B.SC Physics-Sllaybus 270618
B.SC Physics-Sllaybus 270618
B.SC Physics-Sllaybus 270618
Annual System
(Effective from 2018-19)
Under
In
Department of Physics
Himachal Pradesh University
Shimla-5
1
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS):
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the
prescribed courses comprising core, elective/minor or skill based courses. The courses
can be evaluated following the grading system, which is considered to be better than the
conventional marks system. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce uniform grading
system in the entire higher education in India. This will benefit the students to move
across institutions within India to begin with and across countries. The uniform grading
system will also enable potential employers in assessing the performance of the
candidates. In order to bring uniformity in evaluation system and computation of the
Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in
examinations, the UGC has formulated the guidelines to be followed.
2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and
which may be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/
subject of study or which provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to
some other discipline/subject/domain or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill is
called an Elective Course.
2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the
main discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective. The
University/Institute may also offer discipline related Elective courses of
interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by main discipline/subject of study).
3.2 AE Elective Course (AEEC): These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses
designed to provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction.
3
Details of Courses Under Undergraduate Program (B.Sc.)
Course *Credits
===============================================================
Theory+ Practical Theory +Tutorials
(12 Papers)
(6 Papers)
(6 Practical / Tutorials*)
4
III. Ability Enhancement Courses
__________________ ________________
_
Total credit= 132 Total credit= 132
❖ In case of theory and tutorial 1 credit will be of 1 hour class room teaching, while in case of
Practical/Practical Skill Exam 1 credit will be of 2 hours Laboratory class/project work.
5
Scheme for Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) in Bachelor of Science Physical
Science and Bachelor of Science with Physics Annual Pattern
Details of CBCS Scheme for Undergraduate Three Year Degree Course: B.Sc.
Physical Science and B.Sc. with Physics: Teaching Hours and Credits Plan in Annual
System for Three years
S. Name of Course (6 Credits as per annual Plan
6
No. Credits)
*Teaching Hrs. Non Practical
Course (2Weeks
Practical Course
(2Weeks Teaching
Total
Credits in
Teaching Hours) Hours) a Year
1 Core Courses (12) 1st Week 2nd Week Theory Tutorial Theory Practical
a Discipline Specific
Courses (4+4+4 =12)
DSC-1A 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DSC-1B 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
i DSC-1C 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DCS-1D 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DSC-2A 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DSC-2B 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
ii DSC-2C 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DCS-2D 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DSC-3A 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DSC-3B 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
iii DSC-3C 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
DCS-3D 03 06 05 01 04 02 06
Total Credits of Core Courses 72
2 Ability
Enhancement
Courses (6)
a Ability Enhancement
Compulsory Courses (2)
Eng/MIL 02 04 03 01 -- -- 04
i Communication/EVS
Eng/MIL 02 04 03 01 -- -- 04
Communication/EVS
Total Credits of Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC) 08
b Skill Enhancement Theory Practical
Courses (4) Skill
Exam
SEC-1 02 04 04 -- 03 01 04
SEC-2 02 04 04 -- 03 01 04
SEC-3 02 04 04 -- 03 01 04
SEC-4 02 04 04 -- 03 01 04
Total Credits of Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC) 16
7
* As per teaching hours given in column three above table, each course of 6 credits [{4 credits Theory (4
hours) + 2 credits Practical (4 hours)} or {5 credits Theory (5 hours) + 1 credits Tutorial (1 hours)}]
and of 4 credits {3 credits SEC Theory (3hours) + 1 Credit Practical Skill based on Project work (2
hours)} should be completed within every two weeks of the annual system.
8
PHYS102IA EMT Theory
PHYS102PR ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISIM AND 2
EMT Lab
MATH301TH MATRICES
MATH301IA
6
DISCIPLINE MATH302TH MECHANICS
SPECIFIC MATH302IA
ELECTIVES
DSE:3A (CHOOSE MATH303TH LINEAR ALGEBRA
ANY ONE FROM MATH303IA
GIVEN THREE)
PHYS304TH NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
PHYS304IA Theory 5+1
DISCIPLINE PHYS304TU NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS (TH+IA
SPECIFIC Tutorials =5
ELECTIVES TU = 1)
PHYS305TH QUANTUM MECHANICS Theory OR
DSE:1B (CHOOSE PHYS305IA 4+2
ANY ONE FROM PHYS305PR QUANTUM MECHANICS Lab (TH+IA
GIVEN THREE) =4
PHYS306TH PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND
PHYS306IA INSTRUMENTS Theory PR = 2)
PHYS306PR PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND
INSTRUMENTS Lab
11
MATH318TH GRAPH THEORY
MATH318IA
CHOOSE ANY ONE COURSE OUT OF THE LISTS OF SEC
SEC4 COURSES OF PHYSICS/MATHEMATICS, BUT NOT
(IN CASE OF CHOSEN EARLIER IN SEC1 AND SEC3
CHEMISTRY 4
CHEM307 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
CHOOSE ANY ONE AND BUSINESS SKILLS FOR
FROM GIVEN TWO) CHEMISTRY
CHEM308 PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY &
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
*
TH = Theory, IA = Internal Assessment, PR = Practical, TU = Tutorials and SE = Skill Exam
*
TH = Theory, IA = Internal Assessment, PR = Practical, TU = Tutorials and SE = Skill Exam
15
Years COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME Credits
I Ability Enhancement Compulsory 4
Course-I Environmental Science
Core course-I Mechanics 4
Core Course-I Practical/Tutorial Mechanics Lab 2
Core Course II DSC 2A 6
Core Course III DSC 3A 6
Ability Enhancement Compulsory English/MIL communications/ 4
Course-II
Core course-IV Electricity, Magnetism and EMT 4
Electricity, Magnetism and EMT
Core Course-IV Practical/Tutorial Lab 2
Core Course V DSC 2B 6
*Wherever there is a practical there will be no tutorial and vice versa. The size of group for practical
papers is recommended to be maximum of 12 to 15 students.
17
B.Sc. Program with Physics as one subject
Core papers Physics (Credit: 06 each) (CP 1-4):
Discipline Specific Elective papers (Credit: 06 each) (DSE 1A, DSE 1B):
Choose two courses in 3rd year, any one from each DSE-1A and DSE-1B
PHYS203 Physics Workshop Skills (For B.Sc. Physical Science/ B.Sc. With Physics)
or
PHYS204 Computational Physics (For B.Sc. Physical Science/ B.Sc. With Physics)
or
PHYS205 Electrical Circuits and Network Skills (For B.Sc. Physical Science only)
SEC- 2 B.Sc. With Physics
PHYS205 Electrical Circuits and Network Skills
or
PHYS206 Basic Instrumentation Skills
SEC- 3 B.Sc. With Physics
PHYS307 Radiation Safety
or
PHYS308 Applied Optics
SEC- 4 B.Sc. With Physics
PHYS309 Weather Forecasting
or
PHYS310 Renewable Energy and Energy Harvesting
18
Yearly Based Examination (YBE) and Comprehensive
Continuance Assessment (CCA) Scheme of Three Years
Degree of B.Sc. Physical Sciences/B.Sc. with Physics (Annual
Pattern)
⮚ Scheme for Examination for each course:
❖ YBE, Practical and Skill Examinations shall be conducted at the end of each
yearly session as per the Academic Calendar notified by H.P. University,
Shimla-5, time to time.
❖ The minimum passing marks will be 40% in aggregate. However, 35% each in
Internal Assessment (CCA) and Final Examinations will be compulsory. For
Practical/Tutorial/Skill Test Exam 40% passing marks will be compulsory and
if candidate fails to obtain 40% marks in Practical/Tutorial/Skill Test Exam
will be treated as fail in that subject.
� Note: B.Sc. Physical Science or B.Sc. with Physics qualifications are eligible to
apply for master degree courses in Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics.
Ist Year
MECHANICS
19
Name of the Course PHYSICS-DSC 1A: MECHANICS (Credits:
Theory-04) Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS101TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
Ordinary Differential Equations: 1st order homogeneous differential equations. 2nd order
homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients.
Coordinate systems and motion of a particle: Volume, velocity and acceleration in Cartesian
and Spherical co-ordinate systems, Solid angle. (6 Lectures)
Space Time Symmetry and Conservation Laws: Relationship of conservation laws and
symmetries of space and time. (4 Lectures)
Frames of Reference: Inertial frames of reference, Galilean transformation and Galilean
invariance. Non-inertial frames, Coriolis force and its applications; Foucault’s pendulum.
(5 Lectures)
Unit-II
Gravitation and Inverse Square Force Law: Newton’s Law of Gravitation, Various forces in
nature (qualitative). Central and non-central forces, Inverse square force, Centre of mass.
Equivalent one body problem. Reduced mass, angular momentum in central force field.Equation
of motion under a force law. Equation of orbit and turning points. relationship between
eccentricity and energy, Kepler’s laws., Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).
(15 Lectures)
Unit-III
Rotational Motion and Kinematics of Elastic and Inelastic Collisions : Angular velocity,
angular momentum, Torque, Conservation of angular momentum,: Elastic and inelastic
collisions, coefficient of restitution, Elastic collisions in laboratory and C.M. systems,
Velocities, angle and energies in elastic collisions in C.M. and lab. Systems, Classical
Scattering: Cross- section for elastic scattering, Rutherford scattering (with derivation).
20
(15 Lectures)
Unit IV
Special Theory of Relativity: Concept of stationary universal frame of reference and search for
ether. Michelson- Morley experiment, postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz
transformations. Observer in relativity. Relativity of simultaneity. (8 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• University Physics. FW Sears, MW Zemansky and HD Young13/e, 1986. Addison-
Wesley
• Mechanics Berkeley Physics course,v.1: Charles Kittel, et. Al. 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Physics – Resnick, Halliday & Walker 9/e, 2010, Wiley
• Engineering Mechanics, Basudeb Bhattacharya, 2nd edn., 2015, Oxford University Press
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
• Mechanics, D.S. Mathur, S. Chand and Company Ltd.
• An Introduction to Mechanics, Kleppner, Tata Macgraw Hill.
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MECHANICS LAB
Name of the Course PHYSICS-DSC 1A LAB: MECHANICS
(Credits: -02)
Code PHYS 101PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
60 Lectures
1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and travelling
microscope.
9. To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using Digital Timing Technique
10. To study the Motion of a Spring and calculate (a) Spring Constant (b) Value of g
11. To find the moment of inertia of an irregular body about an axis through its C.G with the
torsional pendulum.
12. To compare the moment of inertia of a solid sphere and hollow sphere or solid disc of
same mass with the torsional pendulum.
13. To verify (a) the law of conservation of linear momentum and (b) law conservation of
kinetic energy on case of elastic collision.
Reference Books:
● Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint and H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
● Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
● Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning India Pvt.
Ltd.
Ist Year
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS102TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
Unit-I
Vector Analysis: Review of vector algebra (Scalar and Vector product), gradient, divergence,
Curl and their significance, Vector Integration, Line, surface and volume integrals of Vector
fields, Gauss-divergence theorem, Stokes’s theorem, Green’s theorem. (5 Lectures)
Electrostatics: Significance of electrostatic force, Electrostatic Field, electric flux, Gauss's
theorem of electrostatics. Applications of Gauss theorem- Electric field due to point charge,
infinite line of charge, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere, plane charged sheet,
charged conductor, electrostatic potential, electrostatic potential energy. Electric potential due to
a dipole and quadrupole, long uniformly changed wire, charged disc. Electric potential energy.
Electric field as a gradient of a scalar potential. Calculation of electric field due to a point
charge and a dipole from potential. Method of Electrical Images. Poisson and Laplace
equations. (7 Lectures)
Electric Current and Fields of Moving charges: Current and current density. Continuity
equation; ∇J + ∂ρ/∂t = 0. Microscopic form of Ohm’s law (J α E) and conductivity. Failure of
Ohms law and its explanation. Invariance of charge. (3 Lectures)
Unit-II
Magnetism: Ampere circuital law and its applications. Hall Effect, Expression for Hall constant
and its significance. Divergence and curl of magnetic field B. Vector potential: Definition of
vector potential A and derivation. (5 Lectures)
Field of Moving Charges: E in different frames of reference. Field of a point charge moving
with constant velocity. Field of charge that starts or stops (qualitative). Interaction between
moving charge and force between parallel currents. (4 Lectures)
Surface current density: Definition. and its use in calculation of change in magnetic field at a
current sheet. Transformation equations of E and B from one frame of reference to another.
Dielectrics, parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric, dielectric constant, polarization and
polarization vector, displacement vector D, molecular interpretation of Claussius - Mossotti
equation, boundary conditions satisfied by E and D at the interface between two homogenous
dielectrics, illustration through a simple example. (6 Lectures)
Unit-III
23
and H and their relation to free and bound currents. Magnetic permeability and susceptibility and
their interrelation. Orbital motion of electrons and diamagnetism. Electron spin and
paramagnetic. Ferromagnetism. Domain theory of ferromagnetism, magnetization curve,
hysterics loss, ferrites. (8 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Reference Books:
• Electricity and Magnetism, J.H. Fewkes & J. Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ.
Press.
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(Credits: -02)
Code PHYS 102PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
60 Lectures
1. To use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, (c) DC
Current, and (d) checking electrical fuses.
2. Ballistic Galvanometer:
24
(i) Measurement of charge and current sensitivity
6. To study the a series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant Frequency, (b) Quality
Factor
7. To study a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Anti-resonant frequency and
Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11 th Edition, 2011, Kitab
Mahal, New Delhi.
• Engineering Practical Physics, S.Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning India Pvt.
Ltd.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 th
2nd Year
STATISTICAL AND THERMAL PHYSICS
Name of the Course PHYSICS-DSC 1C: STATISTICAL AND
THERMAL PHYSICS
25
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS201TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Basic Ideas of Statistical Physics: Scope of statistical physics, basic ideas about probability,
distribution of four distinguishable particles in two compartments of equal sizes. Concept of
macro-states, micro-states, thermodynamic probability, effect of constraints on the system.
(8 Lectures)
Distribution of Particles in Compartments: Distribution of n particles in two compartments,
Deviation from the state of maximum probability. Equilibrium state of a dynamic system,
distribution of n distinguishable particles in k compartments of unequal sizes.
(7 Lectures)
Unit-II
Types of Statistics in Physics: Phase space and division into elementary cells. Three kinds of
statistics. The basic approach in the three statistics. M-B. Statistics applied to an ideal gas in
equilibrium, experimental verification of the Maxwell Boltzmann‘s law of distribution of
molecular speeds. Need for quantum statistics, h as a natural constant and its implications,
indistinguishability of particles and its implications. B-E statistics, (8 Lectures)
Bose Einstein and Fermi Dirac Statistics: Derivation of Planck’s law of radiation, deduction
of Wien’s distribution law and Stefan’s law from plank’s law. Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Applications to liquid helium, free electrons gas (Fermi level and Fermi Energy), Comparison of
M-B, B-E, F-D statistics. (7 Lectures)
Unit-III
26
Entropy and Laws of Thermodynamics: Application of thermodynamics to the thermoelectric
effect, change of entropy along a reversible path in a p-v diagram, entropy of a perfect gas,
equation of state of ideal gas from simple statistical considerations, heat death of the universe.
(7 Lectures)
(8 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Reference Books:
• Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics, V.S. Bhatia, Sohan Lal Nagin Chand & Co, 1986,
Jalandhar.
• Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Patharia, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, B. B. Laud,(1988), Macmillan India Limited
• Statistical Physics, Berkley Physics Course, Vol. 5, F. Rief, Mc-Graw Hill Book Company.
• Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and C. Ghosh, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Thermodynamics, Enrico Fermi, 1956, Courier Dover Publications.
• Thermal and Statstical Physics, Brij Lal and Subrahmanyam, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
• Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, B. B. Laud,(1988), Macmillan India Limited
• Statistical Physics, Berkley Physics Course, Vol. 5, F. Rief, Mc-Graw Hill Book
Company.
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60 Lectures
8. To study the variation of thermo emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature.
9. To record and analyze the cooling temperature of an hot object as a function of time using a
thermocouple and suitable data acquisition system
Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
28
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11 th Edition, 2011, Kitab
Mahal, New Delhi.
• A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes, D.P. Khandelwal,
2nd Year
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS202TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive Assessment 30 marks
(CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
Unit-I
29
potential energy and total energy. (7 Lectures)
Damped SHM: Damped oscillations. differential equation of motion of one dimensional
damped harmonic mechanical oscillator. Types of damping. damped harmonic electric oscillator
(differential equation and its solutions). Determination of the damping constants. Logarithmic
decrement. Relaxation time. The quality factor, power dissipation in a damped harmonic
oscillator when damping is weak. Relation between power dissipation energy and relaxation
time of damped harmonic oscillator. (8 Lectures)
Unit-II
The Forced Oscillator: Transient and steady behaviour of forced oscillator. Displacement and
velocity variation with driving force frequency. Variation of phase with frequency. Power
supplied to an oscillator and its variation with frequency. Q- value and band width. Q-value as
an amplification factor (Phasor treatment to be followed). (4 Lectures)
Coupled Oscillators: Stiffness coupled pendulums. Normal co-ordinates and normal modes of
vibration. Inductance coupling of electrical oscillators. (3 Lectures)
Wave Motion: The type of waves. The wave equation and its solution. Characteristic impedance
of a string. Impedance matching. Reflection and transmission of energy. Reflected and
transmitted energy coefficients. Standing waves on a string of fixed length. Energy of a vibrating
string. Wave velocity and group velocity. (8 Lectures)
Unit-III
Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and Properties of wave front. Huygens
Principle. (3 Lectures)
Interference: Division of wavefront and division of amplitude. Young’s Double Slit
experiment. Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on reflection: Stokes’
treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Fringes of equal
inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings:
measurement of wavelength and refractive index. Michelson’s Interferometer.
(12 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit; Double Slit. Multiple slits & Diffraction grating,
Dispersive power of diffraction grating, Fresnel Diffraction: Half-period zones. Zone plate.
Fresnel Diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit and a wire using half-period zone analysis.
(8 Lectures)
Polarization: Transverse nature of light waves. Unpolarized and plane polarized light,
production of polarized light, Wire grid polarizer, Polaroid, Effect of intensity of light passing
through Polaroid, Malus’ law, double refraction; ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, positive and
negative crystals, birefringence, Nicol Prism, quarter wave plate and half wave plate,
Polarization by reflection (Brewster law), polarization by scattering,. Circular and elliptical
polarization, production of elliptically polarized and circularly polarized light.
(7 Lectures)
Reference Books:
(Credits: -02)
Code PHYS 202PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
60 Lectures
3. To determine the Refractive Index of the Material of a given Prism using Sodium Light.
4. To determine Dispersive Power and Resolving power of the Material of a given Prism
using Mercury Light
10. To determine wavelength of (1) Sodium & (2) spectrum of Mercury light using plane
diffraction Grating
12. To measure the intensity using photo sensor and laser in diffraction patterns of single
and double slits.
13. To find the refractive index of glass slab using travelling microscope
14. To find the refractive index of water using travelling microscope
15. To determine the magnifying power of a telescope.
31
16. To determine the specific rotation of sugar using Laurent’s half-shade polarimeter.
17. Plot a graph between the concentration and rotation for various strengths of sugar
solution and hence find (a) the specific rotation and (b) the concentration of the given
sugar solution.
Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint & H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• Advanced level Physics Practical’s, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11 th Edition, 2011, Kitab
Mahal, New Delhi.
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS301TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
32
Problems with Rutherford model- instability of atoms and observation of discrete atomic spectra;
Bohr's quantization rule and atomic stability; calculation of energy levels for hydrogen like
atoms and their spectra. (5 Lectures)
Unit-II
Heisenberg uncertainty principle- impossibility trajectory; estimating minimum energy of a
confined principle; Energy-time uncertainty principle. Wave-particle duality.
(4 Lectures)
Matter waves and wave amplitude; Schrodinger equation for non-relativistic particles;
Momentum and Energy operators; stationary states; physical interpretation of wave function,
probabilities and normalization; Probability and probability current densities in one dimension.
(11 Lectures)
Unit-III
One dimensional infinitely rigid box- energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, normalization;
Quantum dot as an example; Quantum mechanical scattering and tunnelling in one dimension -
across a step potential and across a rectangular potential barrier. (10 Lectures)
Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of an
electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of
nuclear force, NZ graph, semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy.
(5 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Radioactivity: stability of nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life & half-life; α decay; β
decay - energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino; γ-ray emission.
(11 Lectures)
Fission and fusion - mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of
fragments and emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with Uranium
235; Fusion and thermonuclear reactions. (4 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Six Ideas that Shaped Physics: Particle Behave like Waves, Thomas A. Moore, 2003,
McGraw Hill
• Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics Course Vol.4. E.H. Wichman, 2008, Tata McGraw-
Hill Co.
• Modern Physics, R.A. Serway, C.J. Moses, and C.A.Moyer, 2005, Cengage Learning
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Credits: -02)
Code PHYS301PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
60 Lectures
7. To study the diffraction patterns of single and double slits using laser source and
measure its intensity variation using Photosensor and compare with incoherent source –
Na light.
8. Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light; maximum
energy of photo-electrons versus frequency of light
10. To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
11. To verify the inverse square law by using photovoltaic cell.
12. To measure the DC voltage by using CRO
13. To display the action of junction Diode as (a) Half wave rectifier and (b) Full wave
rectifier using CRO
14. To determine e/m by magnetron method or small solenoid method.
Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint & H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11 th Edition,
3rd Year
34
SOLID STATE PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS
Name of the Course PHYSICS-DSE 1A: SOLID STATE PHYSICS
AND ELECTRONICS
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS302TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
Unit-I
Crystal Structure and Crystal Bonding: Lattice Translation Vectors. Lattice with a Basis. Unit
Cell. Miller Indices. Reciprocal Lattice. Types of Lattices. Brillouin Zones. Diffraction of X-rays
by Crystals. Bragg’s Law. Laue pattern, Laue equation, Atomic and Geometrical Factor.
Potential between a pair of atoms, Lennard-Jones potential, Ionic, Covalent, Vander - Waal’s.
Calculation of cohesive energy for ionic and inert gas system. (10 Lectures)
Elementary Lattice Dynamics: Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear Monoatomic and
Diatomic Chains. Acoustical and Optical Phonons. Qualitative Description of the Phonon
Spectrum in Solids. Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat of
solids. T3 law (5 Lectures)
Unit-II
Free electron theory of metals: Classical picture, Fermi gas, density of states, Fermi energy
and fermi velocity, electronic contribution to specific heat of metals. (3 Lectures)
Band Theory of Metals: Kronig Penny model, Brillouin zones, electrons in periodic structure,
energy bands, energy gaps, effective mass of electrons and holes, metals, insulators, p and n type
Semiconductors effective mass of electron, mobility. (4 Lectures)
Unit-III
Junction diodes: pn junctions, V-I characteristics, Zener diode, voltage regulation, tunnel diode,
LED and LCD, Solar cell, diode as circuit element, load line concept, Rectifiers: Half Wave, full
wave and bridge rectifier, efficiency and ripple factor, filter circuits. (7 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Reference Books:
• Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, 8th Ed., 2004, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
• Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice-Hall of India
• Introduction to Solids, Leonid V. Azaroff, 2004, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
• Solid State Physics, Neil W. Ashcroft and N. David Mermin, 1976, Cengage Learning
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOLID STATE PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS LAB
Name of the Course PRACTICALS –DSE 1A LAB: SOLID
STATE PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS
(Credits: -02)
36
Code PHYS302PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
5. To determine the complex dielectric constant and plasma frequency of metal using Surface
Plasmon resonance (SPR)
Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11 th Ed., 2011, Kitab
Mahal, New Delhi
• Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice-Hall of
37
India
3rd Year
Theory: 72 Lectures
Code PHYS303TH
Yearly Based Examination 70 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Tutorials: Tutorials + Tutorial
Attendance = 5+5 marks.
Astronomical Scales: Astronomical Distance, Mass and Time, Scales, Brightness, Radiant Flux
and Luminosity, Measurement of Astronomical Quantities Astronomical Distances, Stellar
Radii, Masses of Stars, Stellar Temperature. Basic concepts of positional astronomy: Celestial
Sphere, Geometry of a Sphere, Spherical Triangle, Astronomical Coordinate Systems,
Geographical Coordinate Systems, Horizon System, Equatorial System, Diurnal Motion of the
Stars, Conversion of Coordinates. Measurement of Time, Sidereal Time, Apparent Solar Time,
Mean Solar Time, Equation of Time, Calendar. Basic Parameters of Stars: Determination of
Distance by Parallax Method; Brightness, Radiant Flux and Luminosity, Apparent and Absolute
magnitude scale, Distance Modulus; Determination of Temperature and Radius of a star;
Determination of Masses from Binary orbits; Stellar Spectral Classification, Hertzsprung-Russell
Diagram. (18 Lectures)
Unit-II
Unit-III
The sun (Solar Parameters, Solar Photosphere, Solar Atmosphere, Chromosphere. Corona, Solar
Activity, Basics of Solar Magneto-hydrodynamics. Helioseismology).
The solar family (Solar System: Facts and Figures, Origin of the Solar System: The Nebular
Model, Tidal Forces and Planetary Rings, Extra-Solar Planets.
Stellar spectra and classification Structure (Atomic Spectra Revisited, Stellar Spectra,
Spectral Types and Their Temperature Dependence, Black Body Approximation, H R Diagram,
Luminosity Classification) (18 Lectures)
Unit-IV
The milky way: Basic Structure and Properties of the Milky Way, Nature of Rotation of the
Milky Way (Differential Rotation of the Galaxy and Oort Constant, Rotation Curve of the
Galaxy and the Dark Matter, Nature of the Spiral Arms), Stars and Star Clusters of the Milky
Way, Properties of and around the Galactic Nucleus.
Reference Books:
● Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll & D.A. Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
● Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M. Zeilik and S.A. Gregory, 4thEdition,
Saunders College Publishing.
● The physical universe: An introduction to astronomy, F.Shu, Mill Valley: University Science
Books.
● Fundamental of Astronomy (Fourth Edition), H. Karttunen et al. Springer
● K.S. Krishnasamy, ‘Astro Physics a modern perspective,’ Reprint, New Age International
(p) Ltd, New Delhi,2002.
● Baidyanath Basu, ‘An introduction to Astro physics’, Second printing, Prentice - Hall of
India Private limited, New Delhi,2001.
● Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B.Bhatia, Narosa
Publication.
3rd Year
Theory: 72 Lectures
Code PHYS304TH
Yearly Based Examination 70 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Tutorial: Tutorial + Tutorial Attendance
= 5+5 marks.
Unit-I
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and significance of
various terms, condition of nuclear stability. Two nucleon separation energies, Fermi gas model
(degenerate fermion gas, nuclear symmetry potential in Fermi gas), evidence for nuclear shell
structure, nuclear magic numbers, basic assumption of shell model, concept of mean field,
residual interaction, concept of nuclear force. (20 Lectures)
Unit-II
Unit-III
40
Nuclear Detectors and Accelerators: Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter: Energy loss
due to ionization (Bethe-Block formula), energy loss of electrons, Cerenkov radiation, Detector
for Nuclear Radiations: Gas detectors, estimation of electric field, mobility of particle, for
ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation Detectors and construction
of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si & Ge) for charge particle and
photon detection (concept of charge carrier and mobility). Accelerator facility available in India:
Van-de Graaff generator (Tandem accelerator), Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrotrons.
(18 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Particle Physics: Particle interactions; basic features. Classification of elementary particles and
its families. Conservation Laws: energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity, Baryon
number, Lepton number, Isospin, Strangeness, Gell-Mann-Nishijima Scheme, CPT theorem,
parity violation in weak interactions. Particle Symmetries. Quarks Model, quantum number of
quarks and gluons. Quark Model of Hadrons: Quark structure of non strange and strange
hadrons, Mesons and baryons containing charm and bottom quarks, explanation of their quantum
numbers in terms of their constituents quarks, Quark wave function of Mesons and nucleons,
need of color quantum number. Cosmic Rays; origin of cosmic rays. primary and secondary
cosmic rays, hard component and soft component, the altitude effect, the latitude effect, East–
west asymmetry, cosmic rays showers. (18 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Introductory Nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).
• Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by K. Heyde (IOP-
Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004).
• Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
• Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V.F. Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991)
• Nuclear Physics, D.C. Tayal, Himalaya Publishing House.
• Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics, V.K. Mittal, R.C. Verma, S.C.Gupta, Prentice
Hall of India (N.Delhi)
• Introduction to Particle Physics, M.P. Khanna, Prentice Hall of India (N.Delhi)
• Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffith, John Wiley & Sons.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3rd Year
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Name of the Course PHYSICS-DSE 1B: QUANTUM
41
MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS305TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
Unit-I
Time dependent Schrodinger equation: Time dependent Schrodinger equation and dynamical
evolution of a quantum state; Properties of Wave Function. Interpretation of Wave Function
Probability and probability current densities in three dimensions; Conditions for Physical
Acceptability of Wave Functions. Normalization. Linearity and Superposition Principles.
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions. Position, momentum & Energy operators; commutator of
position and momentum operators; Expectation values of position and momentum. Wave
Function of a Free Particle. (6 Lectures)
Time independent Schrodinger equation-Hamiltonian, stationary states and energy
eigenvalues; expansion of an arbitrary wavefunction as a linear combination of energy
eigenfunctions; General solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of linear
combinations of stationary states; Application to the spread of Gaussian wavepacket for a free
particle in one dimension; wave packets, Fourier transforms and momentum space
wavefunction; Position-momentum uncertainty principle. (10 Lectures)
Unit-II
42
Unit-III
Unit-IV
Atoms in External Magnetic Fields:- Zeeman Effect, Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect.
(4 Lectures)
Many electron atoms:- Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Symmetric and Antisymmetric Wave
Functions. Periodic table. Fine structure. Spin orbit coupling. Spectral Notations for Atomic
States. Total Angular Momentum. Vector Model. Spin-orbit coupling in atoms-L-S and J-J
couplings.
(10 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews & K. Venkatesan, 2 nd Ed., 2010,
McGraw Hill
• Quantum Mechanics, Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, 2ndEdn., 2002, Wiley.
University Press
• Quantum Mechanics, Eugen Merzbacher, 2004, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
• Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffith, 2nd Ed. 2005, Pearson Education
43
QUANTUM MECHANICS LAB
Name of the Course PRACTICALS –DSE 1B LAB: QUANTUM
MECHANICS
(Credits: -02)
Code PHYS305PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
1. Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state and the first excited state of
the hydrogen atom
Here, m is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the energy eigenvalues and plot the
corresponding wave functions. Remember that the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is ≈
-13.6 eV. Take e = 3.795 (eVÅ)1/2,ħc = 1973 (eV Å) and m = 0.511x106eV/c2.
Here m is the reduced mass of the system (which can be chosen to be the mass of an electron),
for the screened coulomb potential
Find the energy ( in eV) of the ground state of the atom to an accuracy of three
significant digits, Also, plot the corresponding wave function. Take e = 3.795
(eVÅ)1/2,m=0.511x106eV/c2, and a = 3 Å. In these Units hc =1973 (eVÅ). The ground
state energy is expected to be above -12 eV in all three cases.
for the ground state energy (in MeV) of the particle to an accuracy of three significant digits.
Also, plot the corresponding wave function. Choose m = 940 MeV/c 2, k = 100 MeV fm-2, b = 0,
44
10, 30 MeV fm-3 In theseħ=197units,30MeV fm-3. The ground state energy I expected to lie
between 90 and 110 MeV for all three cases.
4. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for the vibrations of hydrogen molecule
Where is the reduced mass of the two atom system for the Morse potential
Find the lowest vibrational energy ( in MeV) of the molecule to an accuracy of three significant
edigits. Also plot the corresponding wave function.
5. Study of Electron spin resonance- determine magnetic field as a function of the resonance
frequency
7. To study the quantum tunnelling effect with solid state device, e.g. tunnelling current in
backward diode or tunnel diode.
Reference Books:
Scilab (A Free Software to Matlab): H. Ramchandran, A.S. Nair. 2011 S. Chand and
Company, New Delhi ISBN: 978-8121939706
45
• Quantum Mechanics, Bruce Cameron Reed, 008, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
3rd Year
(Credits: Theory-04)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Code PHYS306TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Lab: Lab Seminar + Lab Attendance =
5+5 marks.
Unit-I
Devices: Characteristic and small signal equivalent circuits of UJT and JFET.
Metalsemiconductor Junction. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) device. Ideal MOS and Flat
Band voltage. SiO2-Si based MOS. MOSFET– their frequency limits. Enhancement and
Depletion Mode MOSFETS, CMOS. Charge coupled devices. Tunnel diode.
(14 Lectures)
Unit-II
Power supply and Filters: Block Diagram of a Power Supply, Qualitative idea of C and L
46
Filters. IC Regulators, Line and load regulation, Short circuit protection. Active and Passive
Filters, Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and band Reject Filters.
Multivibrators: Astable, Monostable and Bistable Multivibrators using transistors.
(9 Lectures)
Phase Locked Loop (PLL): Basic Principles, Phase detector (XOR & edge triggered), Voltage
Controlled Oscillator (Basics, varactor). Loop Filter– Function, Loop Filter Circuits, transient
response, lock and capture. Basic idea of PLL IC (565 or 4046).
(5 Lectures)
Unit-III
Processing of Devices: Basic process flow for IC fabrication, Electronic grade silicon. Crystal
plane and orientation. Defects in the lattice. Oxide layer. Oxidation Technique for Si.
Metallization technique. Positive and Negative Masks. Optical lithography. Electron lithography.
Feature size control and wet anisotropic etching. Lift off Technique. Diffusion and implantation
(12 Lectures)
Unit-IV
Reference Books:
● Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S.M. Sze & K.K. Ng, 3rd Ed.2008, John Wiley & Sons
● Electronic devices and integrated circuits, A.K. Singh, 2011, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
● Op-Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits, R.A.Gayakwad,4 Ed. 2000,PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
● Electronic Devices and Circuits, A. Mottershead, 1998, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
● Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
● Introduction to Measurements & Instrumentation, A.K. Ghosh, 3rd Ed., 2009, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
● Semiconductor Physics and Devices, D.A. Neamen, 2011, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill
● PC based instrumentation; Concepts & Practice, N.Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of India
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS LAB
Name of the Course PRACTICALS –DSE 1B LAB: PHYSICS OF
DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS
(Credits: -02)
Code PHYS306PR
Yearly Based Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Experiment = 8 Marks, Written/ Skills= 4 Marks Viva Voce =
4 Marks, Practical Record Book= 4 Marks.
47
PRACTICALS –DSE 1B LAB: PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS
60 Lectures
Reference Books:
● Basic Electronics:A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A.Miller,1994, Mc-Graw
Hill.
● Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
● Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
● OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edn., 2000, Prentice Hall.
● Introduction to PSPICE using ORCAD for circuits & Electronics, M.H. Rashid, 2003, PHI
Learning.
● PC based instrumentation; Concepts & Practice, N.Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of India
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2nd Year
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS203TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive Assessment 30 marks
(CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic Skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS203SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned under
Physics Work Shop Skill (PHYS203TH) for Analytical skill/ Problem solving.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all . The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
The aim of this course is to enable the students to familiar and experience with various
mechanical and electrical tools through hands-on mode
Introduction: Measuring units. conversion to SI and CGS. Familiarization with meter scale,
Vernier calliper, Screw gauge and their utility. Measure the dimension of a solid block, volume
of cylindrical beaker/glass, diameter of a thin wire, thickness of metal sheet, etc. Use of Sextant
to measure height of buildings, mountains, etc. (4 Lectures)
Mechanical Skill: Concept of workshop practice. Overview of manufacturing methods: casting,
foundry, machining, forming and welding. Types of welding joints and welding defects.
Common materials used for manufacturing like steel, copper, iron, metal sheets, composites and
alloy, wood. Concept of machine processing, introduction to common machine tools like lathe,
shaper, drilling, milling and surface machines. Cutting tools, lubricating oils. Cutting of a metal
sheet using blade. Smoothening of cutting edge of sheet using file. Drilling of holes of different
49
diameter in metal sheet and wooden block. Use of bench vice and tools for fitting. Make funnel
using metal sheet. (10 Lectures)
Electrical and Electronic Skill: Use of Multimeter. Soldering of electrical circuits having
discrete components (R, L, C, diode) and ICs on PCB. Operation of oscilloscope. Making
regulated power supply. Timer circuit, Electronic switch using transistor and relay.
(10 Lectures)
Introduction to prime movers: Mechanism, gear system, wheel, Fixing of gears with motor
axel. Lever mechanism, Lifting of heavy weight using lever. braking systems, pulleys, working
principle of power generation systems. Demonstration of pulley experiment. (6 Lectures)
Reference Books:
2nd Year
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS204TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
50
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS204SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all . The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
The aim of this course is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis
but to emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
Introduction: Importance of computers in Physics, paradigm for solving physics problems for
solution. Usage of linux as an Editor. Algorithms and Flowcharts: Algorithm: Definition,
properties and development. Flowchart: Concept of flowchart, symbols, guidelines, types.
Examples: Cartesian to Spherical Polar Coordinates, Roots of Quadratic Equation, Sum of two
matrices, Sum and Product of a finite series, calculation of sin (x) as a series, algorithm for
plotting (1) lissajous figures and (2) trajectory of a projectile thrown at an angle with the
horizontal. (4 Lectures)
Programming:
1. Exercises on syntax on usage of Object oriented C++/FORTRAN
2. Usage of GUI Windows, Linux Commands, familiarity with DOS commands and working in
an editor to write sources codes in FORTRAN.
3. To print out all natural even/ odd numbers between given limits.
4. To find maximum, minimum and range of a given set of numbers.
5. Calculating Euler number using exp(x) series evaluated at x=1 (4 Lectures)
Hands on exercises:
1. To compile a frequency distribution and evaluate mean, standard deviation etc.
2. To evaluate sum of finite series and the area under a curve.
3. To find the product of two matrices
4. To find a set of prime numbers and Fibonacci series.
5. To write program to open a file and generate data for plotting using Gnuplot.
6. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected horizontally.
7. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected making an angle with the horizontally.
8. Creating an input Gnuplot file for plotting a data and saving the output for seeing on
the screen. Saving it as an eps file and as a pdf file.
52
9. To find the roots of a quadratic equation.
10. Motion of a projectile using simulation and plot the output for visualization.
11. Numerical solution of equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator and plot the
outputs for visualization.
12. Motion of particle in a central force field and plot the output for visualization.
(6 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Gnuplot in action: understanding data with graphs, Philip K Janert, (Manning 2010)
• A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning
2nd Year
Part A - ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND NETWORK SKILLS – SEC1/SEC2
Name of the Course PHYSICS-SEC1/ SEC2: ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS AND NETWORK SKILLS
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS205TH
53
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS205SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned under
Electrical Circuits and Network Skills (PHYS205TH) for Analytical skill/ Problem
solving.
The aim of this course is to enable the students to design and trouble shoots the
electrical circuits, networks and appliances through hands-on mode
Basic Electricity Principles: Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power. Ohm's law. Series,
parallel, and series-parallel combinations. AC Electricity and DC Electricity. Familiarization
with multimeter, voltmeter and ammeter.
(3 Lectures)
Understanding Electrical Circuits: Main electric circuit elements and their combination. Rules
to analyze DC sourced electrical circuits. Current and voltage drop across the DC circuit
elements. Single-phase and three-phase alternating current sources. Rules to analyze AC sourced
electrical circuits. Real, imaginary and complex power components of AC source. Power factor.
Saving energy and money. (4 Lectures)
Electrical Drawing and Symbols: Drawing symbols. Blueprints. Reading Schematics. Ladder
54
diagrams. Electrical Schematics. Power circuits. Control circuits. Reading of circuit schematics.
Tracking the connections of elements and identify current flow and voltage drop.
(4 Lectures)
Generators and Transformers: DC Power sources. AC/DC generators. Inductance,
capacitance, and impedance. Operation of transformers.
(3 Lectures)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2nd Year
Part A - BASIC INSTRUMENTATION SKILLS - SEC2
Name of the Course PHYSICS-SEC2: BASIC INSTRUMENTATION
SKILLS
55
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS206TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS206SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned above
under Basic Instrumentation Skills (PHYS206TH) for Analytical skill/ Problem
solving.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all . The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
This course is to get exposure with various aspects of instruments and their usage through
hands-on mode. Experiments listed below are to be done in continuation of the topics.
Electronic Voltmeter: Advantage over conventional multimeter for voltage measurement with
respect to input impedance and sensitivity. Principles of voltage, measurement (block diagram
only). Specifications of an electronic Voltmeter/ Multimeter and their significance. AC
millivoltmeter: Type of AC millivoltmeters: Amplifier- rectifier, and rectifier- amplifier.
Block diagram ac millivoltmeter, specifications and their significance. (4 Lectures)
56
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Block diagram of basic CRO. Construction of CRT, Electron gun,
electrostatic focusing and acceleration (Explanation only– no mathematical treatment), brief
discussion on screen phosphor, visual persistence & chemical composition. Time base
operation, synchronization. Front panel controls. Specifications of a CRO and their
significance. (6 Lectures)
Use of CRO for the measurement of voltage (dc and ac frequency, time period. Special features
of dual trace, introduction to digital oscilloscope, probes. Digital storage Oscilloscope: Block
diagram and principle of working. (3 Lectures)
Signal Generators and Analysis Instruments: Block diagram, explanation and specifications
of low frequency signal generators. pulse generator, and function generator. Brief idea for
testing, specifications. Distortion factor meter, wave analysis. (4 Lectures)
Impedance Bridges & Q-Meters: Block diagram of bridge. working principles of basic
(balancing type) RLC bridge. Specifications of RLC bridge. Block diagram & working
principles of a Q- Meter. Digital LCR bridges. (3 Lectures)
Digital Instruments: Principle and working of digital meters. Comparison of analog & digital
instruments. Characteristics of a digital meter. Working principles of digital voltmeter.
(3 Lectures)
Digital Multimeter: Block diagram and working of a digital multimeter. Working principle of
time interval, frequency and period measurement using universal counter/ frequency counter,
time- base stability, accuracy and resolution. (3 Lectures)
1. Use of an oscilloscope.
2. CRO as a versatile measuring device.
3. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment,
4. Use of Digital multimeter/VTVM for measuring voltages
5. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment,
6. Winding a coil / transformer.
7. Study the layout of receiver circuit.
8. Trouble shooting a circuit
9. Balancing of bridges
Laboratory Exercises:
1. To observe the loading effect of a multimeter while measuring voltage across a low
resistance and high resistance.
2. To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltage and
currents.
3. To measure Q of a coil and its dependence on frequency, using a Q- meter.
4. Measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase angle using CRO.
5. Measurement of time period, frequency, average period using universal counter/ frequency
counter.
6. Measurement of rise, fall and delay times using a CRO.
7. Measurement of distortion of a RF signal generator using distortion factor meter.
8. Measurement of R, L and C using a LCR bridge/ universal bridge.
• Electronic Devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan & N. S.Kumar, 3 rd Ed., 2012, Tata Mc-Graw
Hill
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3rd Year
Part A - RADIATION SAFETY – SEC3
Name of the Course PHYSICS-SEC3: RADIATION SAFETY
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS307TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS307SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
58
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned under
Radiation Safety (PHYS307TH) for Analytical skill/ Problem solving.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all. The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
The aim of this course is for awareness and understanding regarding radiation hazards and
safety. The list of laboratory skills and experiments listed below the course are to be done in
continuation of the topics
Basics of Atomic and Nuclear Physics: Basic concept of atomic structure; X rays
characteristic and production; concept of bremsstrahlung and auger electron, The composition
of nucleus and its properties, mass number, isotopes of element, spin, binding energy, stable
and unstable isotopes, law of radioactive decay, Mean life and half life, basic concept of
alpha, beta and gamma decay, concept of cross section and kinematics of nuclear reactions,
types of nuclear reaction, Fusion, fission. (6 Lectures)
Interaction of Radiation with matter: Types of Radiation: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and
Neutron and their sources, sealed and unsealed sources, Interaction of Photons - Photo-
electric effect, Compton Scattering, Pair Production, Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficients,
Interaction of Charged Particles: Heavy charged particles - Beth-Bloch Formula, Scaling
laws, Mass Stopping Power, Range, Straggling, Channeling and Cherenkov radiation. Beta
Particles- Collision and Radiation loss (Bremsstrahlung), Interaction of Neutrons- Collision,
slowing down and Moderation. (7 Lectures)
Radiation detection and monitoring devices: Radiation Quantities and Units: Basic idea of
different units of activity, KERMA, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose,
collective equivalent dose, Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) and derived Air Concentration (DAC).
Radiation detection: Basic concept and working principle of gas detectors (Ionization
Chambers, Proportional Counter, Multi-Wire Proportional Counters (MWPC) and Gieger
Muller Counter), Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic and Organic Scintillators), Solid States
Detectors and Neutron Detectors, Thermo luminescent Dosimetry.
(7 Lectures)
Radiation safety management: Biological effects of ionizing radiation, Operational limits and
basics of radiation hazards evaluation and control: radiation protection standards, International
Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) principles, justification, optimization,
limitation, introduction of safety and risk management of radiation. Nuclear waste and disposal
management. Brief idea about Accelerator driven Sub-critical system (ADS) for waste
management. (5 Lectures)
Application of nuclear techniques: Application in medical science (e.g., MRI, PET,
Projection Imaging Gamma Camera, radiation therapy), Archaeology, Art, Crime detection,
Mining and oil. Industrial Uses: Tracing, Gauging, Material Modification, Sterization, Food
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preservation. (5 Lectures)
Experiments:
2. Study of characteristics of GM tube and determination of operating voltage and plateau length
using background radiation as source (without commercial source).
6. Detection of α-particles using reference source & determining its half life using spark counter
7. Gamma spectrum of Gas Light mantle (Source of Thorium)
Reference Books:
1. W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes – Nuclear and Particle Physics – Longman (1995)
4. W.J. Meredith and J.B. Massey, “Fundamental Physics of Radiology”. John Wright
and Sons, UK, 1989.
5. J.R. Greening, “Fundamentals of Radiation Dosimetry”, Medical Physics Hand Book
Series, No.6, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol 1981.
6. Practical Applications of Radioactivity and Nuclear Radiations, G.C. Lowental and P.L.
Airey, Cambridge University Press, U.K., 2001
7. A. Martin and S.A. Harbisor, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, John Willey &
Sons, Inc. New York, 1981.
3rd Year
Part A - APPLIED OPTICS - SEC3
Name of the Course PHYSICS-SEC3: APPLIED OPTICS
60
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS308TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS308SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned above
under Applied Optics (PHYS308TH) for Analytical skill/ Problem solving.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all. The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
a. Determination of the grating radial spacing of the Compact Disc (CD) by reflection using
He-Ne or solid state laser.
b. To find the width of the wire or width of the slit using diffraction pattern obtained by a He-
Ne or solid state laser.
c. To find the polarization angle of laser light using polarizer and analyzer
61
d. Thermal expansion of quartz using laser
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) is a powerful method for measuring emission and
absorption spectra, with wide application in atmospheric remote sensing, NMR spectrometry and
forensic science.
Experiment:
Basic principle and theory: coherence, resolution, Types of holograms, white light
reflection hologram, application of holography in microscopy, interferometry, and
character recognition.
Optical fibres and their properties, Principal of light propagation through a fibre, The
numerical aperture, Attenuation in optical fibre and attenuation limit, Single mode and
multimode fibres, Fibre optic sensors: Fibre Bragg Grating
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Experiments on Photonics: Fibre Optics
Reference Books:
• Optical Systems and Processes, Joseph Shamir, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S.C. Gupta, 2005, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Optical Physics, A.Lipson, S.G.Lipson, H.Lipson, 4 th Edn., 1996, Cambridge Univ.
Press
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3rd Year
Part A - WEATHER FORECASTING - SEC4
Name of the Course PHYSICS-SEC4: WEATHER FORECASTING
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS309TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
63
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS309SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned under
Weather Forecasting (PHYS309TH) for Analytical skill/ Problem solving.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all . The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to enable
them to develop an awareness and understanding regarding the causes and effects of different
weather phenomenon and basic forecasting techniques
1. Study of synoptic charts & weather reports, working principle of weather station.
(b) To study the variation of rainfall amount and intensity by wind direction.
(d) To examine the maximum and minimum temperature throughout the year.
3. Exercises in chart reading: Plotting of constant pressure charts, surfaces charts, upper wind
charts and its analysis.
4. Formats and elements in different types of weather forecasts/ warning (both aviation and non
aviation)
Reference books:
3rd Year
Part A - RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY HARVESTING - SEC4
Name of the Course PHYSICS-SEC4: RENEWABLE ENERGY
AND ENERGY HARVESTING
(Credits: Theory-03)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Code PHYS310TH
Yearly Based Examination 50 marks (3 Hrs)
Continuous Comprehensive 30 marks
Assessment (CCA)
65
CCA: Based on Midterm Exam, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz and Attendance:
CCA Theory: Midterm Exam = 10 marks, Class Test/Seminar/Assignments/Quiz = 05
marks, Attendance Theory = 05 marks. CCA Skill: Project File or Dissertation Record
+ Seminar = 5+5 marks.
(Credits: -01)
Maintain Project file or Dissertation to check Analytic skill/Problem solving in skill
exam.
Code PHYS310SE
Yearly Based Skill Examination 20 marks (3 Hrs)
Distribution of Marks: Hands on Skill Test = 15 Marks, Viva Voce = 5 Marks.
❖ Skill based Project or Dissertation work on any topic of syllabus mentioned under
Renewable Energy and Energy Harvesting (PHYS310TH) for Analytical skill/
Problem solving.
1. Examiner will set seven questions in all covering the entire syllabus each of 10 marks ,
2. The candidate will be required to attempt five questions in all. The duration of the
examination will be 3 hours.
The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to provide
them with exposure and hands-on learning wherever possible
Fossil fuels and Alternate Sources of energy: Fossil fuels and Nuclear Energy, their limitation,
need of renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of developments in
Offshore Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion, solar energy, biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas generation, geothermal
energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity.
(3 Lectures)
Solar energy: Solar energy, its importance, storage of solar energy, solar pond, non convective
solar pond, applications of solar pond and solar energy, solar water heater, flat plate collector,
solar distillation, solar cooker, solar green houses, solar cell, absorption air conditioning. Need
and characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and equivalent circuits, and sun
tracking systems.
(6 Lectures)
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Wind Energy harvesting: Fundamentals of Wind energy, Wind Turbines and different
electrical machines in wind turbines, Power electronic interfaces, and grid interconnection
topologies.
(3 Lectures)
Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics and
Statistics, Wave Energy Devices. Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies,
Ocean Thermal Energy, Osmotic Power, Ocean Bio-mass.
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies.
(7 Lectures)
Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact of
hydro power sources.
(2 Lectures)
Piezoelectric Energy harvesting: Introduction, Physics and characteristics of piezoelectric
effect, materials and mathematical description of piezoelectricity, Piezoelectric parameters and
modeling piezoelectric generators, Piezoelectric energy harvesting applications, Human power
(4 Lectures)
Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Linear generators, physics mathematical models, recent
applications, Carbon captured technologies, cell, batteries, power consumption, Environmental
issues and Renewable sources of energy, sustainability.
(5 Lectures)
Demonstrations and Experiments
Reference Books:
• Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy, Power for a sustainable future”, 2004, Oxford
University Press, in association with The Open University.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
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