10( 0.3)−3
141 S3 = ≈ 4.5 mi.
(0.3)2 +1
⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛ 64 ⎞
S = 4⎜ ⎟ − 1 + 5⎜ 141 ⎟ − 6 + 10⎜ 141 ⎟ − 3
⎝ 141 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ S3
10
(0.3, 4.5)
m
1 2 3
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
396 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
Then, the area A is 8 times the area of the region given by OPQR:
A = 8
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1
h 2 + ( x − h)h = 8 r 2 − x 2 + x − ( ) ( r 2 − x2 ) r 2 − x2
⎤
= 8x r 2 − x 2 + 4x 2 − 4r 2
⎢2 ⎥ ⎢2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
8x 2
A′( x ) = 8 r − x − + 8x = 0
2 2
r 2 − x2
8x 2
= 8x + 8 r 2 − x 2
r 2 − x2
x2 = x r 2 − x2 + r 2 − x2 ( )
2x 2 − r 2 = x r 2 − x 2
4x 4 − 4x 2 r 2 + r 4 = x 2 r 2 − x 2 ( )
h
5x − 5x r + r
4 2 2 4
= 0 Quadratic in x 2 .
θ
2 4 4 2 2
5r ± 25r − 20r r ⎡
x2 = = 5 ± 5 ⎤. R
10 10 ⎣ ⎦ O
x
5+ 5
x = r ≈ 0.85065r Critical number
10
θ h θ x
(b) Note that sin = and cos = . The area A of the cross equals the sum of two large rectangles minus the common
2 r 2 r
square in the middle.
θ θ θ ⎛ θ⎞
A = 2( 2x)( 2h ) − 4h 2 = 8xh − 4h 2 = 8r 2 sin cos − 4r 2 sin 2 = 4r 2 sin θ − sin 2
⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ θ θ⎞
A′(θ ) = 4r 2 ⎜ cos θ − sin cos ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2 2⎠
θ θ 1
cos θ = sin cos = sin θ
2 2 2
tan θ = 2
12
) r (5 − ) (5 + )
⎤
⎡2r
(5 +
2 r2
= 8 5 5 + 4 5 − 4r 2
⎢ ⎥
⎣10 10 ⎦ 10
12
⎤ 2
⎡r4 + 2r 2 + 5r 2 − 4r 2
= 8 ⎢ ( 20)⎥
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⎣10 ⎦ 5
8 2 5
= r2 5 − 2r 2 + r2
5 5
⎡4 5⎤
= 2r 2 5 −1+ = 2r 2 ( 5 −1 )
⎢⎣ 5 5 ⎥⎦
2 ⎛θ ⎞ 1 1⎛ 1 ⎞
Using the angle approach, note that tan θ = 2, sin θ = and sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ = (1 − cos θ ) = ⎜1 − ⎟.
5 ⎝2⎠ 2 2⎝ 5⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ 4r 2 ( 5 −1 )
θ
So, A(θ ) = 4r 2 ⎜ sin θ − sin 2 ⎟ = 4r ⎜
2
− ⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = = 2r 2 ( )
5 −1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5 2⎝ 5 ⎠⎠ 2
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Sectio n 4.8 Differential s 397
⎝ x⎠ x
(
x 4 − 13x 2 + 36 = x 2 − 9 x 2 − 4 )( ) 6 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ( x − 3)( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 3) ≤ 0 a 2 − b2 = x + − x3 +
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
x x3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
So, −3 ≤ x ≤ −2 or 2 ≤ x ≤ 3. 6
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x + − x6 + + 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 3 = 3( x + 1)( x − 1) ⎜
x
⎟ ⎜
x 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) and (1, ∞ ).
Let f ( x ) =
(x + 1 x) − x 6 + 1 x 6 + 2
6
( )
So, f is increasing on [−3, − 2] and [2, 3]. (x + 1 x) + x + 1 x
3
( 3 3
)
f ( −2) = −2, f (3) = 18. The maximum value of f is 18. a −b
2 2
= = a −b
a +b
⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ x 3 + 3x + + 3 ⎟ − ⎜ x3 + 3 ⎟
x x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 ⎛ 1⎞
= 3x + = 3⎜ x + ⎟.
x ⎝ x⎠
1 1
Let g ( x) = x + , g′( x ) = 1 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1.
x x
2
g ′′( x ) = and g′′(1) = 2 > 0. So g is a minimum at
x3
x = 1: g (1) = 2.
Finally, f is a minimum of 3( 2) = 6.
y − 4 = 4( x − 2)
y = 4x − 4
6
2. f ( x) = = 6x −2
x2
−12
f ′( x) = −12x −3 =
x3
⎛ 3⎞ x 1.9 1.99 2 2.01 2.1
Tangent line at ⎜ 2, ⎟ :
⎝ 2⎠ 6
f ( x) = 1.6620 1.5151 1.5 1.4851 1.3605
3 −12 −3 x2
y − = (x − 2) = (x − 2)
3 9
T ( x) = − x + 1.65 1.515 1.5 1.485 1.35
2 8 2 2 2
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3 9
y = − x +
2 2
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398 Chapte r 4 Applicatio n s o f Differenti ati on
3. f ( x ) = x5
f ′( x ) = 5x 4
y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
y − 32 = 80( x − 2)
y = 80x − 128
4. f ( x) = x
1
f ′( x ) =
2 x
Tangent line at 2, ( )
2:
y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
1
y − 2 = ( x − 2)
2 2
x 1
y = +
2 2 2
5. f ( x) = sin x
f ′( x) = cos x
y − f ( 2) = f ′( 2)( x − 2)
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Sectio n 4.8 Differentia ls 399
ln x
6. f ( x) = log 2 x = , ( 2, 1)
ln 2
1
f ′( x ) =
x ln 2
1
f ′( 2) =
2 ln 2
1
Tangent line at ( 2, 1): y − 1 =
2 ln 2
( x − 2)
1 1
y = x +1−
2 ln 2 ln 2
7. y = f ( x) = x3 , f ′( x ) = 3x 2 , x = 1, ∆x = dx = 0.1
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
= 0.331 = 3(0.1)
= 0.3
8. y = f ( x ) = 6 − 2x 2 , f ′( x) = − 4x, x = − 2, ∆x = dx = 0.1
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
(
= 6 − 2( −1.9) − 6 − 2( − 2)
2 2
) = 0.8
= −1.22 − (− 2) = 0.78
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x ) dx
= f ( 2.01) − f ( 2) (
= −4x3 dx)
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≈ −14.3224 − ( −14) = − 0.3224
= −4( 2) (0.01)
3
= −0.32
11. y = 3x 2 − 4 12. y = 3x 2 3
dy = 6x dx 2
dy = 2x −1 3 dx = dx
x1 3
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400 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
13. y = x tan x 24. y = arctan ( x − 2)
(
dy = x sec x + tan x dx
2
) dy =
1
dx
1 + ( x − 2)
2
14. y = csc 2x
dy = −
3
dx ≈ 1 + (1)(0.04) = 1.04
(2x − 1)
2
( )
1 2
16. y = x + ≈ 1 + − 1 (−0.1) = 1.05
x
≈ 8 + (3)(0.1) = 8.3
sec 2 x
20. y =
x2 + 1 1
29. x = 10 in., ∆x = dx = ± in.
( )
⎡ x 2 + 1 2 sec 2 x tan x − sec 2 x( 2x ) ⎤ 32
dy = ⎢⎢ ⎥ dx
(a) A = x2
( x2 ) ⎥
2
⎣ +1 ⎦
dA = 2xdx
(
⎡ 2 sec 2 x x 2 tan x + tan x − x ⎤
)
= ⎢ ⎥ dx ∆A ≈ dA = 2(10)⎜ ± ⎟ = ± in.
2
⎢
( ⎥
)
2
x2 + 1 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 8
⎣ ⎦
(b) Percent error:
21. y = ln 4 − x2 =
1
(
ln 4 − x 2 ) dA 58 5 1
2 = = = = 0.00625 = 0.625%
A 100 800 100
1 ⎛ −2 x ⎞ −x
dy = dx = dx
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⎜ ⎟ 4 − x2 1
2 ⎝ 4 − x2 ⎠ 30. r = 16 in., ∆r = dr = ± in.
4
23. y = x arcsin x
(b) Percent error:
⎛ x ⎞ dA 8π 1
dy = + arcsin x dx
⎜ ⎟ = = = 0.03125 = 3.125%
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ A π (16)
2
32
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Sectio n 4.8 Differentia ls 401
(a) V = π r3
1 3
(a) A = bh
2 dV = 4π r 2 dr
1 1
dA = b dh + h db ∆V ≈ dV = 4π (8) 2 ( ± 0.02) = ± 5.12π in.3
2 2
2
1 1 (b) S = 4π r
∆A ≈ dA = (36)( ± 0.25) + (50)( ± 0.25)
2 2 dS = 8π r dr
dS 1.28π
∆C = dC = ±0.9 cm = 2 = 0.005 or 0.5%
S 4π (8)
C
C = 2π r ⇒ r =
2π
2
35. T = 2.5 x + 0.5 x 2 , ∆x = dx = 26 − 25 = 1, x = 25
⎛C⎞ 1 2
A = πr2 = π⎜ ⎟ = C dT = ( 2.5 + x )dx = ( 2.5 + 25)(1) = 27.5 mi
⎝ 2π ⎠ 4π
±28.8 dT 27.5
dA =
1
C dC =
1
(64)(±0.9) = Percentage change = = ≈ 7.3%
2π 2π π T 375
dA 28.8 π
= ≈ 0.028125 = 2.8% 36. Because the slope of the tangent line is greater at
⎡⎣1 ( 4π )⎤⎦ (64)
2
A x = 900 than at x = 400, the change in profit is
= units.
greater at x 900
dA ⎡⎣1 ( 2π)⎤⎦CdC 2 dC
(b) = = ≤ 0.03
A ⎡⎣1 ( 4π )⎤⎦ C 2 C 37. (a) T = 2π L g
dC 0.03 π
≤ = 0.015 = 1.5% dT = dL
C 2 g L g
(a) V = x3 dT (π dL) ( g L g )
=
dV = 3x 2 dx T 2π L g
dL
∆V ≈ dV = 3(15) ( ± 0.03) = ± 20.25 in.3
2
=
2L
(b) S = 6x 2 1
= (relative error in L)
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dS = 12x dx 2
1
∆S ≈ dS = 12(15)( ± 0.03) = ±5.4 in.2 = (0.005) = 0.0025
2
dS 5.4
= 2 = 0.004 or 0.4%
S 6(15)
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402 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
38. E = IR 43. Let f ( x) = 4
x, x = 625, dx = −1.
E
R = 1
I f ( x + ∆x) ≈ f ( x) + f ′( x ) dx = 4
x + dx
4 4 x3
E
dR = − 2 dI 1
I f ( x + ∆x) = 4
624 ≈ 4
625 + (−1)
( )
3
( )
4
− EI dI
2 4 625
dR dI
= = −
R E I I 1
= 5− = 4.998
500
dR dI dI
= − =
R I I Using a calculator, 4
624 ≈ 4.9980.
f ( x + ∆x ) ≈ f ( x ) + f ′(x ) dx = x + 3x dx
3 2
45. f ( x) = x + 4
h 1
f ′( x) =
2 x + 4
θ
1
50 ft At (0, 2), f (0) = 2, f ′(0) =
4
dh = 50 sec 2θ ⋅ dθ 4
1
dh 50 sec2 (1.2479) y = x + 2
= dθ ≤ 0.06 4
h 50 tan (1.2479)
6
9.9316
dθ ≤ 0.06
2.9886 f
y (0, 2)
−6
dθ ≤ 0.018
6
−2
1
f ( x + ∆x) ≈ f ( x ) + f ′( x) dx = x+
3
dx
3 3 x2 −4
1 1
3
26 ≈ 3
27 + (−1) = 3 − 27 ≈ 2.9630
3 3 27 2 47. In general, when ∆x → 0, dy approaches ∆y.
Using a calculator, 3
26 ≈ 2.9625
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Review Exercises for Chapter 4 403
48. Propagated error = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x ), 50. Yes. y = x is the tangent line approximation to
f ( x) = sin x at (0, 0).
dy
relative error = , and the percent error f ′( x ) = cos x
y
f ′(0) = 1
dy
= × 100.
y Tangent line: y − 0 = 1( x − 0)
y = x
49. (a) Let f ( x) = x, x = 4, dx = 0.02,
51. True
(
f ′( x ) = 1 2 )
x.
∆y dy
Then 52. True, = = a
∆x dx
f ( 4.02) ≈ f ( 4) + f ′( 4) dx
1 1 53. True
4.02 ≈ 4 + (0.02) = 2+ (0.02).
2 4 4
54. False
(b) Let
Let f ( x ) = x, x = 1, and ∆x = dx = 3. Then
f ( x ) = tan x, x = 0, dx = 0.05, f ′( x ) = sec 2 x.
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) = f ( 4) − f (1) = 1
Then
f ′( x ) = 2x + 5 = 0 when x = −5 2 h′( x ) =
3
−1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 3 ⇒ x = 94
2 x
Critical number: x = −5 2
Critical number: x = 9 4
Left endpoint: ( −4, − 4)
Left endpoint: (0, 0) Minimum
Critical number: ( −5 2, −25 4) Minimum
Critical number: (9 4, 9 4) Maximum
Right endpoint: (0, 0) Maximum
Right endpoint: (9, 0) Minimum
2. f ( x) = x 3 + 6x 2 , [− 6, 1]
4x
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 + 12x = 3x( x + 4) = 0 when x = 0, − 4 5. f ( x) = , [− 4, 4]
x2 + 9
(x )
+ 9 4− 4 x( 2 x) 36 − 4 x
Critical numbers: x = 0, − 4 () 2 2
f′ x = =
Left endpoint: ( − 6, 0) ( x2 ) ( x2 )
2 2
Minimum +9 + 9
Critical number: (0, 0) Minimum = 0 ⇒ 36 − 4x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 3
f ′( x ) =
1 Critical number: 3, ( 2) Maximum
3
2 x
No critical numbers on (0, 4) (
Right endpoint: 4, 16
25 )
Left endpoint: (0, − 2) Minimum
Right endpoint: ( 4, 0) Maximum
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404 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
x 12. f ( x) = sin 2x, [− π , π ]
6. f ( x) = , [0, 2]
x2 + 1 Yes. f ( − π ) = f (π ) = 0. f is continuous on [− π , π ]
⎥
( ) ( )
−3 2 −1 2
⎡ 1
f ′( x ) = x ⎢− x 2 + 1 (2x)⎤ + x 2 + 1 and differentiable on (− π , π ).
⎣ 2 ⎦
3π π
f ′ x = 2 cos 2x = 0 for x = ± ,± .
1 ( )
= 4 4
(x )
32
2
+1 π 3π
c-values: ± , ±
No critical numbers 4 4
f (b)− f ( a ) 4 −1
7. g ( x ) = 2x + 5 cos x, [0, 2π ] = =
3
b − a 8 −1 7
g′( x ) = 2 − 5 sin x = 0 when sin x = 2
.
2 3
f ′(c ) =
5
c −1 3 =
f ′(c) = 1 + sin c = 1
f (0) = −7 ≠ 25 = f ( 4)
c = 0
c-value: 1 f (b)− f ( a ) 2 −0
3 = = 2
b − a 2 −1
x2 1
is not defined. ln c = 2 ln 2 − 1
2 −1 4
c = e 2 ln = ≈ 1.4715
e
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Review Exercises for Chapter 4 405
19. No; the function is discontinuous at x = 0 which is in 21. f ( x) = x 2 + 3x − 12
the interval [−2, 1].
f ′( x) = 2x + 3
= A( x1 + x2 ) + B
f ′(c ) = 2 Ac + B = A( x1 + x2 ) + B
2 Ac = A( x1 + x2 )
22. h( x ) = ( x + 2)
13
+8
x1 + x2
c = 1 1
h′( x) =
−2 3
2 (x + 2) =
3( x + 2)
23
3
= Midpoint of [ x1 , x2 ]
f ′(c) = 4c − 3 = 5
c = 2 = Midpoint of [0, 4] h is increasing on (−∞, ∞ ).
f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x − 3)
2
23.
Intervals: −∞ < x < 1 1< x < 7 7
< x < ∞
f ′( x) = ( x − 1) (1) + ( x − 3)(2)( x − 1)
2 3 3
24. g ( x) = ( x + 1)
3
25. h( x ) = x ( x − 3) = x3 2 − 3x1 2
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406 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
27. f (t ) = ( 2 − t )2t 1 1
Intervals: −∞ < t < 2 − 2− < t < ∞
f ′(t ) = ( 2 − t )2 ln 2 − 2 = 2 ⎡⎣( 2 − t ) ln 2 − 1⎤⎦
t t t ln 2 ln 2
1
t = 2− ≈ 0.5573, Critical number
ln 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Increasing on: −∞, 2 −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ln 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
Decreasing on: 2 − ,∞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ln 2 ⎠
⎛ 15 5 15 ⎞
(c) Relative maximum: − ,
⎜ 6 9 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 15 5 15 ⎞
Relative minimum: , −
⎜ 6 9 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4
(d)
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−6 6
−4
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Review Exercises for Chapter 4 407
h′(t ) = t 3 − 8 = 0 when t = 2.
(b) (d) 10
Intervals: −∞ < t < 2 2 < t < ∞
− 15
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
32. (a) g ( x) =
4
(
1 3
x − 8x )
3 8 2 6
g′( x ) = x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ±
4 3 3
(b)
2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6
Intervals: −∞ < x < − − < x < < x < ∞
3 3 3 3
Sign of g′( x) : g′( x ) > 0 g′( x ) < 0 g′( x ) > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Increasing
⎛ 2 6 8 6⎞
(c) Relative maximum: − ,
⎜ 3 9 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛2 6 8 6⎞
Relative minimum: , −
⎜ 3 9 ⎟⎠
⎝
(d) 6
−9 9
−6
x + 4
33. (a) f ( x) =
x2
x (1)− ( x + 4)( 2 x)
2
x 2 + 8x x +8
( )
f′ x = = − = −
x4 x4 x3
f ′( x) = 0 when x = −8.
Discontinuity at: x = 0
(b) 0 < x < ∞
Intervals: −∞ < x < −8 −8 < x < 0
− 10 5
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−2
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408 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
x 2 − 3x − 4
34. (a) f ( x) =
x − 2
f ′( x) =
(x (
− 2)( 2 x − 3) − x −23x − 4 (1) )
(x − 2)
2
2x 2 − 7x + 6 − x 2 + 3x + 4
=
( x − 2)2
x 2 − 4x + 10
=
( x − 2) 2
f ′( x) ≠ 0 since x 2 − 4x + 10 = 0 has no real roots.
Discountinuity at: x = 2
(b)
Intervals: −∞ < x < 2 2 < x < ∞
−8 10
−6
3π 7π
Critical numbers: x = ,
4 4
(b) 3π 3π 7π 7π
Intervals: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2π
4 4 4 4
Sign of f ′( x ) : f ′( x) < 0 f ′( x) > 0 f ′( x) < 0
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
⎛ 3π ⎞
(c) Relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞
Relative maximum: ⎜ , 2⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
(d) 2
0 2p
−2
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Review Exercises for Chapter 4 409
3 ⎛ πx
36. (a) g ( x) = − 1 ⎞, [0, 4]
sin
⎜
⎟
2 ⎝ 2
⎠
3⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ πx 2 2
g ( x) = cos − 1⎟ = 0 when x = 1 + , 3 + .
′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ π π
2⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(b) 2 2 2 2
Intervals: 0 < x <1+ 1+ < x < 3+ 3+ < x < 4
π π π π
Sign of g′( x ) : g′( x) > 0 g′( x) < 0 g′( x) > 0
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Increasing
2 3
(c) Relative maximum: ⎜⎛1 + , ⎞⎟
⎝ π 2⎠
⎛ 2 3⎞
Relative minimum: ⎜3 + , − ⎟
⎝ π 2⎠
2
(d)
0 4
−2
37. f ( x) = x3 − 9x 2
f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 18x
f ′′( x) = 6x − 18 = 0 when x = 3.
(
Points of inflection: − 16 , − 216
5
, ) ( 16, − 216
5
)
39. g ( x) = x x + 5, Domain: x ≥ −5
⎛1⎞ 3x +10
+ ( x + 5) = ( x + 5) ( x + 2( x + 5)) =
−1 2 1 −1 2
g′( x) = x⎜ ⎟( x + 5)
12
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 x +5
−1 2
4( x + 5) No inflection
point
Concave upward on ( −5, ∞ )
of
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4( x + 5) 4( x + 5)
32 32
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410 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
40. f ( x) = 3x − 5x3
f ′( x) = 3 − 15x 2
f ′′( x ) = −30x = 0 when x = 0.
⎛ π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
Points of inflection: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
42. f ( x) = tan
x
, (0, 2π ) 45. (
g ( x ) = 2x 2 1 − x 2 )
4
1
g′ x = −4x 2x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ±
1 x
f ′( x ) = sec 2
4 4 ( ) ( )
2
1 x x ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ g ( x) 4 24x
f ′′( x) = (2)⎛ sec 2 tan
′′ = − 2
4
⎜
4
⎟⎜ ⎟
4 4 g′′ 0 = 4 > 0 0, 0 is a relative minimum.
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ () ( )
1 x x
= sec 2 tan > 0 on (0, 2π ). ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
8 4 4 g′′⎜ ± ⎟ = −8 < 0 ⎜ ± , ⎟ are relative maxima.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
Concave upward on (0, 2π )
2
h′(t ) = 1 − = 0 ⇒ t = 3
f ( x) = ( x + 9)
2
43. t +1
f ′( x ) = 2( x + 9) = 0 ⇒ x = −9 1
h′′(t ) =
(t + 1)
3/ 2
f ′′( x) = 2 > 0 ⇒ ( −9, 0) is a relative minimum.
1
h′′ 3 = > 0 3, −5 is a relative minimum.
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f ′( x) = 6x 2 = 22x − 8 = 2( x + 4)(3x − 1)
18
f x = 2x +
Critical numbers: x = − 4, 1 47. ( )
3 x
18
f ′′( x) = 12x + 22 f ′( x) = 2 − = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 = 18 ⇒ x = ±3
x2
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Review Exercises fo r Chap ter 4 411
1
h′( x) = 1 + 2 sin x = 0 ⇒ sin x = −
2
7π 11π 19π 23π
Critical numbers: x = , , ,
6 6 6 6
h′′( x ) = 2 cos x
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
h′′⎜ ⎟ = − 3 < 0 ⇒ ⎜ , + 3 ⎟ ≈ (3.665, 5.397) is a relative maximum.
6 6 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 11π ⎞ ⎛ 11π 11π ⎞
h′′ = 3 > 0 ⇒ , − 3 ≈ (5.760, 4.028) is a relative minimum.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 19π ⎞ ⎛ 19π 19π ⎞
h′′ = − 3 < 0 ⇒ , + 3 ≈ (9.948, 11.680) is a relative maximum.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 23π ⎞ ⎛ 23π 23π ⎞
h′′ = 3 > 0 ⇒ , − 3 ≈ (12.043, 10.311) is a relative minimum.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
49. y 53. (a)
D = 0.00188t 4 − 0.1273t 3 + 2.672t 2 − 7.81t + 77.1,
7
6
(5, f (5))
5
0 ≤ t ≤ 40
4
3 (3, f (3))
2 (b) 800
1 (6, 0)
x
−1 (0, 0) 2 3 4 5 7
y
50. 0
0
40
7
6
⎛ 18,000 ⎞
54. t = 50 log10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18,000 − h ⎠
51. The first derivative is positive and the second derivative
is negative. The graph is increasing and is concave (a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000
= − + = 40
dx x2 2
20
h
x2 2 4,000 12,000
2Qs
x2 =
r (c) t = 50 log10 18,000 − 50 log10 (18,000 − h)
2Qs r
x
=
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dt dh
=
d 2t dh 2 50
(
l
n
1
0
)
(
1
8
,
0
0
0
h
)
=
50
(l
n
1
0
)(
1
8
,
0
0
0
−
h
)2
No critical numbers
As t increases, the rate of change of the altitude is
increasing.
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412 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
⎛ 1⎞ 5x
55. lim 8 + = 8+ 0 = 8 66. g ( x) = 2
⎜ ⎟
x →∞
⎝ x⎠ x + 2
2
5x 2 5
1 − 4x 1 x −4 lim = lim = 5
56. lim
x → −∞ x + 1
= lim
x → −∞ 1 + 4x
= −4 x →∞ x 2 + 2 x → ∞1 + 2 x 2 ( )
Horizontal asymptote: y = 5
2x 2 2 2
57. lim = lim = 10
x → ∞ 3x 2 +5 x →∞ 3 +5 x
2
3
y=5
4x3 4 x
58. xlim = lim = 0
→∞ x 4 + 3 x → ∞1 + 3 x 4 −9 9
−2
2
3x
59. lim = −∞ 2x + 3
x → −∞ x +5 67. h( x ) =
x − 4
x2 + x Discontinuity: x = 4
60. lim = 12
x → −∞ −2x 2x + 3 2 + (3 x)
lim = lim = 2
x →∞ x − 4 x →∞ 1 − ( 4 x)
5cos x
61. lim = 0, because 5 cos x ≤ 5.
x →∞ x Vertical asymptote: x = 4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
x3 x3
62. lim = lim 8
x →∞
x →∞ x2 + 2 x 1 + 2 x2
y=2
x2
= lim = ∞
x →∞ 1 + 2 x2 −6 12
6x 3x
63. lim = 6 68. f ( x) =
x → −∞ x + cos x x + 22
3x 3x x
lim = lim
x
64. lim does not exist. x→∞ x2 + 2 x →∞ x2 + 2 x2
x → −∞ 2 sin x
3
= lim = 3
65. f ( x) =
3
− 2
x →∞
(
1 + 2 x2 )
x
3x 3x x
lim = lim
Discontinuity: x = 0
⎛3 ⎞
x → −∞
x2 + 2 x → −∞
x2 + 2 − ( x2 )
lim − 2 = −2
x → ∞⎜ ⎟ 3
⎝
x
⎠ = lim = −3
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
x → −∞
− 1+ 2 x ( 2
)
Horizontal asymptote: y = −2 Horizontal asymptotes: y = ±3
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3 4
−5 5 y=3
−6 6
y = −3
y = −2
−7 −4
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Review Exercises for Chapter 4 413
69. f ( x) =
5 73. f ( x ) = 4x − x 2 = x( 4 − x)
3 + 2e − x
5
lim = 0 f ′′( x) = −2
x → −∞ 3 + 2e − x
Horizontal asymptotes: y = 0, y =
5 Therefore, ( 2, 4) is a relative maximum.
3
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( 4, 0)
3
5 y
y=3
5
(2, 4)
−3 3 4
y=0
3
−1
2
70. g ( x) = 30xe −2 x
1
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x
lim 30xe −2 x = 0
1 2 3 5
x →∞
y=0
f ′( x) = 12x 2 − 4x 3 = 4x 2 (3 − x) = 0 when
−2 10 x = 0, 3.
−1
f ′′( x ) = 24x − 12x 2 = 12x( 2 − x) = 0 when
x = 0, 2.
71. g ( x) = 3 ln 1 + e − x( 4
)
f ′′(3) < 0
(
lim 3 ln 1 + e − x
x→∞
4
)=0
Therefore, (3, 27) is a relative maximum.
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Points of inflection: (0, 0), ( 2, 16)
9
⎛ x ⎞ 10
72. h( x ) = 10 ln ⎜ ⎟ (0, 0) 5
⎝ x + 1⎠ (4, 0)
x
−2 1 2 3 5
Discontinuities: x = 0, x = −1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
lim 10 ln = lim 10 ln = 0
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
x→∞ x +1 x → −∞ x +1
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, x = −1
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
6 x=0
y=0
−9 9
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x = −1
−6
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414 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
75. f ( x ) = x 16 − x 2 77. f ( x ) = x1 3 ( x + 3)
23
Domain: [−4, 4]; Range: [−8, 8] Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
16 − 2 x 2
x +1
f ′( x) = = 0 when x = ± 2 2 and f ′( x) = = 0 when x = −1 and
(x + 3) x 2 3
13
16 − x 2
undefined when x = ± 4. undefined when x = −3, 0.
(
2 x x 2 − 24 ) −2
( )
x 5 3 ( x + 3)
43
f ′′ x = f ′′( x ) = is undefined when x = 0, −3.
(16 − x ) 2 32
−1, − 3
4 is a relative minimum. (0, 0)
is a point of inflection.
(
f ′′ 2 2 < 0 ) Intercepts: ( −3, 0), (0, 0)
(
Therefore, 2 2, 8 is a relative maximum. ) y
1 (0, 0)
(−3, 0)
Symmetry with respect to origin x
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2
y
2 2, 8 ) (−1, −1.59)
8
−3
6
4
78. f ( x ) = ( x − 3)( x + 2)
3
2
(−4, 0) (4, 0)
x
−8 −6 −2 2 4 6 8
f ′( x) = ( x − 3)(3)( x + 2) + ( x + 2)
−8 2 3
−2 2, − 8 )
= ( 4x − 7 )( x + 2) = 0 when x = −2, 4 .
2 7
(
76. f ( x ) = x − 4 )
2
2
(
f ′′( x) = 4 3x 2 − 4 = 0 when x = ± ) 2 3
.
( 7 16,875
)
3 Therefore, 4
,− 256
is a relative minimum.
2 16
Points of inflection: ± 2 3 3, 64 9 ( ) − 20
(0,−24)
− 40
Intercepts: ( −2, 0), (0, 16), ( 2, 0)
− 60
Symmetry with respect to y-axis
( 74 , − 16.875
256 )
y
24
20
(0, 16)
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
8
4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
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Review Exercises for Chapter 4 415
5 − 3x 81. f ( x ) = x 3 + x +
4
79. f ( x) =
x − 2 x
f ′( x ) =
1
> 0 for all x ≠ 2 Domain: ( −∞, 0), (0, ∞); Range: (−∞, − 6], [6, ∞)
(x − 2)
2
4
f ′ x = 3x 2 + 1 −
−2 ()
f ′′( x ) = x2
(x − 2)
3
3x 4 + x 2 − 4 3x 2 + 4 x 2 − 1 ( )( )
= = = 0
Concave upward on ( −∞, 2)
2
x x2
8 6x4 +8
Vertical asymptote: x = 2 f ′′( x ) = 6x + 3 =
≠ 0
x x3
Horizontal asymptote: y = −3
f ′′(1) > 0
y y
x=2
2
1 ( 35 , 0 Therefore, (1, 6) is a relative
10
x 5 (1, 6)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 minimum.
y = −3
−2 ( 0, − 25 Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −2 −1 1 2
x
(−1, −6) −5
−4 Symmetric with respect to x=0
−5
−6 origin
1 x3 +1
2x 82. f ( x ) = x 2 + =
80. f ( x ) = x x
1 + x2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: [−1, 1] Domain: ( −∞, 0), (0,∞ ); Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
1 2x 3 − 1 1
2(1 − x)(1 + x ) f ′( x) = 2x − = = 0 when x = .
f ′( x) = = 0 when x = ±1. 2 2 3
x x
(1 + x ) 2 2 2
f ′′( x ) = 2 +
2 (
2 x3 + 1 )
(
−4 x 3 − x 2 ) 3
=
3
= 0 when x = −1.
( )
f ′′ x = = 0 when x = 0, ± 3. x x
(1 + x 2 )
3
⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′′ > 0
⎜3 ⎟
f ′′(1) < 0 ⎝ 2⎠
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(− 3, − )
3 2 , (0, 0), ( 3, )
3 2 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
y
Intercept: (0, 0) 3
(−1, 0) x
y −3 −2 1 2 3
3
2
(1, 1)
1
x
−1 1 2 3
(−1, −1)
−2
−3
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416 Chapte r 4 Applicati on s o f Differentiation
83. 4x + 3y = 400 is the perimeter.
⎛ 400 − 4 x ⎞
A = 2xy = 2x ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠
8
⎟ = 100x − x
3
2
( )
dA 8
= (100 − 2x ) = 0 when x = 50.
dx 3
d2A 16
2
= − < 0 when x = 50. y
dx 3 x x
200
A is a maximum when x = 50 ft and y = ft.
3
x2 y2 1 85. You have points (0, y ), ( x, 0), and (1, 8). So,
84. Ellipse: + = 1, y = 144 − x 2
144 16 ⎟ 3 y −8 0−8 8x
m = = or y = .
⎛2
A = ( 2x)⎜
⎞ 4
144 − x 2 = x 144 − x 2 0 −1 x −1 x 2− 1
3 3
⎠ ⎝
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 8x ⎞
dA 4 ⎡ −x 2 ⎤ Let f ( x ) = L2 = x 2 + .
⎜ ⎟
= ⎢ + 144 − x 2 ⎥ x −1
dx 3 ⎣ 144 − x 2 ⎦
x ⎡ ( x −1)− x ⎤
4 ⎡ 144 − 2 x 2 ⎤ f ( x) = 2x + 128 =0
⎛ ⎞
′ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥ = 0 when x = 72 = 6 2. ⎜ ⎟ (x 1)
2
x −1
3 ⎣ 144 − x 2 ⎦ ⎝ ⎠ − ⎥⎦
64 x
The dimensions of the rectangle are 2x = 12 2 by x− =0
( x − 1) 3
2
y = 144 − 72 = 4 2.
x ⎡( x − 1) − 64⎤ = 0 when x = 0, 5 (minimum).
3
3
⎣ ⎦
y
(0, y)
10
−12 12 8 (1, 8)
6
−8
4
−12
2
(x, 0)
2 4 6 8 10
86. You have points (0, y ), ( x, 0), and (4, 5). So,
y −5 5 −0 5x
m = = or y = .
0− 4 4− x x − 4
⎛ 5x ⎞
Let f ( x ) = L2 = x 2 + ⎜ ⎟ (0, y)
⎝ x − 4⎠
L
x ⎡ x −4 − x ⎤
f ( x ) = 2x + 50⎜
(4, 5)
⎟ 2 = 0
⎝ x − 4 ⎠ ⎢⎣ ( x − 4) ⎦⎥ 5
(x, 0)
100 x
( x −) = 0 x⎡ x − 4
3
− 100⎤ = 0 when x = 0 or x = 4 +
( x − 4)3 ⎣ ⎦
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4
3
100.
25 x2
x 3
100 + 4
L = x2 + = ( x − 4)2 + 25 = 100 2 3 + 25 ≈ 12.7 ft
( x − 4) 2
x − 4 3
100
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Review Exercise s fo r Chapter 4 417
87. 89. You can form a right triangle with vertices (0, 0), (x, 0)
h 0 5 10 15 20
and (0, y). Assume that the hypotenuse of length L
P 10,332 5,583 2,376 1,240 517 passes through (4, 6).
ln P 9.243 8.627 7.773 7.123 6.248 (0, y)
12
(a) (4, 6)
−2 22
0 (0, 0) (x, 0)
P = Ce ah , C = eb ⎛ x ⎞ ⎡ −4 ⎤
f ′( x) = 2x + 72⎜ ⎟⎢ 2⎥ = 0
For our data, a = −0.1499 and ⎝ x − 4 ⎠⎢⎣ ( x − 4) ⎥⎦
C = e9.3018 = 10,957.7.
x ⎡( x − 4) − 144⎤ = 0 when x = 0 or x = 4 +
3 3
144.
⎣ ⎦
P = 10,957.7e −0.1499h
L ≈ 14.05 ft
12,000
(c)
L1
90. csc θ =
6
or L1 = 6 csc θ (see figure)
L2
0 22
sec θ = or L2 = 9 sec θ
0 9
dP L = L1 + L2 = 6 csc θ + 9 sec θ
(d) = (10,957.71)( −0.1499)e −0.1499h
dh dL
= −6 csc θ cot θ + 9 sec θ tan θ = 0
= −1.642.56e −0.1499h dθ 3
2 2
dP tan 3 θ = ⇒ tan θ = 3
For h = 5, ≈ −776.3. For h = 18, 3 3
dh
23 23 23
dP ⎛ 2⎞ 3 +2
≈ −110.6. sec θ = 1 + tan θ = 2
1+ ⎜ ⎟ =
dh ⎝3⎠ 31 3
sec θ 32 3 + 22 3
88. f ( x ) = x n , n is a positive integer. csc θ = =
tan θ 21 3
(a) f ′( x) = nx n −1
L = 6
(= 32 3 (= 32 3
The function has a relative minimum at (0, 0) when
+ 22 3 )
12
+9
+ 2 )
23 12
13 31 3
2
n is even.
( )
32
= 3 32 3 + 2 2 3 ft ≈ 21.07 ft
n−2
(b) f ′′( x) = n( n − 1) x
L1
6
The function has a point of inflection at (0, 0) when θ
n is odd and n ≥ 3. L2
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θ (π2 − θ
9
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418 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
91. V =
1 2
3
1
π x h = π x2 r +
3
( r 2 − x2 ) (see figure)
3
dV
=
1 ⎡
π
⎢
−x
+ 2x r + ( r 2 − x2 )⎥⎤ = πx
(2r 2
+ 2r r 2 − x2 )
− 3x 2 = 0
dx 3 r 2 − x2 3 r − x
2 2
⎣ ⎦
2r 2 + 2r r 2 − x 2 − 3x 2 = 0
2r r 2 − x 2 = 3x 2 − 2r 2
( )
4r 2 r 2 − x 2 = 9x 4 − 12x 2 r 2 + 4r 4
0 = 9x 4 − 8x 2 r 2 = x 2 9x 2 − 8r 2 ( )
2 2r
x = 0,
3
(0, r)
x r
(x, − r2 − x2
dV ⎡ ⎛1⎞ 12 ⎤ 2π x 2r 2 6r
( ) ( )
−
= 2π ⎢ x 2 ⎜ ⎟ r 2 − x 2 (−2x) + 2x r 2 − x 2 ⎥ = 2r 2 − 3x 2 = 0 when x = 0 and x 2 = ⇒ x = .
dx ⎣ ⎝2⎠ ⎦ r2 − x2 3 3
(x, r2 − x2
x
r h
(x, − r2 − x2
6r 2r
By the First Derivative Test, the volume is a maximum when x = and h = .
3 3
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2r ⎞ 4πr 3
Thus, the maximum volume is V = π r2 = .
⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜
3⎠ 3 3 ⎝3 ⎠⎝
93. y = f ( x) = 0.5x , f ( x) = x, x = 3, ∆x = dx = 0.01
2
′ 94. y = f ( x) = x3 − 6x, f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 6, x = 2,
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∆x = dx = 0.1
∆y = f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) dy = f ′( x) dx
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Proble m Solv ing fo r Chap ter 4 419
4
dy
= 1 + x sin x − cos x ∆p = p (8) − p(7) = 75 − ( 8
4 ) − (75 − 74) = − 14
dx
dp = − 1 dx = − 1 (1) = − 1
4 4 4
dy = (1 + x sin x − cos x) dx
[∆p = dp because p is linear.]
96. y = 36 − x 2
− x 400
−x 99. P = 100xe
dy
=
1
(36 − x ) (−2x) =
2 −1 2 , x changes from 115 to 120.
dx 2 36 − x 2
⎛ ⎞
− x 400 x − x 400
−x dP = 100⎜ e − e ⎟ dx
dy = dx ⎝ 400 ⎠
36 − x 2 ⎛ 115 ⎞
= e −115 400 ⎟(120 − 115)
⎜100 −
⎝ 4 ⎠
97. r = 9 cm, dr = ∆r = ± 0.025
≈ 267.24
4
(a) V = π r3 Approximate percentage change:
3
dP 267.24
dV = 4π r dr 2
P
(100) =
8626.57
(100) ≈ 3.1%
(b) S = 4π r 2
dS = 8π r dr
∆S ≈ dS = 8π (9)( ± 0.025) = ±1.8π cm 2
8
7
6
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5 a = −1
4
3 a = −2
2
a = −3
x
−2 −1 2
−2
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420 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
(b) (
p′( x) = 4ax3 − 12x = 4x ax 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ± ) 3
a
p′′( x ) = 12ax 2 − 12 = 12( ax 2 −1 )
For x = 0, p′′(0) = −12 < 0 ⇒ p has a relative maximum at (0, 0).
3
(c) If a > 0, x = ± are the remaining critical numbers.
a
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
p′′ ± = 12a − 12 = 24 > 0 ⇒ p has relative minima for a > 0.
⎜ a ⎟⎠ ⎜a⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
a ⎝a⎠ ⎝a⎠ a a a
2
⎛ ⎞
9 3
So, y = − = −3 ± ⎟ = −3x 2 is satisfied by all the relative extrema of p.
a ⎜ a⎟
⎝ ⎠
y
a=2 a=3
2 a=1
x
−3 1 2 3
−8
a = −1 a = −2
a = −3 a=0
c
3. f ( x) = + x2
x
c c c c
f ′( x ) + 2x = 0 ⇒ = 2x ⇒ x3 = ⇒ x = 3
= − 2
x x2 2 2
2c
f ′′( x) = 3 + 2
x
If c = 0, f ( x) = x 2 has a relative minimum, but no relative maximum.
c ⎛ c⎞
If c > 0, x = 3 is a relative minimum, because f ′′ 3 > 0.
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
c
If c < 0, x = 3 is a relative minimum, too.
2
Answer: All c.
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Proble m Solv ing for Ch apter 4 421
4. (a) f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0
f ′( x ) = 2ax
f ′′( x) = 2a ≠ 0
No point of inflection
(b) f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0
f ′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
−b
f ′′( x) = 6ax + 2b = 0 ⇒ x =
3a
One point of inflection
⎛ y⎞ k
(c) y′ = ky⎜1 − ⎟ = ky − y 2
⎝ L⎠ L + + + + + + − − − − −
y″
L
2k ⎛ 2 ⎞ y=
y′′ = ky′ − yy′ = ky′⎜1 − y ⎟ 2
L ⎝ L ⎠
L
If y = , then y′′ = 0, and this is a point of inflection because of the analysis above.
2
f (b) − f ( a) − f ′( a)(b − a )
5. Set = k.
(b − a)
2
Define F ( x) = f ( x) − f ( a ) − f ′( a )( x − a ) − k ( x − a) .
2
F′( a ) = 0, F′(c1 ) = 0.
f ′′( c2 )
k = .
2
f (b) − f ( a ) − f ′( a )(b − a ) f ′′(c2 ) 1 2
′ ′′
So, k = = ⇒ f (b ) = f ( a ) + f ( a)(b − a ) + f (c2 )(b − a ) .
(b − a)
2 2 2
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422 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
6.
5
θ
x
d = 132 + x 2 , sin θ = .
d
Let A be the amount of illumination at one of the corners, as indicated in the figure. Then
kI kIx
A = sin θ =
(132 + x2 ) (132 + x2 )
32
( x2 ) ( )
32 12
⇒ + 169 = 3x 2 x 2 + 169
x 2 + 169 = 3x 2
2x 2 = 169
13
x = ≈ 9.19 ft
2
By the First Derivative Test, this is a maximum.
7. Distance = 42 + x 2 + ( 4 − x)2 + 4 2 = f ( x)
x 4 −x
f ′( x) = − = 0
4 + x
2 2
( 4 − x) 2 + 42
x ( 4 − x)2 + 42 = −( x − 4) 4 2 + x 2
x 2 ⎡⎣16 − 8x + x 2 + 16⎤⎦ = x 2 − 8x + 16 16 + x 2 ( )( )
32x − 8x + x = x − 8x + 32x − 128x + 256
2 3 4 4 3 2
128x = 256
x = 2
The bug should head towards the midpoint of the opposite side.
Without Calculus: Imagine opening up the cube:
P
x
The shortest distance is the line PQ, passing through the midpoint.
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Proble m Solv ing fo r Chap ter 4 423
8. Let T be the intersection of PQ and RS. Let MN be the perpendicular to SQ and PR passing through T.
Let TM = x and TN = b − x.
SN MR b −x
= ⇒ SN = MR
b − x x x
NQ PM b −x
= ⇒ NQ = PM
b − x x x
b −x b −x
SQ = (MR + PM ) = dx
x
2
1 1⎛ b −x ⎞ 1 ⎡ (b − x) ⎤ 1 ⎡2 x 2 − 2bx + b 2 ⎤
() ( )
A x = Area = dx + ⎜ d ⎟ b − x = d ⎢x + ⎥ = d⎢ ⎥
2 2⎝ x ⎠ 2 x 2 ⎣ x ⎦
1 (
x( 4 x − 2b ) − 2 x − 2bx + b )⎥
A′( x ) d⎢
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
= 2
2 ⎢ x ⎥
⎣ ⎦
b−x
2
( )d T b
b − b 2
So, you have SQ =
b − x
d = = ( 2 − 1 d.) x
P M R
d
Using the Second Derivative Test, this is a minimum. There is no maximum.
⎧1, x = 0 f differentiable at x = 0: 0 = 0
⎪
f ( x) = ⎨6x + 1, 0 < x ≤1 f differentiable at x = 1: 2b = d
⎪x 2 + 4x + 2, 1 < x ≤ 3
⎩ So, b = −2 and d = −4.
⎧6x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤1
= ⎨ 2
⎩x + 4x + 2, 1 < x ≤ 3
g
By the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c in ( a, b) such that
f
b − a b − a
Because h′(c) = g′(c ) − f ′(c ) > 0 and b − a > 0, a b
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g (b) − f (b) > 0 ⇒ g (b) > f (b).
12. (a) Let M > 0 be given. Take N = M . Then whenever x > N = M , you have f ( x) = x 2 > M .
1 1 1 1 1
(b) Let ε > 0 be given. Let M = . Then whenever x > M = , you have x 2 > ⇒ < ε ⇒ 2 − 0 < ε.
ε ε ε x2 x
(c) Let ε > 0 be given. There exists N > 0 such that f ( x) − L < ε whenever x > N.
1 1
Let δ = . Let x = .
N y
1 1 1 ⎛1⎞
If 0 < y < δ = , then < ⇒ x > N and f ( x) − L = f − L < ε.
⎜ ⎟
N x N ⎝ y⎠
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424 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
13. y = 1 + x2 ( )
−1
15. Assume y1 < d < y2 . Let g ( x ) = f ( x) − d ( x − a ).
− 33
0 So, a < c < b and g ′(c ) = 0 ⇒ f ′(c) = d.
3
3
⎛ 3 3⎞
The tangent line has greatest slope at − , and x y 4
⎜ 3 4⎟ 16. The line has equation + = 1or y = − x + 4.
⎝ ⎠ 3 4 3
⎛ 3 3⎞ Rectangle:
least slope at , .
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 4⎠
Area = A = xy = x⎛ − x + 4 ⎞ = − x 2 + 4x.
4 4
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
km ⎛ m ⎞ 8 8 3
v ⎜1000 ⎟ A′( x ) x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ x =
h ⎝ km ⎠ 5 = −
14. (a) s = = v 3 3 2
⎛ sec ⎞ 18
3600
3
v 20⎜ 40
h
⎟ 60 80 100 Dimensions: ×2 Calculus was helpful.
⎝ ⎠
s 5.56 11.11 16.67 22.22 27.78 2
Circle: The distance from the center ( r, r ) to the line
d 5.1 13.7 27.2 44.2 66.4
x y
+ − 1 = 0 must be r:
3 4
r r
d ( s ) = 0.071s 2 + 0.389s + 0.727 + −1
3 4 12 7r − 12 7r − 12
r = = =
(b) The distance between the back of the first vehicle 1 1 5 12 5
+
and the front of the second vehicle is d ( s ), the safe 9 16
r r 7 12
So + =1⇒ r =1⇒ r = .
3 4 12 7
No calculus necessary.
0 30
0
T =
1
s
(
0.071s 2 + 0.389s + 0.727 +
5.5
s
)
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The minimum is attained when s ≈ 9.365 m/sec.
6.227
(d) T ( s ) = 0.071s + 0.389 +
s
6.227
T ′( s ) = 0.071 − ⇒ s2
s2
6.227
= ⇒ s ≈ 9.365 m/sec
0.071
T (9.365) ≈ 1.719 seconds
3600
9.365 m/sec ⋅ = 33.7 km/h
1000
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Proble m Solv ing fo r Chap ter 4 425
17. p ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
p′( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
p′′( x ) = 6ax + 2b
6ax + 2b = 0
b
x = −
3a
The sign of p′′( x ) changes at x = −b 3a. Therefore, ( −b 3a, p( −b 3a )) is a point of inflection.
⎛ b⎞ ⎛ b3 ⎞ ⎛ b2 ⎞ bc⎛ b⎞ 2b 3
p⎜ − ⎟ = a ⎜ − ⎟ + b ⎜ ⎟ + c ⎜ − ⎟ + d = − + d
3 2 2
⎝ 3a ⎠ ⎝ 27a ⎠ ⎝ 9a ⎠ ⎝ 3a ⎠ 27a 3a
−( −3)
x0 = =1
3(1)
2( −3)
3
(−3)(0)
y0 = − + 2 = −2 − 0 + 2 = 0
27(1)
2
3(1)
18. (a) T R
PQ − TR
x
8.5 − x
PQ
8.5 in.
C
x
P Q
x 2 + PQ 2 = C 2 ⇒ PQ 2 = C 2 − x 2
TR 2 + (8.5 − x) = x 2 ⇒ TR 2 = 17x − 8.52
2
(8.5x)2
= C 2 − x2
17x − 8.52
(8.5x)2 17x 3
C2 = x + =
2
17x − 8.52 17x − 8.52
2x3
C2 =
2x − 8.5
(b) Domain: 4.25 < x < 8.5
(c) To minimize C, minimize f ( x) = C 2 :
()
(2x ( )
− 8.5) 6 x 2 − 2 x ( 23) 8x3 − 51x 2
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f′ x = = = 0
(2x − 8.5) (2x − 8.5)
2 2
51
x = = 6.375
8
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426 Chapte r 4 A pplicati on s o f Different iation
π
(b) f ( x) = 1 = sin (ln x ) ⇒ ln x = + 2kπ .
2
Two values are x = eπ 2 , e(π 2) + 2π .
3π
(c) f ( x) = −1 = sin (ln x ) ⇒ ln x = + 2kπ .
2
π
f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ cos(ln x ) = 0 ⇒ ln x = + kπ ⇒ x = eπ 2
on [1, 10].
2
(
f eπ 2
)=1 ⎫
⎪
f (1) = 0
π 2
⎬ Maximum is 1 at x = e ≈ 4.8105.
f (10) ≈ 0.7440⎪
⎭
(f ) 2
0 5
−2
1
lim f ( x) seems to be − . (This is incorrect.)
x →0+ 2
(g) For the points x = eπ 2 , x = e −3π 2 , x = e −7π 2 , … you have f ( x) = 1.
That is, as x → 0 + , there is an infinite number of points where f ( x) = 1, and an infinite number where f ( x) = −1.
You can verify this by graphing f ( x) on small intervals close to the origin.
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