BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Study Guide 2.2

LABORATORY
ORIENTATION 2
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO

Department of Engineering and Architecture

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Study Guide 2.2: Laboratory Orientation 2

Module Description
This module discusses the format of the Laboratory Report and laboratory
techniques and measurements.

Objectives of the Module:

At the end of this module the students should be able to:
1. Use the proper formatting of the Laboratory Report;
2. Solve using dimensional analysis for unit conversion; and
3. Use the prefixes of the metric system.

2.2.1. Laboratory Report

A. Follow the format for laboratory report
B. Report should be in a short bond paper and will be submitted after one week from the date
of performance
C. Use Times New Roman, font 12, 1.5 line spacing.
D. Submit in PDF format through the link provided on google classroom
E. Only 1 member per group will submit the file, the remaining members will only mark it as
done.

2.2.2. Laboratory Performance

✓ Grade for your Laboratory Performance will be divided into two components:
1. Experimental Data A file will be provided to be filled out per group. This will
contain the proofs that you have conducted the experiment.
2. Peer Evaluation An evaluation form will be provided after every submission
of your Laboratory Reports. You will evaluate all your group
members in accordance to their participation for the
experiment.

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2.2.3. Laboratory Report Format

GROUP NUMBER & GROUP NAME: DATE OF PERFORMANCE:

NAME OF MEMBERS: COURSE & BLOCK:

EXPERIMENT NO.
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

I. INTRODUCTION
• State the objectives of the exercise
• Briefly discuss necessary concepts
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• List the materials used and methods performed in paragraph form (in past tense)
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
• Include tables generated during the experiment
• Interpret the data generated in the tables in paragraph form
• Include answers to questions in paragraph form
IV. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
• Summarize the important points in relation to the objectives of the experiment
V. REFERENCES
• Cite the literature used
• Use APA format

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2.2.4. Laboratory Techniques and Measurements

A. Units and Measurements
✓ International System of Units (Systeme International d’Unites, or SI)- provides the
standard system of units by addition of set of prefixes that designate powers of ten; also called
the metric system

• Base Quantities of SI Units

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
Mass kilogram kg
Length meter m
Time second s
Current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of mole mol
Substance
Light Intensity candela cd
Basic Quantities of SI Units
Source: NIST, 2019
• Prefixes of SI Units
NAME SYMBOL MULTIPLIER
mega M 106 NOTE:
kilo k 10 3 • Prefixes of the SI unit
are used to avoid writing very large
hecto h 102 or very small numeric values
deka da 101 ✓ Example:
1,000,000 meter can be
deci d 10-1 converted and written as 1
centi c 10-2 megameter
milli m 10-3 ✓ This way you can avoid errors
by removing the multiple zeroes
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
femto f 10-15

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• Dimensional Analysis
✓ also known as Factor-Label Method or Unit Factor Method
✓ conversion of a given unit to a desired unit using conversion factor/s
✓ Conversion Factor- a ratio that can be used to convert one unit to another without
1 ℎ𝑟
changing the quantity (e.g. 1hr=60mins or 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠)

HOW TO USE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND PREFIXES OF SI UNIT?

✓ The table of Prefixes of SI Unit can be used as conversion factor by following this format:
1 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑥)(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟)(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡)

NOTE:
3
1 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 10 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
• In dimensional analysis,
the conversion factor
follows the format:
✓ Dimensional analysis can be used by following this format:
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

➢ If a unit is present in both numerator and denominator, that unit can be cancelled:
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

A. From base unit to metric prefix

Sample Problem: Convert 2560 meter (m) to kilometer (km).
a. Use the conversion factor:
1 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 103 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒌𝒎)
or in ratio form =
𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒎)

b. Use dimensional analysis:

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
1𝑘𝑚
2560 𝑚 𝑥
103 𝑚

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HOW TO USE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND PREFIXES OF SI UNIT?

c. Since m is present in both numerator and denominator, it can be cancelled, thus,

the desired unit, km, is left:
1𝑘𝑚
2560 𝑚 𝑥 = 2.56 𝑘𝑚
103 𝑚

B. From metric prefix to base unit

Sample Problem: Convert 1.5 nanoseconds (ns) to seconds (s).
a. Use the conversion factor:
1 𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 10−9 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒔)
or in ratio form =
𝟏 𝒏𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒏𝒔)

b. Use dimensional analysis:

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

10−9 𝑠
1.5 𝑛𝑠 𝑥
1 𝑛𝑠

c. Since ns is present in both numerator and denominator, it can be cancelled, thus,

the desired unit, s, is left:
10−9 𝑠
1.5 𝑛𝑠 𝑥 = 1.5𝑥10−9 𝑠
1 𝑛𝑠
C. From metric prefix to another metric prefix
Sample Problem: Convert 36700 milligram to kilogram (kg).

✓ Convert first from metric prefix (milligram) to

NOTE:
basic unit (gram):
a. Use the conversion factor: • When using prefixes of SI
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 10 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 −3 Unit in terms of mass,
gram (g) is used as the
𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒈 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒈) “temporary” base unit
or in ratio form =
𝟏 𝒎𝒈 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒎𝒈) instead of kilogram (kg)

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HOW TO USE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND PREFIXES OF SI UNIT?

b. Use dimensional analysis:

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
10−3 𝑔
36700 𝑚𝑔 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑔

c. Since mg is present in both numerator and denominator, it can be cancelled,

thus, the desired unit, g, is left:
10−3 𝑔
36700 𝑚𝑔 𝑥 = 36.7 𝑔
1 𝑚𝑔

✓ Then, convert from basic unit (gram) to metric prefix (kilogram):

a. Use the conversion factor:
1 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 103 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
𝟏𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒌𝒈)
or in ratio form 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒈 = 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒈)

b. Use dimensional analysis:

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
1𝑘𝑔
36.7𝑔 𝑥
103 𝑔

c. Since g is present in both numerator and denominator, it can be cancelled,

thus, the desired unit, kg, is left:
1𝑘𝑔
36.7𝑔 𝑥 = 0.0367 𝑘𝑔
103 𝑔

D. From SI Unit to English Unit and vice versa

1. Sample Problem: Convert 56.3 kilogram (kg) to pounds (lbs).
a. Use the conversion factor:
2.2 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 1𝑘𝑔
𝟐.𝟐 𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒍𝒃𝒔)
or in ratio form =
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒌𝒈)

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HOW TO USE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND PREFIXES OF SI UNIT?

b. Use dimensional analysis:
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 NOTE:
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠 • English System of
56.3 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 Measurement- is a standardized
1 𝑘𝑔 set of measures that comes from
the British Empire. This system
includes the following units:
c. Since kg is present in both 2.2 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 1𝑘𝑔
3.281 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 (𝑓𝑡) = 1 𝑚
numerator and denominator, it can 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 (𝑖𝑛) = 1 𝑓𝑡
be cancelled, thus, the desired unit,
lbs, is left:
2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
56.3 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 = 123.86 𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 124 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1 𝑘𝑔

56.3 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑠
2. Sample Problem: Convert to 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝑠

✓ NOTE: In this problem, both the numerator and denominator have different units.
✓ Focus first on converting the numerator from kg to lbs:
a. Use the conversion factor:
2.2 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 1𝑘𝑔
𝟐.𝟐 𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒍𝒃𝒔)
or in ratio form =
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒌𝒈)

b. Use dimensional analysis:

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
56.3 𝑘𝑔 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑥
𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔
c. Since kg is present in both numerator and denominator, it can be cancelled,
thus, in the numerator the unit lbs is left while the unit second (s) is still
present in the denominator:
56.3 𝑘𝑔 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠 123.86 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑥 =
𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑠

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HOW TO USE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND PREFIXES OF SI UNIT?

𝑙𝑏𝑠
✓ Now we have the unit , we just have to change the denominator from second (s) to
𝑠

minute (min):
a. Use the conversion factor: NOTE:
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 (𝑠) = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) • In this case notice
that the format of the
𝟔𝟎 𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒔)
or in ratio form 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = conversion factor changed:
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝒎𝒊𝒏) 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
from: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
b. Use dimensional analysis: to: 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 • This is done when you need
𝑥 to change the given unit
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
located at the denominator.
123.86 𝑙𝑏𝑠 60 𝑠
𝑥
𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

c. We now notice that s appear both on the denominator and numerator, thus
𝑙𝑏𝑠
we can cancel them and the desired unit 𝑚𝑖𝑛 is left:
123.86 𝑙𝑏𝑠 60 𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑥 = 7,431.6 = 7.43𝑥103
𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Learning Activity 2.2

A. Instruction: Convert from base unit to metric prefix.
____________1. Convert 0.000678 Ampere (A) to milliAmpere (mA).
____________2. Convert 5,670 mole (mol) to kilomole (kmol).
____________3. Convert 0.000000785 second (s) to microsecond (µs).
____________4. Convert 0.635 gram (g) to centigram (cg).
____________5. Convert 7,899 meter (m) to hectometre (hm).

B. Instruction: Convert from metric prefix to base unit.

____________1. Convert 6.78 Megagram (Mg) to gram (g).
____________2. Convert 0.0000432 kilometer (km) to meter (m).
____________3. Convert 25,900 microAmpere (µA) to Ampere (A).

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____________4. Convert 567,000 nanoseconds (ns) to seconds (s).

____________5. Convert 65.78 decimole (dmol) to mole (mol).

C. Instruction: Convert from metric prefix to another metric prefix.

____________1. Convert 6.78 Megagram (Mg) to milligram (mg).
____________2. Convert 0.0000432 kilometer (km) to centimeter(cm).
____________3. Convert 25,900 microAmpere (µA) to milliAmpere (mA).
____________4. Convert 45,6788 millimole (mmol) to kilomole (kmol).
____________5. Convert 657,856 nanoseconds (ns) to centiseconds (cs).

D. INSTRUCTION: Convert from SI Unit to English Unit and vice versa.

____________1. Convert 456.12 feet (ft) to meter (m).
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏
____________2. Convert 98.457 to ℎ𝑟.
𝑠
𝑓𝑡 𝑚
____________3. Convert 7.895 𝑙𝑏 to 𝑘𝑔.
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
____________4. Convert 6,980 ℎ𝑟 to .
𝑠
𝑙𝑏 𝑔
____________5. Convert 0.00178 to .
𝑠 ℎ𝑟

Answers to Learning Activity 2.2

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References

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2019). The International System of Units.
Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330/sp-330-section-2
Texas A&M University. (n.d.). Dimensional Analysis. Retrieved from
https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-da.html

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