CONTENTS

- - - - -- - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - --;(;;20 marks)
PRACTICAL
l - 22
UNIT . I : TAXONOMY :
I - 10
I. Background Information

2. Srudy of floral characteristics through dissection of flowe~. drawi~~ fl oral diagrams

and writing formula of the flowers belonging to the follo wing fam1ltes 11 - 22

(a) Mahraccae : 1)-pc v( China rose It

, Cotton 12
3. Hollyhock 13
(b) Papilionaccae : 1)-pe 4. Garden~ 14
5. Sweet pea 15
6. Sem 16
7. Sesbania seslxm 17
8. Hemp 18
(c) Sol3.naccae : Type 9. Perurua 19
10. Makoi 20
( C) Lili3CCK : Type 11. Onion 21
Viva-Voce 22

l ~TI - II : SIMPI..E B10{:'HBfiCAL AXD PHYSI OLOGICAL TESTS : 23 - 37

I. To srudy the ammgcmenl/dism'burion of stomata in dicot and monocot leaves. 23 - 24
2. To study the tex~ of samples collected from loamy, sandy and clayey soil. 25 - 26
3. To study the moismre conrcnr of rwo different soil samples. 27
4. To study the warer re.raining capacity of the soil. 28
5. To know the pH by the help of pH paper. 29
6. To show char iodine gives blue-black colour in the presence of starch. 30
7. To demonstrate the effect of remperamre on the activity of salivary amylase 31 - 32
8. To demonstrate the effect of different pH on the action of salivary amylase. 33
9. To isolate DNA from the poJp of papaya / banana.. 34 - 35
Viva- Voce
35 - 37

U~lT - ill : SL IDE PREPARATIOX :

38 - 44·
vl-- To ob.serve germination of pollen grains in a nutrient medium.
38
'-2- T.S. of ovary to show axile placent.ation.
39
 · · ternal structure 40
T.S of the 11e m of a hydro phytc and make a temporary mount and s tu d Y tt.! m :
41
T. S . of a leaf of nerium and make a tempo rary mo unt of it. 42
To 1tudy the externa l and internal , truc ture of a dicot s.eed . 43
To study the external and internal 1tructure of a mo nocot , eed.
44
Viva- Voce
45 - 52
UNIT • rv : SPOTTING :
Identify and comment on permanent s lJde.,
45
I. T.S. of ovary o f a mammal
46
2. T.S. of testis of mammal
46
J. Germinating pollen grains
4. T.S. of ovary of different n owers showing marginal. axile. b~al md parietal placen:tatio n 46 - 47
47
5. T.S. of Blastula of a Mammal
6. Whole mo unt of a sporozoite of malarial parasite ( Plasmodiwn)
47

7. Ident.ification o f trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica 48

8. Identification the specimen of Ascaris /umbricoides (a roundworm) 48

9. Identification of an animal found in xeric habitat 49
J0. Identification of a plant found in xeric habitat 49
11 . Identification of an aquatic animal 49
J2. Identification of an aquat.ic plant 50
13. Identification of wind-pollinated (anemopbilous) flower :
[Examples of anemopb.ipous plants: Grass. maiz.eJ 50
14. Identification of an insect pollinated (anemopbilous) flower 51
Viva-Voce S I - 52
 PARTICCLARS OF THE EXPERIMENTS PERFO Rl\-lED
_
- reacher's

S. No.
EXPE~fE~T S PE RFORi\ tED
_______
Date ___,initials
__,

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- - - - - __ ____.

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- - - - - - - _______ ___.

- - -- -------------'

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 UNIT

1 PLANT TAXONOMY
BACKGROl jND ~ rOR.'\1A110S
Flower is the most beautiful part of a plant It is not only a symbol of beauty for as. but it is vital for the
plant as it plays a very significant role in sexual reproduction. A flower is the sexaal reproductive organ of a
plant Flowers are also important because they form the basis for the clas~ificarioo of angjospet ms. An-
giosperms include the most diverse and widespread members of the plant kingdom. Rowers offer a large
number of characters which are constant and so they are llSed in classifying angiospenns lil10 different
families.
While describing a flower, the description sboold be brief. in a semi-technic.aJ language and presented
in a definite sequence.

Normally a flower is born on a stalk called pedic.et The pedicel is swollen in me form of a swollen tip
known as thalamus. Such flowers are called pedicellate flowers. Some flowers that do DOl bear a pedlcel are
called sessile flowers.

1. INFLORESCENCE ;
In.florescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the main axis. It is racemose if the mam axis does
not terminate in a flower, bot it is cymose if the main axis terminates in a fl~·er.

Main an, d«J not tuminatt Mt:iJaais~ ia

in a jlolfer (Ractmost ) e jltrwer t C,-.unt,

2. COMPLETE OR INCOMPLETE FLOWER :

A flower which contains all the four whorls is called complete. If any of the floral whorl is absent. it is
called incomplete.
3. SEXUALITY :
A flower Lacking any of the essential whorls namely androednm or gynoecinm. is said to be unisexnal
flower. If both the essential whorls are present the flower is termed semal or hermaphrodite flower.
 Stigma}
Anther

Stamen

t FIiament
Style

Ovary
Corpel

~ I Petal

~
ovule
Receptacle

A typical flower

• The unisexual flower contains only stamen. then it is called male or staminate.
• Wben the unisexual flower contains only pistil. it's known as a pistillate flower.

4. •SYMMETRY :
Actinomorphic A flower that can be divided into two equal halves by more than one median
longitudinal planes.
• Zygomorpbic A flower that can be divided into two equal halves by only one median longitudinal
planes.
5. Bract (A flower arises in the axiles of a small leaf-like structure, called a br a ct) :

•
Bracteate A flower with a bract
•
Ebracteate A flower without a bract
6. Division into how many parts.
• Trimerous When the floral structures are in 3's or multiple of 3.
• Tetramerous Wben the floral structures are in 4's or multiple of 4.
• Pentamerous When the floral structures are in 5's or multiple of 5.

CALYX (sepals) AND COROLLA (petals) :

1. Free or united :
• Polysepalous When sepals are free at their ends.
• GamosepaJous When sepals are united at their ends.
• Polypetalous When petals are free at their ends.
• Gamopetalous When petals are united at their ends.
• Sepaloid Looking like a sepal
2. VaJvate : It is theWhen
Aestivation
a. ement o.lf sepals or petals with respect to one another in the flower
arran gth
b. Twisted Wh th e sepa s or petals meet by theu · e d ges without overlapping ·
c. Imbricate en e sepals or petals overlap one above the other b th . d .
When one sepal or petal is external on . y err e ges.
partly external. ' e mtemal and the others partly internal and

2
 d. Vexfllary [L is presenl in popilinnnceoufi cnmlla 11nly Here th,: 111..andard overl apping the two
wing.ci, which in turn overl:ip lhc keel.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Types of aestivatin in corolla : (a ) Valvate (b) Twi1ted (c) lmbricate (d ) VexillDry

ANDROECIUM :
• Cohesion (related of stamens with each other) .
• Adelphous : Anthers remain free and filaments are united.
a. Monadelphous : Filaments are united to form one bundle.
b. Diadelphous : Filaments are united to form two bundles.
c. Polyadelphous: Filaments are united into more than two bundles remain free and anthers are united.
d. Syngenesious : Filaments remain free and anthers are united.

a b C d
Cohesion of stamtnJ
(a) Monadelpho11s; (b) Diadelphous; (c) Polya.ddplaous; (d) S1ngninious.

• Synandrous : Stemens are fused throughout the length.

• Adhesion : (relation of stamens with floral parts)
• Epipetalous : Stamens fused with Petals
• Epipbyllous : Stamens fused with perianth
• Attachment of filament with anthers
a. Adnalc : The filament is attached along the whole length of the anther from the base to the apex.
b. Basifixed : The filament is attached to the base of the anther.
3
.'
,,. llorslth ,•tl : 'l'lw ttl111m•111 ,, 111111\'lwd h i tlw hnd , 111 lhL' 111lllll' I h111 1111'
\
nntll1·1 1, 111111111\ 11hk
n cl. V,•,-sullh• : l'lw t1lm1w111 1:- 11ttt1dlL'd h i tlw hm·~ ,,1 th,· nnthl't h11t till'
11111lw1 1.·1111 lt\'1'l) ' " 111~ ,1n th,• hl1111wnt
( ;\ N( WCl\ 11\l
,. I. Ul'lutlon "Ith ,•nrpt'I~ h (.'

• ~h1111wnrpl'lltll) P1,til "Ith on~ ,•orpt•l "

Attnrl,mt111t of j1ln1111111t
\ • Htl'"'l"·lh11\ P,,ttl with t\\ 1' "'11rpcb

p
lt'ith tllt1 nr,tht'r
• l\ •n111,·11111l'll11f) P1:-1tl with tivr ,·nq)cl:-
• Ap,w:1111,111:- A p1:-til " ith tw11 or ""'"-'
1·111v cls which 111\' free.
• Synn 11111111, :\ p1:-t1l " ith '" n m l\\(lft' 1.·:1qK'ls which 111'0 1\ tsl!d.
,,f or loculcs the
l l otult's : St'!,!llll' llti- 111 ,·hamhl'l'l> tlw m 110 . Dr pl'1Hli11g upon the 1111111bcr ,lf chnmhcrs

r ( h :10 1:-. ,,f tht· t11lh'" tn~ t~ pt·i-

n. l l111l,x·11lt11
h. n ,hx·11l:11
r . T'rtk11:11lm
d. n_•trnl,wular
o, lit) with ,,nc drnmhcr:
O, nr~ with twn ch1llnh"•1-:-:
0\11ry with three chnmhcn-:
O, nry with four chnmbcr-:- :
l'. l\•ntal,x-ulm n, :iry w11h live chnmbcri..:

8 b r d C

3. rlot'f'ntutlon : It 1s the amrngcmcnt of ovuks nnd plncentn within the ovary. ll is of following types:
s n. Ma~i nal
b. 811:-al
~ ,lc-entn develops nlong the mtlrgins of the ovnry:
Pnlccnta develops at the base of the ovnry. Usunlly ovule fills the ovary which 1s
s unil()(ulnr:
c. Axilc P!tlccnl:l hearing the ovules nrc present in the centre, the ovnry is many chambered;
\'1 d. Parietal Pnkenl:l hearing the ovules nrc present on the inner wnll of the ovary which is one
'f chamben.--d only.
{'. Fn.'C l'Cntr.11 Plncenln (centml n.,is) bearing ovules remain nt the centre, ovary is uniloculnr.
f. Superficial Ovary is multiloculnr and ovules are borne on the inner surface of partition walls.
L1
L
p
.t
9 a b C d C f
4. Position os the ovary
n. Hypogynous A flower in which ovary is placed highest on the thalamus and the other floral
structures underneath so that ovary is superior and other structures are inferior.
1
b. Perigy 10us A flower in which ovary is at the same plane ns other floral structures so that ovary is
half superior and half inferior.
4
 ,., (1,1 ,.,

J10,ltln11 11/ fl11r11/ par/J 011 thalartlll# with r11p1cl to n~ary (a) ll1pogynou,: (bJ Ptrlr,n,,u, (cJ EpiK7n1Ju,

c. Eplgy11ous /\ rlower in which ovory i~ plncc<l lower to other floral 'ltructurc.~ on lhe thalamus w
thot ovnry i~ inferior and other noral c;tructure,; ~uperior

FLORA L FORMULA
II is II convenient method of summarizing the characters of a nowcr by a Jund of \ borthand notation.
Followi ng ore some of the common notations in use. Suitable notations arc chosen Jlld wntten rn the -.cqucnce
given below :
I. Brncls (Or) 2. Symmetry of the flown
Br Bracteate G) Actmomorphic
Ebr Ebracteatc 0 Zygomorphtc
3. Sex 4. Calyx (K)
c! Staminate (male) K4 4 qepaJs. polysepaJous
~ Pistillate (female) K<4) 4 '- CpaJs, gamosepa.Jous
c! Hermaphrodite '½♦2 4 sepals in 2 whorls of 2 each
+
s. Corolla (C)
C4 4 petals, polypetalous
c <4> 4 petals, gamosepalous
C2+2 4 petals in 2 whorls of 2 each
6. Androecium (A) 7. Gynoec:imn (G)
A6 6 stamens, polyandrous Go Gynoecium absent
A2+4 6 stamens in 2 whorls of G2 2 carpels. apocarpous
2 and 4 each Gl:!> 2 carpels. synacaq,ous
Ao stamens absent Q l2l bicarpeU31:. syncarpous... superior
Aa. stamens indefi nite Gm- bic:irpellary. syncarpous. semi-inferior
A(a.) monadelphous Q I~) bicarpellat). syncarpous. inferior
Al+(9) d.iadelphous
A(5) syngenesious
A(5) synandrous
CA epipetaJous

5
 FLORAL DIAG RAM
Floral diagram is a ground plan of the Oower. It is almost a cross section of n nowcr showi ng characteri s-
tics of floral parts. their relntionsl1ips and symmetry drown in graphic fonn . Followi ng arc some of the
irnportam points about floral diagram.
1 I . Floral diagram is always circular. TI1e changes in the synunetry of Oower is shown by drawing differences
in size and fom1 of individual pans in the diagram.
2. The floral whorls are represented by concentric circles. TI1e sepals are the outennosl and the n the petals,
stamens and carpels are drnwn towards innerside.
3. lf the flowers are spiral. it is shown by drawing spiral arr::m gement inwards towards the centre.
-l. The floral parts are represented by their sections. drown in respective circles to show their relative
postions.
if the flower is
5 . A small circle. representin g mother a.tis. is drown above the diagram. It is denoted as
J actinomorp hk and as or % if it is zygomrphi c.
6. If bract is presenL it is drown j usc opposite the mother a,"tis but outside the circle. denoting calyx.
7. Sepals are dnnvn in the outermost circle. Their number and aestivation is sho wn.
8. Petals are drawn in the second circle. These alternate the sepals.
9. The fusion of parts 1s shown by drawing lines between the fused parts.
10. Stamens are represented by transverse section of anthers. These generally alternate the ovules.
11. Gynoecium is represented by a transverse section of ovary to show locules. placentatio n and number of
ovules.

SIGNS USED FOR DRA\ YING FLORA DIAGRA M

•
MorbecAxis Calyx (K) Corolla (C) MonocarpeU ary
Gynoecium (G)

•
BicarpeUary •
Polycarpella ry
0
Monodelpbous
0
Syngenesious
Gynoecium (G2) Androecium A (a) Androecium A (9)

Signs uud for drawing floral diagram

6
 FAMILIES
SI~MI-TE<'HNICAL DF'A~('RJP'TJON OF REPRESENTATIVF, FLOWERS OF SOME
I - FAMILY: MALVACEAE
of this fanuly
Malvaceac belong~ to dicotylednouq plant, and ;, known for its beautiful flowers Flowers
are generally characterised as:
nous.
Flowers : Flowers are bracteate. aclinomorphic. bisexua l. pentamemu, and hypogy
Jon.
Calyx : Calyx is made of 5 sepals. They are gamosepaloas and show valvate aesuvat
usuaJJy adoate at
Corolla : Corolla consislS of 5 petals. They are polypetalous <shgbtJy fu~ al the baseJ.
lhe base to the struninal tube. They ,;how twisted or cmbricate aesuvauon.
ts of the stamen s
Androccium : Androec1um has indefinite stamens They are monadeJphous. Filamen
gyle. Basal part of the
are united to form a long staminaJ tube or sta:minaJ column which encl~ the
ecous. transva-sely
staminaJ tube is fused with the petals: thus stamens are eptpetalous An~ are monoth
attached to the filament
or pmtac arpdla ry.
Gynoecium : Gynoecium is 2 to many carpellary. It is bica.rpd lary, ~Ila :ry
cular wjili one or more
AJJ the carpels are fused (syncarpous) to form a single ovary. Ovary is superior. mulnlo
ovules in each chambe r. The placentation is axile.
number of carpels or
Style is usuaJJy long and enclosed in the staminal tube. Stigmas are as many as the
double the number of carpels. ,_
Floral Formu la : BrEB <f Epi 2 7 5 5A,...,aill
_ K< C
>
Import ment Members :
I. China rose (Hibiscus rosa sinensis)
~ Cotton (Gossypium arboreum) I G arboreum
~ Hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus)
4. Hollyhock (Althea rosea Syn. alcea rosea)
~ Okra / lady's finger (Abelmoschus escu/entus)
6. Sida cordifolia (a weed)
vf.-- Silk cotton tree (Bomba.,r ceiba)
8. VJ.laiti seuun (Urena lobara)
vY. Rina (a perfiane) Pavamia odonarea

7
 CEAlt:>
fJ - J•'AMIL Y: LEGU MINO SAE : Sub-F omlly (• FAHA
\
Su h ft'nmJly : Pupll lonuc cnc
' ' I c<I '111 t o 111,·cc "" Lthlnm llic'I COCl4rt lJJi nirl<.:C 'IC
j \
• ,
·
dy lcgun ·
1111011u c bclon uN 10 ·
cJ1co1 y lcdon1 l w , r,ln111 <1 I I 111 cJ 1\/1< nd
Pom n " Andt oeciu n1
mimcn wccuc one.I p11pilio11ncc11c Th" dn..,1,ific11111m
,.., ha,.cd on the d1n1m:1c ,ls1il·H o f c omll
I lerc, pupi l1 onacc11c h11, hccn comid c rccJ
1ygom o rph1 l'.
rH: Flowe r,,. urc gencrn lly :1n11np ed in 1cce m e, hrnLlcn tc-,
fi'lowc
nc.,ri vntlnn .
Colyx : Ca lyx ;,. rnnde n f 5 ...epuh, ~n mo,c poltH, ..,, vn l11/llc
' Corollu : 5 pcwI .... poly pcInl1111 , nncJ c hm;K' lc 1,..,,,<.:n lly popll
stnndnrd or vcx lflum . ,,. the large., , ·n,c t wo latcrn l o ne.,,
lonuc cous . The odd poste rior f)CIJl l culled
cnllccJ wlnWi , nrc 1c l 111ivc ly 1mw llc1, ond the tw11
.
-,1nic 1urc . /\ c1-1i v 111io n i lj d chccn dinu imhri c ut c
anteri or one... , c11 llcd lu~c l. nre un i ted 10 l1m11 n hor11 -... hnpcd
u,unl ly '1lodc l1lhou s , I + (9). Somc timcR all
Andr occlu m : /\nd rocc1um con,, ,,.., o ( JO , ,om e n, . 111cy nrc
) the 11111111e n1, 11re united in a ••O nl? lc )lmup . , ,•. mono
dc•lph ous . /\111hc r1, :ire dithc couh, don,l flxcd .
" i.upcr ior, un iloc ular ~md hu~ mnny ovul cR 0 11
Gyno cctum : Gyno cc,um 11, mnnocn rpclln ry T he ow11)'
hl igmn ii- c api 1:11 c .
vemrn l ,-.u, ures . Ploccn totmn 11, m :Lrp111o l TI1c i.ty lc ,., l o ng nnd
ft'loru l Formulu : RrED <f K1\1C l• :'• 01 /\ (9)tl G ( I )
impor 1 trncc and are as follow s :
Some member-. of th i, .,uh fnm 1ly ore nf econ o mic
I. Copm u., cn1an (pigeon pen)
2. I.A1th\'m, aph(/( o (,wea l pe;1)
1. l ,111,/0/J p11rp 11rr11\ (bea n,)
4, Crmo lona 11111, ra c-,unh cmp)
5. Pi.1tm1 sa,11•11111 ( garde n pea)
6, Amrh ,., h)1/JORt1r11 <grou ndnut )
7. /Ja/hn ;:ia .,r ,.,.,r (1,hce ... lrn mJ
8. Ll'l1.1 r'M 11/011,11 <; ( m :" oor)
9. Phmf'o/u., v11/,:o ri1 ( french hcrin )
1O. Vig no 11111111 /0 ( urndJ

I I . r;;y,·11111 nuu (s<,y:,l>c:111 )

-.s @ ; 1&4;gg 3
Hf f'AMfLV . SOLA NACP,AP,
';olMw·,ear. family helon~• ,,, drr..r,ty fetkmr11Jt plant,
,,r
frJr,w~, 1 : Mower. a,e g.e~r111fy h<1rne ,n a.ic1llar1 terminal cy~ Ehrac:t.ak r,r
bractea! .e, pediulw.c.

complc1e , a, tinmn,,rphic, hi,exua l. peru.a,nemu1 and hYP"f'/rYJU'

( 'r,ly:c i Calyx c.,,n, 14t• of ~ ~ pal, . gamr, ~ palr,uc and &how •1aJvm 3':'lf1•1a
ricm. 'Tne sq:,a.ft are U"Jually
pcr ~fitent
JJetal, ore 1, gam,,petak,u, anti ~hr,w valvatt <Jf twi~ ~jvai off,
( '(,r,,ff~ :
ve ditht:a>ut
Androc clum : Stamen, are ui ually 5, epipetaloot and pt}lyandr<Jf..13, Anther ,
Each k,c.w has
<;y,11,, rlum : Gyn,JCC ium ,, brcar pellary, 4JIIC;trpooJ, forming a wperior mlocul.ar O"larJ.
muny ovulc'4 on axilc placcnta1irm. Memhe,, ,,, S-0lana.ceae arc characttriw.1 fr/ Ole p
r ~ <Jf an d, .,.,,,
p ieced Reptum In the ovary and hff(hfy lfwoUm pfx~ntae.
pre;enr at Ole !,ax of
Style i11 14imple and the 11t1gma i, bilr,bed or caprtate. A necta:rife,ou, disc is usually
the ovary.
fi1oraJ Formula : Or/Eb,q> 1 K(SJC($fA
·r,,G@
Some membc,11 of thi~ 14Ub family are of economic imp,,rtancc and are ~ frAlow1:
J. Solanum nlgrum (makoi)
2. Petunia nyctaglnljlorea (petuni a)
3. Datura stramonium (datura)
4. Nlcotlana tabacum (tobacco)
5. Solanum melongena (brinjal)
6. Solanum tuhero.vum (potato)
7. S. Lycoper.vicum (tomato)
8. Capsicum annum (mirchi)
9. C. frut esceus (Rhimla mirch)
I 0. Phy.valis peruviana (rasberi)
I I. Solanum jasminoides (Potato vine)
12. Solanum dulcamara (Woody nightshade)

9
 f\ ~' \ \ ..\ '\ l .ll l \fl;_A~
-
• --~""'J)..' ~~~,~ ~ ~\.,~ "' n~"l:)., '\'lt\~'\"'\J\U:- rJ..u\t~
l'r\.J ..,, • A.,~i;."l.~ ~ ~~w~ -trr.tl\~, i m brant--bro n1i--c-11tt~ (\.'-'•'-' i,,n.111~ . the~ m~ sollt1u1 tr nninol
1

• ,~ : ~-~ t:,:-....~ ,'If ~-....."l~ -t\.111~ t" t . c,;:,,..;.\~ 1.. In . ,_ /h,c-~ anJ ~-,;/,l\ ~- intlo~Sl'\'l\l'C ts monocha slal
~~

N.'\\~'f'S ~- ~~-.. rx'\b..'dl.stt•.. 1.'\'f l~~~- bist',-ual, n,'-tinNnorph k'. tnl\lt'l'\'US .md h~ p{1g)'nOll.....
..,,._ ~ : f\"IU:'.t:h ~ ,'\'1l'fJ'~-J ,.._... ~ tqxtl, am1.ng,'l.t m t w \'1 wh\'lis tlf J encl,. (J+J). TI,c 1cpals arc
:'--~~~ :..\.~ ~....'i: .\~'\;..-\ &., \'l' ~:im,,)-~~~ u~~ <",1; . Alb'~..,"' l',lf>-s,,11.m,r, t TilC) ~ rctnloild nnd the
~,~'\. , ~ ,'3!\-s.:-..- ,':T tmhn..~.
.\.~":=: :.l : ~ .ln:' t> $U...~,s .J.ml:'~-...J in £\' '-'' " ~'l"fs ,,f ., c.t\.'h tJ+3t They are polynnd1\
.1us. The
'il!:~~ ~ ~mr.:Y ~~ t,,, ft:'f\.ll, e,~ . A:.~,. ""sr" ~;'di..d l'f tR't· ft\,I;.• S,•ril,1.d .
•- - \ . . ~ .:!N \I:Ot'\."\.'U., ~fiwJ ,~ , .:r~:uik and intn~ l)f ~'-CI\.~n.-e. 0..Y~lSionally. the stmnens of the
cc:-~ wt.i.."\.-i ::..~ it'\..~~ \Y ~-ik t'.,l.'•. .\"k..~:t1.., .
G: m:=i · Gyn,..~ -,t:::l is tn...":!...~~ - syn...'3.I'f'~ anJ the (wary is su~riar :ind trilocular with mnny
'-''~ □ ~± f...'-.~ ~ --.l."l .:.U:~ ~~~tio. ."l.. ~ !c- is s:imp1~ ruki sti&m!l is trilooed. Csu~y a necmry is present
~--= \.':.-~ ('\~.
==-~: Br2 ~' P_-----
~"Q ~

~ ::....; A_:":.-_:G,_:) ,T _::....;

~~ ~ 3..~ t:s i:Ix-u-.:i fry i:s ,~~ and be;J.uriful tlo" ~ some imporr:mt mcrnbern of this famil\'

_.tJi.¥ l'\"r.: ~ I~ ,
i : -;:__ -..,-,, ' . ~ "-,. ·)
--....- • : - · ~ - ~ ~ ,_!!!~

10
 Family l\,fo lvaceae : EXPERIJ\'JENT - I
of lhc
· To c.rudy rhe noro l fcorure~ of Chm a m~ or gudhaJ f Hi hi Kt" mw r/111 1emH J by d.J,;sccuo n
Obj rdfve
nower
/ cJ,,,ectmg
full y oh~ rve ,t~ diff e~nt part.c. hy uc;rng hand len<.
Proc edu~ · Take o fu lly grown now er and care
m,croc.copc. needle and forcepc.
Desc ripti on of the no,, er : . J large
omorphic. efmlcte.ile. hypogynouc;: £pi.cnlyT
Flo,H?r : A.,i llnry. pedicella1e. penlamerou<il. actin poly peul ou'- .
brnc rearc : Col~ : Five ~pale.. gamo <-epaJous. green. vaJ vate : C~ lb : five petals.
leafy rccimn ;
1wis ted nec;Li vntio n: And r0tt inm : Many stam
ens. monadelphous. eptpeta.loos. ba. ~ed: Gyn
'1)le
axile placentahon. many ovofes m each locuJe.
Pent ncnrpe ll nry. c.yncarpo us. superior. penta.locular.
long.
-
FJornJ Formula : EbrEB <l Epi5_7 K,51C5A,,,., 1G15 1
CORO LLA

(
'
STIGMA

&~
~if> STAMENS
_..,

,- STAM INAL
,..
1 TUBE
,I OVAR Y ~.,
I
C THALAMUS1'
0 G
n·11• twi• B. L S of J-•c r, c. It.imrn,j on
n- ·
)1=m .:r.~
- -'- ·
l uu.,r
Fig. : Maf raua ~-Hi.biscus rosa sinmsis • 1• flo•~ 6 ~ • •
·
G flcr-r:, .!:~gram..
D, gyno uium (pistil); £. T.S. of orwr ,: F. 5to•
n;

ll
 - 2
Fam ily l\fa h-a cea e : EX PE Rli \lE NT
)
of flowers of rort on ( Gos S)pl llm orbo reum
Obj erti Te : To srud y the flora l fear ures d le ns/ diss ect-
gro, vn flow er and care fuJI. ) o bsen -e ,ts diff eren t part.'- by usin g hnn
Pr-ocedun : Ta.l"" C a fully
.1 ing mic rosc ope. need le and forc eps.
Des crip tion of the flow er dite . hyp agy -
. pedi cell are. peo tam erou s. acti nom orph ic. ebr. ictea te. com plet e. he rma phro
Flow e-r: Atil lary s. greeo. valv ate; Cor olla :
teol es: Calyx : 5 sepa ls. garn osep alou
r noo s: Epic .aly x : Thre e l ~ leaf y brac adel phous, epip etal ous,
poly peta lous .. rwi.sred aest i,-at ion: And roe cium : Num erous stam ens . mon
Fi-..-e pera ls. r ova ry. axi le
ifi.~ed: G yno eciu m : Peo taca rpeU ary. sync arpo us. supe rior . pen taJocula
moDOlhecous.. b3.s
le. stvl e lone .
plac emation . man y ovu les in each Jocu
) _;G<5 l
nor al fon nnJ a : Eb?@ <! Epi5 _- ~ 5 )Q _<
-

) \~\ \
- ~• !I \ I ;•,
1/
-'
~ - " •.
'. :· ..' ··:,,::::-
--- \ -; ;

~
-~ \ J ,-
r
~ ~~ ~~y' -J !
~ ,(> . -, -: > , ,Vr
STAMENNd .J_.. STY LE
STIG MA

~ •,.:
-:«
_,
}.t

''// '--..,:
/,.
'\:...
~
'
t i.\·~---~-.··- .,:.·-
~-
~~
.._..,"--"-, ~-
.. .
:i:~- _:·...
J
. ---i

IT
1
i-
~

(\
a
'lt ·.
0

1,: ,.', :
$

~ D
~ E
L •
, j

.COTHER

AUIT

STAMEN -_J, J.-tl --W' -t7

ANTHEA

SEP AL
PET AL

OVU LE

CARPEL
_ _....,,..--:\,__

F
~
~, G

H
bran ch. B T.S O .C .
Fig. : Diff eren t parts of cott on. plan t. A ' , , · · vary, , sectzon of flo wer'·
D , d.iagr am
flo ,ra/
' ovary; E, /nu t; F, ovary; 4 anth er-, H,
12
 PamiJy ~laJvaeeae : EXPEIUMENT - 3

ObJ«tfve : Study the feature, of now~ of hollyhock IAJ11wl ro!'-o)

Procedur e: Take a fully grown nower and cardufly OMeTVe ,~ di1ferertt pa,15 fr/ using hand !.em/dissecting
microsco pe. needle and forcep,.
Description or no·~u
Flower : AxilJary. pedicella te. ebracteat e. complete. actinomorphic. pcor.amer~. henn2phrodile. bypogy-
nous ; EpicaJ~ : About 6- 7 partite. green: C:z.J]I : 5 ~ . g;amoscpa.Joos. 5 pmite green. valvate.
campanul ate: Corolla : Fi ve Petals. polypetal ous. spatilate. twHted aemvatio o: ~.rr..ec:::::::, ; :-:amncro
u.s
stamens. monadelp hous. epipetalous. monothec ous. basifixed : GJ™-=- ·, 1 • Polycarp
dlay. s,cc:apous.

-
superior. multiJocu lar ovary. exile aestivatio n. single ovule in each Jocole.
Floral formula : Ebr© <f Epi6- 7 K,.s,C.sA,_ ,G,...1
style loilg:

..
a

STIGMA __,.

MOTHER AXIS ---e

srAJ.GNA....
TI.Ji!E
C
0

STAMEN

SEPAL
PETAL - -w---tl

OVULE - 4--lt---f"~t 1r-

BRACT - --"-;-.:,,,,; ~ Fir. : HollyAed Jl,os. rr -1, flowrr twig; B. l-:S. jlowrr; C. p i.sti1:
E D. aadr0ttu ,a.· E. floral diagram

13
 - 4
Sub -Fu mily Papilionnccn c : EXP ERI ME NT
en pen ( Pi.wm .w11i1 •11111 ).
Objective : To stud y the norn l featu res of Gnrd lens/ dissecting
fully observe its diffe rent pn,1s hy usi ng hond
Proc edure: Take n fully grow n no wcr und cnrc
microscope, need le nnd force ps.
Descripti on of non er nl. hypo gyno us,
plete. zygo moq )hic. pnpi li onnceous , bi sexu
Flow er : Ax illary. pcdi cellntc. bmc1cnre. com
e. imbr icnlc (odd scpnl nntc lor); Corolln :
green. cnmpon11 ln1
pcnlamcrous; Cnly A : 5 scpn ls. polysepnlous. iadelpho us, 9
ncsti vntion: And roccium : 10 stam en, d
5 Peta ls, poly pcto lous. papi lionnccous. vcxi llllry 111
posterior slarn en free,
ed by Lhe lowe r hnl f o f Lheir fi lame nts to fonn nn inco mplete stnm inal tube. I 0
Uni1 nnttc ned ovar y,
nnth ers di 1hcco us. bnsi fixed: Gynoccium
: M onocarpellnry. superi or, unilocula r, long .
c of almost 90° stigm n fenLh ery.
marg i nal plnce ntati on .style bend at nn nngl
Flor al Form uln : B r
=
=• cl K
1+2+( 2)
C
(2)+2 + 1
A G
(9) + I 1'

LEAF TENDRIL
B

\.
, r
,•

· ·
WING ·, . . .
PLACENTA ... . .·•·· WING

OVUL
OVAR
F WA
KEEL
D KEEL

u..-~ c..-- FOLI ACEO US ,, ·••••~

FRUI T STIP ULE
STANDARD

~'..,i...!.L- WING

Y::I..JJ l..!.LL -- KE EL

STAM
STAMEN --+ -~,---,<.,<,
OVARY
SEPAL
F
PETAl ~~-
OVULE

BRACT¥ '
G Pisu m sativ um
A fl Fig. :· Papilio11aceae (Leguminosae)-
ope11 pod legu me; C gyno eciu m · D T.S ., ovary,.
, ower twig; B,
t I F. L , , . . OJ
E
' pe a s; ' .S. of flower; q flora l diag ram .
14
---------- Suh-Family Papilionaceae : EXPERIMENT - 5
-- -- -- -- -- -----
OhJcct Ive : To ,qtudy the noral fcalureq of ~weat pea (Lntlty nlf aphat a)
part,; by using hand lens/ dissecting
Procedure: Take a fully grown nowcr and carefully ohqcrv e it~different
micro!lcopc, needle and forcepq,
Description of flower
, pentametous: Calyx : Five
Flower : Axillary ,pedicellate, bracteate. complete, zygomorphic , hypogynous
, polypetalous. papiliooaceous,
sepals, gamoscpalou'l ,green, companulate, valvate; Corolla : Five Petals
the lower half of their fi lamen ts
vexillary aesti vation; Androccium : IO stamens, diadelphous, 9 united by
parts of filaments are af unequal
to form an incomplete stamina I tube, l 0 posterior stamen free, free
th
long fattened ovary, unilocular.
length , basi(ixcd; Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, superior. unilocular.
margin al placen tation.
Flora l Formula: Br (f) <f K,sFii )+i +,Al 9>+ IGl

STIGMA

INCOMPLETE STAMENS
STAMINAL TUBE

OVARY

B
PLACENTA

OVULE

LEAF LOCULE
(MODIFIED
INTO TENDR IL)
..._.__ OVARY WAU

C
A
- - - MOTHER AXIS
STANDARD

~ ~ WING

r """~.._ _ KEEL STAMEN

SEPAL

STAME ""'''"" " •

OVULE

STYL{ P /
OVARY PEDICEL
~1 0
Fig. : Papi/io1iaceae-La1hyr11s aphaca. A, jlol4•eri11g h4•ig; ,-..,._-- - BRACT
B, a11droeci11111 a11d gy11oecium; r
C, T.S. of Ovary; D, L S. of f10 1l'tr; E, jloml diagra m E

15
 -- --------- ae : EX PE RI M EN T -
6
Sub-Family PaplUonacc
b fU! '7J11re11..,;)
flornl features of sem (lt, b/a nd lens/ dis sec tin 1
Objective : To study tJ1e ser ve its different parts by using ha
d car efu lly ob
grown flower an
Procedure: Toke a fully
I microscope. needle an d for
ceps.

I. Description of flo we r bis ex ua l, hy po gy no us an d pe nta me

rou s
zy go mo rph ic,
ate, bracte ate. comp let e, , imbri care, od d sepal an ter
ior; CoroUn
Flo we r : Axjllary, pedicell p sha pe d wi th 5 ree tJ1
r Calyx : Fiv e sepals . polysep
alous, green,
papilionace ou s,
cu
vex i lla ry aes tiv ati on ; An dr occiu m : JO sla
me ns, dia de lph ou s, <
me n free
na I tube. JO po ste rio r sta
th
J five Petal s. polypetalous. 1 an d inc om ple te sta mi
the filaments to fom d an d be nt oval)
United by the low er ha lf of car pe Ua ry, sup eri or. un ilo cu lar, lon g. flattene
ium : mo no
an the rs basifixed; Gy no ec a featJ1ery.
)1 pla ceo tat ioo . sty le be nt at an an gle to ovary. sti gm
marginal
,... K . C A. G
J FlornJ for mu la : Br EB ~ • '"{5) (2)+2+ I · "'(9)+ I 1

.J
.,

A FLOWERING TWIG

ST IGM A

PISTIL AND STAMENS

LS . OF FLOWER

STANDARD
•
WING ~ ~

KEEL ~

COROLLA OPENED FLORA L DIAGRAM

Syo la b',ab purpu reu s)
Fig. : Sem (Dolicl,os /ah/ab ·

16
 Sub-Family Papilionaceae : EXPERIMENT - 7
Obj ective : To qtudy the floral feature ,; of (Serhc111ia ,e,hon)
Procedure: Truce a fully grown nower and carefu lly obcierve it'i different part,; by u,;,ng hand lens/ dissecti ng
microscope, needle and forceps.
Description of nower
Flower : Pedicellate, bracteate, zygomorphic. complete, hennaphrodite. pentamerouci. hypogynous: Calyx :
Five sepals, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation with the odd sepal being anteriorly placed: Corolla : five
Petals, polypetalous, papilionaceous, vexilJary aestivation; Androedum : 10 'itamens. diadefphous. 9
stamens remain United by the lower half of their filaments to form an incomplete seminaJ tube, while the
I 0th posterior stamen remains free dorsifixed; Gynoecium : Monocarpellary. ciuperior, unjJocular. long.
slightly nattened ovary, marginal placentation.
Floral formula : Ebr EB r/ Kcs JC 1+ 2+( 2JA I +(9JGl
FLOWER FLOWER BUD

WING

STIGMA
STYLE
STAMEN

KEEL

LEAFLET - - -

OVULES

OVARY

PEDICEL - -, '\

E
C D
F

'-' JKI
Fig. : Sesbania sesban A, jloM•tring twig •· B• L .,.. n~......
... '
c• IIRdrOt1.'llllll;
·
D, T.S. of oval)•; E, gynoefimm: F. floral diagram.

17
 Family Solan accac: EXPE RIME NT- IO
Objective : To study the flo ral features o f Mnkoi (Sn/m,11111 11if?rt1111 ) by dissecting the flower nnd o bserving
the features.
Description of flower
Five sepals. gnmose pnlous.
Flower : Pedicellate. aclino morphi c. ebrnctcn tc. bisexua l. hypogy no us: Cnlyx:
imbriente; Androc clum : Five
vnJ vate aestivat ion: Corolla : Five petnls. gnmopc lnlous. wheel shnpcd
J s tame ns. three alternat ing wil11 petals. epipcta lo us. anl11c r bnsifixe d; Gynoed
um: Dicnrpe llary, synearp ous
. '
superio r nnd oblique ovary. poly locu lar. swollen plncentn . stigma bilobcd
Flora l formul a : Ebr EB o' K C,,-....A
( .'i) .'i
G (l)
+ (5)

J SEPALS
FLOWER
0

..,

STAMEN

CALYX

~ PEDI CEL
C

. . PLA Cl;E TOVARY WALL

)~_ LOCULE

~ . . .,,,;, '~'y) STIGMA

-~., ~- ~-•~ STYLE

• -1/,, ·., - ~ " " OVULE
. : ~ D
STEM-
OVARY

ANTHER LOBE \

~i
H

•
F
' ( CONNEC TIVE

( FILAMEN T G
E

Fig. : So/anac eae - Solanu m

11igrum : A , f ruit; B, flo wer; C,
L.S. of flower; D, T.S. of Ovary;
E, stamen; F, flowerin g twig; a
calyx; H, pistil; I, corolla open;
J
J, floral diagram

20
 Fumily Li lia ce ae : EXPERI ME
NT - 11
~ ucJ n oro l feo1urcq of n o werq
of oni on (Al l/um <i!f10J hy d,,~ccting the
• 1 o st Y ~ /\Il ium ccpn bel o ng~ lo
o t,JCC(I VC • j(S fea tur
flow er .incl 11h,e r 1tnr
e,. fam il y Ltl iaccae
. Un belloLc cyrno'le head
at lhe acp cx of a lea ne-.q , cop
,-c.,;ccocc • _ me mb ran ous e All the no wer, arc ,urmu ntlr
,,,no 23 . hrn cts . rl hy

"'A"tu rCS Of (lowe rs pcd ice llatc, . . . .

•·"" Ie. act ino mo rph rc, brseituaJ . tnm crou-.. hypogy
Br octea
flO "'°'c r : 'd sepals in 2 whorl nou,. Ptrfanth . rep rc\Cnlctl
s ?f 3 each ( 3 + 3J: A n d roed ·
bY 6 petolo • her s do rsif i xed , d1thccou s, um : Sr'l ,;tam en n + 1,. ep, phy llou
lnt ror c;e: Gyno ,
1yan dr00 s• an l ile placcn tati cclum : Lncarpellary. 'lyncarpouc;. rnl ocu
0 on . 2 ovules in eac h loc ule. c;ho rt lar
p .or ovarY, ax ,-.. c;ty le. Lril obed c;tr gma
superi f rrnula : Br EB <.I
P3...1A 3 ~30 0
f tor:il o

I
I

~ STAMEN

........... PERIAMTH

~
PIS TIL

STI GM A
STYLE - WALL OF OVARY
"rt,9.l/ .....-
OVA RY
1
~ l, LOC ULE
r,,.- :'.\,..,~
1
0 r --,~F
-~ OVULE

D
C e

j ,~~ I

~
• E
A
. . · B p · th · C o ~•,m , • D T. S.
F ,g. . A ' Flo we rin g twig of om o11: ' ena n ' ' - •J • ' . 0/ o-ro ry 4nd
E, floral diagram o.r
, All,um
' ctp a
21
 1

VT VA -VO CE

Q. 1. Wh at is a flow er?
ir1 sexual rcproduclion.
A ns. Flow er is a mcxMicd ,hoo l and helps . .
J Q. 2. Wh at do you mea n b)· sup erio r o,·n
~·?
ova ry, then 11 1s said to
three whorls arise from the base o f the
Ans . When cal) ,. corolla. andnx'Crum. all tJ1r
ogynou s or pcrigynouc;.
be sup eno r TI1e lha/amus i, cil11rr hyp
pislilloh.' flow er ?
r Q. J. How stam inat e flow er diff ers from a s only Sia.mens w here as
e now er is a male flow er and contain
Ans . The se are unis e'<ual Oowcn-. A sraminal Eup horbiace ac.
e n owe r is a fem ale tlo" er and con lain s only carp els, e.g. Cuc urbi lacc ae,
pistil/ar
?
l nod non-cs.sentiaJ par ts of a flower
Q. 4. What do you underst and by essentia esse ntial part s of a flow er
)' Lake pa.rt in sexual repr odu ctio n are
Ans. And roec ium and gyn oec ium which
ne.
) whereas caly x and coro lla are non -essential o
.
Q. S. Wh at are puls es? Nam e any fi,,e s escu lenta CMasur),
the prot ein rich seed s of sub fam ily PapiLiooaceae. For exa mpl e len
Ans. Pulses are us mungo (Urd).
ar). Glycine max (Soyabean) Phaseol
Pi.rum sorfrum (Pea ). Caja1111s caja11 (Arh
Q. 6. Nam e an important oil- yiel
ding plant of subfamily Papilionatae.
.
Ans . Arochis h_,po gea (ground nut)
ure?
Q. 7. Wh.r the members of subfam
ily Papilionaceae are used as green man
ts are ploughed
ilion ace ous p lants pos sess nod ulat ed roots. having Nr fixin g bac teria. The young plan
Ans . Pap
lity and improve texture of soil .
dow n in the soil. The y increase soil ferti
g plants of family Leguminosae.
Q. 8. Name an.r three timber-yieldin cia arabica (Ki kar).
Dal berg ia siss oo (Sh isha m), (ii) Pro sop is spic iger a (lan d) and (iii) Aca
Ans . (i)
lady 's finger - a vegetable?
Q. 9. What is the bota nica l nam e of
Ans . Hibiscus esculenrus (Bh indi).
Q. 10. Gin the scientific nam e of cotton.
ly Mal vaceae.
Ans . Gos syp ium arboreum belo ngs to fami
Q. 11 . Name two ornamental plants
of family MaJvaceae.
Ans . I . A/rhea rosea
2. Hibiscus rosa sinensis .
anaceae.
Q. 12. Name three vegetables of family Sol
Ans. J. Solanum ruberosum (Potato)
2. S. melongena (Brinjal)
3. Lycopersicum esc ulentum (Tomato)
family Liliaceae.
Q. 13. Name two food-yielding plants of
Ans. l . A Ilium cep a (Onion)
2. Allium sativum (Garlic)
Q. 14. Name a common domesticated pla
nt of family Liliaceae.
n - a face cream.
Ans. Aloe vera (ghikanwar) yield drug aloi
Q. 15. Name few ornamentals of family
Liliaceae.
Aloe, Glorioso.
Ans. Tulip, lilium, Ruscus, Smilax, Yt,cca,
the ovary be always uniJocuJar?
Q. 16. In which type of pJacentation would •
al).
Ans. Marginal (Parieral, Free Central, Bas

22
 ---- ---------------=-------........_
---....
Sub-Family Pnpilionnccnc : EXPERIMENT - 8
1 nowcr Ur)ll
Objective : To study the nornl fenturcs nf snnH hemp (C,()/o/orio j 1111rN ) hy di.;sccting the
observing the fcnturcs.
. a fully grown !lower nnd rnrdully nhsavc
Procedure: 'fake its different pnrts by using hand lens/ disscctir1g
.t microscope. needle and forccp~ .
.l Description of nowcr
Fl°',cr : Pedicellnte. l>mctcntc. zygomorphic. co111plc1e. hennnphroditc. pcntn111crous. hypogynous; Cnt
r Five sepals. gnmosrpnlous. v:1lvn1c ncs1ivntion with the odd scpnl being anteriorly placed: Corolla : ~ 'Ji. :
Petals. polypetnlous. popilionnccous. vexillnry ncstivatiun: Gynocclum : monocarpellnry, super;;;
l '
umlocular. long. slightly flnttened ovary. marginal plnccntation.

1 Flor al formula : Br e o'• K(Sl C (.:!)+~+I A(10)G1

Cl
C

1
u
C
,-~ JI
;· ,
r·' f~o I,~

f 'i
\ I
l
, ,-;!::; ~ '.J-
\ / E

~<"
. ':.
">.-,;:t.---~~- - - STAMEN
SEPAL
t-+'r+l,-- PETAL
OVULE
CARPEL

t ~ BRACT

F. F
tg. : CroJalaria juncea A . and fruiting branch . B fl
. ' flowermg .
D, gy11oec1um longitudinal section . E L S' , ower, C, expanded androecium.
' ' · · pod; F, floral diagram '
)
18
)
~--- Family Solana ce ae : EX
PE R IM EN T - 9

a)
(Prt11nla nir tof?l11ifnli
To stu dy fcatureR or Petunia . dif fer en t pa rts by uc; ing ha nd len
s/ d1s se cu ng
0 1'J ectfv c : r an d ca re fully o h'l erv e 1t.-
ur c: Ta ke a fu lly gr ow n no we
p1 oc cd
mi cro sc ope. ne edle and
rorce p'I .
po gy no us .
DcscrfptJon of nower me ro u ... br ac tea te. co mp let e. bis ex ua l. hy
cli c. actino mo rph ic, pe
nla :
FJm,er : Pe dic ell ate, cy n. co mp an u/ ate . va Jv are ae sti va tio n; Co ro lla
/ou s. gr ee th pe tal s.
: Fi ve sepals , gamo,;epa , fre e. alt er na tin g wi
. fundibuliform ; Ca lyx ; An dr oc ciu m : 5 sta me ns
talous. infuncJibuli form y, bi Jo cu lar,
~nv c pe tals, ga mo pe e/1 ~. sy nc arp ou ,; 5 up er io r an d ob liq ue ov ar
rp .
talo us, an th er a
b_ sif ixe d; G ~o ec ~u m : bi ca loc ule . sty le lon g an d ha iry. sti gm a bil ob ed
ep ipe ea ch
n with ma ny ov u les in
pla centat1o....--
swoll en pla ce nta , ex ile .
Floral formul a : E br EB
<f K (5J C(5)A 5 Gw

~
/ --,
r ;
'/
J,
CORO L~ ~ ~
- ~
ST IGM A !(~
I iJ
ST AM EN f/ "':-- CO RA LL A TU BE
-1 r
ST YL E
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19