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    Helminth Introduction 160619043259

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    JaneYl
    The document provides an introduction to helminthology, the study of parasitic worms, discussing key terminology, classifications of worms into three classes, and characteristics of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Examples of important intestinal nematodes like roundworm, whipworm, and hookworms are described, along with their life cycles and pathogenesis. The learning method outlined involves understanding the infective stage, route of transmission, pathogenic stages, localization in the host, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology for different types of worms.

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    Helminth Introduction 160619043259

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    JaneYl
    10 views12 pages
    The document provides an introduction to helminthology, the study of parasitic worms, discussing key terminology, classifications of worms into three classes, and characteristics of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Examples of important intestinal nematodes like roundworm, whipworm, and hookworms are described, along with their life cycles and pathogenesis. The learning method outlined involves understanding the infective stage, route of transmission, pathogenic stages, localization in the host, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology for different types of worms.

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    Helminth

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    The document provides an introduction to helminthology, the study of parasitic worms, discussing key terminology, classifications of worms into three classes, and characteristics of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Examples of important intestinal nematodes like roundworm, whipworm, and hookworms are described, along with their life cycles and pathogenesis. The learning method outlined involves understanding the infective stage, route of transmission, pathogenic stages, localization in the host, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology for different types of worms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    10 views12 pages

    Helminth Introduction 160619043259

    Uploaded by

    JaneYl
    The document provides an introduction to helminthology, the study of parasitic worms, discussing key terminology, classifications of worms into three classes, and characteristics of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Examples of important intestinal nematodes like roundworm, whipworm, and hookworms are described, along with their life cycles and pathogenesis. The learning method outlined involves understanding the infective stage, route of transmission, pathogenic stages, localization in the host, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology for different types of worms.

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    of 12

    INSTITUTE OF PULIC HEALTH, DHAKA

    Department of Laboratory Medicine


    BSc in Health Technology (Laboratory)- 1st Year

    HELMINTHOLOGY
    Lecture No. 01(Introduction)

    By

    Sk. MIZANUR RAHMAN


    Assistant Bacteriologist, MBL, IPH
    MS in Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (UODA)
    MS in Microbiology (SU)
    MPH in Epidemiology (SUB)
    Norman Stoll, President of the
    American Society of
    Parasitologists
    1947 inaugural address
    “This wormy world”

    Called for a world-wide


    effort to control worm
    infections
    Method of Learning
    • Terminology
    • Introduction
    • Classification
    • Characteristics
    • Differences between the classes
    • Example and Life cycles
    HELMINTH/WORM TERMINOLOGY
    • Adults: sexually reproductive life cycle stage
    • Larvae: developmental or asexually reproductive life
    cycle stage
    • Eggs: stage protective of zygote &/or embryo
    • Cysts: usually a larval stage encapsulated in tissues
    of an intermediate host
    • Hypobiosis: worms in temporary developmental
    arrest
    • Monoecious/hermaphroditic: both sexes 1 body
    • Dioecious: sexes separate; males & females
    • Parthenogenesis: ability to produce offspring
    without fertilization of eggs
    Helminths, continued

    Worm-terms, continued
    • Oviparous: production of eggs, discharged from
    uterus of female
    • Ovoviviparous: production of eggs which hatch
    prior to discharge from uterus of female
    • Viviparous: production of embryos/L1 larvae, no
    rigid encapsulation of embryo
    Introduction to helminth
    • Helminth means worm. Their motile activity is
    accomplished by wriggling movement. The helminth of
    medical importance belong to 3 classes: Nematoda,
    Trematoda and Cestoda.
    • Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms and their
    effect on their hosts.
    • Geohelminths refer to the helminths which complete
    their life cycles not requiring the processes of the
    development in intermediate hosts. They have only one
    host and a simple life cycle, such as ascarid, hookworm,
    pinworm and etc.
    • Biohelminths refer to those that have to undergo the
    development in intermediate hosts to complete their life
    cycle , such as filaria, liver fluke, pork tapeworm and so on.
    Taxonomic classification of helminths
    Sub Phylum Class Genus – examples
    kingdom
    Metazoa Nematodes Ascaris (roundworm)
    Round worms; appear round in Trichuris (whipworm)
    cross section, they have body Ancylostoma (hookworm)
    cavities, a straight alimentary Necator (hookworm)
    canal and an anus Enterobius (pinworm or
    threadworm)
    Strongyloides

    Platyhelminthes Cestodes Taenia (tapeworm)


    Flat worms; dorsoventrally Adult tapeworms are found in the
    flattened, no body cavity and, if intestine of their host
    present, the alimentary canal is They have a head (scolex) with
    blind ending sucking organs, a segmented body
    but no alimentary canal
    Each body segment is
    hermaphrodite

    Trematodes Fasciolopsis (liver fluke)


    Non-segmented, usually leaf- Schistosoma (not leaf
    shaped, with two suckers but no shaped!)
    distinct head
    They have an alimentary canal and
    are usually hermaphrodite and leaf
    shaped
    Schistosomes are the exception.
    They are thread-like, and have
    separate sexes
    HELMINTHS (WORMS)
    Characteristics
     Eukaryotic (N+CW), multicellular animals that usually have
    digestive, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive
    systems.
     Worms with bilateral symmetry, head and tail, and tissue
    differentiation (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm).
     Parasitic helminths spend most or all of their lives in host
    and usually have the following specializations:
    – May lack a digestive system. Absorb nutrients from host’s food,
    body fluids, or tissues.
    – Have a reduced nervous system.
    – Means of locomotion is reduced or absent.
    – Complex reproductive system. Individuals produce many eggs that
    can infect another host.
    Helminthes
    Cestodes Trematodes Nematodes

    Shape Segmented plane Unsegmented plane Cylindrical

    Body cavity No No Present

    Digestive tube No Ends in cecum Ends in anus

    Hermaphroditic - Dioecious-
    Taenia Hermaphroditic, except Ascaris
    Sex Schistosoma which
    (tapeworm) are dioecious (roundworm)

    Oral sucker, botridias, Lips, teeth, filariform


    hook organ Oral sucker and ventral
    and double extremities, and
    component sucker
    Rostellar hooks dentary plates
    Helminths (Worms): Some Important Ones
    Most acquired from ingestion of or contact with feces-contaminated soil or
    food
    • Nematodes (Roundworms):
    – Ascaris lumbricoides GI illness; pneumonitis
    – Trichuris trichuria chronic GI
    • Hookworms:
    – Ancylostoma duodenale chronic anemia
    – Necator americanus chronic anemia
    – Strongyloides stercoralis chronic anemia
    • Cestodes (tapeworms):
    – Hymenolepis nana GI illness

    Worm burdens tend to be low in the United States; little illness occurs
    Still major causees of illness in developing countries
    Examples of important metazoa – intestinal nematodes
    • Trichuris (whipworm)
    • Ascaris (roundworm)
    – A soil transmitted helminth – Found world-wide in conditions of
    – prevalent in warm, humid conditions poor hygiene, transmitted by the
    faecal- oral route
    – Can cause diarrhoea, rectal prolapse – Adult worms lives in the small
    and anaemia in heavily-infected intestine
    people – Causes eosinophilia

    • Ancylostoma and Necator (hookworms)


    – A major cause of anaemia in the
    tropics

    • Strongyloides
    – inhabits the small bowel
    – infection more severe in
    immunospressed people (e.g.
    HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, intercurrent
    disease)

    • Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm) Heavy intestinal infections may occur


    – prevalent in cold and temperate with Ascaris. Adult worms can be
    climates but rare in the tropics several cms long.
    – found mainly in children
    Learning method
    Infective name Pathogenesis
    stage route Prevention
    mode
    Life cycle Pathogenic name Pathogenesis
    stage localization Treatment
    migration Diagnosis
    Diagnostic stage-morphology Diagnosis
    stage methods
    stage outside name Epidemiology
    (vector, other host) name Prevention

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