21st Skills
21st Skills
21st Skills
Thinking
and
Reasoning Skills
Academic Instructor: Minh Lam Giang, Nguyen
Master of Science of Management
The University of Northampton, UK
http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
Rene Descartes
Learning 01 Critical Thinking
Outcomes
Ciritical thinking Involves judgment, reasoning, reflection,
questioning, metacognition and mental process.
02 How to improve
A number of skills can be learned to improve critical thinking skills
such as CAF, APC, Logic and Perception, Focus and Purpose,
AGO, deductive and inductive reasoning.
03 Elaborate Critical
Thinking
Through inquiry, writing and group collaborations, we can assess
critical thinking skills.
04 Deductive and
Inductive Reasoning
05 Assess Critical Thinking
1. DEFINITION OF THINKING
1.1 Definition
• Ruggiero. V. R. (2008):
Thinking is as a purposeful mental activity
over which we have some power or control.
Figure 5.1. The activity of human’s mind becomes thinking only when it is directed.
1. DEFINITION OF THINKING
•Thinking is a mental activity that can be carried out by
conscious, subconscious, or unconscious state of
mind.
• Thinking:
• Purposeful mental activity
• Help solve a problem
• Make a decision
• Fulfill one’s desire to understand
1. DEFINITION OF THINKING
Knowledge expansion
Development of In Communication Technology (ICT)
Rise of global economy
2. IMPORTANCE OF THINKING
This is a story about four people named Everybody,
Somebody, Anybody and Nobody.
There was an important job to be done and Everybody
was sure that Somebody would do it.
Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it.
Somebody got angry about that, because it was
Everybody’s job.
Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody
realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it.
It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when
Nobody did what Anybody could have done.
and mental
6.3. SKILLS OF CRITICAL THINKING AND REASONING
Consider All Factors Alternatives, Possibilities, Stay focus and set purpose Aims, Goals and Objectives
Choices
Increase the breadth of Key Questions Alternative definition to
perception and consider all (a) Perception Setting the focus Objectives
factors before making a Thinking Types Sub-Objectives
decision. (b) Action
(c) Solutions
(d) Approaches
(e) Explanation (f) Design
6.3.1. CAF: Consider All Factors
Jennifer is looking around a new
fridge and suddenly she spots her
favourite design of fridge. She asks
the salesperson about the condition
of the device, and she finds that the
condition is good, the colour is her
favourite shining silver and the price
is affordable. She drives it home with
delight. However, when she reaches
home, the fridge does not fit her
kitchen. She has forgotten to do a
CAF.
6.3.1. CAF: Consider All Factors
An Example:
Question
(a) Key questions: thinking habits should be started with a key question.
For focus and purpose thinking skill, we have to ask ourselves
(i) What am I looking at (thinking about) right now?
(b) Setting the focus: we should set our focus and purpose and not only
be aware of them. Ask ourselves “what do we want to focus on?” We
should be able to pick up and define different focus areas, and what do we
want to do with each focus area.
6.3.3 Focus and Purpose
5 TYPES OF THINKING: lead us to be purposive in our thinking.
(i) Exploring: looking around, increasing our knowledge and aware of our
surroundings or objects.
AGO - the thinking habit of 2 aspects that we can consider acquiring this skill:
wanting to know the focus Alternative Definitions of the Objective
and purpose of thinking at
every moment, but the focus Sub-objectives
is more of the overall purpose
or objective and not
moment-to-moment focus.
6.3.5 Deductive Reasoning
TOP-DOWN APPROACH
BOTTOM-UP
APPROACH
Figure 6.4: Inductive reasoning
Source: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/
6.3.5 Inductive Reasoning
Key Types of Term Defined Example
Deductive
Reasoning
Generalised Draws a conclusion from a generalization All the swans I have seen are white; therefore, all swans are
probably white
Statistical Draws a conclusion based on statistics 95 per cent of swans are white (an arbitrary figure, of course);
therefore, a randomly selected swan will probably be white.
Sample Draws a conclusion about one group based on a There are ten swans in this pond and all are white; therefore, the
different sample group. swans in my neighbor’s pond are probably also white
Analogous Draws a conclusion based on shared properties of two All Aylesbury ducks are white. Swans are similar to Aylesbury
groups. ducks. Therefore, all swans are probably white.
Predictive Draws a conclusion based on a prediction made using visited this pond last year and all the swans were white.
a past sample. Therefore, when I visit again, all the swans will probably be
white.
Causal inference Draws a conclusion based on a causal connection. All the swans in this pond are white. I just saw a white bird in the
pond. The bird was probably a swan.
6.4. ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING
Through Group
Through collaboration
inquiry writing
To identify issues and includes discussions, case
(i) What are the strengths and (v) What are my assumptions?
(v)What is the nature of ? formulate hypotheses and studies, task-related group
weaknesses of ? Are they valid?
arguments work, peer review, or debates
(vi) How can I work with facts, (i) A collaborative team has
(ii)What is the difference To focus and clarify our observations, and so on, in the likelihood to generate
(vii)What is a new example?
between A and B? thoughts order to convince others of better results than any
what I think? individual;
(ii) Individuals are exposed to
Questions that we might be (vii) What do I not yet
(iii) Explain why/how ? different perspectives while
asking (Gocsik, 2002) understand?
explaining their own ideas;
(iii) Collaborating on a project
is usually motivating, creates
(i) What information is most
(iv)What would happen if? interest, and increases the
important?
understanding and knowledge
of the topic.
(ii) What might be left out?
Practice
Student
Reflection
Find an example for Deductive Reasoning And
Inductive Reasoning.
Explain.
Thinking
and
Reasoning Skills
Learning 01 Critical Thinking
Summary
Ciritical thinking Involves judgment, reasoning, reflection,
questioning, metacognition and mental process.
02 How to improve
A number of skills can be learned to improve critical thinking skills
such as CAF, APC, Logic and Perception, Focus and Purpose,
AGO, deductive and inductive reasoning.
03 Elaborate Critical
Thinking
Through inquiry, writing and group collaborations, we can assess
critical thinking skills.
04 Deductive and
Inductive Reasoning
05 Assess Critical Thinking
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