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ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

HENRISON C. SANCHEZ
Assistant Professor
Department of Engineering Sciences
College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University

DISTANCE FORMULA

A. Distance from Point to Point

The distance between two points 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by the formula 𝒅 =
√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐.

Example: The distance between 𝑷(𝟑, 𝟓) and 𝑸(𝟏, −𝟏𝟏) is

𝒅 = √(𝟑 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏)𝟐 = √𝟐𝟔𝟎 = 𝟐√𝟔𝟓

B. Distance from a Point to a Line

The distance from a point 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) to the line 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎 is
|𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪|
𝒅=
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

Example: The distance from the point 𝑷(−𝟒, 𝟐) to the line 𝟑𝒙– 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 is
|𝟑(−𝟒) − 𝟐(𝟐) + 𝟓| 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏√𝟏𝟑
𝒅= = =
√𝟑𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 √𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

C. Distance between Two Parallel Lines

Given the two parallel lines 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. The distance between two
parallel lines is:
𝑪𝟐 −𝑪𝟏
𝒅=| |.
√𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐

Example: The distance between 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟏 is

𝟓 − (−𝟏) 𝟔 𝟔√𝟓
𝒅=| |= 𝒐𝒓
𝟐
√𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐 √𝟓 𝟓

MIDPOINT FORMULA

The midpoint 𝑴(𝒙 ̅ ) of the line segment joining 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is
̅, 𝒚
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑴 (𝒙 ̅) = 𝑴 (
̅, 𝒚 , )
𝟐 𝟐
Example:
The midpoint of the line segment joining the points 𝑷(−𝟓, 𝟒) and 𝑸(𝟕, −𝟐) is
−𝟓+𝟕 𝟒−𝟐
𝑴 (𝒙 ̅) = 𝑴 (
̅, 𝒚 , ) = 𝑴(𝟏, 𝟏).
𝟐 𝟐

DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

𝒓𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑷 𝒓 𝒙𝟏 −𝒙 𝒓 𝒚 −𝒚 𝒓
Suppose P(x, y) divides P1P2 in the ratio , then = 𝒓𝟏 . That is, = 𝒓𝟏 and 𝒚−𝒚
𝟏
= 𝒓𝟏 .
𝒓𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝟐 𝟐 𝒙−𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Example 1: The segment joining 𝑷𝟏 (𝟏, 𝟑) and 𝑷𝟐 (𝟓, −𝟐) is trisected. Find the point of trisection
nearer to 𝑷𝟏 .

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𝑷𝟏𝑷 𝟏
Solution: =𝟐
𝑷𝑷𝟐
𝟏−𝒙 𝟏 𝟑−𝒚 𝟏
=𝟐 =𝟐
𝒙−𝟓 𝒚+𝟐
𝟐( 𝟏 − 𝒙 ) = 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒚 + 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 = 𝟕 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟒
𝟕 𝟒
𝒙= 𝒚=
𝟑 𝟑
𝟕 𝟒
Hence, 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝑷 (𝟑 , 𝟑).

Example 2. The segment joining 𝑷𝟏 (𝟓, −𝟒) and 𝑷𝟐 (𝟕, −𝟗) is extended beyond 𝑷𝟐 so that its length
is doubled. Find the terminal point 𝑷.
𝑷𝟏 𝑷 𝟏
Solution: =𝟏
𝑷𝑷𝟐
𝟓−𝟕 𝟏
=𝟏 → −𝟐 = 𝟕 − 𝒙 → 𝒙=𝟗
𝟕−𝒙
−𝟒+𝟗 𝟏
=𝟏 → 𝟓 = −𝟗 − 𝒚 → 𝒚 = −𝟏𝟒
−𝟗−𝒚
Hence, the terminal point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝑷(𝟗, −𝟏𝟒).

SLOPE OF THE LINE

The slope of the line passing through points 𝑷𝟏 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑷𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐) is:
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆, 𝒎 = =
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Note:
1. 𝒎 is positive if the line is inclined upwards to the right;
2. 𝒎 is negative if the line is inclined downwards to the right;
3. 𝒎 is zero for horizontal lines.
4. If the slopes of the two lines are equal, 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 , then the two lines are parallel.
𝟏
5. If the slope of the line 𝒍𝟏 is a negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line 𝒍𝟐 , 𝒎𝟏 = − ,
𝒎𝟐
then the line 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 are parallel.

EQUATIONS OF A LINE

a. Standard Form of a Linear Equation: Ax + By + C = 0

b. Slope-Intercept Form. Given a slope 𝒎 and 𝒚-intercept, 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃.
c. Point-Slope Form. Given a point 𝑷𝟏 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and slope 𝒎, 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).
𝒚−𝒚 𝒚 −𝒚
d. Two-Point Form. Given a two points 𝑷𝟏 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝒙−𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 .
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒙 𝒚
e. Two-Intercept Form. Given an 𝒙- and 𝒚-intercept, 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏.

Examples: Find the equation of the line satisfying the given conditions:
𝟐
1. with a slope of – 𝟑 and 𝒚-intercept of 4
𝟐
𝒚 = (− ) 𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟑
𝟑𝒚 = − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐

2. with slope 3 and passing through ( -2, 7)

𝒚– 𝟕 = 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒚– 𝟕 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔
𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎
3. passing through (5, 2) and (-6, 1)
𝒚−𝟐 𝟐−𝟏
= 𝟓+𝟔
𝒙−𝟓
𝟏𝟏(𝒚 − 𝟐) = 𝒙 − 𝟓

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𝟏𝟏𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎
4. with x-intercept = -3 and y-intercept = 4
𝒙 𝒚
+𝟐=𝟏
−𝟑
𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
5. parallel to the y-axis and passing through (5, -6)
𝒙 = 𝟓 parallel to y-axis implies that 𝒎 = 𝟎.
6. parallel to the line 7x – 2y = 3 and passing through (1, -2)
at (𝟏, 𝟐): 𝟕𝒙 – 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟕(𝟏) – 𝟐(−𝟐)
𝟕𝒙 – 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏
7. perpendicular to the line 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑 and passing through (1, -2)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟕(−𝟐)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Suppose 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝑹(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) are vertices of a triangle in counterclockwise

direction, the area of triangle PQR is given by:
𝒙 𝒚𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨 = | 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 |
𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

The angle between lines 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 is the angle 𝜽 that 𝑳𝟏 must be rotated in a
counterclockwise direction to make it coincide with 𝑳𝟐 .

𝜶𝟏 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒎𝟏
𝐿2
𝜶𝟐 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒎𝟐
𝐿1 𝜽 = 𝜶𝟐 − 𝜶𝟏
𝒎 −𝒎
𝛼2 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏+𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝜃
𝛼1

FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS, DRISA

A function is a relation such that no two-ordered pairs have the same first element. The
graph of a function is intersected by any vertical line in at most one point.

The domain of a relation is the set of all its x’s. To find the domain, solve y = f(x) and
determine all possible values of x.

The range of a relation is the set of all its y’s. To find the range, solve x = g(y). and
determine all possible values of y.

The x-intercept is the point on the curve that cuts the x-axis. To find the x-intercept, set
y = 0 and solve for x.
The y-intercept is the point on the curve that cuts the y-axis. To find the y-intercept, set
x = 0 and solve for y.

A curve is symmetric with respect to y-axis if the equation remains unchanged when x is
replaced by -x. It is symmetric with respect to x-axis if it remains unchanged when y is replaced

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by –y. It is symmetry with respect to origin if it remains unchanged when x is replaced by –x and
y is replaced by –y.

The asymptote of a curve is a line such that far enough on the curve, the distance between
this line and the curve is very close to zero. To find the vertical asymptote, solve for y = f(x)
and find all values of x for which the denominator becomes 0 while the denominator does not. To
find the horizontal asymptote, solve for x = g(y) and find all values of y for which the denominator
becomes 0 while the denominator does not.

SECOND-DEGREE EQUATIONS IN X AND Y

1. Standard 2nd –degree equation in x and y

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
Note: If 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 < 𝟎, the graph is an ellipse.
If 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎, the graph is a parabola.
If 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎, the graph is a hyperbola.

2. Circle
Circle is the locus of a moving point P(x, y) whose distance from a fixed point C(h, k),
called the center, is constant. The constant equal distance is called the radius.
In the standard 2nd-degree equation in x and y, if B = 0 and A = C, the equation becomes
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 or (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 . The graph of this equation maybe a circle,
point or empty set.

Note: 𝒓 is radius and (𝒉, 𝒌) is the center.

Examples:
1. The graph of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 is a circle with 𝑪(−𝟑, 𝟏) and 𝒓 = 𝟓.
2. The graph of 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟑𝟏 = 𝟎 is an empty set.
3. The graph of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟐𝟗 = 𝟎 is the point (2,-5).

3. Parabola

Parabola is the locus of a point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) which is equidistant from a fixed point 𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌),
called the vertex, and a fixed line called the directix.
In the standard 2nd-degree equation in 𝒙 and 𝒚, if 𝑩 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎 , the equation
becomes either
a) 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 which is equivalent to (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = ±𝟐𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌)
b) 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 which is equivalent to (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = ±𝟐𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉)
𝒑
Here, 𝒑 is the distance from directrix to focus, so that 𝟐 is the distance from vertex to
focus.

Note:
𝒑 𝒑
a) 𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌), 𝑭 (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝟐 ), axis is 𝒙 = 𝒉, directrix is 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± 𝟐, opens up/down.
𝒑 𝒑
b) 𝑽( 𝒉, 𝒌), 𝑭 ( 𝒉 ± 𝟐 , 𝒌), axis is 𝒚 = 𝒌 , directrix is 𝒙 = 𝒉 ± 𝟐, opens to the
right/left.

Examples:
1. The parabola 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓𝟕 = 𝟎.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓𝟕 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓𝟕 + 𝟗
(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐(𝒚 − 𝟒)

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𝒑
Thus, 𝟐𝒑 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 = 𝟑; 𝑽(−𝟑, 𝟒); 𝑭(−𝟑, 𝟕); 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔: 𝒙 = −𝟑;
𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙: 𝒚 = 𝟏; 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅.

2. The parabola 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
𝟏𝟓 𝒑 𝟑
(𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 = −𝟔 (𝒙 −
); =
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝟓 𝟑
has 𝑽 ( 𝟔 , −𝟒), 𝑭(𝟏, −𝟒), axis: 𝒚 = −𝟒, Directrix: 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟒; opens left
The degenerate cases for this 2nd-degree form are 1 line, 2 lines or empty set.

4. Ellipse
Ellipse is the locus of a point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) the sum of whose distances from two fixed points
(foci) is constant.
In the standard 2nd-degree equation in x and y, if 𝑩 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎, the equation becomes
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎, or
𝟐

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) ( y − k )2 ( x − h )
2 2

+ =1 or + =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
In both cases 2a is the sum of the distances from the fixed points, 2c is the distance
between the two foci; 𝒂 > 𝒄, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 , 𝟐𝒃 is the length of the latus rectum and eccentricity is
𝒄
< 𝟏.
𝒂
a) Major axis is parallel to the x-axis; minor axis is parallel to the y-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌), foci at
𝒄 𝒂
𝑭(𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌), vertices at 𝑽(𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌), eccentricity is 𝒂, directrices: 𝒙 = 𝒉 ± 𝒆 .
b) major axis is parallel to the y-axis; minor axis is parallel to the x-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌), foci at
𝒄 𝒂
𝑭(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒄), vertices at 𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒂), eccentricity is 𝒂, directrices: 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± 𝒆.
The degenerate cases for this 2nd-degree equation are point and empty set.

Examples:
1. The graph of 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎 which is equivalent to
( 𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟐 ( 𝒚 − 𝟑) 𝟐
+ = 𝟏; 𝒂 = 𝟑, 𝒃 = √𝟔, 𝒄 = √𝟑
𝟗 𝟔
is an ellipse which has major axis parallel to the x-axis, minor axis parallel to the y-
√𝟑
axis, 𝑪(𝟐, 𝟑), 𝑭(𝟐 ± √𝟑, 𝟑), 𝑽(𝟐 ± 𝟑, 𝟑), 𝒆 = 𝟑 .
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
2. The graph of 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒐𝒓 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏, 𝒂 = 𝟒, 𝒃 = 𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = √𝟕 is an ellipse
𝟗
whose major axis is the y-axis, minor axis is the x-axis, 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎), 𝑽(𝟎, ±𝟒), 𝑭(𝟎, ±√𝟕),
√𝟕
𝒆= .
𝟒

5. Hyperbola
Hyperbola is the locus of the moving point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) the difference of whose distances from
two fixed points (foci) is constant.
In the standard 2nd-degree equation in x and y, if 𝑩 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝑪 < 𝟎, the equation becomes
𝑨𝒙𝟐 − 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 or

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) ( y − k )2 ( x − h )
2 2

− =1 or b) − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
In both cases 2a is the difference of the distances from the vertices, 𝟐𝒄 is the distance
𝒄
between the two foci; > 𝒂, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 , and 𝒆 = 𝒂 > 𝟏.
a) The transverse axis is parallel to the x-axis, the conjugate axis is parallel to the
𝒄 𝒂
y-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌), 𝑽( 𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌), 𝑭(𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌), 𝒆 = 𝒂, directrices: 𝒚 = ± 𝒆 , asymptotes:
𝒃(𝒙−𝒉)
𝒚 = 𝒌± .
𝒂

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b) The transverse axis is parallel to the y-axis, the conjugate axis is parallel to the
𝒄 𝒂
x-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌), 𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒂), 𝑭(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒄), 𝒆 = 𝒂, directrices: 𝒙 = ± 𝒆 , asymptotes:
𝒂(𝒙−𝒉)
𝒚 = 𝒌± .
𝒃

Examples:
1. The graph of 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 which is equivalent to
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− = 𝟏; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝐚 = 𝟑; 𝒃 = 𝟓; 𝒄 = √𝟑𝟒
𝟗 𝟐𝟓
is a hyperbola whose transverse axis is the x-axis, conjugate axis is the y-axis,
√𝟑𝟒 𝟗
𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎), 𝑽(±𝟑, 𝟎), 𝑭(±√𝟑𝟒, 𝟎), 𝒆 = ; Directrix: 𝒙 = ± and asymptotes 𝒚 =
𝟑 √𝟑𝟒
𝟓𝒙
± 𝟑.
𝟓
2. Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices at (𝟎, ±𝟔) and 𝒆 = .
𝟑
𝟓 𝒄
𝒂 = 𝟔, 𝟑 = 𝟔, hence 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒, hence 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎 transverse axis is
𝟐

the y-axis.
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
The equation of the hyperbola is − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟏 or 𝟔𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟒.
𝟑𝟔

POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

In polar coordinates, the location of a point is determined relative t a fixed reference point
O (the pole) and to a given ray (polar axis) beginning at O.
Sign Convection:
1. 𝜽 is positive (+) if measured counterclockwise.
2. 𝜽 is negative (−) if measure clockwise
3. 𝒓 is positive (+) if laid off at the terminal side of 𝜽.
4. 𝒓 is negative (−) if laid off at the prolongation through 𝑶 from the terminal side
of 𝜽.

Distance between two points. The distance between two points (𝒓𝟏 , 𝜽𝟏 ) and (𝒓𝟐 , 𝜽𝟐 ) can be
found using cosine law, that is,

𝒅 = √𝒓𝟐𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽𝟐 − 𝜽𝟏 )

Relationship Between Polar and Rectangular Coordinates

𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝜽 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒙)

Examples: Express in terms of polar coordinates:

1. 𝑷(−𝟏, −𝟏)
𝟓𝝅
𝒓 = √(−𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟏)𝟐 = √𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏) = ; 𝜽 in QIII
𝟒
𝟓𝝅
Thus, 𝑷(−𝟏, −𝟏) = (√𝟐, ).
𝟒
2. 𝑷(√𝟑, −𝟏)
𝟏 𝝅
𝒓=𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (− ) = − 𝟔 ; 𝜽 is in QIV
√𝟑
𝝅
Thus 𝑷(√𝟑, −𝟏) = (𝟐, − 𝟔 ).

Express each of the following as a polar equation:

1. x2 + y2 = 4 Answer: r2 = 4
2. x2 + y2 = x – y Answer: 𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

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Graphs of Polar Equations

𝝅
1. 𝜽 = 𝟒 line
2. 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝟑 horizontal line
3. 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟒 vertical line
4. 𝒓 = 𝟒 circle with center at the pole and
radius 4
5. 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 circle of radius |𝒂| units
6. 𝒓 = 𝒂  𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝒂  𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Graph is any of the four limacons:

a) limacon with a loop if 0 < a/b < 1 Ex: 𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
b) cardioid if a/b = 1 Ex: 𝒓 = 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
c) limacon with a dent Ex: 𝒓 = 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
d) convex limacon Ex: 𝒓 = 𝟑 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔Ɵ
e) 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽
The graph is a rose having 𝒏 leaves if 𝒏 is odd and 𝟐𝒏 leaves if even .
𝑬𝒙: 𝒓 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 ← 4-leaved rose
𝑬𝒙: 𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑Ɵ ← 3-leaved rose

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS: Encircle the letter of the best answer. If none of the choices is correct, write Q.

1. Find the distance between the points (𝟒, −𝟐) and (−𝟓, 𝟏).
a. 4.897 b. 8.947 c. 7.149 d. 9.487

2. Find the length of the median through (−𝟐, −𝟓) of the triangle whose vertices are (−𝟔, 𝟐),
(𝟐, −𝟐), 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (−𝟐, −𝟓).
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

3. What is the domain of 𝒙 = −√𝟗 − 𝒚𝟐 ?

a. (-4, 0) b. (3, 0) c. all real numbers d. [ -3, 0]

4. Find the area of the triangle formed by the vertices 𝑷(𝟔, −𝟓), 𝑸(𝟏𝟏, 𝟔), and 𝑹(−𝟓, 𝟎).
a.146 sq units b. 73 sq units c. 33 sq units
d. 92.2 sq units e. 76 sq units

5. If 𝑷(𝒂, 𝒃) lies on the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒇(𝒙) is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚-axis, which
of the following points are also on the graph?
a. (𝒂, −𝒃) b. (−𝒂, 𝒃) c. (−𝒂, −𝒃)
d. (𝒃, 𝒂) e. (𝟎, 𝒃)

6. What is the distance from the point (2,4) to the line with equation 3x – y = 5.
10 3 10 3
a. 10 b. 3 10 c. d. e.
10 10 3

7. Find the distance from the point (𝟓, −𝟑) to the line passing through (𝟏, −𝟏) and (−𝟑, −𝟒).
a. 4 b.¼ c. 2
2
d. ½ e.
2
8. What is the value of k such that the lines whose equation are 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔𝒌𝒚 = 𝟕 and
𝟗𝒌𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 are parallel?
a. ½ . b. 9/8 c. ¼ d. 2/3
e. 2
9. The segment from (−𝟏, 𝟒) to (𝟐, −𝟐) is extended three times its own length. The terminal point
is
a. (𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟖) b. (𝟏𝟏, −𝟐𝟒) c. (𝟏𝟏, −𝟐𝟎)
d. (−𝟏𝟏, −𝟐𝟎) e. (−𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟖)

10. The midpoint of the line segment between 𝑷𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) and 𝑷𝟐 (−𝟐, 𝟒) is 𝑷𝒎 (𝟐, −𝟏). Find the
coordinate of 𝑷𝟏 .
a. (𝟔, −𝟓) b. (𝟓, −𝟔) c. (𝟔, −𝟔)
d. (−𝟔, 𝟔) d. (−𝟔, −𝟔)

11. Find the equation of the line containing (𝟑, −𝟏) and having a slope equal to 𝟐.
a. 2x + 2y = 5 b. 2x – y = 7 c. x + 2y = 1
d. x + 2y = 1 e. y – 2x = 7

12. Find the equation of the line through (𝟑, 𝟏) that is perpendicular to the line 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎.
a. 5x – y – 14 = 0 b. 6x – y – 13 = 0 c. 4x – y – 14 = 0
d. 3x – y + 12 = 0 e. 5y –x = 14
13. The intercept of a line on the y-axis is –3. If (5, 2) is a point on this line, find its slope.
a. –3 b. 1 c. 5 d. 0
e. –1

14. What do you call the straight line which joins a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the
opposite side?
a. median b. altitude c. base
d. side e. midpoint
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15. Determine 𝒌 so that the line 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌𝒚 = 𝟑𝟐 will pass through the point 𝑷(𝟒, 𝟑).
a. – 𝟒 b. 4 c. 28
d. – 𝟐 e. 2

16. Find the equation of the line that passes through (𝟐, −𝟑) and parallel to 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖.
a. 3x + y = 1 b. 3x + y = 3 c. x – 3y = 11
d. 2y + x = 12 e. 3y – x = 11

17. The linear function 𝒇 is defined such that 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟕 and 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟎. Find 𝒇(𝟓).
a. 1 b. –1 c. –3 d. –5 e. -7

18. The two points on the line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 which are at distance 𝟐 from the line 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 −
𝟔 = 𝟎 are:
a. (−𝟖, −𝟖) and (−𝟏𝟔, −𝟏𝟔) b. (−𝟒𝟒, 𝟔𝟒) and (−𝟓, 𝟐)
c. (−𝟓. 𝟓, 𝟏) and (−𝟓, 𝟐) d. (𝟔𝟒, −𝟒𝟒) and (𝟒, −𝟒)

19. This straight line is said to be such of the curve if the curve approaches this line more and
more closely but never really touches it except as limiting position at infinity.
a. asymptote b. symmetry
c. intercept d. domain

20. What is the equation of the line passing through the x-intercept of the line 𝟗𝒙– 𝟓𝒚 +
𝟑 = 𝟎 and perpendicular to the line 𝟏– 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎?
a. 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟓 b. 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚 = −𝟓
c. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟓 d. 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

21. Given the following points: 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟏), 𝑩(−𝟑, 𝟐) and 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟗). Suppose there is a point D whose
abscissa is 5. If the slopes of segments AC and BD are equal, find the ordinate of D.
a. −𝟓𝟔 b. 𝟏𝟎 c. −𝟓𝟒
d. −𝟖 e. −𝟔𝟐

22. What are the coordinates of the point that is | − 𝟑| units below the x-axis and 5 units to the
left of the y-axis?
a. (𝟓, −𝟑) b. (−𝟓, −𝟑) c. (−𝟓, 𝟑)
d. (𝟓, 𝟑) e. (−𝟑, −𝟓)

23. The midpoint of 𝑨𝑩 is at 𝑴(−𝟕, 𝟐). The abscissa of 𝑨 is 5 and the ordinate of 𝑩 is −𝟗. Find
𝑨 and 𝑩.
a. (5,-7), (6, -9) b. (5, 2), (-1, -19) c. (5, -2), (-6, 9)
d. (5, 13), (-19, -9) e. (19, 9), (5, 1)

24. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining
A(6, 2) and B(-1, 3).
a. 𝒚 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 b. 𝟕𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 c. 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
d. 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟕 e. 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓

25. Find the acute angle between lines 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎.

a. 15º b. 24.5º c. 45º d. 36.5º e. 43.2º

26. Find the equation of the circle with center at (−𝟐, 𝟑) and which is tangent to the line 𝟐𝟎𝒙 −
𝟐𝟏𝒚 − 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟎.
a. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 b. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
c. 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
d. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎

27. Find the area of the circle whose center is at (𝟐, −𝟓) and tangent to the line 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎.
a. 𝟔𝝅 b. 𝟑𝝅 c. 𝟗𝝅 d. 𝟏𝟐𝝅

28. Find the radius of the circle 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎.

√𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑
a. b. c. d. 𝟏𝟕
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟑

29. What is the diameter of a circle described by 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔.

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𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟖
a. b. 𝟑 c. 𝟒 d. 𝟑
𝟗

30. Find the value of 𝒌 for which the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒌 = 𝟎 represents a point circle.
a. 5 b. −𝟓 c. 𝟔 d. −𝟔

31. Find the equation of the parabola which passes through the points (𝟏, 𝟑) and (−𝟐, 𝟎).
a. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 b. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 c. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
d. 𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟐
e. 𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟐

32. A parabolic mirror has a depth of 12 cm at the center, and the distance across the top of the
mirror is 32 cm. What is the distance from the vertex to the focus?
a. 9/8 cm b. 9/2 cm c. 64/3 cm
d. 9/4 cm e. 16/3 cm

33. The parabola 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 open in which direction.

a. to the right b. to the left
c. upward d. downward

34. Determine the axis of symmetry of the quadratic function 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓.

a. 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 b. 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎
c. 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 d. 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

35. The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the form of a parabola when the load is uniformly
distributed horizontally. The distance between the two towers is 150 m, the points of support
of the cable on the towers are 22 m above the roadway, and the lowest point on the cable is
7 m above the roadway. What is the vertical distance to the cable from a point on the roadway
15 m from the foot of a tower?
a. 81 m b. 14 m c. 16.6 m
d. 18 m e. 16 m

36. What is the equation of the directrix of the parabola = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟕?

a. y = 23/4 b. y = 5/4 c. x = 23/4 d. x = 25/4

37. Find the length of the latus rectum of the ellipse 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎
a. 3.4 b. 3.2 c. 3.6 d. 3.0

38. What is the eccentricity of the ellipse 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎?
a. 0.531 b. 0.66 c. 0.824 d. 0.93

39. The major axis of the elliptical path in which the earth moves around the sun is
approximately 186,000,000 miles, and the eccentricity of the ellipse is 1/60. Determine the
apogee of the earth.
a. 94, 550, 000 miles b. 94, 335, 100 miles
c. 91, 450, 000 miles d. 93, 000, 000 miles

40. The chords of the ellipse 𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 having equal slopes of 1/5 are bisected by its
diameter. Determine the equation of the diameter of the ellipse.
a. 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎 b. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
c. 𝟔𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎 d. 𝟔𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎

41. Find the equation of the ellipse with center at y-axis, F(-3, 2) and V(4, 2).
a. 7𝑥 2 + 16(𝑦 − 2)2 = 112 b. 7𝑦 2 + 16(𝑥 − 2)2 = 112
c. 7𝑦 − 16(𝑥 − 2) = 112
2 2
d. 7𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 112

42. The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a semi-ellipse having a horizontal span of 40 m and a
height of 16 m at its center. How high is the arch 9 m to the right or left of the center?
a. 14.29 m b. 11.3 m c. 12.5
d. 14 m e. 14.5 m

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
43. The semi-conjugate axis of the hyperbola − = 𝟏 is
𝟗 𝟒
a. 2 b. −𝟐 c. 𝟑 d. −𝟑

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𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
44. What is the equation of the asymptote of the hyperbola 𝟗 − = 𝟏?
𝟒
a. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎 b. 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
c. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎 d. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎

45. Find the polar form of the equation 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎.

a. 𝟑𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝟒𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟐 b. 𝟑𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟒𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = −𝟐
c. 𝟑𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟒𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟐 d. 𝟑𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟒𝒓 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = −𝟐

46. Find the distance between points (𝟓, 𝟑𝟎°) and (−𝟖, −𝟓𝟎°).
a. 9.84 b. 10.14 c. 6.13 d. 12.14
𝝅
47. Convert 𝜽 = 𝟑 to Cartesian Coordinate.
a. 𝒙 = 𝒙√𝟑 b. 𝒚 = 𝒙√𝟑 c. 𝒚 = 𝒙 d. 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙√𝟑

48. Find the equation of a line normal to the curve 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒚 at (𝟒, 𝟏).
a. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 b. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
c. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 c. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎

49. Find the equation of the hyperbola with center at the origin, foci on 𝒙-axis, 𝒆 = √𝟓, and passing
through (𝟑, 𝟐).
a. 32𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 = 1 b. 32𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 32 c. 32𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1
d. 32𝑦 − 𝑥 = 32
2 2
e. 32𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1
2 2

50. The graph of y = 4(x + 1)2 – 2 is congruent to that of y = 4x2 but is

a. shifted 1 unit to the right and 2 units down.
b. shifted 1 unit to the left and 2 units down.
c. shifted 1 units to the left and 2 units up.
d. shifted 1 unit to the right and 2 units up.
e. shifted 2 units to the right and 1 unit down.

CLSU ABELE Review Class 2023 Analytic Geometry