Comissioner Bekel

PEIA For Mixed use, commercial
PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT
ON
MIXED USE COMMERTIAL
PRMOTER: Mrs. .BAYANECH FIKADU
PROJECT TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN OROMIA EAST SHAWA ZONE BISHOFTU

TOWN
APRIL, 2023
Bishoftu town, ETHIOPIA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONIMS.........................................................................................................................................iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................v
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Approach to the Study...........................................................................................................2
1.1.1 Objective of the Study...................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Methodology..................................................................................................................2
1.1.3 Environmental Scoping..................................................................................................4
1.1.4 Limitations.....................................................................................................................4
2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................5
2.1 Economic Development Policies and Strategies..........................................................................5
2.1.1 The National Economic Development Strategy....................................................................5
2.1.2 Ethiopian Investment Strategy..............................................................................................5
2.2 Environmental Policies and Strategies.........................................................................................7
2.2.1 Constitution..........................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)......................................................................8
2.2.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia..................................................................................8
2.2.4. Sectoral Policies and Strategies...........................................................................................9
National Health Policies and Strategies.....................................................................................9
2.2.5 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy................................................................10
2.2.6 Legislative Instruments.......................................................................................................10
Proclamation on institutional arrangements.............................................................................10
FDRE Proclamation on Environmental Impact assessment Pro.No 299/2002.........................11
FDRE Proclamation on Environmental Pollution and Control Pro. No 300/2002...................11
2.2.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document...................................................11
Oromia Region Proclamation on Environmental Impact assessment Pro.No 176/2005...........12
2.2.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document...................................................12
2.2.8. Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP),..........................................................13
2.2.8.1. Environment and Climate Change........................................................................13
3. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................15
3.1. National....................................................................................................................................15
Environmental Protection Council...........................................................................................15
Environmental Protection Authority........................................................................................15
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3.2. Regional....................................................................................................................................15
3.2 Project Goal...........................................................................................................................17
3.3. Zone..........................................................................................................................................18
3.4. District......................................................................................................................................18
3.5. Peasant Associations.................................................................................................................18
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION....................................................................................................................18
4.1 Background to the Project..........................................................................................................18
Background of the Project...............................................................................................................18
4.1.1 Project Goal........................................................................................................................19
4.1.2 Location..............................................................................................................................19
4.1.3 Project Objectives and Justification....................................................................................19
4.1.3.1 Project Objectives........................................................................................................19
Project Specific objectives...........................................................................................................19
4.1.3.2 Project Justification......................................................................................................20
4.2. Raw Materials, Production Process, Equipment’s, Machineries, Land and Civil Work............25
4.2.1 Raw Materials.....................................................................................................................25
4.2.2. Production Process.................................................................................................................27
1.2 Key features of the Life Cycle Assessment concept............................................................27
4.2.4. Land, Building and Civil works.........................................................................................28
4.2.5. Equipment’s and Machineries......................................................................................31
4.2.6. Utilities........................................................................................................................31
5...........................................................................................................................................................32
5.1. Physical Environment..........................................................................................................32
5.1.1. Topography..................................................................................................................32
5.1.2. Soil Types....................................................................................................................32
5.1.3. Climate.........................................................................................................................33
5.1.4. Water Resource............................................................................................................33
5.2. Biological Resources...........................................................................................................33
5.2.1. Vegetation....................................................................................................................33
5.2.2. Wild Life......................................................................................................................34
5.3. Socio-Economic Environment.............................................................................................35
5.3.1. Population and Settlement Pattern...............................................................................35
5.3.2. Social Livelihood.........................................................................................................35
5.3.3. Education.....................................................................................................................35
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5.3.4. Public Health...............................................................................................................36

5.3.5. Water Supply...............................................................................................................36
5.3.6. Energy Sources and Coverage.....................................................................................36
5.4. Historical, Cultural, Religious and Archeological Resources..............................................37
5.5. Public Consultation and Social Acceptability of the Project................................................37
5.6. Gender Equity Issues...........................................................................................................37
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONDITIONS GENERAL................38
6.1 Positive impacts.........................................................................................................................39
6.2. Adverse Impact Assessment.....................................................................................................43
6.2.1. Pre-construction Phase Impacts...................................................................................43
6.2.2. Impact during construction phase................................................................................43
6.2.2.1. Impact on Soil Quality.............................................................................................44
6.2.2.2. Impact on Air Quality..............................................................................................45
6.2.2.3. Impact on Water Quality..........................................................................................46
6.2.2.4. Impact on Noise Levels............................................................................................46
6.2.2.5. Solid waste...............................................................................................................47
6.2.2.6. Health and safety......................................................................................................48
6.2.3. Impact during Operation Phase..........................................................................................49
6.2.3.1. Environmental Risk during Production...........................................................................49
6.2.3.2. Noise...............................................................................................................................53
6.2.3.3. Waste water....................................................................................................................53
6.2.3.4 Health and Environmental Risk.......................................................................................54
6.4. Mitigation of Significant Impacts.........................................................................................55
6.4.1. Constructional phase impacts mitigation measures............................................................55
6.4.1.1. Noise and vibration.....................................................................................................55
6.4.1.2. Soil and Water............................................................................................................56
6.4.1.3. Solid waste..................................................................................................................56
6.4.1.4. Health and safety........................................................................................................56
6.4.1.5. Air (Visual intrusion)...................................................................................................57
6.4.2 Operational Phase Impacts mitigation measures.................................................................57
6.4.2.1. Noise...........................................................................................................................57
6.4.2.2. Air quality....................................................................................................................57
6.4.2.3. Waste..........................................................................................................................57
6.4.2.4. Working Environment/ Workplace Risk......................................................................58
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7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN..............................................................................59

7.1 General overview.......................................................................................................................59
7.2. Pre-Construction Phase.............................................................................................................59
7.3. Construction Phase...................................................................................................................60
7.3.1. Site Preparation Management............................................................................................60
7.3.2. Waste Management............................................................................................................60
7.3.3. Air pollution and dust management...................................................................................61
7.3.4. On site cultivation and infrastructure.................................................................................61
7.3.5. Health and risk management..............................................................................................61
7.4. Operational phase.....................................................................................................................61
7.5. Monitoring plan and implementation program.........................................................................62
8. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................................................64
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................65
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ACRONIMS
ASL Above Sea Level
ADLI Agricultural Development led-Industrialization
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
EMB Environmental Management Branch
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Bayanech Fikadu project is aimed at establishment for multipurpose Construction that

product for construction Market center, Recreation area, Game zone, Office places, medical
suites, shopping center, super market, parking facilities, café, hotel components and etc. The
factory is proposed to be located in Oromia Regional State. The proposed project is
specifically to be established in the East Shawa zone Bishoftu town. The project will be
established on owned land building, which has 1,500M2 of land. The mixed building project
will be installed with the total investment capital of ETB 53.9.00 (Fifty Three Million point
nine Ethiopian Birr) and creating job opportunities for 100 Employers.
Moreover In many urban cities, mixed-use development is becoming increasingly essential

for the creation of an attractive and sustainable environment that promotes economic vitality,
social equity and environmental quality. Due to the differences in scale, scope and intent,
certain aspects within the project delivery process of mixed-use are not the same as
“conventional” single-use projects.
The methodology used follows the conventional pattern for industrial development project
PEIA study and meets the requirements of EPA’s Environmental Impact Assessment
guideline. Data collection both from primary and secondary sources; identification and
analysis of significant environmental issues on the basis of those data; choosing mitigation
and enhancement measures; and developing environmental protection, monitoring and
management plans are the methodological approaches followed in conducting the PEIA
study.
Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
Laws, Policies and institutions were considered for the dual purposes of identifying potential
project constraints, and establishing background for realistic, sensitive recommendations. The
respective policies, legislative and institutional issues that are most relevant to Modern Mixed
use building. This review found the following three programs and trends to have a strong
bearing upon the project: 1) National policies and strategies towards economic development
and sectoral development; 2) environmental protection and conservation; Ethiopian growth
and transformation Plan and 3) governmental policies towards decentralization and local self-
determination.
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Baseline Environmental Condition of the Project Area
Environment is defined as the surroundings or conditions in which a person lives/operates or

in which a particular project activity is carried on. Those pertaining to the project have both
bio-physical and socio-cultural aspects. The land is obtained from the government through
lease from the town administration.
Adverse Environmental impacts and suggested mitigation measures
The PEIA report discusses major environmental and social issues and constraints that can
arise from the project implementation. The project is characterized by short term and
insignificant pre-construction and construction stages impacts and long-term significant
impact during operation stage.
The major positive impacts of the proposed project are both those of economic benefits at the
national, regional and local level due to creation of employment for 75 permanent employees.
Environmental Management Plan
Environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to

minimize or offset adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. The prime function of
PESIA is to provide a basis of shaping the project so that overall performance is enhanced.
The mitigation and benefit enhancement measures identified in the PESIA should be
followed so that the enhancement of the performance environmentally, can be achieved.
In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall
project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level
of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and
functions efficiently throughout its life.
Environmental Monitoring Program
Various kinds of environmental monitoring and evaluation will be conducted by responsible

staffs of the company. The Research and Development team will be responsible for most of
the monitoring activities and will report to the company top management in a weekly basis.
The company top management and affiliated units of the Oromia Environmental Protection,
Authority, such as technical divisions of the industrial pollution prevention and control
department will make occasional and random monitoring, respectively. The monitoring will
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involve both quantitative and qualitative data, as appropriate to the nature of the information
which will involve during the production stage of the project.
Conclusion and recommendations
Sustainable development that ensures intergenerational justice and equity is the approach of
the envisioned project. The company will have a good management structure that is capable
of executing its function in the day to day activity of the proposed project. Moreover, the
management, with previous experience of the owner in the running of many successful
businesses in Ethiopia, is capable of handling the responsibilities for environmental well-
being and creating job opportunities aimed at decreasing the foreign currency expenditure for
importing goods.
The implementation of the project will bring several beneficial impacts including creating job
opportunity and reducing poverty, contributing to national economic growth and providing
unique, specialized training and skills for those employed by established modern mixed use
building project investment. Thus it can be concluded that the project benefits by far
outweighs its adverse socio-economic and socio-ecological impacts as these two can be
mitigated by proper utilizations of the suggested-mitigation-measures
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1. INTRODUCTION
In its creation and use, the built environment consumes inordinate quantities of resources.
Additional issues of grave concern are the impacts of industrial emissions and wastes on
The aspects of the environment which society wishes to protect and conserve.
The main focus of improvement efforts are the building assessment and rating systems of the
green building movement which have yielded considerable success. Energy and water
Consumption has been reduced considerably. However, these efforts are informed by
Perceptions rather than scientific facts. Materials selection has remained a particularly
difficult and contentious issue. For instance, the use of wood from well-managed forests
reduces the consumption of non-renewable resources but the fertilizers’, pesticides and
herbicides used in crop production processes contain heavy metals which may end up in the
food chain.
Current approaches also encourage problem shifting. For instance, construction is one of the
largest users of energy, raw materials and water. However, energy efficiency and water
conservation are prioritized on the green agenda while the key environmental impacts
associated with materials use, namely, depletion of resources; and releases of solid and liquid
wastes and toxic emissions to air are barely addressed. In dynamic socio economic
environment, like the one currently exist in Ethiopia, the development of industry and
supportive manufacturing sector has a great role to make the overall economic growth to be
persistent.
The government of Ethiopia has a conducive investment policies and guidelines that promote
the private sectors involvement in the economic development through the various investment
and business endeavors.
In relation to any project implementation, growing consciousness of environmental problems

during recent years has led to increased demand to analysis the environmental impacts of a
newly established project specially the potential risks and problems to the health of the
society as well as to the environment. Besides, assessing environmental issues also become a
critical success factor for business.
The purpose of this report is, therefore, to carry out Partial Environmental Impact
Assessment (PEIA) on this proposed project particularly concerning environmental pollution.
As the initial environmental examination indicates that at the screening stage: There is a
sufficient ground for the requirement of detailed environmental impact assessment for this
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project. The fact that the operational stage of the project characterized by resource
consumption with a subsequent generation of unwanted materials, Environmental impact
Assessment is necessary to indicate what measure should be taken at the different stages of
the project, particularly in relation to pollution control strategies. This report concerns Partial
Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA) of construction material manufacturing project in
Bishoftu town
This study document incorporates the introduction part, approach followed in conducting the
study, assumptions/gaps in knowledge, legal and policy implications, baseline information
about the project and the environment, environmental impacts and proposed mitigating
measures, management plan, conclusion and recommendation.
1.1 Approach to the Study
1.1.1 Objective of the Study

The objectives of this study are to identify and ensure the impacts of Multipurpose
construction project are adequately and properly considered and, to design a mitigation based
on PESIA principles and guidelines. Consequently, this process serves to bring about
administrative transparency and accountability, community participation and sustainable
development.
1.1.2 Methodology
To facilitate the permitting process, proponents are required to provide adequate information
on their proposal to serve as a basis for decision-making. It is in fulfillment of this
requirement that this Report has been prepared by the consultancy, for the design,
construction, testing and commissioning of Multipurpose Construction project establishment.
To facilitate this, site inspections, consultations, visual assessments and evaluation
procedures were undertaken.
The study team visited the project site and subsequently carried out in depth assessment of
the likely environmental implications of the proposed Multipurpose Modern development
project. The team also interacted and discussed possible environmental and socio-economic
impacts of the proposed project with a number of stakeholders in order to:
 Identify key environmental concerns relating to the proposed project; and

 Highlight the concerns of the relevant stakeholders in the preparation of the Report.
The environmental impact of the project is prepared based three phases.
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Phase-I
The first phase started by acquiring existing project documents (feasibility study report, pre-
operational and operational activities, etc.), location and topographic maps, soil & water test
reports, hydro- metrological data and hydro-geological data of the project area. This was
followed by an intensive desktop review of available documents. The procedural EIA
guidelines (2003), EIA review guidelines (2003) and Environmental Policy and Law of
Ethiopia, EIA guidelines for such sector investment have been reviewed.
Guideline for socially and environmentally responsible production of Multipurpose Modern

Mixed use project was thoroughly studied in order to design the structure of the report.
Checklists to collect data and design of successive phases of studies were designed based on
the information obtained from the desktop review and others.
Phase-II
Any available information and data that describe the most relevant features of the project and
the area where the project is to be implemented were collected using the prepared checklist
during the second phase of this study. These include important features of the project that
would have direct impact on the environment i.e. information on Multipurpose Modern
Mixed use project and similar activities will be investigated.
In addition, visual and scientific information was gathered on the biophysical and socio-
economic conditions of the project area from proponent and credible government institutions.
Phase-III
The last phase of the study has been allocated to synthesis and analysis the collected
information based on the available standards, legal requirement, etc. This enabled to predict
the possible environmental impacts that could result during the construction and throughout
the operation life of the project.
Possible mitigation measures were also identified to prevent, reduce or minimize the
predicted environmental impacts. Furthermore, environmental impact assessment findings
and the mitigation measures that are recommended to address the impacts were also included.
In addition monitoring and/or auditing mechanisms are designed to those impacts that need
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an ongoing monitoring in the life span of the project and to address the unforeseen
environmental impacts in the study.
1.1.3 Environmental Scoping

The scoping concerns identifying the project area sensitive environmental component from
field observation, public consultation and literature review. The study includes detailed
characterization of existing status of environment in an area of 1km radius around proposed
project for various identified environmental components viz. air, noise, water, land,
biological and socio-economic. So that the environmental examination and environmental
scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area ( area of the influence)
 To define list of Valued Ecosystem Components within the study area
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project
 To define list of Impacts to be studied
 To delineate post-project environmental quality monitoring programed
1.1.4 Limitations
Even though some progress is made regarding PEIA, management and monitoring on
Multipurpose construction material manufacturing project activities and services, there are a
lot of things to be done to realize objectives of the proclamation in developing countries like
Ethiopia. Some of the challenges in undertaking the study are:
 Getting scientific and sufficient and reliable primary data particularly for the specific
location (Bishoftu Town) was difficult, because of this the socio economic and
biological information based on Bishoftu town data’s, which is relatively wide.
 Lack of systemic networking among concerned government organizations so as to
accomplish the study as per the guideline of EIA,
 Having complete knowledge and perfect skill on scientific analysis of environmental
impact.
2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

General Overview
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This section covers the policy, legislative and institutional issues that are most relevant to
establishment of such Multipurpose Construction project activities and services in particular.
The first part looks at the National Economic Development policy and strategies and sectoral
policies and strategies related to the project. The second section focuses on existing
environmental policies and strategies at the national and regional/sectoral levels including the
Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan. Finally, the third part presents the existing
institutional frame work for Environmental Protection and Management.
2.1 Economic Development Policies and Strategies
2.1.1 The National Economic Development Strategy

The guiding strategy under the National Economic Development is known as the
‘Agricultural Development led-Industrialization’ (ADLI). This strategy further developed
into sectoral strategies that include Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Population growth,
technological progress, Economic and Social infrastructure, etc. The following can be
identified as the core elements of the agro-industrial development strategy component of
ADLI (MoPED, 1993).
o The promotion of labor intensive technologies and utilization of domestic raw

materials;
o Determination of the composition of industrial output based on the needs and

income levels of the population; and
o Government intervention to motivate the choice of labor intensive technology that

makes extensive use of domestic raw materials.
ADLI has provided that the basis for the development of the other national and sectoral
policies and strategies that have direct relevance to the development of export oriented
agriculture and its products in the country.
2.1.2 Ethiopian Investment Strategy

There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by government
as the country started to move away from ‘centralized economy’ to ‘free market economy’
(since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.
Above all; the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of the current
Ethiopian investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general.
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o Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic

Republic of Ethiopia; and
o Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to provide for

investment Incentives.
According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the objective of the investment

policy of the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(FDRE) are designed to improve the
living standard of the peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable economic and
social development. Article 13 of the proclamation specifies the required information for
submitting an application for investment permit. The first sub-article under article 14,
prescribes the procedure for issuance of investment permit, states the following:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the
provisions of Article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days
that the included investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws
of the country and that, in particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in
environmental protection laws, the appropriate investment organ shall issue an
investment permit to the applicant.
The Council of Ministers regulation No.7/1996 provides the terms and conditions under
which investment incentives is provided for investors. The investment incentive is divided
into the following two categories: exemption from income tax and exemption from customs
duty on imported machinery and equipment. The exemption from income tax is based on the
following two criteria. The first criterion is the class of the investment as pioneer investment,
promoted investment, or expansion and upgrading of existing investment. The second
criterion is the location of the investment with respect to its potential contribution to
equitable distribution of regional development.
In 1998, the government of FDRE issued the following proclamation and regulations with the
objective of amending the investment proclamation and regulation issued in 1996.
o Regulation No. 116/1998: A proclamation to amend the investment proclamation;
o Proclamation No. 35/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations on Investment Areas

Reserved for Domestic Investors.
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o Regulation No. 36/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations to Amend the

Investment Incentives Regulations.
2.2 Environmental Policies and Strategies
2.2.1 Constitution
The constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia provides the overriding
principles and legal for all legislative frame-works in the country. The concept of sustainable
development and the environmental rights of the people are enshrined in the constitution by
the following articles that stipulate the rights of peoples in country.
Article 43: The Rights of Development
1. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia
in particular have the right to improved living standards and to sustainable development;
2. Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be

consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community;
3. All international agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the

State shall protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development; and
4. The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for
development and to meet their basis needs.
Article 44 - Environmental Rights
1. All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected
as a result of State programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative
means of compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance.
These constitutional provisions have served as the guiding principle of all activates that are
related to policy formulation, strategy development and the formulation of legislative and
institutional framework for environmental protection.
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2.2.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

The CSE, approved by the Council of Ministers in 1996, provides a comprehensive and
rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense, covering national and
regional strategies, sectoral and cross sectoral policies, action plans and programs as well as
providing the basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks for the
implementation (EPA/Ministry of Economic Development and Co-operation 1996,
MoEDAC). It also deals with providing a strategic framework for integrating environmental
planning into a new and existing policies and projects.
It mainly recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental factors into development

activities from the beginning so that planners may take into account environmental protection
as an essential component of economic, social and cultural development.
2.2.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management of
Ethiopia is the Environmental Policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the Council of
Ministers in April 1997. The Policy was prepared under the joint-effort of the Environmental
Protection Authority (EPA) and the Environmental Planning Unit (EPU) of the then Ministry
of Economic Development and Co-operation (MoEDC).
The policy contains elements that imply the importance of main streaming socio-ecologic
aspects in development programs. More specifically, there are two cross-sectoral policies
components with a mainstreaming effect in the EPE. Article 4.6 of EPE covers different
aspects of the importance of incorporating environmental costs and benefits in the
development planning process. Under this Article, the initiation of a pilot project on the
application of Environmental Accounting in Ethiopia was identified as one of the policy
directions. Furthermore, Article 4.6 states (EPA 1997, 21):
To explicitly consider in 5-, 10-, and 100- years time perspective the economic costs &
benefits to the environment in the planning of all major development programs,
projects and activities.
Article 4.9 of EPE covers the policy directive on EIA. The Article contains eleven sub-
articles covering different aspects of EIA and the conditions under which EIA must be
performed. Article 4.9.g (EPA 1997, 23) provides a provision:
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To create a by law on EIA process which requires appropriate Environmental impact

statements and environmental audits for private and state development projects.
The sectoral policies of EPE contain policy directions that may ensure the promotion of
sustainable industrial development in the country. More specifically, Article 3.8 of EPE
provides policy directions for the control of hazards materials and pollution from industrial
waste. This sectoral policy emphasizes the importance of pollution prevention and
minimization as the primary approach for pollution control. To this effect, Article 3.6(a)
states (EPA 1997, 15):
To adhere to the precautionary principle of minimizing and where possible preventing

discharge of substances and to disallow the discharge when they are likely to be
hazardous.
Article 3.8.m, more specifically (EPA 1997, 16) states:
To promote waste minimization processes including the efficient recycling of

materials wherever possible.
2.2.4. Sectoral Policies and Strategies

National Health Policies and Strategies
Article 2 of general policy states the ‘development of the preventive and promotive
components of health care’ as one of the basic policy component. The promotion of
occupational health and safety (Article 2.2.2) and the development of Environmental Health
(Article 2.2.3) are identified as priority policy areas for the health sector.
Article 5.2 states that the promotional and preventive activities shall address ‘prevention of
Environmental pollution with hazardous chemical wastes’. Article 1.3 of the Health sector
strategy that was developed in 1995 states the following under Environmental and
occupational Health and safety’ (TGE, 1995):
Agricultural schemes and industries will be expected to have strong health prevention and
promotion program. Starting from inception, an appropriate health advice has to be
sought & incorporated in the project. Guidelines, standards, regulations & legislations
will be prepared in order to assist the community, planners, builders, agricultural
schemes and industries on safe disposal of waste, minimizing environmental pollution and
incorporating appropriate health and safely standards in housing and work premises.
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2.2.5 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
The Federal Government of the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia issued a comprehensive &
integrated water resources management policy in 1998. The policy document outlines the
following as the general policy objectives (FDRE, 1998:1)
o Development of the water resources of the country for Economic and social
Benefits of the people on equitable & sustainable basis;
o Allocation and apportionment of water based on comprehensive and integrated

plans and optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity
of access, and sustainability of the resources.
o Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention,

rehabilitation and other practical measures.
o Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic
environment on sustainable basis.
2.2.6 Legislative Instruments

The Federal Government of Ethiopia is in the process of passing number of proclamations
that are aimed at providing the legislative instruments for the implementation of the national
environmental policy objectives and strategies. The following environmental protection
proclamations were enacted by the council of Representative of FDRE.
Proclamation on institutional arrangements

This proclamation establishes the EPA as an autonomous Federal agency with the objective
of formulating Environmental policies, strategies, legislatives, standards and directives. The
proclamation also provides for the establishment of the Environmental Council to ensure
integration of Environmental concerns with development policies, strategies and plans, as
well as co-ordination among sectors.
The Environmental Council is chaired by the prime minister (or his designate) and is
composed of the relevant line ministries, heads of other government agencies and
representative of trade associations and NGOs. The executive Director of EPA will serve as
member and secretary of the Environmental Council.
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Further-more, the proclamation requires every competent agency to establish or designate its
own environmental unit, which shall ensure collaboration with EPA and be responsible to co-
ordinate and follow up that activities of the agency are taking place in harmony with this
proclamation and other Environmental requirements.
FDRE Proclamation on Environmental Impact assessment Pro.No 299/2002

This proclamation requires all licensing agencies have to ensure that EPA or the respective
Regional Environmental Agency has authorized their implementation prior to issuing any
type of license for projects. The EIA proclamation includes provisions on: categories of EIA
requirements, duties and responsibilities of the project and the competent Agency,
procedures on EIA report and its approval, conditions of offense and the ensuing penalties
and conditions of public participation in the EIA process. The proclamation has an annex that
contains lists of activities/projects that requires an EIA.
FDRE Proclamation on Environmental Pollution and Control Pro. No 300/2002

The Proclamation contains general provision control; Environmental standards, powers and
duties of Environmental inspectors, rights to appeal and offenses and penalties. The pollution
control component includes provisions on management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and
radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes and protection of the ozone layer.
The proclamation has provisions on forfeiture cancellation and restoration.
2.2.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document

The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia. In effect, the document aims at being a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia
for all parties who engage in the process. The basic objective of the guide is:
 Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach in EIA;
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia;
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility;
 Assisting communities and NGO groups in realizing their environmental rights with
regard to EIA;
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibilities as decision

makers in the EIA process; and
Page 11
 Assisting in decision-making with regard to cost and benefits of proposed development

projects.
Oromia Region Proclamation on Environmental Impact assessment Pro.No 176/2005

This proclamation requires all licensing agencies have to ensure that EPA or the respective
Regional Environmental Agency has authorized their implementation prior to issuing any
type of license for projects. The EIA proclamation includes provisions on: categories of EIA
requirements, duties and responsibilities of the project and the competent Agency,
procedures on EIA report and its approval, conditions of offense and the ensuing penalties
and conditions of public participation in the EIA process. The proclamation has an annex that
contains lists of activities/projects that requires an EIA.
Oromia Regional Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control Pro. No 177/2005
The Proclamation contains general provision control; Environmental standards, powers and
duties of Environmental inspectors, rights to appeal and offenses and penalties. The pollution
control component includes provisions on management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and
radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes and protection of the ozone layer.
The proclamation has provisions on forfeiture cancellation and restoration.
2.2.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document

The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia. In effect, the document aims at being a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia
for all parties who engage in the process. The basic objective of the guide is:
 Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach in EIA;
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia;
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility;
 Assisting communities and NGO groups in realizing their environmental rights with
regard to EIA;
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibilities as decision

makers in the EIA process; and
Page 12
2.2.8. Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP),

Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) is a medium term strategic framework for
the five-year period (2010/11-2014/15). Under cross cutting part of the plan, there exists a
separate component for Environment and Climate change as explained below;
2.2.8.1. Environment and Climate Change
 Strategic Direction
Environmental conservation has vital contribution for sustainability of development. In this

context, building a carbon neutral and climate resilient economy and enforcement of existing
environmental laws are priority actions in connection to the environmental conservation.
 Objectives
The objectives of the plan is to formulate policies, strategies, laws and standards, which
foster social and economic development to enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of
the environment sustainably, and to spearhead in ensuring the effectiveness of the process of
their implementation.
 Implementation Strategy
a. Adaptation to climate change
Climate is a major environmental resource that affects nearly all human activities. Ethiopia's
contribution to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is
negligible. But it is highly sensitive to climate change and variability. Ethiopia has large arid
and semi-arid areas as well as development sectors which have already suffered much from
the vagaries of climatic variations and are likely to suffer seriously due to the occurrence of a
shift in climate.
Thus, the adverse impact of climate change in general setback the development already
gained. The impact in climate change is inevitable for at least the next few centuries.
Therefore, the formulation and implementation of a climate change adaptation program is a
dictate of Ethiopia's survival.
b. Mitigation of climate change
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Ethiopia has one of the lowest per capita rates of consumption of fossil fuel in the world. Its
contribution to climate change is, therefore, negligible. Although compared with the rest of
the world Ethiopia's contribution to atmospheric pollution that causes climate change has
been negligible its impact is going to increase with the growth of industrialization. Therefore,
Ethiopia should do all it can to avoid emissions of atmospheric pollutants and pursue a clean
path of development.
Ethiopia has resources and environmental conservation practices that do not entail climate
change and that could also mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, Ethiopia's
contribution to the mitigation of the climate that is being induced by industrialized countries
has been increasing. Ethiopia can generate much more electricity than it needs from
hydropower, wind and geothermal power and thus not only mitigate its contribution to
climate change but also export clean electricity to neighboring countries to help them in their
shares of climate change mitigation action. Ethanol and biodiesel production can increase
many folds without competing with food crops for agricultural land. On the other hand, the
once deforested lands in the last 20 years or so, especially in Northern Ethiopia have been
reforested. In general, Ethiopia has socio-economic development sectors that have a potential
to mitigate climate change.
3. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.1. National
The administrative structure of FDRE is based on a Federal system that has nine regional
states and two special city administrations. Environmental protection activities are directed
and managed at the national level through three levels of institutional arrangements. These
are namely, the Environmental Protection Council, the Environmental Protection Authority
and Inter-Ministerial Commission Coordinating Mechanisms.
Environmental Protection Council

The proclamation for the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority
establishes Environmental protection council to ensure the integration of Environmental
concerns with development policies, strategies and plans as well as coordination among
sectors. The council is composed of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and
Industry, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Commission of Science and
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Technology, the Ministry of Water Resources and EPA. An official to be designated by the
government chairs the council.
Environmental Protection Authority

The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) is the competent Environmental Agency at
the Federal level in Ethiopia established by proclamation No. 9/1995. Article 5 of the
proclamation states the following as the objective of the EPA.
The objective of the authority shall be to ensure that all matters pertaining to the country’s
Social and Economic activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of
human beings as sustainably protect, develop and utilize the resource bases on which they
depend for survival.
3.2. Regional
The Oromia region is one of the nine regional states under the Federal system of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
The city administration of Bishoftu is located at the center of two cities Addis Ababa and the
Adam which is the second city of oromia region. Bishoftu has an estimated distance of 47km
south east of Addis Ababa and 52 km of from Adama, Bishoftu is the center of these two big
cities where many local wonderer, tourists, group voyagers and other different business
individuals drives now and then in these two cities. This is one of the best situations for the
business opportunity in order to get rest and do business in Bishoftu.
There is a high dynamic rate of transportation from down cities including Dire Dawa,
Djibouti Awassa and other South region cities.
Bishoftu has developed land area of 3280 hectare in 1976, while currently
the land is developed for further services and activities for the total area of
18,278 hec, which six fold time than 20 years ago. The land is allocated for
different use such as: residence (15.6%), commercial (1.66%), transport and
street network ( 12.6), Social service (13.6), recreation (17.4), open space for
further development (24.44) and other purposes respectively.
Topologically, Bishoftu has a buffer zone has been characterized in north

and east by flat land which includes swampy, express road, rail way road
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and lakes. In south by undulating lands that is dominated by hills. The

elevation is ranged from 1800-1995 meter from mean sea level. It is very
important to note that the city is part of the Great Rift Valley, which found
in between fault of land located from Egypt to South Africa.
Bishoftu has a very convenient climate that favors the activities of the
society in all seasonal year time. The element includes temperature, rain fall
and winds, in which most of the annual time it has hot temperature that
favors the mobility and business activity of the year. In most case most of
the time the dwellers of central city of Addis Ababa leaves for vacation to live
in bishoftu during winter Ethiopia season for their healthy reason. The
climate of the city in general belongs to Woina adega (agro climate zone).
The maximum annual temperature is 26.25 degree Celsius and the
minimum is 11.18 degree Celsius. Annual average rain fall of the city is
762mm. April is the hottest month with 31.1 degree Celsius while December
is the coldest with 7.6 degree Celsius. December is the driest while August
is the rainy season with 209mm of the year.
 Population.
The population dynamics of bishoftu is an outcome of fertility, mortality and migrations.

This demographic process is a complex and affected by social, cultural, economic, political
and psychological factors. In urban environment migration has predominant role in changing
the population characteristics and reflects the urbanization rate. So does this happen in
Bishftu in last 10 years time. From the census found from bishoftu has a total population of
201,408 by year in 2015/16. Of which 97,683 (48% ) are males while 103,725 (51.5%) are
females.
These days due to the small size land of Bishoftu almost all rural kebeles are incorporated
under the administration of the city. The age distribution of the population shows us nearly
70% of the population, which is age group are above 19 are indicate economically
independent population. This reveals that the city has a great potential of using this active
human resources for the employment as well as a consumer for envisaged market of the city.
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In addition to these reason Bishoftu city is preferred for living due to the conducive
environment, accessibility of to fininfine, Addis Ababa and other big cities and recreational
center from Adama and south region cities. Governmental & Nongovernmental employees,
who are working around bishofu cities such as,: finfina, adama, and other nearby cities are
living comfortably due to the living standard of the city and other transport facilities.
Additional more than 100,000 people are expected to settle in near future when the newly
constructed industry zone and the china industry construction is start the production.
Hence, the total population is expected to increase twice or more than that expected in
coming one year time due to the potential investment situation in Bishoftu for job seeking
and employment opportunity in different industries as it is planned by Bisoftu city.
3.2 Project Goal
Long-term goal of the project is become the best choice in Bishoftu town and its surrounding
areas by creating a differentiated experience capitalizing on Mixed use Commercial.
The proposed project will have a total area of 1500 m 2 land, designed to Manufacturing and
supplying construction materials, which will in turn plays significant role towards solving
shortage of construction materials in Bishoftu town.
As business unique location a town is found on the most attractive fertile ground for future
promising growth of the town. The owner plans the project build house for hotel, game zone
line to satisfy the interest of customers in the town and nearby areas. Based on environmental
and other considerations, the entrepreneur has determined the type and size of the Plant
which is already determined by the site; conceptual planning and preliminary analysis have
been carried out by analysts.
In order to attract its clients to the products, the project will develop high standard quality
Products of best choices.
3.3. Zone
There are twenty one zones in Oromia region in which East shawa Zone is one of them. The
zone administration is the highest organ in the town and is composed of bureaus headed by
the cabinet members.
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3.4. District
The project is totally found in Bishoftu town .The highest administrative structure of the
town is the town council, which is established consisting of the administrative arm and a
cabinet. The council has members with two house speakers. The council is structured with
the executive and judiciary organs and the police and militia forces under it. The ‘natural
resource and environmental protection desk is organized under the rural development bureau,
is responsible for the monitoring of environmental protection at the town level.
3.5. Peasant Associations

The peasant associations have their own council consisting of the administrative structure
and the cabinet members. The cabinet members are composed of three professionals from
local school, agricultural office and health centers and other four are elected by the peoples
of the locality. The main responsibilities of the PA’s include: promoting rural development,
executing government policies and facilitate their implementation and conducting tax
collection.
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Background to the Project
Background of the Project

The owner of the project is who needs to engage in construction material manufacturing
project in Bishoftu town. The owner has work experience construction Market center,
Recreation area, Game zone, Office places, medical suites, shopping center, super market,
parking facilities, café, hotel components. The project was established in 2023G.C with the
objective construction material manufacturing and high quality construction material
production. The establishment of construction material manufacturing plant is for the
internal and external consumption. The project has support from the government and
community being it is in line with the country’s development objectives.
4.1.1 Project Goal

The envisioned project with the overall goal of taking advantage of opportunities existing in
establishment of multipurpose Mixed Building complex that comprises Market center,
parking facilities, hotel components, and come out as the most successful provider of
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superior quality and affordable activities and services to earn maximum benefits from local
markets and foreign market.
The ultimate goal of the project is to make profit by construction Market center, Recreation
area, Game zone, Office places, medical suites, shopping center, super market, parking
facilities, café, hotel components to build as well as for other potential customers in Bishoftu
town and surrounding.
In addition, the project will realize the derived benefits that include creation of employment
and contribute to the government treasury in the form of taxations
4.1.2 Location
The envisioned project is located in Bishoftu Town (which is 44 KM far from the
center),East shawa zone , Oromia Regional State.
4.1.3 Project Objectives and Justification
4.1.3.1 Project Objectives

The main objective of establishing this investment is to provide, cost effective, customer
oriented, one stop shopping center and quality services provision of multipurpose
construction that product use for building Market center, Recreation area, Game zone, Office
places, medical suites, shopping center, super market, parking facilities, hotel components
and etc. for local market and international costumers (in the future).
Project Specific objectives
Specific objectives of the project are:
 To get private benefit from the construction material manufacturing by using different
machines from inside and outside.
 Creating conducive living environment with ecological and social diversity as a
development approach for Ethiopia Country.
 Provide a friendly pedestrian environment with quality, safe public environment for
those working and entertaining in the area and surroundings, and offer a nested
security for the residents.
 To construction Market center, Recreation area, Game zone, Office places, medical
suites, shopping center, super market, parking facilities, café, hotel components to the
market.
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 To generate employment opportunity for 100 job seekers in the area.

 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue
and paying taxes for local government
 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue
and paying taxes for local government.
4.1.3.2 Project Justification

Ethiopia has a great economic potential in Africa. The current dynamic economic growth in
all sectors supports the idea to become a great nation. Agriculture is the backbone of the
economy. High improvement in terms of productivity and efficiency of this sector will
strongly support the development of other sectors (in backward and forward linkages).
In line with the above facts, the government of Ethiopia has implementing the five years
Growth and Transformation Plan(2010/11-2012/15) that aimed to achieve wider
development spectrum in all sectors with a special emphasis to agricultural development that
will realize the formation of industrialized and middle income earned. In this plan, crop
production and productivity, irrigation and improved water use, technology multiplication,
food security and supply and distribution are among the main strategy for agriculture and
rural development strategies.
Regarding infrastructure development, construction, education, private sector role in the

economy and environment the plan has good strategies to achieve the goal of
industrialization.
To all the above facts the parallel growth in complementary (supportive) sectors of the
economy is vital to sustain it. In relation to this, the owner of the envisioned factory
interested to engage in the sector that has government development focus apart from huge
market potentials.
Therefore, the establishment of multipurpose construction that compromises Market center,

parking facilities, cafeteria, hotel components etc are taken as a promising business by the
owner.
In the building sector of the economy, the multipurpose in the one becoming rapidly
expanding in urban areas of the nation since dynamic economic development of urban
economy requires the construction of these buildings in towns to support the growing of
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business service sectors like supermarkets, Beauty salon, shops, offices cinemas, Computer
Center, Cafeterias, restaurant, assembly hall, guest house and other activities. In this regard,
mixed used building expands in the all parts of the country.
1.1. Project Rationale

Internationally the economic growth this country is experiencing, the good governance
created and even if the town is in its nascent stage of development these project are the first
in kind in the town are feasible and would be a model development in promoting and
attracting different urban investments.
In order to respond to the created environment the town is in need of major, basic and
feasible urban projects to be developed.
The existing promising investment opportunities, the demands of service needs along with
relatively sound investment support made by the government in such kinds of feasible
projects, compelled the project promoter to initiate the multipurpose oriented business project
to be established. Despite the promising business opportunities of the town, the trend on such
kinds of investment found to minimal. Since there is no such kind of modern tourist facilities
and business station in the town to accommodate the existing demand of these services in the
town and the surrounding areas. The mismatch between the demand for and supply of such
kind of services in easily observed in the town.
Therefore, the existing shortage or absence in the supply of these services, along with its
commercial and administrative access, better location and infrastructure access, escalating
trend of urbanization and business activities, thus it is with such reason that this project is
identified and proposed and assumed to be more profitable.
In general, the country’s decentralized state based economy, privatized and free market
economy; good governance creates a favorable environment for the development of
investment for private investors.
1.2. the significance of the project

The envisaged project deemed to add to the economic development of the nation in general
and zone and town in specific with following ways:
A. Source of Revenue
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As public policy of any nation, the government collects different forms of taxes from
different business organizations and individuals. Among the different forms of taxes,
business income taxes, payroll income tax and VAT are collected from undertaking business
activities. Therefore, the building will serve as sources of revenue for the town as well as for
the region.
B. Employment opportunity
One of the problems that our country faced is unemployment. Therefore, the current
objective of the government is working on tackling the problem of unemployment and
fostering the development process either through creating self employment or employment in
other organization. Hence, this project will hire 26 individuals and more than eighty
individual during construction.
C. Sources of social service

In addition to serving as a source of employment and income for the region, the project
renders social services for different group of people. Hence, it Is also provide the following
services;
 Serve as a source of mental satisfaction for the different users,

 Since, the center encompasses different recreational areas; it will divert the attention of
the users from different evil deeds.
 It deemed to minimize the demand for shops and other bundles of services in the area.
Furthermore, it serves as the pilot experience and ground for other investor to enter in to such
kinds of urban development. It also contributes on the efforts made on as a character given
building for physical development pattern of the townscape.
A. Product Mix
This project is aimed for the establishment of multipurpose Mixed Building complex that
comprises Market center, Recreation area, Game zone, Office places, medical suites,
shopping center, super market, parking facilities, café and hotel components, etc
The historical nature of the town as business unique location in one of the most attractive
parts of the occurrence of the town along the along the Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes laid a
fertile ground for future promising growth of the town. The owner plans the project to render
banking and insurance, shopping facility, bank and cafeteria services to create high quality
class to satisfy the interest of customers in the town. Based on environmental and other
Page 22
considerations, the entrepreneur has determined the type and size of the building which is
already determined by the site; conceptual planning and preliminary analysis have been
carried out by analysts.
In order to attract its clients to the service, the project will develop high standard shop &
banking rooms and office of best choices and will also save best quality restaurant and café,
national and international dish and various types of soft drinks.
1.3. description of the project Service/ Product mix

the envisioned mixed purpose building will provide different rental services to the different
customer groups for different purpose. The building will have basement, ground and eight
floors. The purpose of the building explained as follows;
 the ground floor, first floor and second floor designed for different business centers
like banks, supermarket, beauty salon(man and women), Computer center,
pharmacy, internet café, boutiques, different shops and other business activities,
 The third floor designed for bed room services.
Besides, the buildings will have enough parking facility for its customers and green area in
its compound.
B. Production program
Considering the gradual growth of demand and the time required to develop the required skill
the rate of capacity utilization during the first, second, third and fourth year of production
will be 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% respectively. Full capacity utilization will be reached
during the fourth year of operation.
In order to provide mixed use business center building services of a high standard, it has been
planned to construct and develop the infrastructure and facilities that would viable to meet
the requirements of an international standard business center. Accordingly, various buildings
and facilities will be constructed phase by phase starting with the most needed ones that are
essential to commence the operation of its business activities. With the completion of
construction, the building will provide a combined service such as shops, bedroom,
restaurant and café service as well as modern business center that primarily serve its guests
and major clients.
The plan is that the ground will be partitioned in to different rooms:
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Table Production programmed
Building Description UOM Unit price in

Birr
Ground Supermarket, Pharmacy, Banking & Insurance M2
1st floor Beauty salon, shop, Computer Center, Cafeteria Game M2

zone
2nd floor Different governmental, NGO & other offices M2
3rd floor Bedrooms service M2
Parking Service Car
Total
Since the project will be engaged in mixed building the main sources of its annual revenue
would be from the rental of building spaces such as shops, offices, and banking, café &
restaurant bedrooms. Therefore, the sources of revenue have been classified in to one
category namely the rental of banking & supermarket, offices, shops, bedrooms restaurant
and café based on these classifications. Based on the market price of similar mixed use
building in the area, the envisioned buildings set the following fair price (Before VAT) for its
service, hence when the building construction fully get operational it is assumed to generate a
yearly income of ETB 50,000,000.
4.2. Raw Materials, Production Process, Equipment’s, Machineries, Land and Civil
Work
4.2.1 Raw Materials

Construction materials and the environmental impacts of built facilities
The primary application of LCA in the built environment professions is to inform design
decisions, in particular, provide quantitative data to guide the selection of construction
material, construction component and building system combinations which will reduce the
life cycle environmental impacts of a built facility. While the decisions made throughout the
building life cycle will influence the impact it can have on the environment, materials
choices made in the pre-use phase commit the major environment impacts which occur in the
use phase.
Page 24
Environmental concerns, for instance potential contributions to Climate Change must

therefore be addressed side by side with more traditional concerns such as thermal comfort,
health, safety, cost and maintenance from the planning and design stages. Studies haves
hown that the opportunities to reduce the environmental impacts of a built facility decrease
substantially after the pre-use phase (Lloyd et al, 2005). A barrier to incorporation of
environmental concerns is however the time required for exploring various options to
capitalize on the environmental benefits; and the initial cost of the building is typically higher
(Janssen, 1999).
3 4 5
1 2 End-of-life
Construction On-site Facilityoperati
material Construction
Material onandmainte Stripping
fabrication
extraction and Foundation and nance
processing site earthwork, reusable
Timber concrete
products, Space and
fiber board,
pouring,
water heating,
materials,
Forest products cellulose
structural
framing, space cooling,
coal and products, steel, appliances, knock-down,
roofing,
aluminum lighting
petroleum, frames,
mechanical and
site clearing,
electrical
plastic appliances,
wire, paint,
systems, Facility disposal
products, painting and
solvents, plate cleanup improvement
natural gas, glass, car+pet
and
iron, copper,
maintenance
zinc, materials
aluminum,
PRE-USE PHASE
USE-PHASE EOL
Figure 2: The generic life cycle stages of a built facility
Use phase environmental impacts
The use phase may account for 70-90% (Keoleian et al, 2001; Adalberth et al, 2001) of the
total life cycle environmental impacts of a built facility. The environmental impacts of the
Page 25
use phase are primarily due to energy consumption for purposes of heating, cooling, lighting
and operating domestic or commercial appliances; and materials use for purposes of facilities
maintenance/upkeep. In the area of building and construction LCAs there is consensus that
use phase impacts are dominated by energy consumption, Climate Change and Acidifying
emissions.
There is a strong correlation between materials used for the building envelope and intensity
of impacts. A study compared three homes of equal floor area designed primarily in wood,
steel and concrete over the first 20 years of their lifespan. Relative to the wood design, the
steel and concrete designs (Wood Promotion Council, 2006):
 Release 24% and 47% more air pollutants
 Emit 34% and 81% more greenhouse gases
 Consume 26% and 57% more energy.
The contribution of a material to use phase impacts is directly related to the quantities used
during construction and maintenance. Due to the very large quantities used the three
categories of construction materials which contributed the most to environmental impacts
measured during the use phase of 25 commercial buildings located in Hong Kong were
concrete, steel reinforcement and the combination of plaster, render and screed (Chau et al,
2006). The contributions of these top three to total environmental impacts varied between 46-
65%.
Table 2: Environmental impacts of commercial buildings - the ten most
influential construction materials (adapted from Chau et al, 2006)
Ranking Construction material % contribution to overall
environmental impacts of
building
1 Concrete 21.3
2 Reinforcing bar 16.0
3 Galvanised steel 11.4
4 Plaster, render and screed 10.9
5 Tiles 7.6
6 Stones 5.2
7 Aluminium 5.0
8 Structural steel 4.3
9 Access floor panel 4.1
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10 10 Stainless steel 4.1
4.2.2. Production Process
1.2 Key features of the Life Cycle Assessment concept

To place construction on a truly sustainable path the green building movement needs a
method which goes beyond subjective checklists of green features. Such a method must
provide objective guidelines for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of
a product (or service). The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) concept previously known as Life
Cycle Analysis has emerged as one of the most appropriate tools for assessing product
related environmental impacts and for supporting an effective integration of environmental
aspects in industry, business and the economy. LCA is distinguished from Life Cycle Costing
(LCC) in that whereas the former involves environmental accounting the later is concerned
with economic value. LCA describes the entire industrial system involved in the making of a
product (or delivery ofa service). This approach provides a systematic opportunity to
anticipate problems and their solutions all along the life cycle from “cradle-to-grave”,
namely, from the acquisition of raw materials, manufacture of the product, distribution, use
and maintenance to disposal of the used product (Figure 1). Identified problems are also
traced through all environmental media, namely, air, water and soil. The systems perspective
of LCA avoids problem shifting from one life cycle stage to another, from one type of
problem to another and from one location to another (UNEP, 1996).The LCA procedure
investigates a wide range of environmental impacts associated with industrial products, for
instance, Climate Change, Acidification, Ozone depletion and Human
toxicity. Although the main driver for LCA is sustainable development, the methodology
does not yet incorporate criteria for measuring the social and economic dimensions. All
aspects of the environment, namely, human health, ecological health and natural resources
are however considered in a comprehensive manner. Potential environmental trade-offs can
thus be identified and assessed. The LCA procedure is standardized under the ISO 14040
subseries
4.2.4. Land, Building and Civil works

As indicated in part 1 the total land requirement for the project is estimated to be
1500M2.The land are planned to accommodate production houses, warehouse office building,
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loading and unloading, waste accumulation, % 2 green area and parking. The land use plan
for the project is indicated in the table below:
Construction work and Technology

Construction schedule
The construction project is proposed to be started on august 2020, and is expected to be
finished on January 2022. as seen in the abbreviated construction schedule above, a majority
of the schedule’s time is made up of five major activities; Concrete, building Enclosur,
masonry, mechanical &HVAC and Electical install. Concrete activities include processes
such as placing foundations and slab on deck. The Building Enclosure Phase includes
erecting the scaffolding that will allow for exterior sheathing installation and bricklaying.
Mechanical and Electrical install coincide with each other due to the need for coordination
between the two divisions. There are several periods of construction during the schedule in
which there are multiple construction activities occurring at the same time.
The construction site must be organized accordingly as these processes take place. As with
any construction project, the goal of the schedule was to complete all construction activities
before the required Date of completion.
This date of completion is practical based on the time of year in which the building will be
completed. The team allowed a two week contingency for any setbacks. Typically, winter
construction tends to cause unforeseen delays that negatively impact a construction project.
These conditions can and will almost undoubtedly impact the project schedule by causing
unforeseen delays and project inefficiency.
Architectural Design & Layout

Although functional spaces for the project were laid out in significant detail, the rest of the
building had designated spaces but n set layouts. It was at the discretion of the project
promoter to devise typical layouts for the non-detailed commercial and office spaces. To
make sure that the building’s layouts were practical, the project owner researched typical
architectural layouts for laboratory and executive office spaces.
The walls and partitions throughout the floor were congruent with the structural frame and
column locations.
Structural design
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One of principle deliverables of our project is the structural design of the building. The
structural bays were coordinated wit the layout of the building adjustments were made to the
bays if specific layouts are necessary. The frame was made up of a grid with repeating
standard structural bays. Included in the structural system are bay sizes, shape and size of
structural members, floor compositions and curtain walls. These elements were established to
resist gravity ad lateral loads as appropriate.
The gravity load design was completed for two frames; one of structural steel and one of
reinforced concrete. The structural steel frame was chosen for further design based on cost
per square foot, local availability of material and constructability considerations, such as
erection and fabrication. The steel system was then designed for lateral loading with
necessary adjustment being made to framing.
Reinforced concrete
The project group prepared hand structural design calculations for a typical bay of a
reinforced concrete frame. In all reinforced concrete bay designs, a superimposed dead load
of 7.5 pounds per square foot was assumed for mechanical equipment, floor coverings and
ceilings.
Similarly, the design of the typical bay accounted for the use of different commercial space,
in which a live load of 125 pounds per square was assumed. Loads were calculated based on
the requirements of the minimum Design loads for Buildings and other Structures.
Foundation Design
The design of a superstructure may be accurate, have considered all possibilities and still fail
because the substructure is incapable of distributing the applied loads to the supporting soil.
Foundation design takes more into consideration than merely the loading from the columns.
While the main part of the project focused on the structural frame and its alternate designs, a
preliminary foundation plan was designed based upon maximum load carried from the
superstructure through the columns. The foundation design conducted by the project team
consisted of the selection of foundation type, determination of the bearing capacity and the
design for typical interior and exterior spread footings.
Premises Required and Use Plan
Land Use Plan
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The total land required for the envisioned project is estimated to be 1500m 2 . the total area for
the construction of the building will be 1000m2, estimated as revealed below.
Table land utilization Plan
SN Description Land M2
Ground 1st 2nd 3rd

floor floor Floor
1 Building (G+3)
1.1 Basement 1000
1.2 Ground 1000
1.3 First floor 1000
1.4 Second Floor 1000
1.5 Third Floor 1000
Parking & Green area 100
Café and hotel 400
Total 1,500m2
4.2.5. Equipment’s and Machineries

Construction Phase: Loader, Grader, Generator, Dam Track etc. is required while during
Serves Provision Phase Computer, adding machine, Stove, Ferriage, cares for services, like
mini bus, pick up, motorcycle etc. is required.
4.2.6. Utilities
A number of utilities would be put in place in order to ensure smooth functioning of the
project. These utilities include:
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A. Water Supply,
B. Telephone line
C. Supplementary Electricity supply,
D. Paved Road Transportation,
E. Drainage
F. Fuel
G. Oil and Lubricants
5.1. Physical Environment
5.1.1. Topography
Existing natural phenomenon is the most important physical environment that helps for the
growth and development of the town. For instance, a flood affected town has low tendency
for growth because it requires huge capital for the prevention of this disaster, which on the
contrary hinders the development of the town. On the other hand, the town that has been
founded on the top of the mountain ranges may face problem of developing surface road net
works. Similarly towns established on the flat plateaus may expose to shortage of water due
to the lack or absence of natural perennial rivers. In short, the topographyof a given town can
hinder or facilitate the development of the town Hence, the natural topography of the town
with buffer zones have been characterized on the north and east by flat land that locked by
the swampy and lakes on the south by undulating land and on the west by undulating land
that is dominated by hills, while the general topography of the town is undulating that is
dominated by hills. The elevation of the town ranges from 1800-1995 meter above mean sea
level (A.M.S.L). It is very important to note that the town is a part and parcel of the rift
valley.
5.1.2. Soil Types

The major soil type in the Zone as well as the project area are: red and black soil which has
water holding characteristics and heaviness for plowing during rainy seasons due to high clay
content, is good for agriculture with base saturation and weather able minerals and dominant
on the high land parts of the zone, dominantly occur on the steep slopes and are often
shallow or have many rock outcrops and those developed on gentler slopes, however, have
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good base saturation and fertility and can highly be important for agriculture. . Generally, the
fertility status of the soil of the zone is good and conducive for crop production. and also the
soil of the organization area is good for building no have such risk , if do properly designed..
5.1.3. Climate
Climate is one of the prominent factors that affects the activities of people directly or
indirectly. The elements of climate include temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind. All
these elements affect the activity of every group of the society, including the urban
community
It is mainly the altitude that makes the temperature and rainfall to vary from place to place
and it controls other elements of climate.
The altitude of the town ranges from 1900-1995m above sea level. Thus, it belongs to woina-
dega (agro climatic Zone). Its average temperature and rainfall are 180C and 816mm
respectively. May is the hottest month of the year, while November is the coldest month in
the town. December and July are the driest and most rainy months of the year in the town
with 2mm and 204 mm of rainfall, respectively.
5.1.4. Water Resource

Bushoftu city gets its water supply mainly from ground water sources. The major existing
boreholes are located in Shumbura Meda and in the Dambi plain, while there are also
numbers of privately owned boreholes dispersed at different locations in the city. Table
below shows the location, depth and yield of the existing Bishoftu water supply sources.
Major surface water source is the Wadeecha River and its tributaries coming from the steep
flanks of Mt. Sokoru and Mt. Yerer. Other major surface water source is the crater lakes and
seasonal ponds surrounding the city. These include; Bushoftu Lake, Babo Gay Lake, Arsedi
Lake and Hidha Lake. Seasonal ponds like Cheleleka, Chafe Anan and small surface water
storages are also considered as water source potential of the area.
Most of these surface sources fall within the city catchments and receive runoff from the
surrounding hills and from the urban centers as well. Hence, they are prone for pollution
impacts generating from the urban areas. Lakes Bushoftu, Arsedi, Babo Gaya and Chaleleka
pond are found in the settled urban areas while Hodha Lake is at about 7km from the center
city.
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These lakes have social, economic and cultural significance both at national level and for the
surrounding community in particular. They serve as recreational and tourist attraction sites,
as fishing ground. Moreove, Lake Arsedi has cultural significance and is a place where
Iretcha celebration takes place. Lots of visitors and worshipers come to Bushoftu during the
Iretcha celebration for prayer andas visitors
5.2. Biological Resources
5.2.1. Vegetation
The natural vegetation of the area covers of an area is determined mainly by the altitude,
temperature, amount of rainfall and parent material from which the soil has been derived and
type of human interference. Its coverage and composition also changes over time due to
human activities. According to some literatures and oral tells hundred years ago most parts of
the Bishoftu town were covered with dense and Indigenous natural forest. However, due to
an increase in demands for cropland, residential, industrial, woods for construction and
firewood as a result of population growth, this type of forests almost have been lost.
Currently, only, Zukala forest and some limited areas in the zone are some pockets of the
zone that remain with very few limited natural forest coverage. In the absence of human
being interference, the Zone has a potential to grow the following five types of vegetation/
forest.
The Afro alpine and sub Afro alpine Vegetation: This type of vegetation occurs in areas
above 3100 meters with temperature less than 100C and average precipitation varies from
800-1600 mm. The low temperature is an inhibiting factor for tree growth except some low
bushes, tufts grass and lichens
The Coniferous Forest: This type of vegetation is referred as temperate forest and found in
cool to warm areas of the Zone. It is dominated by 30 to 40 meter high Junipers procera and
Podocarpus falcatus with its broad-leafed trees in its second layer. This type of vegetation is
best developed at altitude range of 2300 to 3100 meters with mean annual rainfall varying
from 500 to 1100 mm.
The Broad-leafed Forest: is found in the most humid parts of the Zone. The Grassland –The
dominant grasses are Cechrus ciliaris and Chrysopogon ancheria.
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These forests are being decreasing from year to year both in coverage and composition due to
illegal and legal destruction. The illegal deforestation activities include forest clearing for
expanding farm lands, local lumber production, fire wood, construction and charcoal
production which are practiced by farmers.
5.2.2. Wild Life

The diverse climate and topographic phenomenon have provided a wide range of natural
environments, which form favorable habitat for a formation of wide variety of fauna and
flora in Oromia Region in general, and Bishoftu town in particular. However, due to
uncontrolled hunting and destruction of their natural habitat as a result of rapid population
growth and related human activities, there is rapid decrease of wild life in size, species and
distribution. The purpose of hunting is to get social prestige or recognition, however, which
is reduced to some extent today. Some of the wild animals are hunted because they are harm
to domestic animals, crops and sometimes men. At present, some of the wild life that remains
in the Zone is Mountain Leopard, bush back, Fox, Hyena, Rabbit, Warthog, Jackal,
Porcupine, Duke, Mole rat (Tuqaa), Grass rat, Caracal (Leenca Malla), Serval cat (Deeroo),
Bush Pig (Booyee) and others are to be mentioned. These wild animals are restricted to
mountain range forest.
5.3. Socio-Economic Environment
5.3.1. Population and Settlement Pattern

According to responsible municipalities in the eight towns, the estimated population figure is
258,857. This is more than the figure provided by OUPI and CSA, which are 134,846 and
183,138, respectively. However, the figure demonstrated under the 2007 census survey is
228,420. On the other hand, the recent census result shows the total figure of the rural people
in the Special zone is 566, 069. On the contrary, figures provided by District Administration
and OUPI estimation/projection are 640,781 and 800,356 respectively.
5.3.2. Social Livelihood

The major area of differentiation between urban and rural areas is that their type and extent
of economic activities, whereby urban areas – as a general principle – composed of economic
activities, which are entirely non‐agricultural. The major economic activities in towns are:
manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, real estate, education,
health and other social work, construction activities, transport and warehouse services. On
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the contrary, mixed agriculture (crop production and livestock), mining and quarrying are the
major economic activities in rural areas of the zone.
5.3.3. Education
Education is a key for all activities involved in the development of a country.
In order to support this key factor, the government plays great role in the
development endeavors. There should be a due attention to the fair
distribution of educational facilities in a sustainable manner. The quality of
teachers that are involved in the teaching processes of a given country is
also one of the main factors that influence the quality of human powers.
There are 38 (7 Government and 31 privates), K.G,37 (13 Government and
24 privates), (1-8) 37(13Government and 24 privates) (9-10) schools and one
Preparatory school (11-12)in the town. In addition to the mentioned
educational facilities, there are also TVET, management institute,
Agricultural research center, college of veterinary and Defense engineering
college. The media of instruction for K.G and 1-8 (primary) schools are
Amharic and Afan Oromo languages and in some of them English is used .
In senior secondary schools, English language is used as a media of
instruction, while, Afan Oromo and Amharic are given as separate subjects.
Similarly, in tertiary level of education, the media of instruction is English
language. Even though Afan Oromo is the official language of the region; the
contribution of Afan Oromo is very less in every level of school. Hence it is
recommended to be improved.
In year 2009, 2038 females and 2113 males students were enrolled in K.G.
Similarly, 13,906 females and 11,588 males were registered in grades 1-8
schools. In the same year, the number of students enrolled in senior
secondary schools was 3586 females and 4224 males. Similarly, 593
females and 1839 males were enrolled in preparatory program (11-12). In
the same year, 203 males and 73 females were enrolled in technical and
vocational education. In terms of teachers qualification and distribution in
all levels of schools 340 females and 285 males were teaching in grades 1-8,
having TTI certificate, diploma and degree. Similarly 44 females and 114
males were teaching in senior secondary schools, having Diploma, degree
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and master’s degree. While in K.G, 184 females and 24 males’ teachers have
certificate
5.3.4. Public Health

A greater part of health institutions found in towns are owned by private, which is 55.96% of
the total health institutions are established and controlled by private. On the other hand,
68.75 % of health institutions in districts are categorized under health post. Next to private
clinics, rural drug vendors account 26.61%, among the total health institutions operating in
the eight major towns. None of the towns and districts possesses hospitals for higher ordered
health treatment.
5.3.5. Water Supply

In the zone even though there is a high need of clean water service coverage, still the potable
water supply coverage did not exceed half of the total need. During the year 1997 clean water
service coverage of the zone was only 19%. But by giving due attention by towns/ woreda
budget and/or government and non-government participation, there is a net increase of 30%
for the year 2001. Regarding the water scheme the zone has 564 different water distribution
schemes. The major sources of drinking water are unprotected spring, pond, rivers, well,
lakes and tap water in their order of importance. Safe and reliable water supply is most often
restricted to urban centers. However, the population supplied with potable water supply
varies from district to districts [i.e. 31% in Burayyu. As a whole, the towns clean water
coverage is 45.94% where as that of Woreda’s is 53.7%. Data from zonal water desk shows
that there is a plan to deliver clean water service for the whole community by the coming five
year plan.
5.3.6. Energy Sources and Coverage

Energy sources can be traditional or modern. The major local energy sources are firewood,
animal dung, Charcoal, and farm residue both in rural and urban areas of the Zone, according
to their order of importance, which consequently intensifies deforestation rate and minimize
the role of manures as natural fertilizer in the zone. The modern energy sources are
electricity, biogas, fossil fuel, wind energy and solar energy. Currently, there are 6 towns to
be registered as urban centers in the Zone of which all urban areas have been supplied with
hydro electric power system and 58 of the rural Kebeles are also supplied with hydro electric
power supply.
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5.4. Historical, Cultural, Religious and Archeological Resources
Due to long lasted period of settlement, both towns and districts are characterized by very
low coverage of vegetation and natural forest. On the other hand, the area is endowed with
different cultural heritages. Particularly, it is the crucial point for the Tulama Oromo,
whereby several I reecho ceremony and the traditional indigenous Gada administration take
place. Moreover, it is a starting point for the above Oromo group move to the other parts of
the country. Religious and ethnic composition are the major components of demographic
feature of a nation, however, none of the towns clearly know the exact composition of
residents’ religious and ethnic composition. But some data sources show that Orthodox
Christianity, Muslim and Protestant are the major ones followed by the surrounding
community. Moreover, all types of population dynamics are crude birth rate, general fertility
rate, total fertility rate, crude death rate, and expectancy of life at birth and infant mortality
rate are not known. There is no archeological heritage observed by the study team.
5.5. Public Consultation and Social Acceptability of the Project
Public Consultation was undertaken in two phases, one for identifying issues (scoping) and
the other one during impact study. During the impact study individuals who are living around
the project site were informally interviewed. The consultation involved residents living in the
area close to the industrial zone. The participants were from different group that are living in
the target community. Due to the large number of unemployed persons and the long distance
they are traveling to get a job, during the public consultation it was noticed that the local
peoples have a positive attitude to the implementation of the proposed project .
5.6. Gender Equity Issues
There is gender inequality in the project area as it is the case in most part of Ethiopia.
Woman manage the bulk of house hold affairs in the area, like food preparation and
marketing, fetching water, collecting fire wood, and caring for children, the elderly and the
sick. On fields, they work with men in land leveling, weeding and harvesting. They are also
responsible for milking and providing fodders for animals, mainly cows which graze the
homestead.
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5. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONDITIONS GENERAL

The PESIA of the project activities was determined by identifying the environmental aspects
and then undertaking an environmental risk assessment to determine the significant
environmental aspects. The environmental impact assessment has included all phases of the
project namely construction phase and operational phase.
The building has both positive and negative impact
Positive impact of the project
The positive impact of the project is:-
 Generation of employment opportunity

 Source income for the government through business income tax
 Income generation for the promoter
 Being exemplary for other investors who want to engage in the same business line.
Negative impact of the project
The project has the following negative impacts:
1. noise and Dust emission during Construction

There are some noises during the construction due to the construction operation and
the company will use construct the construction during the day time. Again there is
the emission of dust which will be mitigated by sprinkling water on the service.
2. problem on workers on construction

During construction there are some problems that will materialize on workers. These are:
damage on operation by using machines, construction materials and others. To mitigate such
impact the company will provide safety insurance and safety equipments.
3. sewages during operation

During operation there are some wastes emitting from the mixed use building. These are
wastes from the latrine and will be mitigated by using modern waste treatment technology
This part of the report addresses potential impacts associated with the proposed project and
measures for mitigating (i.e. avoidance, reduction, or restoration of) the negative impacts,
and enhancing (i.e. improvements of) positive effects of the project. The major positive
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impacts of the proposed project are mainly those of economic benefits at the national,
regional and local level due to earnings of foreign exchange and creation of employment as
well as technology transfer local people, while adverse impacts are mainly related to wastes
generating from the production processes of factory.
6.1 Positive impacts

The development of this project will have several significant positive impacts both locally
and nationally. The project has positive impacts on the environment and the community
nearby. The potential positive impacts of the project can be explained as follows.
6.1.1 Design phase

6.1.1.1 Creation of Employment and Business opportunities
The design phase of the project will create employment and business opportunities for
various professionals/consultants who will be involved in the planning stages of the project.
They will include: project managers, engineers, architects, building economists, land
surveyors, environmentalists, economists, urban planners among others. These professionals
may be employed directly in the project or be consultants whose services will be procured.
6.1.1.2 Generation of Income and Source for Government Revenue

Income generated from the consultancies and services undertaken will provide income which
will be taxed and generate revenue for the region and our country. In addition, fees levied for
the submission of plans to the local authorities and state agencies for approval and
application for services will generate revenue that is used to meet the various governmental
goals and objectives.
Additionally in order to operationalize the proposed project financial resources will have to
be mobilized and these will be injected into the economy. These resources will be used for
the services involved in the design and planning of the project and also acquiring the raw
materials of the project.
6.1.1.3 Environmental opportunities
The design phase of the project will also present opportunities for green/sustainable
designing of the project, which support the minimization of environmental impacts whilst
fortifying the project to achieve its intended objectives. It’s at this stage that the opportunities
which will enable the project achieve a sustainable development are discovered, explored and
integrated into the project.
6.2.2 Construction phase
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6.2.2.1 Creation of Employment

The activities involved in the erection, maintenance and management of the proposed houses
will generate employment i.e. employees involved in the production, sale and transportation
of the buildings materials, construction of the building, maintenance of the building and
management (caretaker, domestic staff etc.). Security services, cleaning and waste collection
are also some of the services that will benefit indirectly. Other employment opportunities that
will be created will include for workers involved in the civil and interior works of
construction such as engineers, masons, foremen, bricklayers, machine operators, interior
designers, electricians, masons etc.
6.2.2.2 Market for goods and services
To facilitate the construction activities goods and services including raw materials, plumbing
services, electrical fittings, transport landscaping and finishing. It therefore offers a market
for these goods and services promoting the primary and secondary sectors involved in their
procurement such as: quarrying and brick production; furniture and carpentry; glass
production; plant and gardening; tarmac, asphalt and bitumen; chemicals; building
contractors; electric fittings; plumbing fittings and water infrastructure etc.
6.2.2.3 Increased population
The influx of labour into the area and subsequent people/workers to service them or provide
them with goods such as food will be another positive impact of the proposed project. This is
taken as positive since the population increase if sustainable will create additional market for
goods and services offered in the area, increase the amount of mobilized capital and also
increase the social capital in the area.
6.2.2.4 Increased Economic Activities and Revenue
The construction phase of the project will also increase the economic activities in the region,
and revenue for the Federal government through taxes, through businesses that will be
formed to service the increased population. These services include health, food and nutrition,
transport and recreation that the workers taking part in the construction will require from
time to time.
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6.2.3 Operational phase

6.2.3.1 Increased Commercial Viability
The establishment of the project in the area, the goods and services it will offer will increase
the commercial viability of the area and will consequently increase the land values in the
surrounding area due to the potential high returns after development. This will attract more
high income investors into the region as well as more middle income groups as settlers.
6.2.3.2 Creation of Employment Opportunities
The proposed project will create employment in three tiers, with the first being the staff that
will be primarily involved in its implementation, supervision and maintenance. The second
tier will be staff for the businesses that will formed in the commercial and retail area and
those involved in these businesses supply and value chains. The third tier of employment
creation will be for the people who will take the opportunities presented to service the
increased population and the population’s amenities.
Through these three tiers the project will create employment for high level staff, middle level
staff and low level staff in line with all development policies in the country and the region.
Also through the third tier and low level staff, the project will in advertently create jobs for
locals since this has always been the case with projects of similar nature due to the fact that
the locals are readily available and have the shortest access time to the site.
It is also important to note that all these employees will be taxed and generate revenue for the
taxman thereby contributing to more state implemented development projects.
6.2.3.3 Increased Accommodation/Housing

The project will also increase the amount and quality of housing available in the country
through the residential area with commercial units. rent Housing trade is challenge in the
county mainly due to the high population growth rate therefore the project will contribute to
solving this problem and in line with development policies such as Vision 2030.
5.2.3.4 Increased Access to Goods, Services and Social Amenities
The commercial area of the project will increase access to quality goods and services that
encompass those that will be provided by the shops, supermarket and businesses. Also the
recreational facilities created by the project will increase both the social facilities and health
of the region, which is psychologically linked to human wellbeing and productivity. This will
stimulate other economic activities linked to these services and goods on top of improving
the quality of life that is linked this access of goods and services.
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6.2.3.5 Increased Economic Activities and Government Revenue

The project will also increase the economic activities that will be carried in the area through
those that will be primarily because of: the project’s internal and ancillary activities; its
supply chain; its value chain, and those that will be formed because of the project to support
its occupants. The latter includes businesses that may form around the project site such as
shops, kiosks and transport.
All these businesses activities will be taxed and generate revenue for the government in
addition to providing a market for their supply and value chains.
6.2.3.6 Stimulation to Urban Development
Cumulatively with other developments in the area the project will lead to turning the area
from a lower tier urban area to at least a middle tier urban area. This has benefits of
increasing the quality of life and revenue generation from increased activities. It is predicted
that the project will increase the viability of the area to develop more residential areas and
commercial establishments since it will increase the market and labour available, and the
socioeconomic status of the region.
6.2.3.7 Aesthetic Enhancements

The proposed project will result in beautification of the locality. This will include
establishment and maintenance of flower beds and greenery belt. The design concept has
been inspired by modern lifestyle expectation of space interacting with nature to produce
lifestyle targets which uphold current quality of living.
6.2.3.8 Improved Roads
The improvement and development of the project’s access road from the Outer Ring Road
round about as part of the project will increase the amount and quality of roads in the area.
This will improve access to the neighborhoods and commercial establishments lying in the
South western region of the project and therefore increase their business activities. This will
also be in line with local and national development policies that recognize the importance of
roads and infrastructure towards development.
6.2.3.9 Population Increase
From the influx of labour and economic opportunities resultant of the project, the population
of the region will be increased. This will be positive if the increase is sustainable on the basis
of the opportunities and services available leading to the population being an increase in
human and social capital as well as market for the various goods and services sold in the
area.
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6.2.3.10 Impetus to Improve Amenities and Services

An increase in population to the area will provide an impetus for the County and the region
to improve the much needed amenities and infrastructure to the area. It will provide a
stronger lobbing group. The influx will also provide an impetus to develop shared facilities
i.e. schools, hospitals, shops. This will have the indirect effect of creating job opportunities in
the area. Companies also in the business of providing services such as telecommunication
will also be encouraged to extend their networks to the region since it will be a ready and
capable market for their services.
6.2. Adverse Impact Assessment
The environmental impacts that could arise in the course of implementing this project are of
three phases namely during pre-construction, construction phase and operation phase.
6.2.1. Pre-construction Phase Impacts

The project will hold own land hence no impact on pre-construction.
6.2.2. Impact during construction phase

The activities during the construction phase are planning and positioning of buildings,
constructing buildings for different purposes and excavation work. The excavated material
during the construction will be kept as a dike surrounding the pit. The possible impacts due
to these activities are discussed below:
Loss of Flora and Faunal Habitats
Vegetation has a great effect on the general and localized environment and normally can
modify microclimate. Usually, the flora creates a good environment for habitats thus the two
may go together more often than not. In consequence, de-vegetation during construction may
result to negative effects on the fauna by creating a disturbance.
The vegetation is important in as food and habitat for various animals. It also assists in
maintaining the structure of the soil by holding the particles together. This enables the soil
microorganisms to flourish as their habitat; the soil is stable. This in turn allows the
organisms easily convert the dead leaves and plans to humus which helps enrich the soil as
well as preventing soil erosion. Converting the land area into a mostly built environment will
minimize the natural process of the existing vegetation.
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Changes in Surface and Sub-Surface Hydrology

Together with the loss of flora, changing the characteristics of the project site from its present
state to a more built state (85-90% built) and changing the soil’s characteristics, the proposed
project will lead to a change in the water regime at the project site. This is because the built
areas will increase run-off while reducing percolation of water into the ground and thereby
also changing the sub-surface hydrology.
The wastes from the construction activities also pose a threat to the quality of water that will
be drained from the site through run-off and this may pollute aquifers and River surrounding
area.
6.2.2.1. Impact on Soil Quality

The construction of the proposed plant will disrupt the land and soil strata, but the disruption
is for positive causes and the impact will be permanent.
Changes in soil characteristics

Several changes in the characteristics of the soil may result due to the excavation and
compaction of soil for the foundation. The excavation may lead to losses in the accumulated
soil carbon and this is known source of GHGs i.e. CO2. Additively this excavation can also
alter the soil’s structural stability and reducing its structural integrity.
Compacting the soil to lay the foundation, erecting temporary structures, and also from the
heavy vehicles (trucks, tractors etc.) can reduce the soil’s percolative ability and thereby
increasing run-off either on the specific routes or large area. Together with the laying of
foundation and erecting of ancillary structures, this will further lead to changes in surface and
sub-surface hydrology by changing the flow and recharge rates at the project site.
6.2.2.2. Impact on Air Quality

During construction phase, suspended particulate matter will be the main pollutant, which
will be generated due to the site development activities and vehicular movement, because of
vehicular traffic there may be a marginal increase in the concentrations of NOx and SO 2. The
impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase only.
Proper upkeep and maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads at construction site,
providing sufficient vegetation etc. are some of the proposed measures that would greatly
reduce the impact on the air quality during the construction phase of the project. The impact
of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase only and will
be confined within the project premises.
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The works involved in this phase of this project will also emit various air pollutants which
can have both negative effects on both human and environmental health. One of these is
dusts from the soil excavation, carving of bricks and movement of trucks on loose top soil
after the land has been cleared. Excavations and the use of cement and sand among other
like-materials are bound to increase the dust and particle levels in the air around the
development area. Such effects should be avoided through the use of dust screens. Workers
at the site should also be provided with protective clothing to avoid negative health effects
Also engines burning fossil fuels (vehicular and generators) will emit oxides of Carbon,
Sulphur and Nitrogen, and these also pose risks to human and environmental health on top
some of them being GHGs such as (CO2).
Welding operations will also emit gases and fumes such as ozone, chromium particularly in
its hexavalent state (Cr6+), nickel (potential carcinogens), cadmium and lead10, whilst others
include: NOx, NO2, CO, CO2, O3 from mild and stainless steel welding6. The health effects
of exposure to these fumes can include irritation of the upper respiratory tract (nose and
throat), tightness in the chest, wheezing, metal fume fever, lung damage, bronchitis,
pneumonia or emphysema. While particulate welding fume is usually fairly easy to see,
gaseous fumes are invisible
6.2.2.3. Impact on Water Quality

Water requirement for construction phase will be met by own borewells and through tankers.
The local labour force will be deployed during construction phase and no colony would be
proposed as the workers will be employed from the nearby local village. Minor impact is
envisaged on ground water source during construction phase, which will be temporary.
However necessary permission will be taken from the concerned authority. There is no
surface water body in construction site. The sewage generated during construction at site will
be disposed into septic tank and soak pit. Hence the effect on the water body is minimal.
6.2.2.4. Impact on Noise Levels

The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic & construction
equipment like concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors etc. The noise level
expected due to operation of the equipment range between 70 – 75 dB(A). The noise
produced during construction will have a significant impact on the existing ambient noise
levels. However, the proponent will be provided to workers at site and construction
Page 45
machinery will be maintained properly to check on noise and emission levels within
prescribed limits.
The construction activities and processes will also generate noise above the ambient levels of
the area. One of the sources of this noise would be from the trucks’ and tractor’s engines
moving in the area either undertaking the civil works or ferrying materials, wastes and
equipment to and fro the project site and these will form the mobile sources of noise during
this phase. Some point sources of noise will include civil works which will be operation
specific or localized at the site due to the scope of the activities. This category of noise will
include activities such as excavation, hammering, sawing, grinding; moving of material to
and fro storage and also the use of generators.
One of the risks of the noise would be to the surrounding areas where they may create a
nuisance or disturbance. Whereas at the site the loud noises pose a risk to the workers and
site personnel since loud noises increase the risk of ear damage and deafness. Table 6-
2below shows some of the levels of noise that can emitted from the project’s activities during
this phase.
Table: Noise Levels of Some Construction Equipment
There will be an increase in the levels of noise in the construction site owing to the nature of
machinery in use and the activities such as drilling and excavation. The normal levels of 55
decibels recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) will be surpassed in the
duration of the construction process. However, this is a minor negative impact since the site
area is largely an free open area with sparse residential settlement.
6.2.2.5. Solid waste

Millions of tones of solid waste is generated annually by human beings and may therefore
pose great hazard if there are no proper disposal and handling systems. The construction
Page 46
phase will also lead to generation of construction wastes from the civil works and operations
on the materials involved in the
processes. These wastes include: plastics, metal shavings, wood shavings, food wastes,
plants, gases (Carbon, Nitrous and Sulphur us Oxides), fumes (from glues and other
hydrocarbons), stone shavings, ceramics, bricks, glass, cardboard, soil, cement, asphalt, sand,
concrete, paper, paints, sealants, adhesives, fasteners, construction effluent (grey water).
This phase will also lead to generation of waste heat through its run-off (water used for
cooling) and the electric and diesel machines used in the construction activities. The waste
heat can contribute cumulatively with other projects/activities in the area to change the
microclimate, while waste heat in run-off can lead thermal pollution if it eventually drains
into River near by surrounding the project area.
This type of waste poses risks to both human and environmental health and thus the proposed
project would require an adequate waste management strategy, occupational health and
safety strategy, and hazardous material safety plan. Some environmental impacts would
include soil contamination, water and air pollution, whereas health risks include: breathing
complications and respiratory diseases, cancer, skin disorders, poisoning etc.
6.2.2.6. Health and safety

The health and safety of workers will be at risk due to generation of particulate matter and
noise during construction if not managed well. Careful attention will therefore be given to
mitigation of dust, noise, vibration and other hazards in the work environment.
Several OSH risks will occur from the activities, processes, materials and equipment
involved in the construction phase of the project. These risks are listed in Table below
alongside their source.
Table: Construction Phase OSH Risks
Page 47
Increased Pressure on Utilities

The processes and activities involved in the construction of the project would place added
pressure on infrastructure services and utilities such as roads, water, drainage and energy.
This may contribute to service disruptions since the utility and service requirements of this
stage are intensive. This impact is made more probable due to the challenges faced in the
county to provide these services and compounded by the growth of the population.
Increased Heavy Traffic
In this phase, the main roads leading to the site area will serve the additional vehicles used
for the transportation of materials, equipment and staff to the site. Thus together with other
developments the project will contribute to increasing the amount of heavy traffic plying the
roads around it. Heavy trucks not have the risk of causing accidents due to their limited
maneuverability but also place added pressure on the roads and can lead to failure (cracks
and potholes). This is failure is however a combination of factors including:
o the total of trips of heavy trucks
o the strength of the roads in context of carrying the heavy loads, and
o the resilience of the roads towards weathering.
Although Road is being upgraded the roads in the neighborhoods and other access roads in
the wider region remain in a poor state or are not up to the standards that Furi Road is being
upgraded to. Therefore, they will be most at risk of failure or dilapidation from the
cumulative pressure placed on them by the construction projects targeting the area.
Page 48
Population Influx
During the construction phase, there will be an influx of people mainly working in the
development. There will also be an increase of population due to the opportunities presented
in providing goods and services to primary population increment for the construction
activities and employees. This secondary increase will mainly entail retailers of foodstuffs
and other commodities. Waste from such commodities might pollute the area if a designated
dumping place is not allocated. The population will increase since the opportunities will be
open to both local and people from other areas and thereby increasing the population.
This increase in population will create pressure on utilities as well as present social risks
through the interaction of people. Also, it may present a security risk since people will with
ill intentions may see an opportunity in the belongings of those attracted by the project for
economic reasons.
6.2.3. Impact during Operation Phase
6.2.3.1. Environmental Risk during Production

The impacts that could arise from the project are mainly during the operation phase of the
project. Our approach is to seek to design out polluting materials and processes and
increasingly to adopt sustainable materials instead. We have planned a number of initiatives
to put in place during production process.
 Material selection policy

 Uses of recycled materials
 Control and monitoring of restricted substances.
By working with the environmental authority we will strive to continually identify

environmental impacts throughout the lifecycle of project product or services and explores
solutions to these impacts that benefit both the environment and business.
Increased Pressure on Available Utilities

The expected increase in population and the needs of this population would place more
pressure on infrastructure, utilities and social amenities in the area during the operational
phase of the project. This may mainly be at the early stages of the project since they may not
be capable to handle the extra demand created especially during rush hours. These services
also encompass security as the project may attract people with different motives to the area.
Page 49
The increased demand has been estimated to be 8.0 MVA for electricity and 1,200 m3/day
for water although not all of this will be placed on existing systems, since the project will use
other on-site options, a considerable amount of demand will be placed on KPLC’s and
NCWSC’s network. Additionally the roads in the area will experience more traffic due this
increased in population and this can cause more or increase the duration of traffic jams as
well as increase the probability of traffic hazards,
Increased Land Values and Land Use Changes

It is predicted that because of the project and other projects being carried out in the area the
values of land in the area may increase at rates significantly more than normal. This is
because the increase in population will increase demand for land and since its supply can’t be
increased, the value of land will increase. Also, these projects will cumulatively turn the area
into a more commercial and middle income region therefore pushing the value per acre in the
region since more and more commercial establishments and higher value residential areas
will be created out of opportunity.
This increase of land values and attraction of businesses to the area will cause land use
changes in the region both in terms of uses of land (residential to commercial) and changing
its character (vegetated areas to built-up areas). This will have impacts of loss of vegetation
and emissions of GHGs on top of increasing the cost of living in the region, which may
socially push the residents of the region further away if their econometric capacities are not
improved in commensurate.
It is important to note that the project in its self can’t lead to this impact since it will only
involve land use change at the site but its combination with other projects in the area can
possibly cause this impact.
Micro-Climate Modification
Though the project area is quite small to cause any considerable microclimate change it bears
the potential of adding to cumulative effects of other infrastructural development that
together emit GHGs. Change in land surface from natural vegetation to manmade built
landscape will have an effect on the area microclimate by reducing the amount of
evapotranspiration from the vegetation in the area which are also a GHG sink.
The microclimate will also be modified by the project activities that produce waste heat
(emitted heat) and this will result in the area producing more heat than originally emitted
without the project. Waste heat will be produced from vehicles, electronics, generators, water
pump, air conditioning etc.
Page 50
Security Threats
The proposed project will attract a variety of people to the region either as residents, business
people, suppliers, visitors and customers. Their variety of economic and social activities will
also generate income and increase both the economic and social capital in the area. These
may attract thieves to the area since they may target either the businesses or the people
themselves and their belongings. Also, the diversity of people in the project during its
operational phase and the creation of a hub by the project may also be a target for terrorists as
has been experienced in the past where malls have been put on high alert towards terror
threats.
Sociocultural Impacts
The proposed project will involve a mixed use development that will attract different citizens
and foreigners to the site. Social cohesion and blending with the existing communities may
pose a conflict of interests in the short term since the influx population will come with their
differing cultural and social
Practices. The locals may also be forced to move from the area if the land values increase and
they end being bought out to pave way for more commercial developments that are predicted
to occur in the region. Thus they would face a loss of social control and ownership to the
region if this happens and economic segregation may occur on the basis of richer middle and
upper class moving into the area and displacing the local lower class.
However this may be treated as a minor impact since most communities in Kenya are
welcoming and easy to interact with. Also since Nairobi is a predominantly urban and
developed area that has a higher level of social permissiveness than most other urban areas in
the country.
Social interactions and increased population may also present public health risks from
communicable diseases such as respiratory diseases, HIV/AIDS, typhoid and cholera
amongst others. The latter two diseases can be caused as result of increased population
without commensurate services in sanitation, whilst the increase in population alone will
place pressure on available medical and health care.
Increased Air Pollution
Cumulatively with other projects and activities carried out in the area the proposed project
will emit pollutants to the air that present risks to human and ecosystem health. Table below
delineates some of the air pollutants expected from the project and the environmental and
social aspects that they present a risk on.
Page 51
It is also important to note that there are no air pollution laws in the country and this creates a
problem in terms of regulating this impact and it is thus proposed for the project to use
international guidelines such as those provided by the WHO.
Increased Surface run-off
The paved surfaces and the project structures created from the construction phase of the
project can lead to increased run-off by preventing the natural percolation of water through
the soil. This will also aggregate to the changes in the surface and subsurface hydrology as a
result of the project.
Additionally the increased run-off may lead to soil erosion in the areas where the water
drains off to or drainage blockages by overloading the present drainage systems in the area.
The increased run-off from the project and other construction projects may also cumulatively
cause urban flooding and inundation of low lying areas during the rainy season.
6.2.3.2. Noise
During operational stage possible noise generation will be as a result of vehicular movement
to and from the premises and also from the generators that would be installed to provide
alternative power supply.
The activities of this phase of the project will also generate noise and these will be from
various point sources such as if diesel generators without silencers are used and also any
repair works that may be carried as necessitated by the project’s operations. Mobile sources
of noise will mainly include cars and the trucks that will be ferrying goods to the project.
Although the noise levels emitted during this stage will be less than during the construction
the impact will have more receptors since there will be more people in the area as a direct
result of the project being operational.
6.2.3.3. Waste water

The water is only used for sanitation; therefore it does not contain pollutants they should
have prepared septic tank.
Generation of waste
Several waste streams will be generated from the operational phase of the building and these
have are delineated in Table below alongside their sources and risks they present if not
properly managed.
Page 52
Table: Operational Phase Wastes
Thus a plan to manage the OSH risks during this stage will also enable the proposed project
will also be important and necessary.
6.2.3.4 Health and Environmental Risk
The PESIA of the project activities was determined by identifying the environmental aspects
and then undertaking an environmental risk assessment to determine the significant
environmental aspects. The environmental impact assessment has included all phases of the
project namely construction phase and operational phase.
The building has both positive and negative impact
Positive impact of the project
The positive impact of the project is:-
 Generation of employment opportunity

 Source income for the government through business income tax
 Income generation for the promoter
 Being exemplary for other investors who want to engage in the same business line.
Negative impact of the project
The project has the following negative imacts:
Page 53
Noise and Dust emission during Construction

There are some noises during the construction due to the construction operation and the
company will use construct the construction during the day time. Again there is the emission
of dust which will be mitigated by sprinkling water on the service.
Problem on workers on construction

During construction, there are some problems that will materialize on workers. These are:
damage on operation by using machines, construction materials and others. To mitigate such
impact the company will provide safety insurance and safety equipments.
Swages during operation

During operation, there are some wastes emitting from the construction manufacturing.
These are wastes from the latrine and will be mitigated by using modern waste treatment
technology.
6.4. Mitigation of Significant Impacts
6.4.1. Constructional phase impacts mitigation measures

Most of the impacts identified during the construction phase assessed to be of negligible to
low significance with the implemented of mitigation measures. Measures to prevent, reduce
or mitigate the negative effects of the proposed project are therefore described below.
6.4.1.1. Noise and vibration

The Generating plant set would be used as back up in the event power trips. It will be housed
in a honeycomb structure and would be fully lagged with noise-proof materials. Expected
humming from the generators when in operation will not exceed 60 decibels.
This is expected to minimize the noise and vibration. Because of the open ocean conditions
in which drilling would take place within short duration, the significance of turbid plumes,
release of chemical drilling additives, and the smothering of benthic organisms, the
significance of these impacts would be negligible.
During construction, use sound-proof equipment and construction machinery causing less
noise pollution
Page 54
6.4.1.2. Soil and Water
 Manage site operations so as to avoid unnecessary ground stamping by machinery,

backfilling with construction material and waste, and pollution with fuels and
lubricants.
 Maintain regularly machinery and equipment.
 Provide for a mobile sanitary chemical unit for sanitary waste water, and empty and
clean/maintain it regularly
 Where fuel tanks for machines and the plant are located at site, ensure that they have
two linings and that they are placed in a catch basin Make available on site suitable
absorbing agents for cleaning up polluted soil in the event of fuel or lubricant leakage
from the plant and machines.
6.4.1.3. Solid waste

The task will be contracted to dispose of solid wastes to be generated during the occupancy
phase of the project. Other private solid waste operators will also be contracted to augment
the mechanism to be instituted to dispose off all solid waste.
 Collect and select by types waste generated during construction.
 Organize waste carting and disposal depending on project construction schedule.
 Provide for the carting to an appropriate waste disposal site of construction waste,
generated during construction (concrete, stone, excavation soil), which can be used in
plant construction and location renovation/clean-up.
 Use metal waste generated during construction as secondary raw materials.
 Dispose hazardous waste generated during construction through an approved
hazardous waste collector
6.4.1.4. Health and safety

Concerns on occupational health and safety issues with respect to requirement of factories,
offices and shops would be strictly observed. Proper health and safety equipment will be
provided for all workers and an in-house health and safety protocol shall be adhered to. All
chemical usage would be carried out with utmost care following standard procedures.
Further, all used chemicals shall be disposed off adequately and cautiously. Additionally,
warning signs shall be erected.
Page 55
6.4.1.5. Air (Visual intrusion)

During the construction phase, dust and particulate matter likely to be generated would be
controlled by regular sprinkling of water within the vicinity to suppress their resuspension.
6.4.2 Operational Phase Impacts mitigation measures
6.4.2.1. Noise
The stand-by generators would be placed in a honeycomb structure and each plant set would
have a silencer and lagging (sound proof casing) around the engine to control noise
generation. It is therefore unlikely that the generator would increase the ambient noise levels
significantly above the existing range of 38.4-67.8 dB (A).
Take following operational measures at noise sources:
 Maintain devices and pieces of equipment regularly
 Meet plant standards/rules and follow instructions for the operation of particular
devices and equipment (keeping the doors and other openings on the buildings during
plant operation open, the run/operation of devices and machines in the designed mode
of operation, etc.)
6.4.2.2. Air quality

Sulphur dioxide (SO2), smoke, carbon monoxide (CO) and other gaseous pollutants will
constitute major emissions when the generator comes on-line following a power outage.
Adequate dispersion of gases is anticipated in view of the high prevailing wind speed that
exists throughout the year. A stack height of at least 5 m (from ground level) will be
connected to the generator exhaust to enhance dispersion of gaseous and particulate
emissions.
6.4.2.3. Waste
 Provide for separate collection of waste by the type of waste.

 For production wastes, cut-offs and post-consumer wastes from which plastic can be
separated easily, mechanical recycling provides an environmental advantage.
Page 56
6.4.2.4. Working Environment/ Workplace Risk

Concerns on occupational health and safety issues with respect to requirement of factories,
offices and shops would be strictly observed. Proper health and safety equipment will be
provided for all workers and an in-house health and safety protocol shall be adhered to. All
chemical usage would be carried out with utmost care following standard procedures.
Further, all used chemicals shall be disposed off adequately and cautiously. Additionally,
warning signs shall be erected. In general the company will follow the following mitigation
measures;
 Providing the proper safety first procedures
o Protection clothing
o Chemical resistant safety shoes
o Goggles to avoid irritation to the respiratory track due to exposure for polymer
granules during primary mixing etc.
 In general the buildings must be capable of being kept clean and provision should be
made for keeping the sewerages drained out properly and room temperature is
attained to keep healthy environment.
 Periodic checkup for workers in chemical for contamination.
 Provide adequate first aid equipment on major sites
 The last but not the least, the company understood all the Environmental and Health
Risks in the post-consumer phase of the life cycle of the products and will strive to
get sound solution with the local Environmental authority.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 General overview

Environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to
minimize or offset adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. Unless the mitigation
and benefit enhancement measures identified in the PESIA are fully implemented, the prime
function of EIA, which is to provide a basis for shaping the project so that overall
environmental performance is enhanced, cannot be achieved.
In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall
project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level
Page 57
of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and
functions efficiently throughout its life. Hence, the overall goal of the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) of the project is to minimize adverse impacts of the project by
managing and implementing the proposed impact alleviation measures and good working
practices.
Under this section specific management activities (at construction and operation phases) to
overcome possible impacts of the project are outlined.
7.2. Pre-Construction Phase

Prior to the construction and installation of the envisioned plant, environmental management
will be considered with five principal groups:
 Ensuring that all government and concerned agency requirements and procedures
related to EIA are complete with
 Implementation of land acquisition procedures including the payment of
compensation if any,
 Selecting of technologies and equipments and process units in a manner that
minimizes adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts,
 Preparation of detail designs for the plant layout, which incorporate specific features
aimed at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.
 Preparation of contract documents which contain appropriate clause to allow control
of impacts arising from constructing the plant.
As the project promoter, will be responsible for handling the above issues before the
commencement of the construction; the proponent will hire an environmentalist and health
personnel consultants that facilitate these activities and inter institutional relationships for the
environmental management and other construction activities as well.
The Bishoftu Town Administration’s Environmental Protection Authority will also be

responsible for ensuring that its own environmental requirements are fully met in the PESIA
study report. The other partners, development banks, are also responsible government and
non-governmental agencies that will be responsible for ensuring procedural consistency of
the project for providing a loan.
Page 58
7.3. Construction Phase

During construction and installation of the plant units, the contractor will be responsible for
implementing the environmental mitigation measures proposed in this PESIA study report.
The construction supervisor shall monitor impacts and their proper implementation of
mitigation measures. He/She will be fully responsible for ensuring that all the works to be
carried out in accordance with the specifications and designs, that the environmental impacts
will be taken into the consideration and that good workmanship be followed. He/She should
be empowered to deal within fragments at the time and on the spot.
It is also proposed that an environmental inspector to be arranged by the proponent. The

major environmental management issues to be undertaken during the construction phase are
presented in the following subsections.
7.3.1. Site Preparation Management

Site preparation management is handled by experts experienced in the field.
7.3.2. Waste Management

All solid and liquid wastes generated from the construction activities should be managed
properly. Solid wastes must be collected and burnt in a burn pit specially created for this
purpose. These burning pits must be placed away from the groundwater well head and the
seasonal wetland and covered up after completion of the construction work.
All the used oil and grease from the plant and equipment must be collected and burned or
buried in specially secured landfill effectively sealed from the surroundings. Environmental
inspector has to ensure the proper implementation of these activities and submit report on the
status of environmental management to the company concerning local authorities.
7.3.3. Air pollution and dust management

The construction action is the major source of dust emission and air pollution. However, it
can be managed by:
o Discarding construction wastes in an appropriate or authorized waste

management facilities/land fill sites.
o Preventing the generation of air pollution during the construction period by

water sprinkling.
Page 59
7.3.4. On site cultivation and infrastructure

As much as possible attention must be given to save the indigenous trees found on the site
and the natural tree planted at the boundary of the manufacturing plant area if any.
7.3.5. Health and risk management

Health and risk management should be done to avoid unnecessary impact on human health.
Providing health facility (mobile clinic or first aid service depending on the size of
workforce) is the main element of health and risk management.
7.4. Operational phase

Most of project environmental management activities will be carried out during the operation
phase, since this is when long term significant impacts (including environmental pollution
and human health hazard) can be expected to arise.
The objective of the environmental management program at this phase of the project are:
protection of the environment from debris and other pollutants, protection of workers from
work area health hazard, efficient use of water sources, waste management and improve the
environmental performance of the company.
The study consultant team proposes an Environmental and Safety Management Unit (ESMU)
in the company’s structure to operate the environmental management program at this stage of
the project as.
 coordinate and administer all aspects of the environmental management programs;

 develop further an environmental oversight capability within the company; and
 Facilitate for the implementation of companywide Environmental Management
System (EMS).
A three person staff comprising civil/chemical engineering expert, environmentalist and
health officer would be sufficient to perform the environmental management program. The
unit requires additional support from other departments.
Sufficient budget should be allocated for environmental monitoring activities (150, 000.00
Ethiopian Birr Will be allocated). Regular internal auditing and monitoring should be made
and audit report should be submitted to the city environmental protection agency on quarter
basis.
Page 60
7.5. Monitoring plan and implementation program

Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it
provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. The
monitoring programmed for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following
objectives:
 to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been
adopted, and are proving effective in practice
 to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the
time of preparation of the EIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to
provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures
There are two basic forms of monitoring:
1) Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been carried
out, usually by means of inspection or enquiries.
2) Effects monitoring, that records the consequences of activities on one or more

environmental components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected
parameters or the execution of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced
changes.
Responsibilities for the implementation of environmental mitigation measures belong to

national authorities, institutions and partners.
Due to the insignificant or low negative environmental impact during construction, no

specific monitoring actions are necessary other than the usual ones taken by the
environmental authorities.
Sufficient budget should be allocated for environmental monitoring activities. Regular

internal auditing and monitoring should be made and audit report should be submitted to
environmental protection bureau on a year basis.
Table – mitigation measure and monitoring Plan budgeting
Aspects to be Activity Frequency Institution Budget

monitored responsible
Noise  Asses the level Yearly twice Proponent Br.10,000

of noise from sound
Page 61
vehicular measurement(db
movement to )
and generators
and music
sound
Air Quality  Limit ambient Yearly once Proponent Br.25,000
air quality test
parameter
 Conduct air
quality
assessment
 Limit dust
emissions to
below standards
Waste  Assess Plastic Twice per Proponent Br.70,000
processing month
waste and other
solid wastes,
 Evaluate the
Recycle/reuse
process of solid
waste
Worker health  Assess Twice Per year Proponent Br.20,000
employees
health safety
and utilization
of safety
devices
%2 Planting From taken land Yearly once Proponent Br. 25,000

should have
tree
green
Total BR.150,000
Environmenta
l Monitoring
cost
8. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Bayanech Fikadu mixed use Commercial responsible manner depending on the country’s
environmental regulations and environmental laws.
The aim of this study is to assess the environmental implications of establishing for building
and to suggest mitigation measures for identified environmental and social adverse impacts.
Page 62
It will, thus, be necessary to investigate, if the plant under consideration emits air pollutants
or effluents that pollute rivers, lakes; ponds land surface or sub-surface areas, and residents
nearby.
As it can be seen from the technological process description, the project does not emit air
pollutants, or effluents that pollute rivers, lakes, ponds, land surface or sub-surface areas and
local residents. Moreover, the company will implement improved workers health and safety
conditions and maintenance of production in view of prevailing Ethiopian environmental
legislation. The plant is being established on internationally acceptable standards, because it
intends to apply for Standard . Therefore, the plant will be absolutely environmentally
friendly.
Hence, we recommend the establishment of the project due to its benefits which include the
following.
 The high job opportunity to be created for the local people as compared to other
activities.
 The minimum adverse impacts and management ability of the project the proponent
and his capability of managing the environment in sustainable manner are
dependable.
REFERENCES
1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No.
1/1995.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia:
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Page 63
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental

Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
7. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final
drafts), Addis Ababa.
8. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource
base, its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa.
9. Otterstrom T. and P. Kosk. (1994). “Ekono Energy Ltd & Soil and Water Ltd.
Assessment of External Costs of Energy Production in Finland”. Report prepared for the
SIHTI 2 Project.
10. RGO, 1999a. Regulation for the establishment of Oromia Environmental protection Forst
& Climate chang Authority, Finfinne.
Page 64

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PEIA For Mixed use, commercial

PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

MIXED USE COMMERTIAL

PRMOTER: Mrs. .BAYANECH FIKADU

PROJECT TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN OROMIA EAST SHAWA ZONE BISHOFTU

Bishoftu town, ETHIOPIA

5.3.4. Public Health...............................................................................................................36

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN..............................................................................59

ASL Above Sea Level

ADLI Agricultural Development led-Industrialization

CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EISR Environmental Impact Study Report

EMB Environmental Management Branch

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPC Environmental Protection Council

EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Bayanech Fikadu project is aimed at establishment for multipurpose Construction that

Moreover In many urban cities, mixed-use development is becoming increasingly essential

Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework

Baseline Environmental Condition of the Project Area

Environment is defined as the surroundings or conditions in which a person lives/operates or

Adverse Environmental impacts and suggested mitigation measures

Environmental Management Plan

Environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to

Environmental Monitoring Program

Various kinds of environmental monitoring and evaluation will be conducted by responsible

Conclusion and recommendations

In relation to any project implementation, growing consciousness of environmental problems

1.1 Approach to the Study

1.1.1 Objective of the Study

 Identify key environmental concerns relating to the proposed project; and

Guideline for socially and environmentally responsible production of Multipurpose Modern

1.1.3 Environmental Scoping

 To define the limits of the study area ( area of the influence)

 To define list of Valued Ecosystem Components within the study area

 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project

 To define list of Impacts to be studied

 To delineate post-project environmental quality monitoring programed

2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

2.1 Economic Development Policies and Strategies

2.1.1 The National Economic Development Strategy

o The promotion of labor intensive technologies and utilization of domestic raw

o Determination of the composition of industrial output based on the needs and

o Government intervention to motivate the choice of labor intensive technology that

2.1.2 Ethiopian Investment Strategy

o Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic

o Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to provide for

According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the objective of the investment

o Regulation No. 116/1998: A proclamation to amend the investment proclamation;

o Proclamation No. 35/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations on Investment Areas

o Regulation No. 36/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations to Amend the

2.2 Environmental Policies and Strategies

Article 43: The Rights of Development

2. Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be

3. All international agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the

Article 44 - Environmental Rights