Practical of Class Xi Biology

jxpRODUCTION scope (or simply a microscope) is a complex instrument which is widely and extensively used iP yund micros a to observe magnified image of an object which is invisible to unaided eye. ‘A compet Biol laboratory sm qo study of # MATERIALS REQUIRED a permanent slide, cloth, lens ne parts of a compound microscope. compound microscoPes cleaning fluid and lens cleaning PaPe parts of Compound Microscope compound microscope has following parts: ‘Base: It holds the weight of microscope and is bifurcated or rounded. Pillar: It is small vertical projection from the base. Mirror: Jt is attached to the lower end of the pillar. Anum I is curved and most of the parts of ‘microscope are attached to it. Stage: Tt is a rectangular plate attached to the lower side of arm. At the centre oft through which light falls on the specimenislide placed over the stage, Stage clips: Stage has two clips atthe sd ‘lips. They hold the slide firmly in place. Diaphragm: At the bottom of the stages ® diaphragm is Te controls the amount of light passing through the specimen. Body tube: It is a tubular hollow part attached to tl the help of screws. Coarse adjusting knobs: ‘These are bigger sized screws which make fast movement of body tube while 4 focussing, ae adjusting knobs: These are smaller sized screws which make very slow movement of body tube while focussing. Eye piece: It is a lens fitted at the top of body tube through which the magnified image of the object is seer, This is of magnification 10K or 15X. Nosepiece: It is a circular metallic structure attached below the metallic tube. Three different objectit lenses can be fitted into it. Objective lenses: They are attached to the nose maaeiiietione 10K (ow power) and 45K (high power). nosepiece (when present itis of 100X). ‘This mirror reflects ight upwards into the microscope. ne stage, a hole is present ies which are called stage present. he upper partof the arm. It can move up and down with piece, Usually two objective lenses are seen wit ’A provision of third objective lens is also seen inBIOLOGY ACTIVITIES», tens (contains 18 1 ere exenietiyaacaton) oyunerontnt Boy ube (onan ee Pee me ie (eupports body WPS ‘and adjustment knobs) a “ se Sais) (contain jenses of different saueeuaite cmon temas =m epee aaa sce press mercenenes apna et A rl IMENTS exre 59 sgpiroeT? classification om - Plantae class — Chlorephycene Genus Spireeyre comments opis commonly found in stagnant fresh : water bodies like ditch« 2, It is. green-coloured alga which is unbranched, filamentous cA re , my to touch. wre above the other in a Single 5 te lament consists of large number oflong,epindtial eels arranged 0 row. 4, Bach cell has extoplasm along the peri ng the periphery, one or more spiral ribbon-shaped chloroplasts with several pyrenoids, and a nucleus in the centre. +r single lange vacuole is also present in each cell Spirogyra Fel rod Sr panel teeeen he ol and sexually by conjugation med bety Coming poe eon the eas of two diferent filaments may also be found when in Chloroplast Nucleus | Pyrencids (a) ) Fig. 12.3. (a)AFliament of Spirogyra (b) A Cell of Spirog yra2, The yeast cells are ovoid in shape. ei, 8. Teas a distinct cell wall consisting of chitin which encloses the etop lasm, F 4. In the cytoplasm one or many vacuoles and a nucleus are present, ™ 5, Italo contains stored food in the form of glycogen and oll globules §. Te reproduces by budding so sometimes one or many buds may be attached to parent, Food storage granule rs Vacuole Nucleus Coll membrane. eas Fig. 12.7. Budding in yeast 7. Lichens Comments 1. Lichen is a symbiotic association between an alga and a fungus. 2, They usually grow on rocks, tree trunks, wall of houses, damp soil, ete, 8. The algal component of lichen called phycobiont prepare food while fungal component called m9" absobs water and minerals from the substratum. 4. On the basis of growth and nature of attachment to the substratum, lichens are divid categories—crustose, foliose and fruticose. eotie® fed into63 mn EXPERIMENTS out lobes, Their thallus aPPeAr? as athin ding thall. They ®7° ‘se lichens have thin, flat, inconspicuous thallus wit st which is closely attached to the substratum. hhens are leafy lichens which have flat, lbed a substratum by small rhizoid-like structures. have shrubby and branched thi encanta the» hich help them to attach to the su! 5. crust ayer or ert g, Foliose lie! attached to the _. Fruticose lichens have disc like structures w nd horizontally sPre ase, they alli which may be erect oF Ps stratum, Thallus ‘Thallus lobes Foliose Lichen Crustose Lichen Apotnecia ? ¥ [pothecium ruticose bichens Fig. 128 cet rocks in hilly ar¢a5- Class— Hepaticopsida springs and% On the ventral side of the leaflets, large numbor of Hreenish or black ase tks Struct ct ea a te These sacs are called sori (singular: sorus), fo. Each sorus bears a cluster of sporangia which contains spores, ~ 11. Pinus Classification Kingdom ~ Plantae Division ~ Gymnosperm Class — Coniferopsida Genus ~ Pinus Comments 1. Pinus isa “one-shaped, tall tree which is found in temperate and sub-tropical Tegions ON the My, 2. Its stem is hard, woody, cylindrical, rough and branched, 5. Tt bears two types of branches—branches of unlimited Srowth, and branches Of limit ited. 7. In Pinus tree, Cones are the x; i i i 5 ‘eproductive organs. As this tree ig Monoecious, are present in the same plant, rset male ana foala porrine ene | Male cones are snail, green and conical in shape, They are on which # large number of green and small microsporoph jporophyll wars two microsporangia at the base on the ventral pinged poten rsinns has @ borne in clusters. Bach male cone ils are attached: in ide, Microsporansi® aie megasporopbylls. In Yous yhylls spread apart. ‘iat ile develops into eontral 1», female cones are larger and consisting of parison to mile ¢ te ineqasporaphylla are compact but as the cone matures the megaspore? wrtilisation, ovU) 1 ach megunporop hy hin 2 ovules on the ventral surface, After fe microsporangia (Pollen sacs) (©) A microsporophyl ‘Tube nucleus wing (A)L.S. of male cone (0) Wingen pollen grain Fig, 12:19. Pinus (A) LS. of @ male cone (8) Amegasporophil (C) Amicrosporophyll (D) Winged pollen grain 12. Brassica campestris Classification Kingdom - Plantae Division — Angiosperm Class ~ Dicotyledonae Genus ~ Brassica Species ~ campestrisComments 1. Itis a cultivated annual herb. Plant body is differentiated into roots, stems and leaves, It has tap root system. {ts stem is soft and green and differentiated into nodes and internodes, From the nodes, leaves arise which are alternate, For the sexual reproduction, flowers are present which are bisexual, actinomorphig and te Reproductive organs are stamens and carpels. te Within the carpels ovules are present which after fertilisation develop into seeds, Seeds have two cotyledons. Simple with reticulate venation Shoot Root Secondary system root Fig. 12.14 13. Maize ’ Classification Kingdom - Plantae Division — Angiosperm Class ~ Monocotyledonae Genus ~ Maize Comments stems and leav. S root system, inednone ee EXPERIMENTS 9.5 REI Its stem is soft and green and differentiated into nodes and internodes. ‘ prom the nodes, leaves arise which are alternate sessile, simple, with parallel venation * or the sexual reproduction, flowers are present which are bisexual aod " Reproductive organs are stamens and carpels. Within the carpels, ovules are present which after fertilisation develop into seeds. _ Seed has one cotyledon.isi Aap yhlihy MOTT ene et aa ee emer cues Aittae —ee eae. “em — reeves me cree ee ricsF \TERIALS REQUIRED an Cae: museum specimens, models, photographs, charts), microscope, record file, pencil, qracet, AbOTRtOry pRINCIPLE Morphology is the study of the external characteristic features of the species. Morphological studies help in jjentifcation and classification of organisms, pROCEDURE 1. Microscopic organisms like Amoeba, can be studied with the help of microscope only. Observe their permanent slides under a microscope and note down characters of each. Draw a labelled diagram of each specimen depicting what is visible to you and give classification on the top of the diagram towards right side. 2. Large-sized specimens can be examined directly with naked eye or with the help ofa hand lens. Observe each specimen carefully and note down characters of each. Draw a labelled diagram of each specimen depicting what is visible to you and give classification on the top of the diagram towards right side. OBSERVATIONS 1, Amoeba proteus Classification ‘Kingdom - Animalia Phylum — Protozoa Class - Sarcodina Genus — Amoeba Species — proteus Comments 1. Itis a unicellular organism which is found in standing water such as ponds and ditches either sticking to the vegetation or in the mud at the bottom of the water body. Food vacuole2. Itis irregular in shape. omg 5. Its body is surrounded by plasmalemma inside which cytoplasm is present, 4. Cytoplasm is differentiated into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm 5. Within endoplasm, a prominent nucleus and many food vacuoles lie & Bndoplasm also contains a contractile vacuole which stores excretory waste and 088 Wate, ". Many finger-like projections called pseudopodia are also present, These Pseudopodi help ino and engulfing the food, Hydra Classification Kingdom ~ Animalia Phylum ~ Coslenterata Class ~ Hydrozoa Genus — Hydra Species ~ oligactis Comments 1. It is found in cool, fresh water of Ponds, lakes and streams, 2 Its body is elongated and cylindrical (polyp form). 5 Tthas only one opening called mouth which is situated at the oral end. A conical region called hypostome is present around the mouth, 4. Ithas 6-10, long, slender and contractile fentacles which surround the hypostome, These tentacles play important role in offence, defence, locomotion and food capturing. Contrary to oral end, its basal end is flat, With the help of this end, it attaches itaelf to the substratum. 6. Inmature Hydra, some buds for vegetative Propogation) or gonads (for sexual repro. duction) in the form of small bulges may be seen on the body. Fasicola hepatica (Liver fluke) Classification Kingdom — Animalia Phylum — Platyhelminthes Class — Trematoda Genus ~ Fasicola Fig. 18.2. Hycra olgactis af aerermen” i ot cone aoparasite which ni ich i : ; 1 ae? and goats. is found in the bile ducts of Meat ucker 4 nae oe eee is dorso-ventrally flattened and or 3, The anterior. part of the body has a conical end called head Jobe- 4, Hlead Jobe pears a mouth surrounded by a muscular oral gucke? 3-6 mmbehind (posterio _ ath eet eas dah ve his ventral sucker is called acetabulum. pig. 13.3. Liver Fok ¢, Between the oral sucker and acetabulum an opening called genital ‘aperture or Eonopore is present. 7, avthe tip of posterior end an opening called exeretory pore is situated. 4, Liver uke is @ pisexual organism. 4, Ascaris Jumbricoides (Roundworm) classification Kingdom — Animalia Phylum — ‘Aschelminthes class — Ascaroidea Genus - Ascaris 3 Species — lumbricoides i Comments ; 1. The shown specimen is “Ascaris lumbricoides which se commonly known as roundworm / 2, Iisa common endoparasite of the small intestine of man- 4, Its body is eylindrical, measuring 10-40 emin Jongth and 5-6 mm in diameter. 4nd male is shorter than female. + of these, the lateral lines are 4. Both the ends of its b ‘A dorsal, ventral an | Lines extend lengthwise: Ou te mouth with one dorsal and two ventral lips. camparatively more distinct terminal triradiat The anterior end ‘A small excretory pore #°P! snd the anterior end: In male, posterior end is curv’ sa pair of sicklelike copulatory spine (penial setae) close to ‘cloacal opening: nopore is present mid-ventrally abou' 4 Tn female, a female genital aP° from the anterior end. jasis which 10. Tteauses a disease called ascari t one third distance in children.Fig. 13.4. Ascaris lumbricoides 5. Pheretima posthuma (Earthworm) Classification Kingdom — Animalia Phylum - Annelida Class ~ Oligochaeta Genus ~ Pheretima Species — posthuma Comments 1. Ithas about 16 cm long, narrow, cylindrical body which is divided into more than 100 externally dis segments of almost equal size, These segments are called metamerse 2. The body has bilateral symmetry, ‘The dorsal surface ofits body is marked by a mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel). : The first metamere is called the peristomium, A mouth and @ covering for the mouth called prostoai is situated on the ventral side of peristomium, - At the tip of the last metamere, anus is present, The segments 14", 15°, and 1¢th together form a band which is called clitellum. Each segment except the first, last and clitellar segments bear setae which help in locomotion: Female genital aperture is present ventrally in the 14% segment whereas male genital apertures! in the 18% segment ventro-laterally. a 9. In the 17" and the 19% segments Just above and below the male genital aperture a pair of coP™ , papillae is present, : 10. Bie ere . It is a hermaphrodite animal but shows cross pollination.oer Prose Fang o oa8 satee citetum Mou te wae pening ci Motamores Genta Anus, : ® Fig. 13.5. Body of earthworm: (a) dorsal view (2) ventral view (c) lateral view showing mouth oPeni°a - irudinaria granulosa (Leech) Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum ~ Annelida Class - Hirudinea Genus - Hirudinaria Species - granulosa Comments soil near water bodies. 1, Itisfound in ponds, lakes, swamps and damp « blood from cattles and other 9, It is an ectoparasite which sucks mammals (sanguivorous). 3. Its body is elongated with convex dorsal surface, and flat ventral surface. 4k The dorsal surface of its body is olive green while the ventral orange-red. surface is orange-yellow to 5. Its body is divided into 33 segments ‘each having five superficial annul. ion and absorption. The anterior 6. Tt has two suckers for locomet} F i sucker s small and oval while posterior sucker is large andcircular. 1. Inthe centre of anterior sucker mouth is situated. 8. Anus is present on the dorsal side at the junction of the last metamere and the posterior sucker $. ‘The male and female genital apertures are situated on the ventral side in the middle of the 10% and the 11 metameres. Saree| ae 76 meer 7. Palaemon malcolmsonii (Prawn) Classification Kingdom ~ Animalia Phylum ~ Arthropoda Class ~ Crustacea Genus ~ Palaemon Species — maleolmsonii Comments 1. It is found in fresh water, 2. Its body is curved and 20-30 cm long. 8. Although its colour is variable but it is usually orange-red in colour, 4. Its body is divided into two regions—anterior cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and Posteriy abdomen, » The cephalothorax has a thick and hard shield-like cover, called the carapace. Anteriorly the carapay ©xtends to form a serrated and pointed rostrum, 10. Each abdominal segment bears a Pair of appendages. Appendages of the last segment are broader than appendages of other five segments. The appendages of last segment are called uropods while appendages of next five segment are called pleopods or swimming legs, Hepatic spine Antennal spine Orbital notch Pleural plate Walking legs Telson (chelate) Walking legs (non-cheiate) Fig. 13.7. Palaemon (Prawn)-emori Silkemoth) pT wit | yao NTT seu ‘arthropod Fass Genus Bom its omen white body i divided into hex, thres and abdomen. . small sized head which bears a pair of compound eyes and a pair of antennae. ars three pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of wings. ec] segments are in continuation with thoracic segments. rgings remain outstretched even in the sitting position. Fig. 13.8. Bombyx mor (sik motsikworm) Apis indica (Honey bee) Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Genus — Apis Species — indica i: Honey ee is asoci and lives in colOBY jnthe colony there are three distinct morphological forms va workers, and drones: . 2. Its aay divided into three distinct regions: head, eee ne 3. Head bears a pair of lare® ‘compound eye jor ae : iy Sn ‘yrface. OF the ventral si mall ocelli on the dorsal there are three80 MOTTA Comments It has streamlined body with a pointed snout, 1 2. The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales. 3. The body is divided into head, trunk and tail, 4. Head bears a ventrally located mouth and two large eyes 5. The teeth are modified placoid scales which are arranged in several rows and pointed backwardly 6. It has five pairs of gill slits which are not covered by operculum, 7. It possesses a number of paired and unpaired fins, Pectoral and pelvic fins are paired fins whit, ial ventral fin are unpaired fins, dorsal fins and a lobed caudal fin and mec 8. A median groove-like cloacal aperture is situated ventrally between the &. Tail is heterocereal ic., both lobes of caudal fins are unequal. 10. Lateral line sense organs are present, 11; Sexes are separate, Males bear claspers (copulatory organ) in pelvic region, two pelvic fins, Lateral line Cored bed Caudal fin Tail, Pelvic fin Gil sits Pectoral fin Fig. 13.12. Scoliodon (Dog fish) 13. Labeo rohita (Bony fish) Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum ~ Chordata ‘Subphylum — Vertebrata Superclass — Pisces Class ~ Osteichthyes Genus ~ Labeo Species —rohita Comments 1. It has streamlined body. 2. Skin is covered with eyeloid dermal scales, 5. They have a broad head with terminal mouth, 4 They have four pairs of gill slits which are covered by an operculum on each side. 5. They have different types of paired and unpaired fins, Paired fins, (pectoral fins and pelvic fins) help the fish to swim in water in upward and downward directions while unpaired fins (dorsal fin, ventral fin and caudal fin) provide stability to fish while swimming, 6. Tail is homocereal ic, both lobes of caudal fins are equal, iieo pine sense OFRANS Are Present, aver ME arate, Male do not have claspors, Lara tine caudal tin Fig. 13.13. Laboo (Bony fish) uu Rane tgrina (FOR) Classification Kingdom — Animalia phylum - Chordata subphylum ~ Vertebrata Class ~ Amphi Gonus ~ Rana Species -tigrina Comments 1. The body is divisible into two parts—head and trunk, Skin is dark greon with black patches, Due to presence of mucus, it is moist and slimy. 4. The head bears a wide terminal mouth, a pair of nasal opening and a pair of bulging eyes. 4, Underwater, a membrane called nietitating membrane protects the eyes. A circular membrane called tympanic membrane is present behind each eye, It covers the outer boundary of middle ear. 5, Trunk bears two pairs of limbs, Forelimbs ‘are smaller than the hindlimbs. 6. The forelimbs have 4 while hindlimbs have Sclawless digits, Web-like membrane is present in between the digits of hind-limbs. This is adaptation in the frog for swimming, In male frog during the breeding season, huptial or copulatory pads develop at the Fig. 13.14, Rana tigrina base of inner finger of each forelimb. a15. Calotes (Garden Lizard) 16, Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum ~ Vertebrata Class ~ Reptilia Genus ~ Calotes Comments, 1. Itis commonly found on the bushes, shrubs and trees, 2, Its body is divided into head, neck, trunk and elongated tapering tail. Body is covered with rough epidermal scales. + Its triangular head bears a wide mouth, a pair of nostrils and eyes. It has two pairs of pentadactyl (five digits) limbs. ‘The digits are long, slender and clawed. It is an insectivorous animal, + The skin provides the animal with protective colouration in its environment. Fig. 13.15. Garden lizard Hemidactylus Wall lizard) Classification Kingdom ~ Animalia Phylum ~ Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class ~ Reptilia ‘enus — Hemidactylug Comments 1 i 5 z E ‘Trunk bears four limbs : toclimb on the wall,” “*° With five clawed aiHemidactylus (Wall lizard) Fig. 13.16 Columba livea (Pigeon) Classification Kingdom — Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertel Class — Aves Genus - Columba Species - livea Comments LE hasetrontilined boar abit head, neck and t 2 Entire body is covered 3. Head is small and roun' nostrils, large eyes+ opening beak without teeth. 4. Byes are red colour and provides eyelids and nictitating membrane. sprata with feathers 4 which bears a pair of ig of the ears and @ with movable ‘vacuum pads in the limbs Fig. 13.17. Pigeon4 ~ ied into two wings which help in flying. furclawed digits of which three are forwardly directed ang Gee a This orientation of digits helps in perching. ior end of the trunk. 5. Forelimbs are modifi 6. The hindlimbs have backwardly directed, J. \Closcal aperture is present at the posteri 18. Oryctolagus lagomorpha (Rabbit) Classification Kingdom ~ Animalia Phylum — Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class ~ Mammalia Genus ~ Oretolagus Fig. 13.18. Orytolagus fagomorpha (Rabbit)

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