Essentials of Genetics 9th Edition Klug

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The classic Hershey and Chase (1952) experiment that offered evidence in support of DNA being the
genetic material in bacteriophages made use of which of the following labeled component(s)?
A) phosphorus and sulfur
B) tritium
C) hydrogen
D) nitrogen and oxygen
E) None of the answers listed is correct.
Answer: A

2) In the classic experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase, why was the pellet radioactive in the
centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses?
A) The bacteria were in the pellet, and many contained the radioactive viral DNA.
B) The bacteria were in the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell
membranes. C) The radioactive protein coats of the viruses were in the pellet.
D) The radioactive viruses were in the pellet, and the bacteria were in the
supernatant. E) The radioactive viruses (coats plus DNA) were in the pellet.
Answer: A

3) Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in association with retroviral activity. It has the property of
.
A) synthesis of miRNA to cDNA
B) translation
C) synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
D) requiring no template
E) synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Answer: C

4) What are the two major components of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
A) RNA and DNA
B) carbohydrates and nucleic acids
C) RNA and protein
D) DNA and protein
E) lipids and nucleic acids
Answer: C

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5) Given the structure below, please answer the following questions. Is the accompanying figure DNA or
RNA?
Is the arrow closest to the 5' or 3' end? Spleen diesterase is an enzyme that breaks the
covalent bond that connects the phosphate to the 5' carbon. Assume that the dinucleotide is digested
with spleen diesterase. To which base and to which carbon on the sugar is the phosphate now
attached, A or T?

A) DNA; 3' end; T,

5' B) DNA; 5' end;
A, 5' C) RNA; 3' end;
T, 3' D) DNA; 3'
end; A, 3' E) RNA; 3'
end; A, 3'
Answer: D

6) The basic structure of a nucleotide includes .

A) amino acids
B) phosphorus and sulfur
C) mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
D) base, sugar, and phosphate
E) phosphorus and zinc
Answer: D

7) Regarding the structure of DNA, the covalently arranged combination of a deoxyribose and a nitrogenous
base would be called a(n) .
A) nucleoside
B) ribonucleotide
C) oligonucleotide
D) monophospate nucleoside
E) nucleotide
Answer: A

8) Considering the structure of double-stranded DNA, which kind(s) of bonds hold one complementary
strand to the other?
A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) van der Waals
E) hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Answer: B

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 9) If 15 percent of the nitrogenous bases in a sample of DNA from a particular organism is thymine,
what percentage should be cytosine?
A) 30 percent
B) 35 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 40 percent
E) 15 percent
Answer: B

10) In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of double-stranded DNA to see which bases are
equivalent in concentration, which of the following would be true?
A) A + C = G + T
B) A = G and C =
T C) A + T = G + C
D) A = C
E) A = G and C = T and A + C = G + T are both true.
Answer: A

11) Which of the following clusters of terms accurately describes DNA as it is generally viewed to
exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A) double-stranded, parallel, (A + T)/(C + G) = variable, (A + G)/(C + T) = 1.0
B) double-stranded, parallel, (A + T)/(C + G) = 1.0, (A + G)/(C + T) = 1.0
C) single-stranded, antiparallel, (A + T)/(C + G) = 1.0, (A + G)/(C + T) = 1.0
D) double-stranded, antiparallel, (A + T)/(C + G) = variable, (A + G)/(C + T) = variable
E) double-stranded, antiparallel, (A + T)/(C + G) = variable, (A + G)/(C+ T) = 1.0
Answer: E

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the
question.

12) Describe four major functions of DNA in a cell.

Answer: replication = duplication of genetic material; expression = production of a phenotype; storage =
stable maintenance and passage of information; variation = capable of alteration

13) Considering the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics, what general property is ascribed to DNA?
Answer: DNA makes RNA, which makes proteins.

14) In the 1860s, a Swiss chemist, Friedrick Miescher, isolated an acidic substance from cell nuclei. What
was the name of this substance, and what was its significance?
Answer: nuclein, contains DNA

15) Experiments conducted in the 1920s by Frederick Griffith involving the bacterium Diplococcus pneumoniae
demonstrated that a substance from one bacterial strain could genetically transform other bacterial
strains. What was the name of the substance capable of such transformation, and who finally determined
its identity?
Answer: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); Avery et al. (1944)

16) Briefly define transformation and describe the relationship between the phenomenon of transformation
and the discovery that DNA is the genetic material in bacteria.
Answer: Transformation is the process whereby one organism is genetically altered by exposure to DNA
from another organism. Because DNA can carry heritable "traits" from one organism to another, it
must be the genetic material.
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17) What was the Avery et al.'s (1944) contribution to the understanding of molecular biology?
Answer: a demonstration that DNA is the genetic material in Diplococcus

18) The strongest direct evidence that DNA is the genetic material comes from which contemporary
methodology?
Answer: recombinant DNA technology

19) Beatrice Mintz and others microinjected DNA into a fertilized mouse egg that after reaching maturity
could be transmitted to the mouse's offspring. What is the general term used to describe an organism that
incorporates foreign DNA?
Answer: transgenic

20) Present an overview of two classical experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material. Can
RNA
be the genetic material? Explain.
Answer: (1) Transformation in bacteria (Griffith through Avery et al.); see appropriate figures in the text. (2)
The Hershey and Chase experiment in bacteriophage; see appropriate figures in the text. Yes, RNA
can be the genetic material as described for the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), retroviruses, and many
others.

21) List two major differences between RNA and DNA at the level of the nucleotide.
Answer: ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA; uracil in RNA replaces thymine in DNA

22) If the GC content of a DNA molecule is 60 percent, what are the molar percentages of the four bases (G,
C, T, A)?
Answer: G = 30%, C = 30%, T = 20%, A = 20%

23) Assume that the molar percentage of thymine in a double-stranded DNA is 20. What are the percentages
of the four bases (G, C, T, A)? If the DNA is single-stranded, would you change your answer?
Answer: G = 30%, C = 30%, T = 20%, A = 20%; yes, more than likely

24) (a) Assume that A + T/G + C equals 0.5 in one strand of DNA. What is the ratio of these bases in the
complementary strand? (b) If A + G/T + C equals 0.5 in one strand, what is the ratio of these bases in
the complementary strand?
Answer: (a)
0.5 (b)
2.0

25) The base content of a sample of DNA is as follows: A = 31%, G = 31%, T = 19%, C = 19%. What conclusion
can be drawn from this information?
Answer: The sample of DNA is single-stranded.

26) What does it mean to say that double-stranded nucleic acids are antiparallel?
Answer: The C-5' to C-3' orientations run in opposite directions.

27) Name the pyrimidines and the purines in DNA.

Answer: pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine; purines: adenine and guanine

28) What is the name of the precursor molecule used in nucleic acid synthesis?
Answer: triphosphonucleoside

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29) During the polymerization of nucleic acids, covalent bonds are formed between neighboring nucleotides.
Which carbons are involved in such bonds?
Answer: C-3' and C-5'

30) What is the difference between a polynucleotide and an oligonucleotide?

Answer: Polynucleotides are polymers longer than 20 nucleotides; oligonucleotides are shorter
than polynucleotides.

31) Is the accompanying figure DNA or RNA? Is the circle closer to the 5' or 3' end?

Answer: RNA; 3'

32) Is the accompanying figure DNA or RNA? Is the circle closer to the 5' or 3' end?

Answer: DNA; 5'

33) Suppose that the dinucleotide in the accompanying figure were cleaved with the enzyme spleen
diesterase, which breaks the covalent bond connecting the phosphate to C-5'. After such cleavage, to
which nucleoside is the phosphate now attached?

Answer: deoxyadenosine

34) What is meant by the term antiparallel?

Answer: The two chains in a double-stranded nucleic acid are connected in opposite directions in terms of
5'-3' orientation.
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 35) List three forms of DNA.
Answer: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA

36) Provide an overview of the structure of Z-DNA.

Answer: left-handed helix with two antiparallel complementary strands, 1.8 nm in diameter, 12 bases per
turn, zigzag configuration, and shallow major groove

37) At what approximate wavelengths do DNA, RNA, and proteins maximally absorb light?
Answer: 260 nm, 260 nm, and 280 nm, respectively

38) All other factors being equal, the renaturation of the three classes of complementary nucleic acid
sequences occurs in what order, from fastest to slowest?
Answer: highly repetitive, moderately repetitive, unique sequences

39) Consider the structure of double-stranded DNA. When DNA is placed into distilled water, it denatures;
however, by adding NaCl, the DNA renatures. Why?
Answer: The negatively charged phosphates repel each other on the two sides of the helix. In distilled water,
these charges are not neutralized (by positively charged ions), and the hydrogen bonds, which hold the
double helix together, are broken. In the presence of positive ions, such charges are neutralized.

40) Explain how and why the following circumstances influence characteristics of temperature-induced DNA
melting:

percentage of GC base pairs

urea (forms hydrogen bonds with bases)
sodium chloride (neutralizes negatively charged phosphates)
Answer: GC pairs are composed of three hydrogen bonds and require more energy (heat) to separate than do
AT pairs. Urea competes for hydrogen bonds; thus, the bases pair with the urea rather than with each
other. This weakens the complementary associations that are required to hold the DNA helix
together; thus, less heat is required for melting. The sodium of sodium chloride associates with and
neutralizes the strong negative charges on the phosphates. The phosphates do not repel each other
with the sodium ion present; thus, the double-stranded structure requires more energy to melt.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

41) True or False: The transforming principle discovered by Griffith is RNA.

A) True
B) False
Answer: B

42) True or False: Hershey and Chase used labeled DNA and protein to determine that DNA is the genetic
material in bacteria.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

43) True or False: Avery et al. (1944) determined that DNA is the genetic material in T2 bacteriophage.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

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44) True or False: Deoxyribonuclease is an enzyme that adds 3'-hydroxyl groups to RNA.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

45) True or False: In ribose, the 2'-C has an OH attached to it.

A) True
B) False
Answer: A

46) True or False: In RNA, uracil is present instead of the thymine in DNA.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

47) True or False: DNA has no sulfur, and proteins have no phosphorus.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

48) True or False: G and C are present in both DNA and RNA.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

49) True or False: When considering the structure of DNA, we would say that complementary
strands are antiparallel.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

50) True or False: In 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper that described the structure of DNA.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A