CH 7

7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
7.1 Integration by Parts
1. Let  = ,  = 2  ⇒  = ,  = 12 2 . Then by Equation 2,

 
2  = 12 2 − 1 2
2
  = 12 2 − 14 2 + .
√ 1
2. Let  = ln ,  =   ⇒  = ,  = 23 32 . Then by Equation 2,

  
√ 2 32 1
 ln   = 23 32 ln  − 3
 ·  = 23 32 ln  − 2 12
3
  = 23 32 ln  − 49 32 + .

3. Let  = ,  = cos 4  ⇒  = ,  = 14 sin 4. Then by Equation 2,

 
 cos 4  = 14  sin 4 − 14 sin 4  = 14  sin 4 + 16
1
cos 4 + .
1
4. Let  = sin−1 ,  =  ⇒  = √ ,  = . Then by Equation 2,
1 − 2
      
 1 1  = 1 − 2 ,
sin−1   =  sin−1  − √  =  sin−1  − √ − 
1 − 2  2  = −2 
 √
=  sin−1  + 12 −12  =  sin−1  + 12 · 212 +  =  sin−1  + 1 − 2 + 
Note: A mnemonic device which is helpful for selecting  when using integration by parts is the LIATE principle of precedence for :
Logarithmic
Inverse trigonometric
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Exponential

If the integrand has several factors, then we try to choose among them a  which appears as high as possible on the list. For example, in 2 
the integrand is  , which is the product of an algebraic function () and an exponential function ( ). Since Algebraic appears before Exponential,
2 2
we choose  = . Sometimes the integration turns out to be similar regardless of the selection of  and , but it is advisable to refer to LIATE when in
doubt.
5. Let  = ,  = 2  ⇒  = ,  = 12 2 . Then by Equation 2,

 
2  = 12 2 − 1 2
2
  = 12 2 − 14 2 + .
6. Let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− . Then by Equation 2,

  
−  = −− − −−  = −− + −  = −− − − + .
7. Let  = ,  = sin 10  1

⇒  = ,  = − 10 cos 10. Then by Equation 2,
 1
 1 1 1

 sin 10  = − 10  cos 10 − − 10 cos 10  = − 10  cos 10 + 10
cos 10 
1 1
= − 10  cos 10 + 100
sin 10 + 
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° 673
674 ¤ CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
1
8. Let  =  − ,  = cos   ⇒  = −,  = sin . Then by Equation 2,

 
1 1 1 1
( − ) cos   = ( − ) sin  − − sin   = ( − ) sin  − 2 cos  + .
   
1 1
9. Let  = ln ,  =   ,  = 2 . Then by Equation 2,
⇒  =
 2
  
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
 ln   = 2 ln  −  ·  = 2 ln  −   = 2 ln  − 2 + .
2 2  2 2 2 4
1 1
10. Let  = ln ,  =  = −2  ⇒  =  = −1 ,  = −−1 . Then by Equation 2,
2 
  
ln  ln  −1 −1 ln  ln  ln  1
 = − − − ·   = − + −2  = − − −1 +  = − − + .
2     
11. First let  = 2 + 2,  = cos   ⇒  = (2 + 2) ,  = sin . Then by Equation 2,
 
 = (2 + 2) cos   = (2 + 2) sin  − (2 + 2) sin  . Next let  = 2 + 2,  = sin   ⇒
 
 = 2 ,  = − cos , so (2 + 2) sin   = −(2 + 2) cos  − −2 cos   = −(2 + 2) cos  + 2 sin .
Thus,  = (2 + 2) sin  + (2 + 2) cos  − 2 sin  + .
12. First let  = 2 ,  = sin   ⇒  = 2 ,  = − 1 cos . Then by Equation 2,

 
= 2 sin   = − 1 2 cos  − − 2  cos  . Next let  = ,  = cos   ⇒  = ,

1  1 1 1 1
 = sin , so  cos   =  sin  − sin   =  sin  + 2 cos . Thus,
    
 
1 2 1 1 1 2 2
 = − 2 cos  +  sin  + 2 cos  +  = − 2 cos  + 2  sin  + 3 cos  + .
      
−1
13. Let  = cos−1 ,  =  ⇒  = √ ,  = . Then by Equation 2,
1 − 2
      
− 1 1  = 1 − 2 ,
cos−1   =  cos−1  − √  =  cos−1  − √ 
1 − 2  2  = −2 
−1 1 12 −1
√
=  cos  − 2 · 2 +  =  cos  − 1 − 2 + 
√ 1 1 1
14. Let  = ln ,  =  ⇒  = √ · √  = ,  = . Then by Equation 2,
 2  2
  
√ √ 1 √ 1 √ 1
ln   =  ln  −  ·  =  ln  −  =  ln  −  + .
2 2 2
√
Note: We could start by using ln  = 12 ln .
1 1
15. Let  = ln ,  = 4  ,  = 5 . Then by Equation 2,
⇒  =
 5
  
1 1 5 1 1 1 4 1 1
4 ln   = 5 ln  −  ·  = 5 ln  −   = 5 ln  − 5 + .
5 5  5 5 5 25
°
SECTION 7.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS ¤ 675
2
16. Let  = tan−1 (2),  =  ,  = . Then by Equation 2,
⇒  =
1 + 4 2
      
2 1 1  = 1 + 4 2 ,
tan−1 (2)  =  tan−1 (2) −  =  tan−1
(2) − 
1 + 4 2  4  = 8 
=  tan−1 (2) − 1
4
ln || +  =  tan−1 (2) − 1
4
ln(1 + 4 2 ) + 
17. Let  = ,  = csc2   ⇒  = ,  = − cot . Then by Equation 2,

     
cos  1  = sin ,
 csc2   = − cot  − − cot   = − cot  +  = − cot  + 
sin    = cos  
= − cot  + ln || +  = − cot  + ln |sin | + 
1
18. Let  = ,  = cosh   ⇒  = ,  = sinh . Then by Equation 2,

 
1 1 1 1
 cosh   =  sinh  − sinh   =  sinh  − 2 cosh  + .
   
19. First let  = (ln )2 ,  = ⇒  = 2 ln  · 1 ,  = . Then by Equation 2,

  
 = (ln )2  = (ln )2 − 2  ln  · 1  = (ln )2 − 2 ln  . Next let  = ln ,  =  ⇒
  
 = 1 ,  =  to get ln   =  ln  −  · (1)  =  ln  −  =  ln  −  + 1 . Thus,
 = (ln )2 − 2( ln  −  + 1 ) = (ln )2 − 2 ln  + 2 + , where  = −21 .

 
 −10−
20.  =  10− . Let  = ,  = 10−  ⇒  = ,  = . Then by Equation 2,
10 ln 10
 
− 10− −10− − 10−  1
 10−  = −  =  − + =−  − + .
ln 10 ln 10 10 ln 10 (ln 10)(ln 10) 10 ln 10 10 (ln 10)2
21. First let  = 3 ,  = cos  ⇒  = 33 ,  = sin . Then
 
 = 3 cos   = 3 sin  − 3 3 sin  . Next, let  = 3 ,  = sin   ⇒  = 33 ,  = − cos ,
 
so 3 sin   = −3 cos  + 3 3 cos  . Substituting in the previous formula gives
 = 3 sin  − 3(−3 cos  + 3) = 3 sin  + 33 cos  − 9 ⇒ 10 = 3 sin  + 33 cos  + 1 ⇒
= 1
10
3
sin  + 3
10
 3
cos  + , where  = 1
 .
10 1
1
22. First let  =  ,  = sin   ⇒  =  ,  = − cos . Then

 
1 1
=  sin   = −  cos  +  cos  . Next, let  =  ,  = cos   ⇒
 
 
1 1 1
 =  ,  = sin , so  cos   =  sin  −  sin  . Substituting in the previous formula
  
 
1 1 1  1 1 1 1
gives  = −  cos  +  sin  −  = −  cos  + 2  sin  − 2  ⇒
      
 
1 1 1  1
1 + 2  = −  cos  + 2  sin  + 1 ⇒  = − 2  cos  + 2  sin  + ,
    +1  +1
2
where  = 1 .
2 + 1
°
23. First let  = sin 3,  = 2  ⇒  = 3 cos 3 ,  = 12 2 . Then
 
 = 2 sin 3  = 12 2 sin 3 − 32 2 cos 3 . Next let  = cos 3,  = 2  ⇒  = −3 sin 3 ,
 
 = 12 2 to get 2 cos 3  = 12 2 cos 3 + 32 2 sin 3 . Substituting in the previous formula gives

 = 12 2 sin 3 − 34 2 cos 3 − 94 2 sin 3  = 12 2 sin 3 − 34 2 cos 3 − 94  ⇒
13
4
 = 12 2 sin 3 − 34 2 cos 3 + 1 . Hence,  = 1 2
13
 (2 sin 3 − 3 cos 3) + , where  = 4
 .
13 1
24. First let  = − ,  = cos 2  ⇒  = −− ,  = 12 sin 2. Then
    
 = − cos 2  = 12 − sin 2 − 12 sin 2 −−  = 12 − sin 2 + 1
2
− sin 2 .
Next let  = − ,  = sin 2  ⇒  = −− ,  = − 12 cos 2, so

 −     
 sin 2  = − 12 − cos 2 − − 12 cos 2 −−  = − 12 − cos 2 − 12 − cos 2 .
  
So  = 12 − sin 2 + 12 − 12 − cos 2 − 12  = 12 − sin 2 − 14 − cos 2 − 14  ⇒
1 −
 
5
4 = 2 sin 2 − 14 − cos 2 + 1 ⇒  = 45 12 − sin 2 − 14 − cos 2 + 1 = 25 − sin 2 − 15 − cos 2 + .
 
25. First let  =  3 ,  =  
⇒  = 3 2 ,  =  . Then 1 =  3   =  3  − 3  2  . Next let 1 =  2 ,

1 =   ⇒ 1 = 2 , 1 =  . Then 2 =  2  − 2  . Finally, let 2 = , 2 =   ⇒ 2 = ,
 
2 =  . Then   =  −   =  −  + 1 . Substituting in the expression for 2 , we get
2 =  2  − 2( −  + 1 ) =  2  − 2 + 2 − 21 . Substituting the last expression for 2 into 1 gives
1 =  3  − 3( 2  − 2 + 2 − 21 ) =  3  − 3 2  + 6 − 6 + , where  = 61 .
1
26. First let  = (arcsin )2 ,  =  ⇒  = 2 arcsin  · √ ,  = . Then
1 − 2
 
2 2  arcsin 
 = (arcsin )  = (arcsin ) − 2 √ . To simplify the last integral, let  = arcsin  [ = sin ], so
1 − 2
 
1  arcsin 
 = √ , and √  =  sin  . To evaluate just the last integral, now let  = ,  = sin   ⇒
1 − 2 1 − 2
 = ,  = − cos . Thus,
 
 sin   = − cos  + cos   = − cos  + sin  + 
√
1 − 2
= − arcsin  · +  + 1 [refer to the figure]
1
√
Returning to , we get  = (arcsin )2 + 2 1 − 2 arcsin  − 2 + ,
where  = −21 .
27. First let  = 1 + 2 ,  = 3  ⇒  = 2   = 13 3 . Then

 
 = (1 + 2 )3  = 13 3 (1 + 2 ) − 23 3 . Next, let  = ,  = 3  ⇒  = ,  = 13 3 , so
 3 
  = 13 3 − 13 3  = 13 3 − 19 3 + 1 . Substituting in the previous formula gives
1 
 = 13 3 (1 + 2 ) − 2
3 3 
3
− 19 3 + 1 = 13 3 + 13 2 3 − 29 3 + 2 3
27  − 23 1
= 11 3
27
 − 29 3 + 13 2 3 + , where  = − 23 1
°
1
28. Let  = ,  = sin 3  ⇒  = ,  = − cos 3. By (6),
3
  12  12
12
1 1 1  12
 sin 3  = −  cos 3 + cos 3  = (0 + 0) + 2 sin 3
0 3 0 3 0 9 0
1 1
= (−1 − 0) = − 2
92 9
1 
29. Let  = ,  = 3  ⇒  = ,  = 3 . By (6),
ln 3
 1  1  1    1
1 1 3 1 1  3 1
3  =  3 − 3  = −0 − 3 = − (3 − 1)
0 ln 3 0 ln 3 0 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 0 ln 3 (ln 3)2
3 2
= −
ln 3 (ln 3)2
1 1
30. Let  =  ,  =  ⇒  = ( +  )  =  ( + 1) ,  = − . By (6),
(1 + )2 1+
 1  1  1       1  1
  1  1
2
 = − − −  (1 + )  = − + 0 +   = −  + 
0 (1 + ) 1+ 0 0 1+ 2 0 2 0
= − 12  +  − 1 = 12  − 1
31. Let  = ,  = sinh   ⇒  = ,  = cosh . By (6),

 2  2  2  2
 sinh   =  cosh  − cosh   = 2 cosh 2 − 0 − sinh  = 2 cosh 2 − sinh 2.
0 0 0 0
1
32. Let  = ln ,  = 2  ⇒  = ,  = 3
 .
1 3
By (6),

2 1 2 2 1 2 8 
1
2 ln   = 3
3 ln  1
− 1 2
1 3
  = 8
3
ln 2 − 0 − 9
3 1
= 8
3
ln 2 − 9
− 1
9
= 8
3
ln 2 − 79 .
1 1 1
33. Let  = ln ,  =  ⇒  = ,  = − . By (6),
2  
  5  5  5
5
ln  1 1 1 1  
2
 = − ln  − − 2
 = − 5
ln 5 − 0 − = − 15 ln 5 − 15 − 1 = 4
5
− 1
5
ln 5.
1   1 1   1
34. First let  = 2 ,  = sin 2  ⇒  = 2 ,  = − 12 cos 2. By (6),

 2  2  2  2
0
2 sin 2  = − 12 2 cos 2 0 + 0  cos 2  = −22 + 0  cos 2 .
Next let  = ,  = cos 2  ⇒  = ,  = 1

2
sin 2. By (6) again,
 2 1 2  2  2  2
0
 cos 2  = 2  sin 2 0 − 0
1
2 sin 2  = 0 − − 14 cos 2 0 = 1
4 − 1
4 = 0. Thus, 0
2 sin 2  = −22 .
 
35. sin 2 = 2 sin  cos , so 0
 sin  cos   = 1
2 0
 sin 2 . Let  = ,  = sin 2  ⇒
 = ,  = − 12 cos 2. By (6),
1
 1
 1  1
 1  
2 0
 sin 2  = 2
− 2  cos 2 0 − 2 0
− 12 cos 2  = − 14  − 0 + 1
4 2
sin 2 0 = −
4
°
1 −1 −
36. Let  = arctan(1),  =  ⇒  = ·  = 2 ,  = . By (6),
1 + (1)2 2  +1
 √     √3  √3 √3
3
1 1   √   1 2
arctan  =  arctan + = 3 − 1 · + ln( + 1)
1   1 1 2 + 1 6 4 2 1
√ √ √
 3  1  3  1 4  3  1
= − + (ln 4 − ln 2) = − + ln = − + ln 2
6 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 4 2
37. Let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− . By (6),

 5  5  5  5  5


 = −  = −− − −−  = −5−5 + −1 − −
1  1 1 1 1
= −5−5 + −1 − (−5 − −1 ) = 2−1 − 6−5
2 ln 
38. Let  = (ln )2 ,  = −3  ⇒  =   = − 12 −2 . By (6),

  2  2
2
(ln )2 (ln )2 ln  1
=  = − + . Now let  = ln ,  = −3  ⇒  = ,  = − 12 −2 .
1 3 22 1 1 3 
Then
  2 
2
ln  ln  2  1 2  1 
 = − + 1
2
−3  = − 18 ln 2 + 0 + 1
2
− 22 1 = − 18 ln 2 + 1
2
− 8 + 12 = 3
16
− 1
8
ln 2.
1 3 22 1 1
  3 
Thus  = − 18 (ln 2)2 + 0 + 16 − 1
8
ln 2 = − 18 (ln 2)2 − 1
8
ln 2 + 3
16
.
1
39. Let  = ln(cos ),  = sin   (− sin ) ,  = − cos . By (6),
⇒  =
cos 
 3  3   3
3 1 1
0
sin  ln(cos )  = − cos  ln(cos ) − 0
sin   = − 2 ln 2 − 0 − − cos 
0 0
1 
= − 12 ln 1
2
+ 2
−1 = 1
2
ln 2 − 1
2
 √
40. Let  = 2 ,  = √  ⇒  = 2 ,  = 4 + 2 . By (6),
4 + 2
 1  √ 1  1  √  1
3
√  = 2 4 + 2 − 2  4 + 2  = 5 − 23 (4 + 2 )32
0 4 + 2 0 0 0
√ √   √
= 5 − 23 (5)32 + 23 (8) = 5 1 − 103
+ 16 16 7
3 = 3 − 3 5
41. Let  = cos ,  = sinh   ⇒  = −sin  ,  = cosh . By (6),

       
= cos  sinh   = cos  cosh  − −sin  cosh   = −cosh  − 1 + sin  cosh  .
0 0 0 0
Now let  = sin ,  = cosh   ⇒  = cos  ,  = sinh . Then

       
sin  cosh   = sin  sinh  − cos  sinh   = (0 − 0) − cos  sinh   = −.
0 0 0 0
cosh  + 1
Substituting in the previous formula gives  = −cosh  − 1 −  ⇒ 2 = −(cosh  + 1) ⇒  = − .
2
[We could also write the answer as  = − 14 (2 +  + − ).]
°
42. Let  = sin( − ),  =   ⇒  = − cos( − ) ,  =  . Then

   

 = 0  sin( − )  =  sin( − ) + 0  cos( − )  =  sin 0 − 0 sin  + 1 . For 1 , let  = cos( − ),
0
   
 =   ⇒  = sin( − ) ,  =  . So 1 =  cos( − ) 0 − 0  sin( − )  =  cos 0 − 0 cos  − .

Thus,  = − sin  +  − cos  −  ⇒ 2 =  − cos  − sin  ⇒  = 12 ( − cos  − sin ).
√  √ 
43. Let  = , so that 2 =  and 2  = . Thus,    =  (2) . Now use parts with  = ,  =  ,  = ,
  √ √ √
and  =  to get 2   = 2  − 2   = 2  − 2 +  = 2    − 2  + .
 
44. Let  = ln , so that  =  and   = . Thus, cos  ·   = . Now use parts with  = cos ,
cos(ln )  =
  
 =  ,  = − sin  , and  =  to get  cos   =  cos  − − sin   =  cos  +  sin  . Now
use parts with  = sin ,  =  ,  = cos  , and  =  to get

  
 sin   =  sin  −  cos  . Thus,  =  cos  +  sin  −  ⇒ 2 =  cos  +  sin  ⇒
 = 12  cos  + 12  sin  +  = 12  cos(ln ) + 12  sin(ln ) + .

 √  √ 
      
45. Let  = 2 , so that  = 2 . Thus, √
3 cos 2  = √
2 cos 2 · 12 (2 ) = 1
2
 cos  . Now use
/2 /2 /2
parts with  = ,  = cos  ,  = ,  = sin  to get

     
1 1
  1
 
2
 cos   = 2
 sin  /2
− sin   = 2
 sin  + cos  /2
/2 /2
1 1
   
= 2
( sin  + cos ) − 2 2
sin 2 + cos 2 = 12 ( · 0 − 1) − 12 2 · 1 + 0 = − 12 − 
4
46. Let  = cos , so that  = − sin  . Thus,

   −1 1
0
cos  sin 2  = 0
cos  (2 sin  cos )  = 1
 · 2 (−) = 2 −1
 . Now use parts with  = ,
 =  ,  = ,  =  to get

1  1 1    1 
2 −1   = 2  −1 − −1   = 2 1 + −1 −  −1 = 2( + −1 − [1 − −1 ]) = 2(2−1 ) = 4.
 
47. Let  = 1 +  so that  = . Thus,  ln(1 + )  = ( − 1) ln  . Now use parts with  = ln   = ( − 1) ,
 = 1

,  = 12  2 −  to get
 1   1 
( − 1) ln   = 2
 2 −  ln  − 2
 − 1  = 12 ( − 2) ln  − 14  2 +  + 
= 12 (1 + )( − 1) ln(1 + ) − 14 (1 + )2 + 1 +  + ,
which can be written as 12 (2 − 1) ln(1 + ) − 14 2 + 12  + 3

4
+ .
 
1 arcsin(ln )
48. Let  = ln , so that  = . Thus,  = arcsin  . Now use
 
1
parts with  = arcsin ,  = ,  =  , and  =  to get
1 − 2
   

arcsin   =  arcsin  −   =  arcsin  + 1 −  2 +  = (ln ) arcsin(ln ) + 1 − (ln )2 + .
1 − 2
°
49. Let  = ,  = −2  ⇒  = ,  = − 12 −2 . Then

 −2 
  = − 12 −2 + 12 −2  = − 12 −2 − 14 −2 + . We
see from the graph that this is reasonable, since  has a minimum where 
changes from negative to positive. Also,  increases where  is positive and
 decreases where  is negative.
50. Let  = ln ,  = 32  ⇒  = 1 ,  = 25 52 . Then

 32   2
 ln   = 25 52 ln  − 25 32  = 25 52 ln  − 25 52 + 
= 25 52 ln  − 4 52
25  +
We see from the graph that this is reasonable, since  has a minimum where
 changes from negative to positive.
√
51. Let  =  ,
1 2
2
 = 2 1 + 2  ⇒  =  ,  = 23 (1 + 2 )32 .
Then
 3√   
 1 + 2  = 12 2 23 (1 + 2 )32 − 2
3
(1 + 2 )32 
= 13 2 (1 + 2 )32 − 2
3
· 2
5
· 12 (1 + 2 )52 + 
= 13 2 (1 + 2 )32 − 2
15 (1 + 2 )52 + 
We see from the graph that this is reasonable, since  increases where  is positive and  decreases where  is negative.
Note also that  is an odd function and  is an even function.
Another method: Use substitution with  = 1 + 2 to get 15 (1 + 2 )52 − 13 (1 + 2 )32 + .
52. First let  = 2 ,  = sin 2  ⇒  = 2 ,  = − 12 cos 2.

 
Then  = 2 sin 2  = − 12 2 cos 2 +  cos 2 .
Next let  = ,  = cos 2  ⇒  = ,  = 12 sin 2, so

 
 cos 2  = 12  sin 2 − 12 sin 2  = 12  sin 2 + 14 cos 2 + .
Thus,  = − 12 2 cos 2 + 12  sin 2 + 1

4
cos 2 + .
 
1 1  sin 2
53. (a) Take  = 2 in Example 6 to get sin2   = − cos  sin  + 1  = − + .
2 2 2 4
 
(b) sin4   = − 14 cos  sin3  + 3
4
sin2   = − 14 cos  sin3  + 38  − 3
16
sin 2 + .
°
54. (a) Let  = cos−1 ,  = cos   ⇒  = −( − 1) cos−2  sin  ,  = sin  in (2):
 
cos   = cos−1  sin  + ( − 1) cos−2  sin2  

= cos−1  sin  + ( − 1) cos−2  (1 − cos2 )
 
= cos−1  sin  + ( − 1) cos−2   − ( − 1) cos  
 
Rearranging terms gives  cos   = cos−1  sin  + ( − 1) cos−2   or
 
 1 −1 −1
cos   = cos  sin  + cos−2  
 
   sin 2
(b) Take  = 2 in part (a) to get cos2   = 1
2
cos  sin  + 1
2
1  = + + .
2 4
 
(c) cos4   = 1
4 cos3  sin  + 3
4
cos2   = 1
4 cos3  sin  + 38  + 3
16 sin 2 + 
 
1 −1
55. (a) From Example 6, sin   = − cos  sin−1  + sin−2  . Using (6),
 
 2  2 
cos  sin−1   − 1 2 −2
sin   = − + sin  
0  0  0
 
 − 1 2 −2  − 1 2 −2
= (0 − 0) + sin   = sin  
 0  0
 2  2  2

(b) Using  = 3 in part (a), we have 0
sin3   = 2
3 0
sin   = − 23 cos  0 = 23 .
 2  2
Using  = 5 in part (a), we have 0
sin5   = 4
5 0
sin3   = 4
5
· 2
3
= 8
15
.
(c) The formula holds for  = 1 (that is, 2 + 1 = 3) by (b). Assume it holds for some  ≥ 1. Then
 2
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)
sin2+1   = . By Example 6,
0 3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1)
 2 
2 + 2 2 2+1 2 + 2 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)
sin2+3   = sin   = ·
0 2 + 3 0 2 + 3 3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1)
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)[2 ( + 1)]
= ,
3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1)[2 ( + 1) + 1]
so the formula holds for  =  + 1. By induction, the formula holds for all  ≥ 1.
 2  2  2
56. Using Exercise 53(a), we see that the formula holds for  = 1, because 0
sin2   = 1
2 0
1  = 1
2
 0 = 1
2
· 2 .
 2
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) 
Now assume it holds for some  ≥ 1. Then sin2   = . By Exercise 53(a),
0 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2
 2  2
2 + 1 2 + 1 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) 
sin2(+1)   = sin2   = ·
0 2 + 2 0 2 + 2 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)(2 + 1) 
= · ,
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)(2 + 2) 2
so the formula holds for  =  + 1. By induction, the formula holds for all  ≥ 1.
57. Let  = (ln ) ,  =  ⇒  = (ln )−1 (),  = . By Equation 2,

  
(ln )  = (ln ) − (ln )−1 () = (ln ) −  (ln )−1 .
°
 
58. Let  =  ,  =   ⇒  = −1 ,  =  . By Equation 2,    =   −  −1  .
    
59. tan   = tan−2  tan2   = tan−2  (sec2  − 1)  = tan−2  sec2   − tan−2  

=  − tan−2  .
Let  = tan−2 ,  = sec2   ⇒  = ( − 2) tan−3  sec2  ,  = tan . Then, by Equation 2,


 = tan−1  − ( − 2) tan−2  sec2  
1 = tan−1  − ( − 2)
( − 1) = tan−1 
tan−1 
=
−1
 tan−1  
Returning to the original integral, tan   = − tan−2  .
−1
60. Let  = sec−2 ,  = sec2   ⇒  = ( − 2) sec−3  sec  tan  ,  = tan . Then, by Equation 2,
 
sec   = tan  sec−2  − ( − 2) sec−2  tan2  

= tan  sec−2  − ( − 2) sec−2  (sec2  − 1) 
 
= tan  sec−2  − ( − 2) sec   + ( − 2) sec−2  
 
so ( − 1) sec   = tan  sec−2  + ( − 2) sec−2  . If  − 1 6= 0, then
 
 tan  sec−2  −2
sec   = + sec−2  .
−1 −1
61. By repeated applications of the reduction formula in Exercise 57,

    
(ln )3  =  (ln )3 − 3 (ln )2  = (ln )3 − 3 (ln )2 − 2 (ln )1 
  
=  (ln )3 − 3(ln )2 + 6 (ln )1 − 1 (ln )0 

=  (ln )3 − 3(ln )2 + 6 ln  − 6 1  =  (ln )3 − 3(ln )2 + 6 ln  − 6 + 
62. By repeated applications of the reduction formula in Exercise 58,

    
4   = 4  − 4 3   = 4  − 4 3  − 3 2  
     
= 4  − 43  + 12 2  − 2 1   = 4  − 43  + 122  − 24 1  − 0  
 
= 4  − 43  + 122  − 24 + 24 +  or  (4 − 43 + 122 − 24 + 24) + 
63. The curves  = 2 ln  and  = 4 ln  intersect when 2 ln  = 4 ln  ⇔

2 2
 ln  − 4 ln  = 0 ⇔ ( − 4) ln  = 0 ⇔
 = 1 or 2 [since   0]. For 1    2, 4 ln   2 ln  Thus,
2 2
area = 1 (4 ln  − 2 ln )  = 1 [(4 − 2 ) ln ] . Let  = ln ,
 = (4 − 2 )  ⇒  = ,  = 4 − 13 3 . Then
1

 2   2
  2  1    
area = (ln ) 4 − 13 3 1 − 4 − 13 3  = (ln 2) 16
3
− 0 − 4 − 13 2 
1  1
16
 
1 3 2 16
 64 35
 16 29
= 3 ln 2 − 4 − 9  1 = 3 ln 2 − 9 − 9 = 3 ln 2 − 9
°
64. The curves  = 2 − and  = − intersect when 2 − = − ⇔
 −  = 0 ⇔ ( − 1) = 0 ⇔  = 0 or 1.
2
For 0    1, −  2 − . Thus,

1 1
area = 0 (− − 2 − )  = 0 ( − 2 )− . Let  =  − 2 ,
 = −  ⇒  = (1 − 2) ,  = −− . Then

 1  1 1
area = ( − 2 )(−− ) 0 − 0 [−− (1 − 2)]  = 0 + 0 (1 − 2)− .
Now let  = 1 − 2,  = −  ⇒  = −2 ,  = −− . Now

 1  1  1
area = (1 − 2)(−− ) 0 − 0 2−  = −1 + 1 − −2− 0 = −1 + 1 + 2(−1 − 1) = 3−1 − 1.
1 
65. The curves  = arcsin 2
 and  = 2 − 2 intersect at
 =  ≈ −175119 and  =  ≈ 117210. From the figure, the area
bounded by the curves is given by
        
 =  [(2 − 2 ) − arcsin 12  ]  = 2 − 13 3  −  arcsin 12  .
  1 1
Let  = arcsin 12  ,  =  ⇒  =   1 2 · 2 ,  = .
1 − 2
Then  
       
1 3 1 
 = 2 −  −  arcsin  −  
3 
 2   2 1 − 14 2 
    
= 2 − 13 3 −  arcsin 12  − 2 1 − 14 2 ≈ 399926

66. The curves  =  ln( + 1) and  = 3 − 2 intersect at  = 0 and

 =  ≈ 192627. From the figure, the area bounded by the curves is given
by
 3  
= 0
[(3− 2 ) −  ln(+ 1)]  = 2
2 − 13 3 0
− 0
 ln(+ 1) .
1
Let  = ln( + 1),  =   ⇒  = ,  = 12 2 . Then
+1
     
3 2 1 3 1 2 1  2
=  −  −  ln( + 1) − 
2 3 0 2 0 2 0 +1
      
3 2 1 3 1 2 1  1
=  −  −  ln( + 1) + −1+ 
2 3 0 2 0 2 0 +1
 
= 32 2 − 13 3 − 12 2 ln( + 1) + 14 2 − 12  + 12 ln | + 1| 0 ≈ 169260
1
67. Volume = 2 cos(2) . Let  = ,  = cos(2)  ⇒  = ,  = 2 sin(2).
0
   1       1
2 2 1    2 2 8 8
 = 2  sin − 2 · sin  = 2 − 0 − 4 − cos = 4 + (0 − 1) = 4 − .
 2 0  0 2   2 0  
1 1  1 
1
68. Volume = 0
2( − − )  = 2 0
( − − )  = 2 0
  − 0
−  [both integrals by parts]
   1
= 2 ( −  ) − −− − − 0 = 2[2 − 0] = 4
°
0
69. Volume = −1
2(1 − )− . Let  = 1 − ,  = −  ⇒  = − ,  = −− .
 0 0  0  0
 = 2 (1 − )(−− ) −1 − 2 −1 −  = 2 ( − 1)(− ) + − −1 = 2 − −1 = 2(0 + ) = 2.
3 1
70.  =  ⇔  = ln . Volume = 1
2 ln  . Let  = ln ,  =   ⇒  = ,  = 12  2 .

1 3 3  3
 = 2 2
 2 ln 
− 2 1 12   = 2 12  2 ln  − 14  2 1
1
     
= 2 92 ln 3 − 94 − 0 − 14 = 2 92 ln 3 − 2 = (9 ln 3 − 4) 
71. (a) Use shells about the axis:

 2  
 = ln ,  =  
 = 2 ln  
 = 1
,  = 12 2
1
 2  2    2   
= 2 1
2
2 ln  1 − 1 12   = 2 (2 ln 2 − 0) − 14 2 1 = 2 2 ln 2 − 34
(b) Use disks about the axis:

 2  
 = (ln )2 ,  = 
 = (ln )2  1
 = 2 ln  ·  ,  = 
1
    
 2 2
 = ln ,  = 
= (ln )2 1 − 2 ln   1
 =  ,  = 
1
  2     2 
2
=  2(ln 2)2 − 2  ln  − 1  =  2(ln 2)2 − 4 ln 2 + 2 
1 1
= [2(ln 2)2 − 4 ln 2 + 2] = 2[(ln 2)2 − 2 ln 2 + 1]
   4  
1 1  = ,  = sec2  
72. ave =  ()  =  sec2  
−  4 − 0 0  = ,  = tan 
  
4  4  4 4   4  4  √ 
=  tan  − tan   = − ln |sec | = − ln 2
 0 0  4 0  4
√
=1− 4

ln 2 or 1 − 2

ln 2
    
 1 2
 1 2
73. () = sin 2
  ⇒ ()  = sin 2
  .
0 0
  1 2 1 
Let  = sin 2 
 = (),  =  ⇒  = sin 2 
2
,  = . Thus,
0
    
1 2 1   = 12 2 
()  = () −  sin 2
  = () − sin  

 =  
1 
= () + 1

cos  +  = () + 1

cos 2 2 + 

74. (a) The rocket will have height  = 0
()  after  seconds.
        

 −   
= − −  ln  = − 12 2 0 −  ln( − )  − ln  
0  0 0
1 2

= − 2  +  (ln ) −  0 ln( − ) 
[continued]
°
1
Let  = ln( − ),  =  ⇒  = (−) ,  = . Then
 − 
        
 
ln( − )  =  ln( − ) +  =  ln( −  ) + −1 + 
0 0 0  −  0  − 
  
=  ln( −  ) + − − ln( − )
 0
 
=  ln( −  ) −  − ln( −  ) + ln 
 
 
So  = − 12  2 +  (ln ) −   ln( −  ) +   +  ln( −  ) −  ln . Substituting  = 60,
 
 = 98,  = 30,000,  = 160, and  = 3000 gives us  ≈ 14,844 m.
6000 6000
(b) The time taken to consume 6000 kg of fuel is  = = = 375 s. The rocket will have height
 160
 375
= 0
()  after 37.5 seconds. Evaluating this integral using the results of part (a) with  = 375,  = 98,
 = 30,000,  = 160, and  = 3000 gives us  ≈ 5195 m.
 
75. Since ()  0 for all , the desired distance is () = 0
()  = 0
2 − .
  
First let  = 2 ,  = −  ⇒  = 2 ,  = −− . Then () = −2 − 0 + 2 0 − .
Next let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− . Then

        
() = −2 − + 2 −− 0 + 0 −  = −2 − + 2 −− + 0 + −− 0
= −2 − + 2(−− − − + 1) = −2 − − 2− − 2− + 2 = 2 − − (2 + 2 + 2) meters
76. Suppose  (0) = (0) = 0 and let  =  (),  =  00 ()  ⇒  =  0 () ,  =  0 ().
    

Then 0
 () 00 ()  =  () 0 () − 0  0 () 0 ()  =  ()  0 () − 0  0 ()  0 () .
0
Now let  =  (),  =  ()  ⇒  =  00 ()  and  = (), so

0 0
 0    

0
 ()  0 ()  =  0 () () − 0  00 () ()  =  0 () () − 0  00 () () .
0
 
Combining the two results, we get 0
 ()  00 ()  =  () 0 () −  0 () () + 0
 00 () () .
4
77. For  = 1
 00 () , let  = ,  =  00 ()  ⇒  = ,  =  0 (). Then
 4  4
 =  0 () 1 − 1  0 ()  = 4 0 (4) − 1 ·  0 (1) − [ (4) −  (1)] = 4 · 3 − 1 · 5 − (7 − 2) = 12 − 5 − 5 = 2.
We used the fact that  00 is continuous to guarantee that  exists.
78. (a) Take () =  and  0 () = 1 in Equation 1.
 
(b) By part (a), 
()  = () −   () − 
  0 () . Now let  =  () , so that  = () and  =  0 () .
   ()
Then 
  0 ()  =  ()
() . The result follows.
°
(c) Part (b) says that the area of region   is

  ()
=  () − () −  ()
() 
= (area of rectangle  ) − (area of rectangle ) − (area of region  )
(d) We have  () = ln , so  −1 () =  , and since  =  −1 , we have () =  . By part (b),
   ln   1
 1
ln   =  ln  − 1 ln 1 −   =  −   =  −  0 =  − ( − 1) = 1.
1 ln 1 0
79. (a) Assuming  () and () are differentiable functions, the Quotient Rule for differentiation states
 
  () ()  0 () −  () 0 ()
= . Writing in integral form gives
 () [()]2
  
 () ()  0 () −  ()  0 () 1 0  () 0
=  =  ()  −  () . Now let  =  () and  = () so
() [()]2 () [()]2
 
 1 
that  =  ()  and  =  () . Substituting into the above equation gives =
0 0
 −  ⇒
  2
 
  1
 = − + .
2  
1
(b) Let  = ln ,  =  ⇒  = . Then, using the formula from part (a), we get

    
ln  ln  1 1 ln  1 ln  1
 = − +  = − +  = − − + .
2     2  
80. (a) We note that for 0 ≤  ≤ 

2
, 0 ≤ sin  ≤ 1, so sin2+2  ≤ sin2+1  ≤ sin2 . So by the second Comparison Property
of the Integral, 2+2 ≤ 2+1 ≤ 2 .
(b) Substituting directly into the result from Exercise 56, we get
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · [2( + 1) − 1] 
2+2 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · [2( + 1)] 2 2( + 1) − 1 2 + 1
= = =
2 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)  2( + 1) 2 + 2
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2
2+2 2+1 2

(c) We divide the result from part (a) by 2 . The inequalities are preserved since 2 is positive: ≤ ≤ .
2 2 2
2 + 1 2 + 1 2+1
Now from part (b), the left term is equal to , so the expression becomes ≤ ≤ 1. Now
2 + 2 2 + 2 2
2 + 1 2+1
lim = lim 1 = 1, so by the Squeeze Theorem, lim = 1.
→∞ 2 + 2 →∞ →∞ 2
°
SECTION 7.2 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS ¤ 687
(d) We substitute the results from Exercises 55 and 56 into the result from part (c):
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)
   
2+1 3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1) 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2
1 = lim = lim = lim
→∞ 2 →∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)  →∞ 3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1) 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) 
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2
2 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 2
= lim · · · · · · ··· · · · [rearrange terms]
→∞ 1 3 3 5 5 7 2 − 1 2 + 1 
Multiplying both sides by 
2
gives us the Wallis product:
 2 2 4 4 6 6
= · · · · · · ···
2 1 3 3 5 5 7
(e) The area of the th rectangle is . At the 2th step, the area is increased from 2 − 1 to 2 by multiplying the width by
2 2 + 1
, and at the (2 + 1)th step, the area is increased from 2 to 2 + 1 by multiplying the height by . These
2 − 1 2
2 1 2
two steps multiply the ratio of width to height by and = respectively. So, by part (d), the
2 − 1 (2 + 1)(2) 2 + 1
2 2 4 4 6 6 
limiting ratio is · · · · · · ··· = .
1 3 3 5 5 7 2
81. Using the formula for volumes of rotation and the figure, we see that
   
Volume = 0
2  − 0
2  − 
[()]2  = 2  − 2  − 
[()]2 . Let  = (),

which gives  =  0 ()  and () = , so that  = 2  − 2  −  
2  0 () .
Now integrate by parts with  = 2 , and  =  0 ()  ⇒  = 2 ,  =  (), and

     

2  0 ()  = 2  ()  −  2 ()  = 2  () − 2 () −  2  () , but  () =  and  () =  ⇒
   

 = 2  − 2  −  2  − 2  −  2  ()  =  2  () .
7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

s c
The symbols = and = indicate the use of the substitutions { = sin   = cos  } and { = cos   = − sin  }, respectively.
   c 
1. sin3  cos2   = sin2  cos2  sin   = (1 − cos2 ) cos2  sin   = (1 − 2 )2 (−)

= (4 − 2 )  = 15 5 − 13 3 +  = 1
5
cos5  − 1
3
cos3  + 
   c 
2. cos6  sin3   = cos6  sin2  sin   = cos6 (1 − cos2 ) sin   = 6 (1 − 2 ) (−)

= (8 − 6 )  = 19 9 − 17 7 +  = 1
9
cos9  − 1
7
cos7  + 
 2  2  2

9 5 9 2 2
3. cos  sin   = cos  (sin ) sin   = cos9  (1 − cos2 )2 sin  
0 0 0
 0  1  1
c
= 9 (1 − 2 )2 (− ) = 9 (1 − 22 + 4 )  = (9 − 211 + 13 ) 
1 0 0
 1 10

1 14 1
 
= 10  − 16 12 + 14  0
= 1
10 − 1
6 + 1
14
−0 = 1
210
°
 4  4  4  √
1 2
5 2 2 2 2 c
4. sin   = (sin ) sin   = (1 − cos ) sin   = (1 − 2 )2 (−)
0 0 0 1
 1  1    
2 4 2 3 1 5 2 1 1 2 1
= √
(1 − 2 +  )  =  −  +  = 1 − + − √ − √ + √
1 2 3 5 √
1 2 3 5 2 3 8 5 32
√ √ √  √
8 2 2 2 8 43 2
= − − + = −
15 2 6 40 15 120
  
5. sin5 (2) cos2 (2)  = sin4 (2) cos2 (2) sin(2)  = [1 − cos2 (2)]2 cos2 (2) sin(2) 
  
= (1 − 2 )2 2 − 12  [ = cos(2),  = −2 sin(2) ]
 4 
= − 2 ( − 2 + 1)  = − 12 (6 − 24 + 2 ) 
1 2 2
 
= − 12 17 7 − 25 5 + 13 3 +  = − 14 1
cos7 (2) + 15 cos5 (2) − 16 cos3 (2) + 
                   
       
6. cos3 sin2  = cos2 sin2 cos  = 1 − sin2 sin2 cos 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
      
 1 
= (1 − 2 )2 (2 )  = sin ,  = cos 
2 2 2
      
2 4 1 3 1 5 2 3  2 5 
= 2 ( −  )  = 2  −  +  = sin − sin +
3 5 3 2 5 2
 2  2
7. 0
cos2   = 0
1
2
(1 + cos 2)  [halfangle identity]
 2   
= 12  + 1
2
sin 2 0 = 12 2 + 0 − (0 + 0) = 
4
 4  4
1
8. sin2 (2)  = (1 − cos 4)  [halfangle identity]
0 0 2
 4
1 1 1     
=  − sin 4 = −0 −0 =
2 4 0 2 4 8
   2
9. 0
cos4 (2)  = 0
[cos2 (2)]2  = 0 12 (1 + cos(2 · 2))  [halfangle identity]
  
= 1
4 0
[1 + 2 cos 4 + cos2 (4)]  = 14 0 [1 + 2 cos 4 + 12 (1 + cos 8)] 
1
  3 1
 
1 3 1 1
 1
 3   3
= 4 0 2 + 2 cos 4 + 2 cos 8  = 4 2  + 2 sin 4 + 16 sin 8 0 = 4 2 + 0 + 0 − 0 = 8
  
10. 0
sin2  cos4   = 1
4 0
(4 sin2  cos2 ) cos2   = 1
4 0
(2 sin  cos )2 12 (1 + cos 2) 

1 

1 
= (sin 2)2 (1 + cos 2)  = 8 0 (sin2 2 + sin2 2 cos 2) 
8 0
    
= 18 0 sin2 2  + 18 0 sin2 2 cos 2  = 18 0 12 (1 − cos 4)  + 18 13 · 1
2
sin3 2 0
1
 
= 16  − 14 sin 4 0 + 18 (0 − 0) = 16
1 
[( − 0) − 0] = 16
 2  2  2  2

11. 0
sin2  cos2   = 0
1
4
(4 sin2  cos2 )  = 0
1
4
(2 sin  cos )2  = 1
4 0
sin2 2 
1
 2 1 1
 2 1
 1
2  
= 4 0 2 (1 − cos 4)  = 8 0
(1 − cos 4)  = 8
− 4 sin 4 0 = 18 2 = 
16
 2  2  2  

12. 0
(2 − sin )2  = (4 − 4 sin  + sin2 )  = 0
0
4 − 4 sin  + 12 (1 − cos 2) 
 2  9   2
= 0 2
− 4 sin  − 12 cos 2  = 92  + 4 cos  − 14 sin 2 0
 
= 9
4
+ 0 − 0 − (0 + 4 − 0) = 94  − 4
°
√ √ 
13. cos  sin3   = cos  sin2  sin   = (cos )12 (1 − cos2 ) sin  
c  
= 12 (1 − 2 ) (−) = (52 − 12 ) 
= 27 72 − 23 32 +  = 27 (cos )72 − 23 (cos )32 + 
  √       
1 + sin  cos3   = 1 + (sin )13 cos2  cos   = 1 + (sin )13 (1 − sin2 ) cos  
3
14.
s  
= (1 + 13 )(1 − 2 )  = (1 − 2 + 13 − 73 ) 
=  − 13 3 + 34 43 − 103 103

 +
√
3
√
3 3
= sin  − 13 sin3  + 34 sin4  − 10 sin10  + 
  
sin  c 1 1 1
15. sin  sec5   =  = (−) = 4 +  = + = 1
4
sec4  + 
cos5  5 4 4 cos4 
    
cos2  1 − sin2  s 1 − 2
16. csc5  cos3   = cos   = cos   =  = (−5 − −3 ) 
sin5  sin5  5
1 1 1 1
= − −4 + −2 +  = − + +
4 2 4 sin4  2 sin2 
Alternate solution:
   3   
5 3 cos  1
csc  cos   = 3 2  = cot3  csc2  
sin  sin 
 3
=  (−) [ = cot ,  = −csc2  ]

= − 3  = − 14 4 +  = − 14 cot4  + 
 
cos 
17. cot  cos2   = (1 − sin2 ) 
sin 
   
s 1 − 2 1
=  = −   = ln || − 12 2 +  = ln |sin | − 1
2
sin2  + 
 
   
sin2  s
18. tan2  cos3   = cos3   = sin2  cos   = 2  = 13 3 +  = 1
3
sin3  + 
cos2 
  s 
19. sin2  sin 2  = sin2  (2 sin  cos )  = 23  = 12 4 +  = 1
2
sin4  + 
            
20. sin  cos 12   = sin 2 · 12  cos 12   = 2 sin 12  cos2 12  
    
= 22 (−2 ) [ = cos 12  ,  = − 12 sin 12  ]
 
= − 43 3 +  = − 43 cos3 12  + 
  
21. tan  sec3   = tan  sec  sec2   = 2  [ = sec ,  = sec  tan  ]
1 3 1 3
= 3 + = 3 sec  + 
  
22. tan2  sec4   = tan2  sec2  sec2   = tan2  (tan2  + 1) sec2  

= 2 (2 + 1)  [ = tan ,  = sec2  ]

= (4 + 2 )  = 15 5 + 13 3 +  = 1
5
tan5  + 1
3
tan3  + 
 
23. tan2   = (sec2  − 1)  = tan  −  + 
°
   
24. (tan2  + tan4 )  = tan2  (1 + tan2 )  = tan2  sec2   = 2  [ = tan ,  = sec2  ]
= 13 3 +  = 1
3 tan3  + 
25. Let  = tan . Then  = sec2  , so

  
tan4  sec6   = tan4  sec4  (sec2  ) = tan4 (1 + tan2 )2 (sec2  )
 
= 4 (1 + 2 )2  = (8 + 26 + 4 ) 
= 19 9 + 27 7 + 15 5 +  = 1
9
tan9  + 2
7
tan7  + 1
5
tan5  + 
 4  4  4

26. 0
sec6  tan6   = tan6  sec4  sec2   = 0 tan6 (1 + tan2 )2 sec2  
0
 
1 6 2 2  = tan ,
= 0  (1 +  )  2
 = sec  
1 1
=  ( + 2 + 1)  = 0 (10 + 28 + 6 ) 
0
6 4 2
 1 11 2 9 1 7 1 1
= 11  + 9  + 7  0 = 11 + 29 + 17 = 63 + 693
154 + 99
= 316
693
  
27. tan3  sec   = tan2  sec  tan   = (sec2  − 1) sec  tan  
  
= (2 − 1)   = sec   = sec  tan   = 13 3 −  +  = 1
3
sec3  − sec  + 
28. Let  = sec , so  = sec  tan  . Thus,

  
tan5  sec3   = tan4  sec2  (sec  tan )  = (sec2  − 1)2 sec2  (sec  tan  )
 
= (2 − 1)2 2  = (6 − 24 + 2 ) 
= 17 7 − 25 5 + 13 3 +  = 1
7
sec7  − 2
5
sec5  + 1
3
sec3  + 
  
29. tan3  sec6   = tan3  sec4  sec2   = tan3  (1 + tan2 )2 sec2  
 
  = tan ,
= 3 (1 + 2 )2  2
 = sec  
 
= 3 (4 + 22 + 1)  = (7 + 25 + 3 ) 
= 18 8 + 13 6 + 14 4 +  = 1
8
tan8  + 1
3
tan6  + 1
4
tan4  + 
 4  4  4

 4
30. 0
tan4   = 0
tan2  (sec2  − 1)  =
tan2  sec2   − 0 tan2  
0
1  4  1  4
= 0 2  [ = tan ] − 0 (sec2  − 1)  = 13 3 − tan  − 
0 0
1
  
= 3
− 1 − 4 − 0 = 
4
− 2
3
    
31. tan5   = (sec2  − 1)2 tan   = sec4  tan   − 2 sec2  tan   + tan  
  
= sec3  sec  tan   − 2 tan  sec2   + tan  
= 1
4 sec4  − tan2  + ln |sec | +  [or 1
4 sec4  − sec2  + ln |sec | +  ]
   
32. tan2  sec   = (sec2  − 1) sec   = sec3   − sec  
= 12 (sec  tan  + ln |sec  + tan |) − ln |sec  + tan | +  [by Example 8 and (1)]
= 12 (sec  tan  − ln |sec  + tan |) + 
°
  
1 − tan2   2 
33.  = cos  − sin2   = cos 2  = 1
2
sin 2 + 
sec2 
  
tan  sec2 
34.  = sec2  tan  sec   = 2  [  = sec ,  = sec  tan   ]
cos 
= 13 3 +  = 1
3
sec3  + 
 4  4  4  1√2

sin3  sin2  1 − cos2  c 1 − 2
35.  = sin   = sin   = (−)
0 cos  0 cos  0 cos  1 
 1    1     √
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
= √
−   = ln || −  = ln 1 − − ln √ − = − − ln
1 2  2 √
1 2 2 2 4 4 2
    
sin  + tan  sin  tan  sin 
36.  =  +  =  + sec2  tan  sec  
cos3  cos3  cos3  cos3 
   
1 2  = cos ,  = − sin  
=−  +  
3  = sec ,  = sec  tan  
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + 3 +  = + sec3  +  = sec2  + sec3  + 
22 3 2 cos2  3 2 3
 2  2  2    √  √
37. 6
cot2   = 6
(csc2  − 1)  = − cot  −  6 = 0 − 2 − − 3 − 6 = 3 − 
3
 2  2  2  2

cos 
38. cot3   = cot  (csc2  − 1)  = cot  csc2   − 
4 4 4 4 sin 
 2  
= − 12 cot2  − ln |sin | = (0 − ln 1) − − 12 − ln √12 = 1
2
+ ln √12 = 12 (1 − ln 2)
4
 2  2  2

39. 4
cot5  csc3   = 4
cot4  csc2  csc  cot   = 4
(csc2  − 1)2 csc2  csc  cot  
 1
= √
(2 − 1)2 2 (−) [ = csc ,  = − csc  cot  ]
2
 √
 √ √  
2 1 √2 √ 
= (6 − 24 + 2 )  = 7
7 − 25 5 + 13 3 1
= 8
7
2 − 85 2 + 23 2 − 17 − 2
5
+ 1
3
1
120 − 168 + 70 √ 15 − 42 + 35 22 √ 8
= 2− = 2−
105 105 105 105
 2  2  2
40. 4
csc4  cot4   = cot4  csc2  csc2   = 4 cot4  (cot2  + 1) csc2  
4
 
0  = cot ,
= 1 4 (2 + 1) (−) 2
 = − csc  
1 6 4
= ( +  ) 
0
1 1
= 7 7 + 15 5 0 = 1
7
+ 1
5
= 12
35
  
csc  (csc  − cot ) − csc  cot  + csc2 
41.  = csc   =  = . Let  = csc  − cot  ⇒
csc  − cot  csc  − cot 

 = (− csc  cot  + csc2 ) . Then  =  = ln || = ln |csc  − cot | + .
°
42. Let  = csc ,  = csc2  . Then  = − csc  cot  ,  = − cot  ⇒
 3
 2

csc   = − csc  cot  − csc  cot   = − csc  cot  − csc  (csc2  − 1) 
 
= − csc  cot  + csc   − csc3  

Solving for csc3   and using Exercise 41, we get
 
csc3   = − 12 csc  cot  + 12 csc   = − 12 csc  cot  + 1
2
ln |csc  − cot | + . Thus,
 3  3
6
csc3   = − 12 csc  cot  + 1
2
ln |csc  − cot |
6
  √  √ 
 
= − 12 · √2
3
· √1
3
+ 12 ln  √23 − √1  +
3
1
2
·2· 3− 1
2
ln 2 − 3 
√  √ 
= − 13 + 3+ 1
2 ln √13 − 1
2 ln 2 − 3 ≈ 17825
 2a  
43. sin 8 cos 5  = 1
2
[sin(8 − 5) + sin(8 + 5)]  = 1
2
(sin 3 + sin 13) 
1 1 1
= 2 (− 3 cos 3 − 13 cos 13) +  = − 16 cos 3 − 1
26 cos 13 + 
 2b 
44. sin 2 sin 6  = 1
2
[cos(2
− 6) − cos(2 + 6)] 
 
= 2 [cos(−4) − cos 8]  = 12 (cos 4 − cos 8) 
1
 
= 12 14 sin 4 − 18 sin 8 +  = 18 sin 4 − 16
1
sin 8 + 
 2 2c  2
45. 0
cos 5 cos 10  = 0
1
2
[cos(5
− 10) + cos(5 + 10)] 
 2  2
= 12 0 [cos(−5) + cos 15]  = 12 0 (cos 5 + cos 15) 
 2  
= 12 15 sin 5 + 15
1
sin 15 0 = 12 15 − 15
1 1
= 15
  
46.  cos5 (2 )  =  cos4 (2 ) cos(2 )  = [1 − sin2 (2 )]2 cos(2 ) 
  
= 12 (1 − 2 )2   = sin(2 ),  = 2 cos(2 ) 

= 12 (4 − 22 + 1)  = 12 ( 15 5 − 23 3 + ) +  = 10 1
sin5 (2 ) − 1
3
sin3 (2 ) + 1
2
sin(2 ) + 
 
sin2 (1)
47.  = sin2  (−) [ = 1
   = − 12  ]
2
    
1 1 1 1 1 2
=− (1 − cos 2)  = −  − sin 2 +  = − + sin +
2 2 2 2 4 
 
48. sec2  cos3 (tan )  = cos3   [  = tan ,  = sec2   ]
= sin  − 1
3
sin3  +  [ by Example 1 ]
= sin(tan ) − 1
3
sin3 (tan ) + 
 6 √  6   6 √ √  6 √

49. 0
1 + cos 2  = 0 1 + (2 cos2  − 1)  = 0 2 cos2   = 2 0 cos2  
√  6 √  6
= 2 0 |cos |  = 2 0 cos   [since cos   0 for 0 ≤  ≤ 6]
√  6 √   √
= 2 sin  = 2 12 − 0 = 12 2
0
°
 4 √  4   4  √  4  2

50. 0
1 − cos 4  = 0 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 (2))  = 0 2 sin2 (2)  = 2 0 sin (2) 
√  4 √  4
= 2 0 |sin 2|  = 2 0 sin 2  [since sin 2 ≥ 0 for 0 ≤  ≤ 4]
√  1 4 √ √
= 2 − 2 cos 2 0 = − 12 2 (0 − 1) = 12 2
  1    
51.  sin2   =  2 (1 − cos 2)  = 1
( −  cos 2)  = 12   − 12  cos 2 
2
 
      = ,  = cos 2 
= 12 12 2 − 12 12  sin 2 − 12 sin 2  1
 = , = 2 sin 2
 
= 14 2 − 14  sin 2 + 12 − 14 cos 2 +  = 14 2 − 14  sin 2 − 1
8
cos 2 + 
52. Let  =   = sec  tan   ⇒  =   = sec . Then

 
 sec  tan   =  sec  − sec   =  sec  − ln |sec  + tan | + .
  
53.  tan2   = (sec2  − 1)  =
 sec2   −  
 
 1 2  = ,  = sec2  
=  tan  − tan   − 2 
 = ,  = tan 
1 2
=  tan  − ln |sec | − 2
 +

54.  =  sin3  . First, evaluate
  c  
sin3   = (1 − cos2 ) sin   = (1 − 2 )(−) = (2 − 1) 
= 13 3 −  + 1 = 1
3 cos3  − cos  + 1 
Now for , let  = ,  = sin3  ⇒  = ,  = 13 cos3  − cos , so

 1  
 = 13  cos3  −  cos  − 3
cos3  − cos   = 13  cos3  −  cos  − 1
3
cos3   + sin 
= 13  cos3  −  cos  − 13 (sin  − 1
3
sin3 ) + sin  +  [by Example 1]
= 13  cos3  −  cos  + 2
3
sin  + 1
9
sin3  + 
   
 1 cos  + 1 cos  + 1 cos  + 1
55. = ·  =  = 
cos  − 1 cos  − 1 cos  + 1 cos2  − 1 − sin2 
 
= − cot  csc  − csc2   = csc  + cot  + 
   
1 1 sec  − 1 sec  − 1 sec  − 1
56.  = ·  =  = 
sec  + 1 sec  + 1 sec  − 1 sec2  − 1 tan2 
      
cos  cos2  cos   1 − sin2  s 1 2
=  −  = −  =  − csc   + 
sin2  sin2  sin2  sin2  2
1
=− + cot  +  + 
sin 
Alternate solution:  
 2
   2 cos −1
1 cos  2
 =  =    [doubleangle identities]
sec  + 1 1 + cos  
2 cos2
2
     
1  
= 1  − sec2  =  − tan +
2 2 2
°
In Exercises 57 –60, let  () denote the integrand and  () its antiderivative (with  = 0).
57. Let  = 2 , so that  = 2 . Then

    
 sin2 (2 )  = sin2  12  = 12 12 (1 − cos 2) 
   
= 14  − 12 sin 2 +  = 14  − 14 12 · 2 sin  cos  + 
= 14 2 − 1
4
sin(2 ) cos(2 ) + 
 
58. sin5  cos3   = sin5  cos2  cos  

= sin5  (1 − sin2 ) cos  
s  
= 5 (1 − 2 )  = (5 − 7 ) 
= 1
6
sin6  − 1
8
sin8  + 
We see from the graph that this is reasonable, since  increases where  is
positive and  decreases where  is negative. Note also that  is an odd
function and  is an even function.
 
59. sin 3 sin 6  = 1
2
[cos(3 − 6) − cos(3 + 6)] 
1

= 2
(cos 3 − cos 9) 
1 1
= 6
sin 3 − 18
sin 9 + 
Notice that  () = 0 whenever  has a horizontal tangent.
 1   2 
60. sec4 2
  = tan 2 + 1 sec2 2 
  
= (2 + 1) 2   = tan 2 ,  = 1
2 sec2 
2 
= 23 3 + 2 +  = 2
3 tan3 
2 + 2 tan 2 + 
Notice that  is increasing and  is positive on the intervals on which they
are defined. Also,  has no horizontal tangent and  is never zero.
61. Let  = tan7 ,  = sec  tan   ⇒  = 7 tan6  sec2  ,  = sec . Then
  
tan8  sec   = tan7  · sec  tan   = tan7  sec  − 7 tan6  sec2  sec  

= tan7  sec  − 7 tan6  (tan2  + 1) sec  
 
= tan7  sec  − 7 tan8  sec   − 7 tan6  sec  
 
Thus, 8 tan8  sec   = tan7  sec  − 7 tan6  sec   and
 4  √
1 4 7 4 2 7
tan8  sec   = tan7  sec  0 − tan6  sec   = − .
0 8 8 0 8 8
°
  
62. (a) tan2   = tan2−2  tan2   = tan2−2  (sec2  − 1) 
 
= tan2−2  sec2   − tan2−2  
 
= 2−2  − tan2−2   [  = tan ,  = sec2   ]
 
2−1 tan2−1 
= − tan2−2   = − tan2−2  
2 − 1 2 − 1
(b) Starting with  = 4, repeated applications of the reduction formula in part (a) gives
    
tan7  tan7  tan5 
tan8   = − tan6   = − − tan4  
7 7 5
 
tan7  tan5  tan3  2
= − + − tan  
7 5 3
  
tan7  tan5  tan3  tan 
= − + − − 1 
7 5 3 1
tan7  tan5  tan3 
= − + − tan  +  + 
7 5 3
 
63. avg = 1
2 −
sin2  cos3   = 1
2 −
sin2  (1 − sin2 ) cos  
0
= 1
2 0
2 (1 − 2 )  [where  = sin ] = 0
 
64. (a) Let  = cos . Then  = − sin   ⇒ sin  cos   = (−) = − 12 2 +  = − 12 cos2  + 1 .
 
(b) Let  = sin . Then  = cos   ⇒ sin  cos   =   = 12 2 +  = 1
2
sin2  + 2 .
 
(c) sin  cos   = 1
2 sin 2  = − 14 cos 2 + 3
 
(d) Let  = sin ,  = cos  . Then  = cos  ,  = sin , so sin  cos   = sin2  − sin  cos  ,

by Equation 7.1.2, so sin  cos   = 12 sin2  + 4 .
Using cos2  = 1 − sin2  and cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2 , we see that the answers differ only by a constant.
   1 
65.  = 0
(sin2  − sin3 )  = (1 − cos 2) − sin  (1 − cos2 ) 
0 2
 
  1 1
  −1 2  = cos ,
= 0 2
− 2
cos 2  + 1 (1 −  ) 
 = − sin  
1  1
= 2  − 14 sin 2 0 + 2 0 (2 − 1) 
   1
= 12  − 0 − (0 − 0) + 2 13 3 −  0
 
= 12  + 2 13 − 1 = 12  − 43
 4  4
66.  = 0
(tan  − tan2 )  = 0
(tan  − sec2  + 1) 
 4  √ 
= ln |sec | − tan  +  = ln 2 − 1 + 4 − (ln 1 − 0 + 0)
0
√ 
= ln 2 − 1 + 4
°
 2
67. It seems from the graph that 0
cos3   = 0, since the area below the
axis and above the graph looks about equal to the area above the axis and
 2
below the graph. By Example 1, the integral is sin  − 13 sin3  0 = 0.
Note that due to symmetry, the integral of any odd power of sin  or cos 
between limits which differ by 2 ( any integer) is 0.
2
68. It seems from the graph that 0
sin 2 cos 5  = 0, since each bulge
above the axis seems to have a corresponding depression below the
axis. To evaluate the integral, we use a trigonometric identity:
1 2
0
sin 2 cos 5  = 12 0 [sin(2 − 5) + sin(2 + 5)] 
2
= 12 0 [sin(−3) + sin 7] 
1 2
= 12 3 cos(−3) − 7 1
cos 7 0
1 
= 12 3 (1 − 1) − 7 1
(1 − 1) = 0
  1    2
69. Using disks,  = 2
 sin2   =  1
2 2
(1 − cos 2)  =  2
− 1
4
sin 2 2 =  2 − 0 − 
4
+0 = 4
70. Using disks,

  2  1 2
 = 0
(sin2 )2  = 2 0 2
(1 − cos 2) 
 2
= 
2 0
(1 − 2 cos 2 + cos2 2) 

 2  
= 2 0
1 − 2 cos 2 + 12 (1 − cos 4) 

 2  3  3 2
= 2 0 2 − 2 cos 2 − 12 cos 4  = 
2 2 − sin 2 + 1
8 sin 4 0
 3  
= 
2 4 − 0 + 0 − (0 − 0 + 0) = 38 2
71. Using washers,

 4  
 = 0
 (1 − sin )2 − (1 − cos )2 
 4  
= 0 (1 − 2 sin  + sin2 ) − (1 − 2 cos  + cos2 ) 
 4
=  0 (2 cos  − 2 sin  + sin2  − cos2 ) 
 4  1
4
=  0 (2 cos  − 2 sin  − cos 2)  =  2 sin  + 2 cos  − 2
sin 2 0
√ √    √ 
= 2 + 2 − 12 − (0 + 2 − 0) =  2 2 − 52
72. Using washers,

 3  
 = 0
 [sec  − (−1)]2 − [cos  − (−1)]2 
 3
=  0 [(sec2  + 2 sec  + 1) − (cos2  + 2 cos  + 1)] 
 3  2 
= 0 sec  + 2 sec  − 12 (1 + cos 2) − 2 cos  
 3
=  tan  + 2 ln |sec  + tan | − 12  − 14 sin 2 − 2 sin  0
√  √  √ √  
= 3 + 2 ln 2 + 3 − 6 − 18 3 − 3 − 0
 √  √
= 2 ln 2 + 3 − 16 2 − 18  3
°

73.  =  () = 0
sin  cos2  . Let  = cos  ⇒  = − sin  . Then
 cos  1 cos 
 = − 1 1
 2  = − 1 3
3 1
= 1
3
(1 − cos3 ).
74. (a) We want to calculate the square root of the average value of [()]2 = [155 sin(120)]2 = 1552 sin2 (120). First,
we calculate the average value itself, by integrating [()]2 over one cycle (between  = 0 and  = 1
60
, since there are
1 
60 cycles per second) and dividing by 60 −0 :
 160  160
[()]2avg = 1
160 0
[1552 sin2 (120)]  = 60 · 1552 0
1
2 [1 − cos(240)] 
 1  160   1   1552
= 60 · 1552 2
− 1
240 sin(240) 0 = 60 · 1552 12 60 − 0 − (0 − 0) = 2
The RMS value is just the square root of this quantity, which is 155
√
2
≈ 110 V.

(b) 220 = [()]2avg ⇒
 160  160
2202 = [()]2avg = 1
160 0
2 sin2 (120)  = 602 0
1
2
[1 − cos(240)] 
 160  1  
= 302  − 1
240
sin(240) 0 = 302 60 − 0 − (0 − 0) = 12 2
√
Thus, 2202 = 12 2 ⇒  = 220 2 ≈ 311 V.
75. Just note that the integrand is odd [ (−) = − ()].
Or: If  6= , calculate
     
1 1 cos( − ) cos( + )
sin  cos   = 2
[sin( − ) + sin( + )]  = 2
− − =0
− − − + −
If  = , then the first term in each set of brackets is zero.

 
76. −
sin  sin   = 1
− 2
[cos(
− ) − cos( + )] .
 
1 sin( − ) sin( + )
If  6= , this is equal to − = 0.
2 − + −
 
   sin( + )
If  = , we get − 12 [1 − cos( + )]  = 12  − − =  − 0 = .
2( + ) −
 
77. −
cos  cos   = 1
− 2
[cos(
− ) + cos( + )] .
 
1 sin( − ) sin( + )
If  6= , this is equal to + = 0.
2 − + −
 
   sin( + )
If  = , we get − 12 [1 + cos( + )]  = 12  − + =  + 0 = .
2( + ) −
    
1 
1  
 
 
78.  () sin   =  sin  sin   = sin  sin  . By Exercise 76, every
 −  − =1 =1
 −

term is zero except the th one, and that term is ·  =  .

°
7.3 Trigonometric Substitution
√
1. (a) Use  = tan , where −2    2, since the integrand contains the expression 1 + 2 .
√ √ √
(b)  = tan  ⇒  = sec2   and 1 + 2 = 1 + tan2  = sec2  = |sec | = sec .
  
3 tan3 
Then √  = sec2   = tan3  sec  .
1 + 2 sec 
√
2. (a) Use  = 3 sin , where −2 ≤  ≤ 2, since the integrand contains the expression 32 − 2 .
(b)  = 3 sin  ⇒  = 3 cos   and

√   √
9 − 2 = 9 − 9 sin2  = 9(1 − sin2 ) = 9 cos2 
= 3 |cos | = 3 cos 
  
3 27 sin3 
Then √  = 3 cos   = 27 sin3  .
9 − 2 3 cos 
√ √
3. (a) Use  = 2 sec , where 0    2 or     32, since the integrand contains the expression 2 − 2.
√ √
(b)  = 2 sec  ⇒  = 2 sec  tan   and
√ √  √ √ √
2 − 2 = 2 sec2  − 2 = 2(sec2  − 1) = 2 tan2  = 2 |tan | = 2 tan .
  
2 2 sec2  √
Then √  = √ 2 sec  tan   = 2 sec3  .
2 − 2 2 tan 
4. (a) Use  = 3
2
sin , where −2 ≤  ≤ 2, since the integrand contains the expression
9 32
(9 − 42 )32 = 432 4 − 2 .
(b)  = 3
2 sin  ⇒  = 3
2 cos   and
 3  3 √ 3  3
(9 − 42 )32 = 9 − 9 sin2  = 9(1 − sin2 ) = 9 cos2  = 3 |cos | = 27 cos3 .
  
3 27
sin3   3 
Then  = 8
cos   = 3
sin3  sec2  .
(9 − 42 )32 27 cos3  2 16
5. Let  = sin , where −2 ≤  ≤ 2. Then  = cos   and

√  √
1 − 2 = 1 − sin2  = cos2  = |cos | = cos . Thus,
  
3 sin3 
√  = cos   = (1 − cos2 ) sin  
1 − 2 cos 
 
c 1
= (1 − 2 ) (−) = (−1 + 2 )  = − + 3 + 
3
√ √ 3
= − cos  + 13 cos3  +  = − 1 − 2 + 13 1 − 2 + 
°
SECTION 7.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ¤ 699
6. Let  = 3 tan , where −2    2. Then  = 3 sec2   and

√ √  √
9 + 2 = 9 + 9 tan2  = 9 (1 + tan2 ) = 9 sec2  = 3 |sec | = 3 sec . Thus,
  
3 27 tan3   
√  = 3 sec2   = 27 tan3  sec  
9 + 2 3 sec 
 2 
= 27 sec  − 1 tan  sec  

= 27 (2 − 1)  [  = sec ,  = sec  tan   ]
1 3 
= 27 3  −  +  = 9 sec3  − 27 sec  + 
√ 2 3 √
 +9 27 2 + 9 1 √
=9 − +  = (2 + 9)32 − 9 2 + 9 + 
3 3 3
7. Let  =sec , where 0 ≤  ≤ 2 or  ≤   3

5
2 2 . Then  = 2 sec  tan  
5
√ √ √
and 42 − 25 = 25 sec2  − 25 = 25 tan2  = 5 |tan | = 5 tan  for
the relevant values of , so
 √ 2    
4 − 25 5 tan  5
 = 5 sec  tan   = 5 tan2  
 2 sec 
2
= 5(tan  − ) +  [by Exercise 7.1.59 or integration by parts ]

√ 2    
4 − 25 −1 2
√ −1 2
=5 − sec 2
+  = 4 − 25 − 5 sec  +
5 5 5
√ √
8. Let  = 2 sin , where −2 ≤  ≤ 2. Then  = 2 cos   and
√  √ √ √
2 − 2 = 2 − 2 sin2  = 2 cos2  = 2 |cos | = 2 cos . Thus,
 √  √  
2 − 2 2 cos  √ cos2 
 = 2 cos   =  = cot2  
2 2 sin2  sin2 

= (csc2  − 1)  = −cot  −  + 
√  
2 − 2 
=− − sin−1 √ +
 2
9. Let  = 4 tan , where −2    2. Then  = 4 sec2   and

√ √ √
16 + 2 = 16 + 16 tan2  = 16 sec2  = 4 |sec | = 4 sec . Thus,
 √  
3 16 + 2  = 64 tan3  (4 sec )(4 sec2  ) = 1024 tan3  sec3  
 
= 1024 tan2  sec2  sec  tan   = 1024 (sec2  − 1) sec2  sec  tan  

= 1024 (2 − 1)2  [  = sec ,  = sec  tan   ]
  √ 5 √ 3
1 5 1 3 1024 16 + 2 1024 16 + 2
= 1024  −  + = − +
5 3 5 4 3 4
   
 32 1   16  32 1 2 32
= 16 + 2 16 + 2 − +  = 16 + 2  − +
5 3 5 15
°
10. Let  = 3 sin , where −2 ≤  ≤ 2. Then  = 3 cos  

√  √
and 9 − 2 = 9 − 9 sin2  = 9 cos2  = 3 |cos | = 3 cos .
  
2 9 sin2 
√  = 3 cos   = 9 sin2  
9 − 2 3 cos 

 
= 9 12 (1 − cos 2)  = 92  − 12 sin 2 +  = 92  − 94 (2 sin  cos ) + 
 9  √  1 √
9 9 − 2 9
= sin−1 − · · +  = sin−1 −  9 − 2 + 
2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2
11. Let  = sec , where 0 ≤  ≤or  ≤   3

2
. Then  = sec  tan  

2
√ √ √
and 2 − 1 = sec2  − 1 = tan2  = |tan | = tan  for the relevant
values of , so
 √ 2  
 −1 tan 
 = sec  tan   = tan2  cos3  
4 sec4 
 
s
= sin2  cos   = 2  = 13 3 +  = 13 sin3  + 
√ 2 3
1  −1 1 (2 − 1)32
= + = +
3  3 3
12. Let  = 36 − 2 , so  = −2 . When  = 0,  = 36; when  = 3,  = 27. Thus,

   
3
 27
1 1 1  √ 27 √ √  √
√  = √ −  = − 2  =− 27 − 36 = 6 − 3 3
0 36 − 2 36  2 2 36
Another method: Let  = 6 sin , so  = 6 cos  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  = 3 ⇒  = 

6
. Then
 3  6  6  6
 6 sin  6 sin 
√  =  6 cos   = 6 cos   = 6 sin  
0 36 − 2 0 36(1 − sin2 ) 0 6 cos  0
 6  √  √
= 6 − cos  = 6 − 23 + 1 = 6 − 3 3
0
13. Let  =  tan , where   0 and − 2    

2
. Then  =  sec2  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  =  ⇒
= 
4
. Thus,
   4  4  4
  sec2    sec2   1
= = = 2 cos  
0 (2 + 2 )32 [2 (1 + tan2 )]
0 0
32 3 sec3   0
  √ 
1 4 1 2 1
= 2 sin  = 2 −0 = √ .
 0  2 2 2
°
14. Let  = 4 sec , where 0 ≤  or  ≤   3

2 . Then  = 4 sec  tan   and

2
√ √ √
2 − 16 = 16 sec2  − 16 = 16 tan2  = 4 tan  for the relevant
values of , so
   
 4 sec  tan   1 1 1
√ = =  = cos  
2 2 − 16 16 sec2  · 4 tan  16 sec  16
√ √
1 1 2 − 16 2 − 16
= sin  +  = + = +
16 16  16
15. Let  = sec , so  = sec  tan  ,  = 2 ⇒ = 3,


and
 = 3 ⇒  = sec−1 3. Then
 3  sec−1 3  sec−1 3
 sec  tan   cos 
2 − 1)32
= 3
= 2 
2 ( 3 tan  3 sin 
 √  √83
s
83
1 1 −3 2 3√ 2√
= √
 = − √ = √ +√ =− 2+ 3
32 2  32 8 3 4 3
16. Let  = 2
3 sin , so  = 2
3 cos  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  = 2
3 ⇒
 = 2 . Thus,
 23   2

4 2
4 − 92  = sin2  cos  
4−9·
0 0 9 3
 2 
2 4 2
= 2 cos  · cos   = cos2  
0 3 3 0
  2
4 2 1 2 1 2     
= (1 + cos 2)  =  + sin 2 = + 0 − (0 + 0) =
3 0 2 3 2 0 3 2 3
 12   0    
1  = 1 − 42 ,
17.  1 − 42  = 12
− 
8  = −8 
0 1
 1
= 18 23 32 = 12 1 1
(1 − 0) = 12
0
18. Let  = 2 tan , so  = 2 sec2  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  = 2 ⇒  = 4 . Thus,

 2  4  4  4  4
 2 sec2   2 sec2  
√ = √ = = sec   = ln |sec  + tan |
0 4+ 2
0
2
4 + 4 tan  0 2 sec  0 0
√  √
= ln  2 + 1 − ln |1 + 0| = ln( 2 + 1)
19. Let  = 3 sec , where 0 ≤   

2
or  ≤   3
2
. Then
√
 = 3 sec  tan   and 2 − 9 = 3 tan , so
 √ 2  
 −9 3 tan  1 tan2 
3
 = 3
3 sec  tan   = 
 27 sec  3 sec2 
 
= 13 sin2   = 13 12 (1 − cos 2)  = 16  − 1
12
sin 2 +  = 16  − 1
6
sin  cos  + 
1   1 √2 − 9 3   √2 − 9
−1  1 −1 
= sec − +  = sec − +
6 3 6   6 3 22
°
20. Let  = tan , so  = sec2  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  = 1 ⇒  = 4.


Then
 1  4  4
 sec2   sec2  
= 2 =
0 (2 + 1)2 0 (tan  + 1) 2
0 (sec2 )2
 4  4
1
= cos2   = (1 + cos 2) 
0 0 2
 4  
= 12  + 12 sin 2 0 = 12 ( 4 + 12 ) − 0 = 8 + 1
4
21. Let  =  sin ,  =  cos  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0 and  =  ⇒ = 2.


Then
    2  2
2 2 − 2  = 2 sin2  ( cos )  cos   = 4 sin2  cos2  
0 0 0
  
2 1 2 4 2
4 2
= 4 2
(2 sin  cos )  = sin2 2  = 1
2
(1 − cos 4) 
0 4 0 4 0
4  1
2 4      4
= − 4 sin 4 0
= −0 −0 = 
8 8 2 16
√
1 1 1  3 
22. Let  = sin , so  = cos  ,  = ⇒  = , and  = ⇒  = . Then
2 2 4 6 4 3
 √34   3     3  3
1 1 1 1
1 − 42  = 1 − sin2  cos   = cos2   = (1 + cos 2) 
14 6 2 2 6 2 6 2
 3    
1 1 1  1 2  1 
=  + sin 2 = + sin − + sin
4 2 6 4 3 2 3 6 2 3
 √   √ 
1  3  3 
= + − + =
4 3 4 6 4 24
  
 1 1 √
23. Let  = 2 − 7, so  = 2 . Then √  = √  = 1
2
·2  +  = 2 − 7 + .
2
 −7 2 
24. Let  = 1 + 2 , so  = 2 . Then

     
 1 1 1 1
√  = √  = −12  = · 212 +  = 1 + 2 + 
1 + 2  2 2 2
25. Let  = tan , where − 2    

2
. Then  = sec2  
√
and 1 + 2 = sec , so
 √  
1 + 2 sec  sec 
 = sec2   = (1 + tan2 ) 
 tan  tan 

= (csc  + sec  tan ) 
= ln |csc  − cot | + sec  +  [by Exercise 7.2.41]

√  √ √ 
 1 + 2 1 1 + 2  1 + 2 − 1  √
= ln  −  + +  = ln   + 1 + 2 + 

  1 
°
26. Let  = 3
5 sin , so  = 3
5 cos  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  = 03 ⇒  = 6.

Then
  3
03
 6
sin  3 
 =  5 3 5 cos  
0 (9 − 252 )32 0 2
9 − 9 sin 
 6  6  √32
9 sin  1 sin  c 1 1
= cos   =  = − 
0 25 (3 cos )3 75 0 cos2  75 1 2
 √32   √
1 1 1 2 2 3 1
=− − = √ −1 = −
75  1 75 3 225 75
27. Let  = 3
5 sin , so  = 3
5 cos  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0, and  = 06 ⇒  = 2.

Then
   3 2 
06
2 2
sin2   3  2
√  = 5
5 cos   =
9
125 sin2  
0 9 − 252 0 3 cos  0
9
 2 1 9
 1
2
= 125 − cos 2)  =
0 2 (1 250
− 2 sin 2 0
9
 
  9
= 250 2
− 0 − 0 = 500 
28. Let  = tan , where − 2    

2
. Then  = sec2  ,
√
2 + 1 = sec  and  = 0 ⇒  = 0,  = 1 ⇒  = 4,

so
1√  4  4
0
2 + 1  = 0 sec  sec2   = 0 sec3  
 4
= 1
2
sec  tan  + ln |sec  + tan | [by Example 7.2.8]
0
1
√  √   √  √ 
= 2 2 · 1 + ln 1 + 2 − 0 − ln(1 + 0) = 12 2 + ln 1 + 2
    
  2 sec2    + 1 = 2 tan ,
29. √ =  = √
2 + 2 + 5 ( + 1)2 + 4 4 tan2  + 4  = 2 sec2  
 
2 sec2  
= = sec   = ln |sec  + tan | + 1
2 sec 
√ 
 2 + 2 + 5  + 1 
= ln  + + 1 ,
2 2 
√ 
or ln  2 + 2 + 5 +  + 1 + , where  = 1 − ln 2.
     
1 1   1  2
30.  − 2  = 1
4
− 2 −  + 14  = 1
4
−  − 12 
0 0 0
 2   
1 1 1  − 12 = 1
sin ,
= 4
− 4
sin2  2
cos   2
1
−2
 = 2 cos  
 2  2  2
=2 1
2
cos  1
2
cos   = 1
2
cos2   = 1
2
1
2
(1 + cos 2) 
0 0 0
1
 1
2 1
 
= 4
+ 2 sin 2 0
= 4 2
= 8
°
 √    
31. 2 3 + 2 − 2  = 2 4 − (2 + 2 + 1)  = 2 22 − ( − 1)2 
 
 √  − 1 = 2 sin ,
= (1 + 2 sin )2 4 cos2  2 cos  
 = 2 cos  
 2 2
= (1 + 4 sin  + 4 sin ) 4 cos  

= 4 (cos2  + 4 sin  cos2  + 4 sin2  cos2 ) 
  
= 4 12 (1 + cos 2)  + 4 4 sin  cos2   + 4 (2 sin  cos )2 
  
= 2 (1 + cos 2)  + 16 sin  cos2   + 4 sin2 2 
    
=2 + 1
2
sin 2 + 16 − 13 cos3  + 4 1
2
(1 − cos 4) 
3
 
= 2 + sin 2 − 16
3 cos  + 2  −
1
4 sin 4 + 
= 4 − 1
2
sin 4 + sin 2 − 16
3
cos3  + 
= 4 − 12 (2 sin 2 cos 2) + sin 2 − 16

3
cos3  + 
= 4 + sin 2(1 − cos 2) − 16

3 cos3  + 
= 4 + (2 sin  cos )(2 sin2 ) − 16

3
cos3  + 
= 4 + 4 sin3  cos  − 16
3
cos3  + 
   3 √
−1 −1 −1 3 + 2 − 2 16 (3 + 2 − 2 )32
= 4 sin +4 − +
2 2 2 3 23
 
−1 1 √ 2
= 4 sin−1 + ( − 1)3 3 + 2 − 2 − (3 + 2 − 2 )32 + 
2 4 3
32. 3 + 4 − 42 = −(42 − 4 + 1) + 4 = 22 − (2 − 1)2 .

√
Let 2 − 1 = 2 sin , so 2  = 2 cos   and 3 + 4 − 42 = 2 cos .
Then
  1 2
2 2 (1 + 2 sin )
 = cos  
(3 + 4 − 42 )32 (2 cos )3
 
1 1 + 4 sin  + 4 sin2  1
=  = (sec2  + 4 tan  sec  + 4 tan2 ) 
32 cos2  32

= 1
32
[sec2  + 4 tan  sec  + 4(sec2  − 1)] 

= 1
32
(5 sec2  + 4 tan  sec  − 4)  = 1
32
(5 tan  + 4 sec  − 4) + 
  
1 2 − 1 2 2 − 1
= 5· √ +4· √ − 4 · sin−1 +
32 3 + 4 − 42 3 + 4 − 42 2
 
10 + 3 1 2 − 1
= √ − sin−1 +
32 3 + 4 − 42 8 2
°
33. 2 + 2 = (2 + 2 + 1) − 1 = ( + 1)2 − 1. Let  + 1 = 1 sec ,

√
so  = sec  tan   and 2 + 2 = tan . Then
√  
2 + 2  = tan  (sec  tan  ) = tan2  sec  
  
= (sec2  − 1) sec   = sec3   − sec  
1 1
= 2 sec  tan  + 2 ln |sec  + tan | − ln |sec  + tan | + 
√  √ 
= 1
2
sec  tan  − 1
2
ln |sec  + tan | +  = 12 ( + 1) 2 + 2 − 1
2
ln  + 1 + 2 + 2  + 
34. 2 − 2 + 2 = (2 − 2 + 1) + 1 = ( − 1)2 + 1. Let  − 1 = 1 tan ,

√
so  = sec2   and 2 − 2 + 2 = sec . Then
 
2 + 1 (tan  + 1)2 + 1
 = sec2  
( − 2 + 2)2
2 sec4 

tan2  + 2 tan  + 2
= 
sec2 
 
= (sin2  + 2 sin  cos  + 2 cos2 )  = (1 + 2 sin  cos  + cos2 ) 
   3 
= 1 + 2 sin  cos  + 12 (1 + cos 2)  = 2
+ 2 sin  cos  + 12 cos 2 
= 32  + sin2  + 14 sin 2 +  = 32  + sin2  + 12 sin  cos  + 

 
3 −1 ( − 1)2 1 −1 1
= tan−1 + 2 + √ √ +
2 1  − 2 + 2 2 2 − 2 + 2 2 − 2 + 2
3 2(2 − 2 + 1) +  − 1 3 22 − 3 + 1
= tan−1 ( − 1) + 2
+  = tan−1 ( − 1) + +
2 2( − 2 + 2) 2 2(2 − 2 + 2)
We can write the answer as
3 (22 − 4 + 4) +  − 3 3 −3
tan−1 ( − 1) + +  = tan−1 ( − 1) + 1 + +
2 2(2 − 2 + 2) 2 2(2 − 2 + 2)
3 −3
= tan−1 ( − 1) + + 1 , where 1 = 1 + 
2 2(2 − 2 + 2)
35. Let  = 2 ,  = 2 . Then

 
 √ √    where  = sin ,  = cos  ,
 1 − 4  = 1 − 2 12  = 1
2
cos  · cos   √
and 1 − 2 = cos 
1
 1
= 2 2 (1 + cos 2)  = 14  + 1
8 sin 2 +  = 14  + 1
4 sin  cos  + 
√ √
= 14 sin−1  + 14  1 − 2 +  = 1
4
sin−1 (2 ) + 14 2 1 − 4 + 
36. Let  = sin ,  = cos  . Then

 2  1  4  
cos  1 1 where  = tan  ,  = sec2  ,
  = √  = sec2   √
0 1 + sin2  0 1 + 2
0 sec  and 1 + 2 = sec 
 4  4
= 0 sec   = ln |sec  + tan | [by (1) in Section 7.2]
0
√  √ 
= ln 2 + 1 − ln(1 + 0) = ln 2 + 1
°
√
37. (a) Let  =  tan , where − 2    2. Then
2 + 2 =  sec  and

   √ 
  sec2    2 + 2 
√ = = sec   = ln|sec  + tan | + 1 = ln +  + 1
2 + 2  sec   
 √ 
= ln  + 2 + 2 +  where  = 1 − ln ||
√
(b) Let  =  sinh , so that  =  cosh   and 2 + 2 =  cosh . Then
 
  cosh   
√ = =  +  = sinh−1 + .
2 + 2  cosh  
38. (a) Let  =  tan , − 2    

2
. Then
   
2 2 tan2  tan2  sec2  − 1
=  =  sec2   =  = 
(2 + 2 )32 3 sec3  sec  sec 

= (sec  − cos )  = ln |sec  + tan | − sin  + 
√ 
 2 + 2    √  
= ln +  − √ +  = ln  + 2 + 2 − √ + 1
  2
 +2 2 + 2
(b) Let  =  sinh . Then


2 sinh2   
= 3 3  cosh   = tanh2   = (1 − sech2 )  =  − tanh  + 
 cosh 
 
= sinh−1 −√ +
 2 + 2
√
39. The average value of () = 2 − 1 on the interval [1 7] is
 7
√   
1 2 − 1 1  tan  where  = sec ,  = sec  tan  ,
 = · sec  tan   √
7−1 1  6 0 sec  2 − 1 = tan , and  = sec−1 7
   
= 1
6 0
tan2   = 1
6 0
(sec2  − 1)  = 1
6
tan  −  0
√ 
= 16 (tan  − ) = 1
6
48 − sec−1 7
√
40. 92 − 4 2 = 36 ⇒  = ± 32 2 − 4 ⇒
3 √ 3√
area = 2 2 32 2 − 4  = 3 2 2 − 4 
 
where  = 2 sec ,

=3 2 tan  2 sec  tan    = 2 sec  tan  , 
0   3
 = sec−1 2
 2   
= 12 0
sec  − 1 sec   = 12 0 sec3  − sec  
 
= 12 12 (sec  tan  + ln |sec  + tan |) − ln |sec  + tan | 0
   √  √  √  √ 
= 6 sec  tan  − ln |sec  + tan | = 6 3 4 5 − ln 32 + 2
5
= 9 5
2
− 6 ln 3 +2 5
0
°
 √
41. Area of 4  = 1
2 ( cos )( sin ) = 12 2 sin  cos . Area of region   =  cos 
2 − 2 .
Let  =  cos  ⇒  = − sin   for  ≤  ≤ 2 . Then we obtain
√  
2 − 2  =  sin  (− sin )  = −2 sin2   = − 12 2 ( − sin  cos ) + 
√
= − 12 2 cos−1 () + 12  2 − 2 + 
 √ 
so area of region   = 12 −2 cos−1 () +  2 − 2  cos 
 
= 12 0 − (−2  +  cos   sin ) = 12 2  − 12 2 sin  cos 
and thus, (area of sector  ) = (area of 4 ) + (area of region  ) = 12 2 .
√ √
42. Let  =2 sec , where 0 ≤   2 or  ≤   3 2
, so  = 2 sec  tan  . Then
  √
 2 sec  tan  
√ = √
4 2 − 2 4 sec4  2 tan 
  
= 14 cos3   = 14 1 − sin2  cos  
 
= 1
4
sin  − 1
3
sin3  +  [substitute  = sin ]
√  2 32 
1 2 − 2  −2
= − +
4  33
From the graph, it appears that our answer is reasonable. [Notice that  () is large when  increases rapidly and small
when  levels out.]
43. Use disks about the axis:

 3  2  3
9 1
 =   = 81 
0 2 + 9 0 (2 + 9)2
Let  = 3 tan , so  = 3 sec  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0 and
2
=3 ⇒ = 
4
.
Thus,
 4  4  4
1 2 2 1
 = 81 2 )2
3 sec   = 3 cos   = 3 (1 + cos 2) 
0 (9 sec 0 0 2
 4    
= 3
2
 + 12 sin 2 0 = 3 2 4
+ 12 − 0 = 38 2 + 34 
44. Use shells about  = 1:

1 √
 = 2(1 − )  1 − 2 
0
1 √ 1 √
= 2 0  1 − 2  − 2 0 2 1 − 2  = 21 − 22
For 1 , let  = 1 − 2 , so  = −2 , and

0√   1  1  
1 = 1  − 12  = 12 0 12  = 12 23 32 = 12 23 = 13 .
0
For 2 , let  = sin , so  = cos  , and

 2 √  2  2
2 = 0 sin2  cos2  cos   = 0 sin2  cos2   = 0 14 (2 sin  cos )2 
 2  2  2 
= 1
4 0
sin2 2  = 1
4 0
1
2
(1 − cos 2)  = 1
8
− 1
2
sin 2 0
= 1
8 2
= 
16
1 
Thus,  = 2 3
− 2 16
= 23  − 18 2 .
°
45. (a) Let  =  sin ,  =  cos  ,  = 0 ⇒  = 0 and  =  ⇒

 = sin −1
(). Then
    sin−1 ()  sin−1 ()
2 − 2  =  cos  ( cos  ) = 2 cos2  
0 0 0

2 sin−1 ()
2  1
sin−1 () 2  sin−1 ()
= (1 + cos 2)  = + 2
sin 2 =  + sin  cos 
2 0 2 0 2 0
    √2 − 2  
2 −1 
√
= sin + · − 0 = 12 2 sin−1 () + 12  2 − 2
2   
√ √
(b) The integral 0
2 − 2  represents the area under the curve  = 2 − 2 between the vertical lines  = 0 and  = .
The figure shows that this area consists of a triangular region and a sector of the circle 2 +  2 = 2 . The triangular region
√ √
has base  and height 2 − 2 , so its area is 12  2 − 2 . The sector has area 12 2  = 12 2 sin−1 ().
1 
2 2
46. The curves intersect when 2 + 2 = 8 ⇔ 2 + 14 4 = 8 ⇔ 4 + 42 − 32 = 0 ⇔
(2 + 8)(2 − 4) = 0 ⇔  = ±2. The area inside the circle and above the parabola is given by
 2 √  2√ 2
1 = −2
8 − 2 − 12 2  = 2 0 8 − 2  − 2 0 12 2 
   √  2 
= 2 12 (8) sin−1 √28 + 12 (2) 8 − 22 − 12 13 3 0 [by Exercise 45]
  √  
= 8 sin−1 √1
2
+2 4− 8
3
= 8 4 + 4 − 8
3
= 2 + 4
3
√ 2
Since the area of the disk is 8 = 8, the area inside the circle and
 
below the parabola ia 2 = 8 − 2 + 43 = 6 − 43 .

47. We use cylindrical shells and assume that   . 2 = 2 − ( − )2 ⇒  = ± 2 − ( − )2 ,

so () = 2 2 − ( − )2 and
 +   √
 = −
2 − ( − )2  = − 4( + ) 2 − 2 
2 · 2 [where  =  − ]
 
 √  √ where  =  sin  ,  =  cos  
2 2 2
= 4 −   −   + 4 −  −   2
in the second integral
   2  2
= 4 − 13 (2 − 2 )32 + 4 −2 2 cos2   = − 4
3
(0 − 0) + 42 −2 cos2  
−
2
 2  2
= 2 −2
(1 + cos 2)  = 22  + 1
2 sin 2 −2
= 22 2

Another method: Use washers instead of shells, so  = 8 0
2 −  2  as in Exercise 6.2.75(a), but evaluate the
integral using  =  sin .
°
√
48. Let  =  tan , so that  =  sec2   and2 + 2 =  sec .
 −  2
  1 2
( ) = 32
 = 3  sec  
− 2 2
40 ( +  ) 4 0  1 ( sec )
 2  2
 1    2
=  = cos   = sin 
40  1 sec  40  1 40  1
 −  
   − 
= √ =  +√
40  2 + 2 − 40  ( − )2 + 2 2 + 2
49. Let the equation of the large circle be 2 +  2 = 2 . Then the equation of
√
the small circle is 2 + ( − )2 = 2 , where  = 2 − 2 is the distance
between the centers of the circles. The desired area is
   √  √ 
 = −  + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 
  √ √ 
= 2 0  + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 
 √ √
= 2 0   + 2 0 2 − 2  − 2 0 2 − 2 
√
The first integral is just 2 = 2 2 − 2 . The second integral represents the area of a quartercircle of radius , so its value
is 14 2 . To evaluate the other integral, note that

√   
2 − 2  = 2 cos2   [ =  sin ,  =  cos  ] = 12 2 (1 + cos 2) 
 
= 12 2  + 12 sin 2 +  = 12 2 ( + sin  cos ) + 
2    2    √2 − 2 2   √
= arcsin + + = arcsin + 2 − 2 + 
2  2   2  2
Thus, the desired area is

√    √ 
 = 2 2 − 2 + 2 14 2 − 2 arcsin() +  2 − 2 0
√  √  √
= 2 2 − 2 + 12 2 − 2 arcsin() +  2 − 2 =  2 − 2 + 2 2 − 2 arcsin()
50. Note that the circular crosssections of the tank are the same everywhere, so the
percentage of the total capacity that is being used is equal to the percentage of any
crosssection that is under water. The underwater area is
2 
 = 2 −5 25 −  2 
  2
= 25 arcsin(5) +  25 −  2 [substitute  = 5 sin ]
−5
√
= 25 arcsin 25 + 2 21 + 25
2
 ≈ 5872 ft2
 5872
so the fraction of the total capacity in use is ≈ ≈ 0748 or 748%.
(5)2 25
°
7.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
1  
1. (a) = +
( − 3)( + 5) −3 +5
2 + 5    + 
(b) = + + 2
( − 2)2 (2 + 2) −2 ( − 2)2  +2
−6 −6  
2. (a) = = +
2 +  − 6 ( + 3)( − 2) +3 −2
1 1    + 
(b) = 2 = + 2 +
2 + 4  (1 + 2 )   1 + 2
2 + 4 2 + 4 2 + 4   
3. (a) = = = + +
3 − 32 + 2 (2 − 3 + 2) ( − 1)( − 2)  −1 −2
3 +      +   + 
(b) = + + + 2 + 2
(2 − 1)2 (2 + 3)2  2 − 1 (2 − 1)2  +3 ( + 3)2
5 5 5    + 
4. (a) = 2 = 2 = + + 2
4 − 1 ( + 1)(2 − 1) ( + 1)( + 1)( − 1) +1 −1  +1
4 +  + 1 4 +  + 1 4 +  + 1
(b) = =
(3 − 1)(2 − 1) ( − 1)(2 +  + 1)( + 1)( − 1) ( + 1)( − 1)2 (2 +  + 1)
    + 
= + + + 2
+1 −1 ( − 1)2  ++1
5 + 1 5 + 1    +   + 
5. (a) = = + + 2 + 2
(2 − )(4 + 22 + 1) ( − 1)(2 + 1)2  −1  +1 ( + 1)2
2 − + 6 − + 6  
(b) =1+ 2 =1+ =1+ +
2 +−6  +−6 ( − 2)( + 3) −2 +3
6 64
6. (a) = 4 + 42 + 16 + [by long division]
2 − 4 ( + 2)( − 2)
 
= 4 + 42 + 16 + +
+2 −2
4  +   +   + 
(b) = 2 + 2 + 2
(2 −  + 1)(2 + 2)2  −+1  +2 ( + 2)2
5  
7. = + . Multiply both sides by ( − 1)( + 4) to get 5 = ( + 4) + ( − 1) ⇒
( − 1)( + 4) −1 +4
5 = ( + ) + (4 − ). The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms are also equal, so  +  = 0 and
4 −  = 5. Adding the equations together gives 5 = 5 ⇔  = 1, and hence  = −1. Thus,
   
5 1 1
 = −  = ln | − 1| − ln | + 4| + .
( − 1)( + 4) −1 +4
°
SECTION 7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS ¤ 711
 − 12  − 12  
8. = = + . Multiply both sides by ( − 4) to get  − 12 = ( − 4) +  ⇒
2 − 4 ( − 4)  −4
 − 12 = ( + ) + (−4). The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms are also equal, so  +  = 1
and −4 = −12. The second equation gives  = 3, which after substituting in the first equation gives  = −2. Thus,
   
 − 12 3 2
 = −  = 3 ln || − 2 ln | − 4| + .
2 − 4  −4
5 + 1  
9. = + . Multiply both sides by (2 + 1)( − 1) to get 5 + 1 = ( − 1) + (2 + 1) ⇒
(2 + 1)( − 1) 2 + 1  − 1
5 + 1 =  −  + 2 +  ⇒ 5 + 1 = ( + 2) + (− + ).
The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms are also equal, so  + 2 = 5 and
− +  = 1. Adding these equations gives us 3 = 6 ⇔  = 2, and hence,  = 1. Thus,

   
5 + 1 1 2
 = +  = 12 ln |2 + 1| + 2 ln | − 1| + .
(2 + 1)( − 1) 2 + 1 −1
Another method: Substituting 1 for  in the equation 5 + 1 = ( − 1) + (2 + 1) gives 6 = 3 ⇔  = 2.
Substituting − 12 for  gives − 32 = − 32  ⇔  = 1.
  
10. = + . Multiply both sides by ( + 4)(2 − 1) to get  = (2 − 1) + ( + 4) ⇒
( + 4)(2 − 1) +4 2 − 1
 = 2 −  +  + 4 ⇒  = (2 + ) + (− + 4). The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms
are also equal, so 2 +  = 1 and − + 4 = 0. Adding 2 times the second equation and the first equation gives us
9 = 1 ⇔ = 1
9
and hence,  = 49 . Thus,
   4 1 
 9 9 4 1 1
 = +  = ln | + 4| + · ln |2 − 1| + 
( + 4)(2 − 1) +4 2 − 1 9 9 2
4 1
= 9 ln | + 4| + 18 ln |2 − 1| + 
Another method: Substituting 1

2
for  in the equation  = (2 − 1) + ( + 4) gives 1
2
= 92  ⇔  = 19 .
Substituting −4 for  gives −4 = −9 ⇔  = 49 .
2 2  
11. = = + . Multiply both sides by (2 + 1)( + 1) to get
22 + 3 + 1 (2 + 1)( + 1) 2 + 1 +1
2 = ( + 1) + (2 + 1). The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms are also equal, so  + 2 = 0 and
 +  = 2. Subtracting the second equation from the first gives  = −2, and hence,  = 4. Thus,
 1  1    1
2 4 2 4 3
 = −  = ln |2 + 1| − 2 ln | + 1| = (2 ln 3 − 2 ln 2) − 0 = 2 ln .
0 22 + 3 + 1 0 2 + 1 +1 2 0 2
Another method: Substituting −1 for  in the equation 2 = ( + 1) + (2 + 1) gives 2 = − ⇔  = −2.
Substituting − 12 for  gives 2 = 12  ⇔  = 4.
°
−4  
12. = + . Multiply both sides by ( − 2)( − 3) to get  − 4 = ( − 3) + ( − 2) ⇒
2 − 5 + 6 −2 −3
 − 4 =  − 3 +  − 2 ⇒  − 4 = ( + ) + (−3 − 2).
The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms are also equal, so  +  = 1 and −3 − 2 = −4.
Adding twice the first equation to the second gives us − = −2 ⇔  = 2, and hence,  = −1.Thus,
 1  1 
−4 2 1
2
 = −  = [2 ln | − 2| − ln | − 3|]10
0  − 5 + 6 0 −2 −3
= (0 − ln 2) − (2 ln 2 − ln 3) = −3 ln 2 + ln 3 [or ln 38 ]
Another method: Substituting 3 for  in the equation  − 4 = ( − 3) + ( − 2) gives −1 = . Substituting 2 for 
gives −2 = − ⇔  = 2.
1  
13. = + . Multiply both sides by ( − ) to get 1 = ( − ) +  ⇒ 1 = ( + ) + (−).
( − )  −
The coefficients of  must be equal and the constant terms are also equal, so  +  = 0 and − = 1. The second
equation gives  = −1, which after substituting in the first equation gives  = 1. Thus,
   
1 1 1 1 1
 = − +  = − ln || + ln | − | + .
( − )  −  
 
1 1 1 1
14. If  6= , = − , so if  6= , then
( + )( + ) − + +
  
1 1 1  + 
 = (ln | + | − ln | + |) +  = ln  +
( + )( + ) − − +

1 1
If  = , then  = − + .
( + )2 +
2 (2 − 1) + 1 ( + 1)( − 1) + 1 1
15. = = =+1+ . [This result can also be obtained using long division.]
−1 −1 −1 −1
   
2 1 1
Thus,  = +1+  = 2 +  + ln | − 1| + .
−1 −1 2
   
3 − 2 3 + 3 − 5 3( + 1) − 5 5 3 − 2 5
16. = = =3− . Thus,  = 3−  = 3 − 5 ln | + 1| + .
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
4 2 − 7 − 12   
17. = + + ⇒ 4 2 − 7 − 12 = ( + 2)( − 3) + ( − 3) + ( + 2). Setting
( + 2)( − 3)  +2 −3
 = 0 gives −12 = −6, so  = 2. Setting  = −2 gives 18 = 10, so  = 95 . Setting  = 3 gives 3 = 15, so  = 15 .
Now
  2 
2
4 2 − 7 − 12 2 95 15  9 1
2
 = + +  = 2 ln || + 5
ln | + 2| + 5
ln | − 3| 1
1 ( + 2)( − 3) 1  +2 −3
9 1 9 1
= 2 ln 2 + 5
ln 4 + 5
ln 1 − 2 ln 1 − 5
ln 3 − 5
ln 2
18 1 9 27 9
= 2 ln 2 + 5
ln 2 − 5
ln 2 − 5
ln 3 = 5
ln 2 − 5
ln 3 = 95 (3 ln 2 − ln 3) = 9
5
ln 83
°
32 + 6 + 2 −3 − 4 −3 − 4  

18. =3+ . Write = + . Multiplying both sides by ( + 1)( + 2)
2 + 3 + 2 ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
gives −3 − 4 = ( + 2) + ( + 1). Substituting −2 for  gives 2 = − ⇔  = −2. Substituting −1 for  gives
−1 = . Thus,
 2 2  2   2
3 + 6 + 2 1 2
2
 = 3− −  = 3 − ln | + 1| − 2 ln | + 2|
1  + 3 + 2 1 +1 +2 1
= (6 − ln 3 − 2 ln 4) − (3 − ln 2 − 2 ln 3) = 3 + ln 2 + ln 3 − 2 ln 4, or 3 + ln 38
2 +  + 1   
19. = + + . Multiplying both sides by ( + 1)2 ( + 2) gives
( + 1)2 ( + 2) +1 ( + 1)2 +2
2 +  + 1 = ( + 1)( + 2) + ( + 2) + ( + 1)2 . Substituting −1 for  gives 1 =  Substituting −2 for  gives
3 = . Equating coefficients of 2 gives 1 =  +  =  + 3, so  = −2. Thus,

 1  1    1
2 +  + 1 −2 1 3 1
 = + +  = −2 ln | + 1| − + 3 ln | + 2|
0 ( + 1)2 ( + 2) 0 +1 ( + 1)2 +2 +1 0
 
= −2 ln 2 − 12 + 3 ln 3 − (0 − 1 + 3 ln 2) = 12 − 5 ln 2 + 3 ln 3, or 12 + ln 2732
(3 − 5)   
20. = + + . Multiplying both sides by (3 − 1)( − 1)2 gives
(3 − 1)( − 1)2 3 − 1 −1 ( − 1)2
(3 − 5) = ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)(3 − 1) + (3 − 1). Substituting 1 for  gives −2 = 2 ⇔  = −1.
Substituting 1
3
for  gives 4
9
= 49  ⇔  = 1. Substituting 0 for  gives 0 =  +  −  = 1 +  + 1, so  = −2.
Thus,
 3  3    3
(3 − 5) 1 2 1 1 1
 = − −  = ln |3 − 1| − 2 ln | − 1| +
2 (3 − 1)( − 1)2 2 3 − 1 −1 ( − 1)2 3 −1 2
1   
= 3 ln 8 − 2 ln 2 + 12 − 13 ln 5 − 0 + 1 = − ln 2 − 13 ln 5 − 12
1 1    
21. = = + + + . Multiplying both sides by ( + 1)2 ( − 1)2 gives
(2 − 1)2 ( + 1)2 ( − 1)2 +1 ( + 1)2 −1 ( − 1)2
1 = ( + 1)( − 1)2 + ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 . Substituting 1 for  gives 1 = 4 ⇔  = 14 .
Substituting −1 for  gives 1 = 4 ⇔  = 14 . Substituting 0 for  gives 1 =  +  −  +  =  + 1

4
−  + 14 , so
1
2
=  − . Equating coefficients of 3 gives 0 =  + . Adding the last two equations gives 2 = 1
2
⇔  = 14 , and so
 = − 14 . Thus,
   
 14 14 14 14
= + − + 
(2 − 1)2 +1 ( + 1)2 −1 ( − 1)2
     
1 1 1 1  + 1
= ln | + 1| − − ln | − 1| − + , or ln   + 2 +
4 +1 −1 4  − 1  1 − 2
°
32 + 12 − 20 32 + 12 − 20 32 + 12 − 20    

22. 4 2
= 2 2
= = + + + . Multiply both sides
 − 8 + 16 ( − 4) ( − 2)2 ( + 2)2 −2 ( − 2)2 +2 ( + 2)2
by ( − 2)2 ( + 2)2 to get 32 + 12 − 20 = ( − 2)( + 2)2 + ( + 2)2 + ( − 2)2 ( + 2) + ( − 2)2 . Setting
 = 2 gives 16 = 16, so  = 1, and setting  = −2 gives −32 = 16, so  = −2. Now, using these values of  and 
and setting  = 0 gives −20 = −8 + 4 + 8 − 8 ⇔ −2 = − +  (1). Also, setting  = 1 gives
−5 = −9 + 9 + 3 − 2 ⇔ −4 = −3 +  (2). Subtracting (2) from (1) gives 2 = 2 ⇔  = 1, and hence
 = −1. Thus,
   
32 + 12 − 20 1 1 1 2
 = + − − 
4 − 82 + 16 −2 ( − 2)2 +2 ( + 2)2
1 2
= ln | − 2| − − ln | + 2| + +
−2 +2
10   +   
23. = + 2 . Multiply both sides by ( − 1) 2 + 9 to get
( − 1)(2 + 9) −1  +9
 
10 =  2 + 9 + ( + )( − 1) (). Substituting 1 for  gives 10 = 10 ⇔  = 1. Substituting 0 for  gives
10 = 9 −  ⇒  = 9(1) − 10 = −1. The coefficients of the 2 terms in () must be equal, so 0 =  +  ⇒
 = −1 Thus,
      
10 1 − − 1 1  1
 = + 2  =
− 2 − 2 
( − 1)(2 + 9) −1  +9 −1  +9  +9
 
= ln| − 1| − 12 ln(2 + 9) − 13 tan−1 3 + 
In the second term we used the substitution  = 2 + 9 and in the last term we used Formula 10.
32 −  + 8 32 −  + 8   + 
24. 3
= = + 2 . Multiply both sides by (2 + 4) to get
 + 4 (2 + 4)   +4
32 −  + 8 = (2 + 4) + ( + ) ⇒ 32 −  + 8 = ( + )2 +  + 4. Equating constant terms, we get
4 = 8 ⇔  = 2. Equating coefficients of  gives  = −1. Now equating coefficients of 2 gives  +  = 3, so

 = 1. Thus,
    
32 −  + 8 2 −1 2  1
 = + + 2
 = − 2 
3 + 4  2 + 4   +4  +4
 
= 2 ln() + 12 ln(2 + 4) − 12 tan−1 2 + 
3 − 4 + 1 3 − 5 3 − 5  
25. = +3+ . Write = + . Multiplying
2 − 3 + 2 ( − 1)( − 2) ( − 1)( − 2) −1 −2
both sides by ( − 1)( − 2) gives 3 − 5 = ( − 2) + ( − 1). Substituting 2 for 
gives 1 = . Substituting 1 for  gives −2 = − ⇔  = 2. Thus,

 0  0    0
3 − 4 + 1 2 1
 = +3+ +  = 12 2 + 3 + 2 ln | − 1| + ln | − 2|
−1 2 − 3 + 2 −1 −1 −2 −1
1  5
= (0 + 0 + 0 + ln 2) − 2 − 3 + 2 ln 2 + ln 3 = 2 − ln 2 − ln 3, or 52 − ln 6
°
3 + 42 +  − 1 32 +  − 1 32 +  − 1   

26. 3 2
=1+ 2 . Write 2 = + 2 + . Multiplying both sides by 2 ( + 1)
 +  ( + 1)  ( + 1)   +1
gives 32 +  − 1 = ( + 1) + ( + 1) + 2 . Substituting 0 for  gives −1 = . Substituting −1 for  gives 1 = .
Equating coefficients of 2 gives 3 =  +  =  + 1, so  = 2. Thus,
 2  2   2
3 + 42 +  − 1 2 1 1 1
 = 1+ − 2 +  =  + 2 ln || + + ln | + 1|
1 3 + 2 1   +1  1
 
= 2 + 2 ln 2 + 2 + ln 3 − (1 + 0 + 1 + ln 2) = 2 + ln 2 + ln 3, or 2 + ln 6.
1 1 1
4 4 4   + 
27. = 2 = = + 2 . Multiply both sides by
3 + 2 +  + 1  ( + 1) + 1( + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1) +1  +1
( + 1)(2 + 1) to get 4 = (2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1) ⇔ 4 = 2 +  + 2 +  +  +  ⇔
4 = ( + )2 + ( + ) + ( + ). Comparing coefficients gives us the following system of equations:
 +  = 0 (1)  +  = 4 (2)  +  = 0 (3)
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2) gives us − +  = 4, and adding that equation to equation (3) gives us
2 = 4 ⇔  = 2, and hence  = −2 and  = 2. Thus,

      
4 −2 2 + 2 −2 2 2
 = +  = + + 
3 + 2 +  + 1 +1 2 + 1 +1 2 + 1 2 + 1
= −2 ln | + 1| + ln(2 + 1) + 2 tan−1  + 
    
2 +  + 1 2 + 1  1 1 1  
28.  =  +  =  +   = 2 + 1,  = 2 
(2 + 1)2 (2 + 1)2 (2 + 1)2 2 + 1 2 2
 
1 1 1
= tan−1  + − +  = tan−1  − +
2  2(2 + 1)
3 + 4 + 3 3 + 4 + 3  +   + 
29. 4 2
= 2 = 2 + 2 . Multiply both sides by (2 + 1)(2 + 4)
 + 5 + 4 ( + 1)(2 + 4)  +1  +4
to get 3 + 4 + 3 = ( + )(2 + 4) + ( + )(2 + 1) ⇔
3 + 4 + 3 = 3 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 2 +  +  ⇔
3 + 4 + 3 = ( + )3 + ( + )2 + (4 + ) + (4 + ). Comparing coefficients gives us the following system
of equations:
 +  = 1 (1)  +  = 0 (2) 4 +  = 4 (3) 4 +  = 3 (4)
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (3) gives us  = 1 and hence,  = 0. Subtracting equation (2) from equation (4) gives
us  = 1 and hence,  = −1. Thus,

      
3 + 4 + 3 +1 −1  1 1
 = +  = + − 
4 + 52 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 4
1 1 
= ln(2 + 1) + tan−1  − tan−1 +
2 2 2
°
3 + 6 − 2 3 + 6 − 2    + 
30. 4 2
= 2 2 = + 2 + 2 . Multiply both sides by 2 (2 + 6) to get
 + 6  ( + 6)    +6
3 + 6 − 2 = (2 + 6) + (2 + 6) + ( + )2 ⇔
3 + 6 − 2 = 3 + 6 + 2 + 6 + 3 + 2 ⇔ 3 + 6 − 2 = ( + )3 + ( + )2 + 6 + 6.
Substituting 0 for  gives −2 = 6 ⇔  = − 13 . Equating coefficients of 2 gives 0 =  + , so  = 13 . Equating
coefficients of  gives 6 = 6 ⇔  = 1. Equating coefficients of 3 gives 1 =  + , so  = 0. Thus,

 3     
 + 6 − 2 1 −13 13 1 1 −1 
 = + +  = ln || + + √ tan √ + .
4 + 62  2 2 + 6 3 3 6 6
    
+4 +1 3 1 (2 + 2)  3 
31.  =  +  = +
2 + 2 + 5 2 + 2 + 5 2 + 2 + 5 2 2 + 2 + 5 ( + 1)2 + 4
  
1   2  where  + 1 = 2,
= ln 2 + 2 + 5 + 3
2 4(2 + 1) and  = 2 
 
1 3 1 3 +1
= ln(2 + 2 + 5) + tan−1  +  = ln(2 + 2 + 5) + tan−1 +
2 2 2 2 2
 1  1 1  1
 2 (2 + 4) 
32.  =  − 2
0 2 + 4 + 13 0
2
 + 4 + 13 0 ( + 2)2 + 9
 18  1  
1  3  where  = 2 + 4 + 13,  = (2 + 4) ,
= −2
2 13  23 92 + 9  + 2 = 3, and  = 3 
 18  −1 1   2 
= 1
2
ln  13 − 2
3
tan  23 = 1
2
ln 18
13
− 2
3 4
− tan−1 3
2
= 1
2
ln 18
13
− 
6
+ 2
3
tan−1 3
1 1   +   
33. = = + 2 ⇒ 1 =  2 +  + 1 + ( + )( − 1).
3 − 1 ( − 1)(2 +  + 1) −1  ++1
Take  = 1 to get  = 13 . Equating coefficients of 2 and then comparing the constant terms, we get 0 = 1
3 + , 1 = 1
3 − ,
so  = − 13 ,  = − 23 ⇒
  1  
1 3
− 13  − 23 1 1 +2
 =  +  = 3
ln | − 1| − 
3 − 1 −1 2 +  + 1 3 2 +  + 1
 
1 1  + 12 1
(32) 
= ln | − 1| −  −
3 3 2 +  + 1 ( + 12)2 + 34
3
   
1 1
 2  1 2 −1  + 12
= 3
ln | − 1| − 6
ln  +  + 1 − 2 √ tan √  +
3 3 2
 
= 1
3 ln | − 1| − 1
6 ln(2 +  + 1) − √1
3
tan−1 √1 (2
3
+ 1) + 
°
3 − 22 + 2 − 5 3 − 22 + 2 − 5  +   + 
34. 4 2
= = 2 + 2 . Multiply both sides by (2 + 1)(2 + 3) to get
 + 4 + 3 (2 + 1)(2 + 3)  +1  +3
3 − 22 + 2 − 5 = ( + )(2 + 3) + ( + )(2 + 1) ⇔
3 − 22 + 2 − 5 = 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 +  +  ⇔
 − 2 + 2 − 5 = ( + ) + ( + ) + (3 + ) + (3 + ). Comparing coefficients gives us the following
3 2 3 2
system of equations:
 +  = 1 (1)  +  = −2 (2) 3 +  = 2 (3) 3 +  = −5 (4)
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (3) gives us 2 = 1 ⇔  = 12 , and hence,  = 12 . Subtracting equation (2) from
equation (4) gives us 2 = −3 ⇔  = − 32 , and hence,  = − 12 .

Thus,
 3  1    1 
 − 22 + 2 − 5 2
 − 32 1
2
 − 12 2
 3
2
1
2
 1
2
 = +  = − + − 
4 + 42 + 3 2 + 1 2 + 3 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 3 2 + 3
 
1 
= 14 ln(2 + 1) − 32 tan−1  + 14 ln(2 + 3) − √ tan−1 √ +
2 3 3
35. Let  = 4 + 42 + 3 so that  = (43 + 8)  = 4(3 + 2) ,  = 0 ⇒  = 3, and  = 1 ⇒  = 8.
   
1
3 + 2 8
1 1 1 8 1 1 8
Then  =  = ln || 3 = (ln 8 − ln 3) = ln .
0 4 + 42 + 3 3  4 4 4 4 3
5 +  − 1 −2 +  − 1 −2 +  − 1 −1
36. = 2 + = 2 + = 2 + , so
3 + 1 3 + 1 ( + 1)(2 −  + 1) +1
 5   
 +−1 2 1 1
 =  −  = 3 − ln | + 1| + 
3 + 1 +1 3
54 + 72 +  + 2   +   + 
37. = + 2 + 2 . Multiply by (2 + 1)2 to get
(2 + 1)2   +1 ( + 1)2
54 + 72 +  + 2 = (2 + 1)2 + ( + )(2 + 1) + ( + ) ⇔
54 + 72 +  + 2 = (4 + 22 + 1) + (2 + )(2 + 1) + 2 +  ⇔
54 + 72 +  + 2 = 4 + 22 +  + 4 + 3 + 2 +  + 2 +  ⇔
54 + 72 +  + 2 = ( + )4 + 3 + (2 +  + )2 + ( + ) + . Equating coefficients gives us  = 0,
 = 2,  +  = 5 ⇒  = 3,  +  = 1 ⇒  = 1, and 2 +  +  = 7 ⇒  = 0. Thus,
   
54 + 72 +  + 2 2 3 1
 = + +  =  Now
(2 + 1)2  2 + 1 (2 + 1)2
   
 sec2    = tan ,
=
(2 + 1)2 (tan2  + 1)2  = sec2  
  
sec2  2 1
=  = cos   = 2
(1 + cos 2) 
sec4 
= 12  + 1
4 sin 2 +  = 12  + 1
2 sin  cos  + 
1 1  1
tan−1  + √
= √ +
2 2 2 + 1 2 + 1

Therefore,  = 2 ln || + 32 ln(2 + 1) + 12 tan−1  + + .
2(2 + 1)
°
38. Let  = 5 + 53 + 5, so that  = (54 + 152 + 5) = 5(4 + 32 + 1). Then
   
4 + 32 + 1 1 1 1 1  
 =  = ln || +  = ln 5 + 53 + 5 + 
5 + 53 + 5  5 5 5
2 − 3 + 7  +   + 
39. = 2 + 2 ⇒ 2 − 3 + 7 = ( + )(2 − 4 + 6) +  +  ⇒
(2 − 4 + 6)2  − 4 + 6 ( − 4 + 6)2
2 − 3 + 7 = 3 + (−4 + )2 + (6 − 4 + ) + (6 + ). So  = 0, −4 +  = 1 ⇒  = 1,

6 − 4 +  = −3 ⇒  = 1, 6 +  = 7 ⇒  = 1. Thus,
   
2 − 3 + 7 1 +1
=  = + 
(2 − 4 + 6)2 2 − 4 + 6 (2 − 4 + 6)2
  
1 −2 3
=  +  + 
( − 2)2 + 2 (2 − 4 + 6)2 (2 − 4 + 6)2
= 1 + 2 + 3 .
  
1 1 −1  − 2
1 = √ 2  = √ tan √ + 1
( − 2)2 + 2 2 2
   
1 2 − 4 1 1 1 1 1
2 =  = 2
 = 2
− + 2 = − + 2
2 (2 − 4 + 6)2 2  2(2 − 4 + 6)
   √ 
1 1 √  − 2 = 2 tan ,
3 = 3  √ 2 2  = 3 2 sec2   √
2
[2(tan  + 1)]2  = 2 sec2  
( − 2)2 + 2
√  √  √ 
3
2 sec2  3 2 2 3 2 1
=  = cos   = 2
(1 + cos 2) 
4 sec4  4 4
√ √   √
3 2  3 2 −2 3 2 1 
=  + 12 sin 2 + 3 = tan−1 √ + 2 · 2 sin  cos  + 3
8 8 2 8
√   √ √
3 2 −2 3 2 −2 2
= tan−1 √ + ·√ ·√ + 3
8 2 8 2 − 4 + 6 2 − 4 + 6
√  
3 2 −1  − 2 3( − 2)
= tan √ + + 3
8 2 4(2 − 4 + 6)
So  = 1 + 2 + 3 [ = 1 + 2 + 3 ]
  √  
1 −2 −1 3 2 −1  − 2 3( − 2)
= √ tan−1 √ + + tan √ + +
2 2 2(2 − 4 + 6) 8 2 4(2 − 4 + 6)
 √ √    √  
4 2 3 2 −1  − 2 3( − 2) − 2 7 2 −1  − 2 3 − 8
= + tan √ + 2 − 4 + 6)
+  = tan √ + 2 − 4 + 6)
+
8 8 2 4( 8 2 4(
3 + 22 + 3 − 2  +   + 
40. = 2 + 2 ⇒
(2 + 2 + 2)2  + 2 + 2 ( + 2 + 2)2
3 + 22 + 3 − 2 = ( + )(2 + 2 + 2) +  +  ⇒
3 + 22 + 3 − 2 = 3 + (2 + )2 + (2 + 2 + ) + 2 + .

So  = 1, 2 +  = 2 ⇒  = 0, 2 + 2 +  = 3 ⇒  = 1, and 2 +  = −2 ⇒  = −2. Thus,
°
   
3 + 22 + 3 − 2  −2
=  = + 2 
(2 + 2 + 2)2 2 + 2 + 2 ( + 2 + 2)2
   
+1 −1 +1 −3
=  +  +  + 
2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 (2 + 2 + 2)2 (2 + 2 + 2)2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 .
     
+1 1 1  = 2 + 2 + 2, 1  2 
1 =  =  = ln  + 2 + 2 + 1
2 + 2 + 2  2  = 2( + 1)  2
  
1 1 −1  + 1
2 = −  = − tan + 2 = − tan−1 ( + 1) + 2
( + 1)2 + 1 1 1
   
+1 1 1 1 1
3 =  =  = − + 3 = − + 3
(2 + 2 + 2)2 2 2 2 2(2 + 2 + 2)
   
1 1 2  + 1 = 1 tan ,
4 = −3  = −3 sec   2
[( + 1)2 + 1]2 (tan2  + 1)2  = sec  
  
1 3
= −3  = −3 cos2   = − (1 + cos 2) 
sec2  2
   
= − 32  + 12 sin 2 + 4 = − 32  − 32 12 · 2 sin  cos  + 4
 
3 +1 3 +1 1
= − tan−1 − ·√ ·√ + 4
2 1 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2
3 3( + 1)
= − tan−1 ( + 1) − + 4
2 2(2 + 2 + 2)
So  = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 [ = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ]
1 1 3 3( + 1)
= ln(2 + 2 + 2) − tan−1 ( + 1) − − tan−1 ( + 1) − +
2 2(2 + 2 + 2) 2 2(2 + 2 + 2)
1 5 3 + 4
= ln(2 + 2 + 2) − tan−1 ( + 1) − +
2 2 2(2 + 2 + 2)
   √ 
 2  =  − 1,  = 2 + 1
41. √ = 
 −1 (2 + 1) 2 =  − 1,  = 2 

1 √
=2  = 2 tan−1  +  = 2 tan−1  − 1 + 
2 + 1
√
42. Let  =  + 3, so 2 =  + 3 and 2  = . Then
   
 2  2 2
√ = =  = . Now
2 +3+ 2 + (2 − 3) 2 + 2 − 3 ( + 3)( − 1)
2  
= + ⇒ 2 = ( − 1) + ( + 3). Setting  = 1 gives 2 = 4, so  = 12 .
( + 3)( − 1) +3 −1
Setting  = −3 gives −6 = −4, so  = 32 . Thus,

   3 1 
2 2 2
 = + 
( + 3)( − 1) +3 −1
√  √ 
= 3
2 ln | + 3| + 1
2 ln | − 1| +  = 3
2 ln  + 3 + 3 + 1
2 ln   + 3 − 1 + 
°
   
√  2  2  2 
43. Let  = , so 2 =  and 2  = . Then √ = = = .
2 +   4 + 3 3 + 2 2 ( + 1)
2   
= + 2 + ⇒ 2 = ( + 1) + ( + 1) + 2 . Setting  = 0 gives  = 2. Setting  = −1
2 ( + 1)   +1
gives  = 2. Equating coefficients of 2 , we get 0 =  + , so  = −2. Thus,

   
2  −2 2 2 2 √ 2 √ 
2
= + 2
+  = −2 ln || − + 2 ln | + 1| +  = −2 ln  − √ + 2 ln  + 1 + .
 ( + 1)   +1  
√
44. Let  = 3
. Then  = 3 ,  = 32  ⇒
  1 2  1 
1
1 3  3  1  
√  = = 3 − 3 +  = 32 2 − 3 + 3 ln(1 + ) 0 = 3 ln 2 − 12 .
0 1+ 3 0 1 +  0 1 + 
√
45. Let  = 3
2 + 1. Then 2 = 3 − 1, 2  = 32  ⇒
  
3 (3 − 1) 32 2  3
√
3
 = = (4 − ) 
2 + 1  2
3 5
= 10
 − 34 2 +  = 3
10
(2 + 1)53 − 34 (2 + 1)23 + 
   √ 
 2( − 1)   = 1 + ,
46. √ = 2
(1 +  )2 2  = ( − 1) ,  = 2( − 1) 
  
1 1 2 √ 2
=2 − 2  = 2 ln || + +  = 2 ln(1 +  ) + √ +
   1+ 
√
47. If we were to substitute  = , then the square root would disappear but a cube root would remain. On the other hand, the
√
3
substitution  =  would eliminate the cube root but leave a square root. We can eliminate both roots by means of the
√
6
substitution  = . (Note that 6 is the least common multiple of 2 and 3.)
√
6
√ √
3
Let  = . Then  = 6 , so  = 65  and  = 3 ,  = 2 . Thus,
   
1 65  5 3
√ √3
 = 3 2
= 6 2
 = 6 
−   −  ( − 1) −1
  
1
=6 2 +  + 1 +  [by long division]
−1
  √ √ √ √ 
3 6 6 
= 6 13 3 + 12 2 +  + ln | − 1| +  = 2  + 3  + 6  + 6 ln   − 1 + 
48. Let  = 15 ⇒  = 5 , so  = 54 . This substitution gives

    
1 54 53 53 53
=  = 5
 = 4
 = 2 2
 = .
− 15  −  −1 ( − 1)( + 1) ( − 1)( + 1)(2 + 1)
53    + 
Now = + + 2 . Multiply both sides by ( − 1)( + 1)(2 + 1) to get
( − 1)( + 1)(2 + 1) −1 +1  +1
53 = ( + 1)(2 + 1) + ( − 1)(2 + 1) + ( + )( − 1)( + 1) ⇔
53 = (3 + 2 +  + 1) + (3 − 2 +  − 1) + (2 − 1) + (2 − 1) ⇔
53 = ( +  + )3 + ( −  + )2 + ( +  − ) + ( −  − )

[continued]
°
Setting  = 1 gives 5 = 4, so  = 54 . Now, comparing coefficients gives us the following system of equations:
 +  +  = 5 (1)  −  +  = 0 (2)
 +  −  = 0 (3)  −  −  = 0 (4)
Adding equations (1) and (3) gives 2 + 2 = 5, so  = 54 . Subtracting equation (4) from equation (2) gives  = 0.
Finally, substituting the value of  and  in equation (3) gives  = 52 . Thus,

  
54 54 52 5 5 5
= + + 2  = ln | − 1| + ln | + 1| + ln(2 + 1) + 
−1 +1  +1 4 4 4
     
 
= 54 ln (2 − 1)(2 + 1) +  = 54 ln 4 − 1 +  = 54 ln 45 − 1 + 
√  
1 2
49. Let  =  ⇒  = 2 , so  = 2 . This substitution gives  = √  = . Now
−3 +2 2 − 3 + 2
2 2  
= = + . Multiply both sides by ( − 2)( − 1) to get
2 − 3 + 2 ( − 2)( − 1) −2 −1
2 = ( − 1) + ( − 2). Setting  = 1 gives 2 = − or  = −2, and setting  = 2 gives  = 4. Thus,
  
4 2 √  √ 
= −  = 4 ln | − 2| − 2 ln | − 1| +  = 4 ln   − 2 − 2 ln   − 1 + .
−2 −1
 √ √
50. Let  =
1 + , so that 2 = 1 + ,  = (2 − 1)2 , and  = 2(2 − 1) · 2  = 4(2 − 1) . Then
  √     
1+   2 42 4
 = · 4( − 1)  =  = 4+ 2 . Now
 (2 − 1)2 2 − 1  −1
4  
= + ⇒ 4 = ( − 1) + ( + 1). Setting  = 1 gives 4 = 2, so  = 2. Setting  = −1 gives
2 − 1 +1 −1
4 = −2, so  = −2. Thus,
     
4 2 2
4+ 2  = 4− +  = 4 − 2 ln | + 1| + 2 ln | − 1| + 
 −1 +1 −1
 √  √   √ 
=4 1 +  − 2 ln 1 +  + 1 + 2 ln 1+ −1 +

51. Let  =  . Then  = ln ,  = ⇒

     
2  2 ()   −1 2
= = = + 
 + 3 + 2
2 2 + 3 + 2 ( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
( + 2)2
= 2 ln | + 2| − ln | + 1| +  = ln +
 + 1
  
sin  1 −1
52. Let  = cos , so that  = − sin  . Then  = (−) = .
cos2  − 3 cos  2 − 3 ( − 3)
−1  
= + ⇒ −1 = ( − 3) + . Setting  = 3 gives  = − 13 . Setting  = 0 gives  = 13 .
( − 3)  −3
  1 1 
−1 1 1
Thus,  = 3
− 3  = ln || − ln | − 3| +  = 13 ln |cos | − 13 ln |cos  − 3| + .
( − 3)  −3 3 3
°
  
sec2  1 1
53. Let  = tan , so that  = sec2  . Then 2
 =  = .
tan  + 3 tan  + 2 2 + 3 + 2 ( + 1)( + 2)
1  
Now = + ⇒ 1 = ( + 2) + ( + 1).
( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
Setting  = −2 gives 1 = −, so  = −1. Setting  = −1 gives 1 = .
   
1 1 1
Thus,  = −  = ln | + 1| − ln | + 2| +  = ln |tan  + 1| − ln |tan  + 2| + .
( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
 
 1
54. Let  =  , so that  =  . Then  = . Now
( − 2)(2 + 1) ( − 2)(2 + 1)
1   + 
= + 2 ⇒ 1 = (2 + 1) + ( + )( − 2). Setting  = 2 gives 1 = 5, so  = 15 .
( − 2)(2 + 1) −2  +1
Setting  = 0 gives 1 = 1
5
− 2, so  = − 25 . Comparing coefficients of 2 gives 0 = 1
5
+ , so  = − 15 . Thus,
   1    
1 5
− 15  − 25 1 1 1  2 1
 = +  = 5
 − 5
 − 5

( − 2)(2 + 1) −2 2 + 1 −2 2 + 1 2 + 1
 
= 1
5
ln | − 2| − 15 · 12 ln 2 + 1 − 25 tan−1  + 
= 1
5
ln | − 2| − 1
10
ln(2 + 1) − 2
5
tan−1  + 
 
   1  
55. Let  =  , so that  =   and  = . Then = . = + ⇒
 1 +  (1 + ) ( + 1)  +1
1 = ( + 1) + . Setting  = −1 gives  = −1. Setting  = 0 gives  = 1. Thus,
   
 1 1
= −  = ln || − ln | + 1| +  = ln  − ln( + 1) +  =  − ln( + 1) + .
( + 1)  +1
  
cosh  1 1
56. Let  = sinh , so that  = cosh  . Then  =  = .
sinh2  + sinh4  2 + 4 2 (2 + 1)
1    + 
= + 2 + 2 ⇒ 1 = (2 + 1) + (2 + 1) + ( + )2 . Setting  = 0 gives  = 1.
2 (2 + 1)    +1
Comparing coefficients of 2 , we get 0 =  + , so  = −1. Comparing coefficients of , we get 0 = . Comparing
coefficients of 3 , we get 0 =  + , so  = 0. Thus,

   
1 1 1 1 1
 = −  = − − tan−1  +  = − − tan−1 (sinh ) + 
2 (2 + 1) 2 2 + 1  sinh 
= − csch  − tan−1 (sinh ) + 
2 − 1
57. Let  = ln(2 −  + 2),  = . Then  = ,  = , and (by integration by parts)
2 −  + 2
    
22 −  −4
ln(2 −  + 2)  =  ln(2 −  + 2) −  =  ln(2
−  + 2) − 2 + 
2 −  + 2 2 −  + 2
 1 
(2 − 1) 7 
=  ln(2 −  + 2) − 2 − 2
 +
2 −  + 2 2 ( − 12 )2 + 74
[continued]
°
√  √ 
 7 where  − 1
2 =
7
2 ,
1 7  √
=  ln( −  + 2) − 2 − ln(2 −  + 2) +
2 2   = 27 , 
7
2 2 4
(2 + 1) 1 2 7 7 2
( − 2 ) + 4 = 4 ( + 1)
√
= ( − 12 ) ln(2 −  + 2) − 2 + 7 tan−1  + 
√ 2 − 1
= ( − 12 ) ln(2 −  + 2) − 2 + 7 tan−1 √ +
7
58. Let  = tan−1 ,  =   ⇒  = (1 + 2 ),  = 12 2 .

 
1 2
Then  tan−1   = 12 2 tan−1  − . To evaluate the last integral, use long division or observe that
2 1 + 2
   
2 (1 + 2 ) − 1 1
 =  = 1  −  =  − tan−1  + 1 . So
1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2

 tan−1   = 12 2 tan−1  − 12 ( − tan−1  + 1 ) = 12 (2 tan−1  + tan−1  − ) + .
59. From the graph, we see that the integral will be negative, and we guess
that the area is about the same as that of a rectangle with width 2 and
height 03, so we estimate the integral to be −(2 · 03) = −06. Now
1 1  
= = + ⇔
2 − 2 − 3 ( − 3)( + 1) −3 +1
1 = ( + ) +  − 3, so  = − and  − 3 = 1 ⇔  = 1
4
and  = − 14 , so the integral becomes

     
2
 1 2
 1 2
 1 2 1  − 3 2
= − = ln | − 3| − ln | + 1| = ln  
0 2 − 2 − 3 4 0 −3 4 0 +1 4 0 4  + 1 0
 
= 14 ln 13 − ln 3 = − 12 ln 3 ≈ −055
 
  1
60.  = 0: = =− +
2 +  2 
   
  1 
  0: = √ = √ tan−1 √ +
2 +  2 + (  )2  
    √ 
   1   − − 
  0: = = = √ ln  √  [by Example 3]
2 +  2 − (−)
√ 2
2 −   + −  + 
2 − −
  
  
61. = = [put  =  − 1]
2 − 2 ( − 1)2 − 1 2 − 1
   
1   − 1  1   − 2 
= ln  +  [by Equation 6] = ln +
2  + 1 2   
  
(2 + 1)  1 (8 + 12)  2 
62. = −
42 + 12 − 7 4 42 + 12 − 7 (2 + 3)2 − 16

  
= 1
4
ln 42 + 12 − 7 − [put  = 2 + 3]
2 − 16
 
= 1
4ln 42 + 12 − 7 − 1
8 ln |( − 4)( + 4)| +  [by Equation 6]
 
= 14 ln 42 + 12 − 7 − 1
8
ln |(2 − 1)(2 + 7)| + 
°
 
63. (a) If  = tan , then = tan−1 . The figure gives
2 2
 1  
cos = √ and sin = √ .
2 1+ 2 2 1 + 2
  
(b) cos  = cos 2 · = 2 cos2 −1
2 2
 2
1 2 1 − 2
=2 √ −1 = 2
−1=
1+ 2 1+ 1 + 2
     1 2
sin  = sin 2 · = 2 sin cos = 2√ ·√ = 2
2 2 2 2 + 1 2 + 1  +1
 2
(c) = arctan  ⇒  = 2 arctan  ⇒  = 
2 1 + 2
64. Let  = tan(2). Then, by using the expressions in Exercise 63 we have
    
 2 (1 + 2 ) 2  2  1
= = = = 
1 − cos  1 − (1 − 2 )(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) − (1 − 2 ) 22 2
1 1
=− + =− +  = − cot(2) + 
 tan(2)
    
 1 1 + cos  1 + cos 
Another method: = ·  = 
1 − cos  1 − cos  1 + cos  1 − cos2 
   
1 + cos  1 cos 
=  = + 
sin2  sin2  sin2 

= (csc2  + csc  cot )  = − cot  − csc  + 
65. Let  = tan(2). Then, using the expressions in Exercise 63, we have
   
1 1 2   
 =    2  2
= 2 2)
= 2 + 3 − 2
3 sin  − 4 cos  2 1− 1 +  3(2) − 4(1 −  2
3 −4
1 + 2 1 + 2
   
 2 1 1 1
= = −  [using partial fractions]
(2 − 1)( + 2) 5 2 − 1 5+2
     
1  2 − 1  1  2 tan (2) − 1 
= 15 ln |2 − 1| − ln | + 2| +  = ln +  = ln +
5 +2  5  tan (2) + 2 
66. Let  = tan(2). Then, by Exercise 63,

 2  1  1
 2 (1 + 2 ) 2 
= √
= √
3 1 + sin  − cos  1 3 1 + 2(1 + 2 ) − (1 − 2 )(1 + 2 ) 1 3 1 + 2 + 2 − 1 + 2
 1    1
1 1
= √
−  = ln  − ln( + 1) √
1 3  +1 1 3
√
1 1 3+1
= ln − ln √ = ln
2 3+1 2
°
67. Let  = tan (2). Then, by Exercise 63,

2 1 − 2 8(1 − 2 )
 2  2  1 2· ·  1
sin 2 2 sin  cos  1 + 2 1 + 2 2 (1 + 2 )2
 =  = 2 2
 = 2 2

0 2 + cos  0 2 + cos  0 1− 1+ 0 2(1 +  ) + (1 −  )
2+
1 + 2
 1
1 − 2
= 8 ·  = 
0 (2 + 3)(2 + 1)2
1 − 2 1−   
If we now let  = 2 , then = = + + ⇒
(2 + 3)(2 + 1)2 ( + 3)( + 1)2 +3 +1 ( + 1)2
1 −  = ( + 1)2 + ( + 3)( + 1) + ( + 3). Set  = −1 to get 2 = 2, so  = 1. Set  = −3 to get 4 = 4, so
 = 1. Set  = 0 to get 1 = 1 + 3 + 3, so  = −1. So
 1   1
8 8 8 2 2 4
= − 2 +  = 4 ln( + 3) − 4 ln( + 1) − 2
0 2 + 3  +1 (2 + 1)2  +1 0
= (4 ln 4 − 4 ln 2 − 2) − (4 ln 3 − 0 − 4) = 8 ln 2 − 4 ln 2 − 4 ln 3 + 2 = 4 ln 23 + 2
1 1   + 
68. = = + 2 ⇒ 1 = (2 + 1) + ( + ). Set  = 0 to get 1 = . So
3 +  (2 + 1)   +1
1 = (1 + )2 +  + 1 ⇒  + 1 = 0 [ = −1] and  = 0. Thus, the area is

 2  2 
1 1    2    
3
 = − 2
 = ln || − 12 ln 2 + 1 1 = ln 2 − 12 ln 5 − 0 − 1
2
ln 2
1  + 1   +1
 
= 2 ln 2 − 12 ln 5 or 12 ln 85
3
2 + 1 3 + 1
69. By long division, = −1 + . Now
3 − 2 3 − 2
3 + 1 3 + 1  
= = + ⇒ 3 + 1 = (3 − ) + . Set  = 3 to get 10 = 3, so  = 3 .
10
Set  = 0 to
3 − 2 (3 − )  3−
get 1 = 3, so  = 13 . Thus, the area is

 2 2  2 1 10 
 +1  2
2
 = −1 + 3
+ 3
 = − + 13 ln || − 10
3
ln |3 − | 1
1 3 −  1  3−
   
= −2 + 3 ln 2 − 0 − −1 + 0 − 10
1
3
ln 2 = −1 + 113
ln 2
 1  2  1
1 
70. (a) We use disks, so the volume is  =   =  . To evaluate the integral,
0 2 + 3 + 2 0 ( + 1)2 ( + 2)2
1    
we use partial fractions: = + + + ⇒
( + 1)2 ( + 2)2 +1 ( + 1)2 +2 ( + 2)2
1 = ( + 1)( + 2)2 + ( + 2)2 + ( + 1)2 ( + 2) + ( + 1)2 . We set  = −1, giving  = 1, then set
 = −2, giving  = 1. Now equating coefficients of 3 gives  = −, and then equating constants gives
1 = 4 + 4 + 2(−) + 1 ⇒  = −2 ⇒  = 2. So the expression becomes
 1     1
−2 1 2 1  + 2
 = + + +  =  2 ln  − 1 − 1
+1 ( + 1)2 ( + 2) ( + 2)2  + 1  + 1 +2 0
0
       
=  2 ln 32 − 12 − 13 − 2 ln 2 − 1 − 12 =  2 ln 32 2
+ 23 =  23 + ln 16
9
°
 1  1
   
(b) In this case, we use cylindrical shells, so the volume is  = 2 = 2 . We use
0 2 + 3 + 2 0 ( + 1)( + 2)
  
partial fractions to simplify the integrand: = + ⇒  = ( + ) + 2 + . So
( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
 +  = 1 and 2 +  = 0 ⇒  = −1 and  = 2. So the volume is

 1   1
−1 2
2 +  = 2 − ln | + 1| + 2 ln | + 2|
0 +1 +2 0
= 2(− ln 2 + 2 ln 3 + ln 1 − 2 ln 2) = 2(2 ln 3 − 3 ln 2) = 2 ln 98
 
 +  +  +  
71.  =  =  [ = 11]. Now = + ⇒
 [( − 1) − ]  (01 − )  (01 − )  01 − 
 +  = (01 − ) +  . Substituting 0 for  gives  = − ⇒  = −1. Substituting 10 for  gives
  
−1 1110
11 = 10 ⇒  = 11 10
. Thus,  = +  ⇒  = − ln  + 11 ln(01 − ) + .
 01 − 
When  = 0,  = 10,000 and  = 900, so 0 = − ln 10,000 + 11 ln(1000 − 900) +  ⇒
 = ln 10,000 − 11 ln 100 [= ln 10−18  −4145].

  10,000  − 9000
Therefore,  = − ln  + 11 ln 1
10
 − 900 + ln 10,000 − 11 ln 100 ⇒  = ln + 11 ln .
 1000
72. If we add and subtract 22 (because 22 completes the square for 4 + 1), we get
 2  2 √ 2
4 + 1 = 4 + 22 + 1 − 22 = 2 + 1 − 22 = 2 + 1 − 2
 2 √  2  √   2 √  2 √ 
= ( + 1) − 2   + 1 + 2  =  − 2  + 1  + 2  + 1
1  +   + 
So we can decompose = √ + √ ⇒
4 + 1 2 + 2  + 1 2 − 2  + 1
 √   √ 
1 = ( + ) 2 − 2  + 1 + ( + ) 2 + 2  + 1 . Setting the constant terms equal gives  +  = 1, then
√
from the coefficients of 3 we get  +  = 0. Now from the coefficients of  we get  +  + ( − ) 2 = 0 ⇔
√
[(1 − ) − ] 2 = 0 ⇒  = 12 ⇒  = 12 , and finally, from the coefficients of 2 we get
√ √ √
2 ( − ) +  +  = 0 ⇒  −  = − √12 ⇒ =− 4
2
and  = 4
2
. So we rewrite the integrand, splitting the
terms into forms which we know how to integrate:

√
2
√  √ √ 
1 4
 + 12 − 42  + 12 1 2 + 2 2 2 − 2 2
= √ + √ = √ √ − √
4 + 1 2 + 2  + 1 2 − 2  + 1 4 2 2 + 2  + 1 2 − 2  + 1
 
√  √ √ 
2 2 + 2 2 − 2 1 1 1 
= √ − √ +  2 + 2 
8 2 + 2  + 1 2
 − 2 + 1 4
 + √12 + 12  − √12 + 1
2
Now we integrate:
 √  2 √  √  √  √ 
 2  + 2 + 1 2
4
= ln √ + tan−1 2  + 1 + tan−1 2 − 1 + 
 +1 8 2
 − 2 + 1 4
°
73. (a) In Maple, we define  (), and then use convert(f,parfrac,x); to obtain
24,1104879 668323 943880,155 (22,098 + 48,935)260,015

 () = − − +
5 + 2 2 + 1 3 − 7 2 +  + 5
In Mathematica, we use the command Apart.


(b)  ()  = 24,110
4879 · 1
5 ln|5 + 2| − 668
323 · 1
9438
ln|2 + 1| − 80,155
2 · 13 ln |3 − 7|
  
1 22,098  + 12 + 37,886
+   2  + 
260,015  + 12 + 19 4
24,110 1 668 1 9438 1

= 4879
· ln|5 + 2| −
5 323
· 2
ln|2 + 1| − ln|3 − 7|
80,155
· 3
   
1 1
 2  4 −1 √ 1
 1

+ 260,015 22,098 · 2
ln  +  + 5 + 37,886 · 19 tan + 2 +
194
 
= 4822
4879
ln|5 + 2| − 334 3146
ln|2 + 1| − 80,155
323
ln|3 − 7| + 11,049
260,015
ln 2 +  + 5
 
75,772
+ 260,015√
19
tan−1 √119 (2 + 1) + 
Using a CAS, we get
4822 ln(5 + 2) 334 ln(2 + 1) 3146 ln(3 − 7)

− −
4879 323 80,155
√ √ 
11,049 ln(2 +  + 5) 3988 19 19
+ + tan−1 (2 + 1)
260,015 260,015 19
The main difference in this answer is that the absolute value signs and the constant of integration have been omitted. Also,
the fractions have been reduced and the denominators rationalized.
74. (a) In Maple, we define  (), and then use convert(f,parfrac,x); to get
58281815 59,09619,965 2(2843 + 816)3993 (313 − 251)363

 () = − + + .
(5 − 2)2 5 − 2 22 + 1 (22 + 1)2
In Mathematica, we use the command Apart, and in Derive, we use Expand.
(b) As we saw in Exercise 73, computer algebra systems omit the absolute

value signs in (1)  = ln||. So we use the CAS to integrate the
expression in part (a) and add the necessary absolute value signs and
constant of integration to get
  
5828 59,096 ln|5 − 2| 2843 ln 22 + 1
 ()  = − − +
9075(5 − 2) 99,825 7986
503 √ √  1 1004 + 626
+ 2 tan−1 2  − +
15,972 2904 22 + 1
(c) From the graph, we see that  goes from negative to positive at  ≈ −078, then back to negative at  ≈ 08, and finally

back to positive at  = 1. Also, lim→04  () = ∞. So we see (by the First Derivative Test) that  ()  has minima

at  ≈ −078 and  = 1, and a maximum at  ≈ 080, and that ()  is unbounded as  → 04. Note also that
°

just to the right of  = 04,  has large values, so ()  increases rapidly, but slows down as  drops toward 0.

 ()  decreases from about 08 to 1, then increases slowly since  stays small and positive.
75. There are only finitely many values of  where () = 0 (assuming that  is not the zero polynomial). At all other values of
,  ()() = ()(), so  () = (). In other words, the values of  and  agree at all except perhaps finitely
many values of . By continuity of  and , the polynomials  and  must agree at those values of  too.
More explicitly: if  is a value of  such that () = 0, then () 6= 0 for all  sufficiently close to . Thus,
 () = lim  () [by continuity of  ]

→
= lim () [whenever () 6= 0]

→
= () [by continuity of ]
76. (a) Let  = (2 + 2 )− ,  =  ⇒  = −(2 + 2 )−−1 2 ,  = .

 
  −22
 = = 2 −  [by parts]
(2 + 2 ) ( + 2 ) (2 + 2 )+1

 (2 + 2 ) − 2
= + 2 
(2 + 2 ) (2 + 2 )+1
 
  
= + 2 − 22
(2 + 2 ) (2 + 2 ) (2 + 2 )+1
Recognizing the last two integrals as  and +1 , we can solve for +1 in terms of  .
  2 − 1
22 +1 = + 2 −  ⇒ +1 = +  ⇒
(2 + 2 ) 22 (2 + 2 ) 22 
 2 − 3
 = + 2 −1 [decrease values by 1], which is the desired result.
22 ( − 1)(2 + 2 )−1 2 ( − 1)
(b) Using part (a) with  = 1 and  = 2, we get

 
  1   1
= + = + tan−1  + 
(2 + 1)2 2(2 + 1) 2 2 + 1 2(2 + 1) 2
Using part (a) with  = 1 and  = 3, we get

   
  3   3  1 −1
= + = + + tan  +
(2 + 1)3 2(2)(2 + 1)2 2(2) (2 + 1)2 4(2 + 1)2 4 2(2 + 1) 2
 3 3
= + + tan−1  + 
4(2 + 1)2 8(2 + 1) 8
1 1 2  
77. If  6= 0 and  is a positive integer, then  () = = + 2 + ··· +  + . Multiply both sides by
 ( − )    −
 ( − ) to get 1 = 1 −1 ( − ) + 2 −2 ( − ) + · · · +  ( − ) +  . Let  =  in the last equation to
°
SECTION 7.5 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION ¤ 729
get 1 =  ⇒  = 1 . So
 1 1  −   − 
 () − =  −  =   =−  
−  ( − )  ( − )   ( − )   ( − )
( − )(−1 + −2  + −3 2 + · · · + −2 + −1 )
=−
  ( − )
 −1 
 −2  −3 2 −2 −1
=− + + + · · · + +
         
1 1 1 1 1
=− − −1 2 − −2 3 − · · · − 2 −1 − 
        
1 1 1 1 1
Thus, () = = −  − −1 2 − · · · −  +  .
 ( − )       ( − )
 ()
78. Let  () = 2 +  + . We calculate the partial fraction decomposition of . Since  (0) = 1, we must have
2 ( + 1)3
 () 2 +  + 1     
 = 1, so = 2 = + 2 + + + . Now in order for the integral not to
2 ( + 1)3  ( + 1)3   +1 ( + 1)2 ( + 1)3
contain any logarithms (that is, in order for it to be a rational function), we must have  =  = 0, so
2 +  + 1 = ( + 1)3 + 2 ( + 1) + 2 . Equating constant terms gives  = 1, then equating coefficients of 
gives 3 =  ⇒  = 3. This is the quantity we are looking for, since  0 (0) = 
7.5 Strategy for Integration
1. (a) Let  = 1 + 2 , so that  = 2  ⇒ 1

2
 =  . Then,
 
 1 1 1 1
 =  = ln || +  = ln(1 + 2 ) + 
1 + 2 2  2 2
Note the absolute value has been omitted in the last step since 1 + 2  0 for all  ∈ .

1
(b)  = tan−1  + 
1 + 2
    
1 1 1 1 1
(c)  =  = +  [ by partial fractions ]
1 − 2 (1 + )(1 − ) 2 1+ 1−
1 1
= 2
ln |1 + | − 2
ln |1 − | + 
2. (a) Let  = 2 − 1, so that  = 2  ⇒ 1

2
 =  . Then
  
1 1 32 1
 2 − 1  = 12  =  +  = (2 − 1)32 + .
2 3 3
√ √ √
(b) Let  = sec  where 0 ≤   2. Then  = sec  tan   and 2 − 1 = sec2  − 1 = tan2  = |tan | = tan .
  
1 sec  tan 
Thus, √  =  =  =  +  = sec−1  + .
 2 − 1 sec  tan 
°
(c) Let  = sec  where 0 ≤   2. Then  = sec  tan   and

√ √ √
2 − 1 = sec2  − 1 = tan2  = |tan | = tan . Thus,
 √ 2   
 −1 tan 
 = sec  tan   = tan   = (sec2  − 1) 
2
 sec 
√
= tan  −  +  = 2 − 1 − sec−1  + 
 
1 ln  1 2 1
3. (a) Let  = ln , so that  = . Then  =   =  +  = (ln )2 + .
  2 2
1 1
(b) Use integration by parts with  = ln(2),  =  ⇒  = (2)  = ,  = . Then
2 
    
1
ln(2)  =  ln(2) −   =  ln(2) −  =  ln(2) −  + .

1 1
(c) Use integration by parts with  = ln ,  =   ⇒  = ,  = 2 . Then
 2
    
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
 ln   =  ln  −   = 2 ln  −   = 2 ln  − 2 + .
2 2  2 2 2 4
 
 
4. (a) sin2   = 1
2
(1 − cos 2)  = 1
2
− 1
2
sin 2 +  = 12  − 1
4
sin 2 + 
   
  c
(b) sin3   = sin2  sin   = 1 − cos2  sin   = (1 − 2 ) (−)
 
= −  − 13 3 +  = −cos  + 1
3
cos3  + 
  1 
(c) Let  = 2 so that  = 2 . Then sin 2  = sin  2
 = 12 (−cos ) +  = − 12 cos 2 + .
1 1  
5. (a) = = + . Multiply both sides by ( − 3)( − 1) to get
2 − 4 + 3 ( − 3)( − 1) −3 −1
1 = ( − 1) + ( − 3). Setting  = 3 gives 1 = 2, so  = 12 . Now setting  = 1 gives 1 = −2, so  = − 12 .
 
1 1 1 1
Thus,  = −  = 12 ln | − 3| − 12 ln | − 1| + .
2 − 4 + 3 2 −3 −1
1 1
(b) = . Let  =  − 2, so that  = . Thus,
2 − 4 + 4 ( − 2)2
   
1 1 1 1
 =  =  = −2  = −−1 +  = − + .
2 − 4 + 4 ( − 2)2 2 −2
(c) 2 − 4 + 5 is an irreducible quadratic, so it cannot be factored. Completing the square gives
2 − 4 + 5 = (2 − 4 + 4) − 4 + 5 = ( − 2)2 + 1. Now, use the substitution  =  − 2, so that  = . Thus,

  
1 1 1
 =  =  = tan−1  +  = tan−1 ( − 2) + .
2 − 4 + 5 ( − 2)2 + 1 2 + 1
°
6. (a) Let  = 2 , so that  = 2  ⇒ 1

2  =  . Thus,
 
1 1 1
 cos 2  = cos   = sin  +  = sin 2 + .
2 2 2
    
(b)  cos2   = 1
2
(1 + cos 2)  = 12   + 12  cos 2  = 14 2 + 1
2
 cos 2 .
The remaining integral can be evaluated using integration by parts with  = ,  = cos 2  ⇒
 = ,  = 1
2
sin 2. Thus,
 1    
 cos2   = 14 2 + 1
2 2
 sin 2 − 1
2
sin 2  = 14 2 + 12 12  sin 2 + 1
4
cos 2 + 
= 14 2 + 14  sin 2 + 1
8
cos 2 + 
(c) First, use integration by parts with  = 2 ,  = cos   ⇒  = 2 ,  = sin . This gives
 
 = 2 cos   = 2 sin  − 2 sin  . Next, use integration by parts for the
remaining integral with  = 2,  = sin   ⇒  = 2 ,  = −cos . Thus,

 = 2 sin  − (−2 cos  + 2 cos  ) = 2 sin  + 2 cos  − 2 sin  + .
 
3 1 1  1 3
7. (a) Let  = 3 , so that  = 32  ⇒ 1
3
 = 2 . Thus, 2   =   =  +  =  + .
3 3 3
(b) First, use integration by parts with  = 2 ,  =   ⇒  = 2 ,  =  . This gives

 
 = 2   = 2  − 2 . Next, use integration by parts for the remaining integral with  = 2,
  
 =   ⇒  = 2 ,  =  . Thus,  = 2  − 2 − 2  = 2  − 2 + 2 + .
 2  2 
(c) Let  = 2 , so that  = 2 . Thus, 3   = 2    = 1
2
 . Now use integration by parts
with  = ,  =  ⇒  = ,  =  . This gives
 3 2    2 2
   = 12  −   = 12  − 12  +  = 12 2  − 12  + .
 √ 
8. (a) Let  =  − 1, so that  =  . Thus,   − 1  = 12  = 23 32 +  = 23 ( − 1)32 + .
 
 1
(b) Let  =  , so that  =  . Thus, √  = √  = sin−1  +  = sin−1 ( ) + .
1 − 2 1 − 2
√  2 
(c) Let  =  − 1, so that 2 =  − 1 ⇒ 2  =  , and 2 = . Then
 +1
  
1 1 2  1 √
√   = 2
= 2 2
 = 2 tan−1  +  = 2 tan−1  − 1 + .
 −1  +1  +1
9. Let  = 1 − sin . Then  = − cos   ⇒

 
cos  1
 = (−) = − ln || +  = − ln |1 − sin | +  = − ln(1 − sin ) + .
1 − sin  
10. Let  = 3 + 1. Then  = 3  ⇒

 1 √
 4 √
   √
4  √ 
2 2 1 1 1 1
(3 + 1)  =   = √  2+1 = √  4 2+1 − 1 .
0 1 3 3 2+1 1 3 2+1
°
√ 1 2
11. Let  = ln ,  =   ⇒  = ,  =  32 . Then
 3
 4  4  4  4
√ 2 32 2 12 2 4 32
 ln   =  ln  −   = · 8 ln 4 − 0 − 
1 3 1 1 3 3 9 1
16
4 4
 32 28
= 3 (2 ln 2) − 9 · 8 − 9 = 3 ln 2 − 9
 
1 arcsin 
12. Let  = arcsin , so that  = √ . Thus, √  =   =  +  = arcsin  + .
1 − 2 1 − 2
 
1 ln (ln )
13. Let  = ln , so that  = . Thus,  =  = ln  . Now use integration by parts with
 
 = ln ,  =  ⇒  = ,  = . This gives

 

 =  ln  −  =  ln  −  =  ln  −  +  = ln  [ln(ln )] − ln  + .

14. Let  = 2 + 1. Then  = 2  ⇒

 1  3       3
 ( − 1)2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
 =  = −  = − +
0 (2 + 1)3 1 3 2 4 1 2 3 4  22 1
     
= 14 − 13 + 18
1
− −1 + 12 = 14 29 = 18
1
15. Let  = 2 , so that  = 2 . Thus,

        2
 1 1 1 (13)2 1 1 1 
 =  =  = tan−1 +  = tan−1 + .
4 + 9 2 2 + 9 2 (3)2 + 1 2 3 3 6 3
  
16.  sin  cos   =  · 12 (2 sin  cos )  = 1
2
 sin 2 
 
    = ,  = sin 2 
= 12 − 12  cos 2 − − 12 cos 2 
 = ,  = − 12 cos 2

= − 14  cos 2 + 1
4
cos 2  = − 14  cos 2 + 1
8
sin 2 + 
+2 +2  
17. = = + . Multiply by ( + 4)( − 1) to get  + 2 = ( − 1) + ( + 4).
2 + 3 − 4 ( + 4)( − 1) +4 −1
Substituting 1 for  gives 3 = 5 ⇔  = 35 . Substituting −4 for  gives −2 = −5 ⇔  = 25 . Thus,

 4  4    4
+2 25 35 2 3
 = +  = ln | + 4| + ln | − 1|
2 2 + 3 − 4 2 +4 −1 5 5 2
2 3
 2  2 3 2
= 5 ln 8 + 5 ln 3 − 5 ln 6 + 0 = 5 (3 ln 2) + 5 ln 3 − 5 (ln 2 + ln 3)
= 4
5 ln 2 + 1
5 ln 3, or 1
5 ln 48
 
1 cos(1) 1 1
18. Let  = ,  = ⇒  = − ,  = − sin . Then
 2 2 
         
cos(1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 = − sin − sin  = − sin − cos + .
3   2    
°
19. Let  = sec , where 0 ≤  ≤ 

2 or  ≤   2 .
3
Then  = sec  tan   and
√ √ √
2 − 1 = sec2  − 1 = tan2  = |tan | = tan  for the relevant values of , so
   
1 sec  tan  2 1
√  =  = cos   = 2
(1 + cos 2) 
3 2 − 1 sec3  tan 
= 12  + 1
4 sin 2 +  = 12  + 1
2 sin  cos  + 
√ √
1 1 2 − 1 1 1 2 − 1
= sec−1  + +  = sec−1  + +
2 2   2 22
2 − 3 2 − 3   + 
20. = = + 2 . Multiply by (2 + 3) to get 2 − 3 = (2 + 3) + ( + ) ⇔
3 + 3 (2 + 3)   +3
2 − 3 = ( + )2 +  + 3. Equating coefficients gives us  = 2, 3 = −3 ⇔  = −1, and  +  = 0, so
 = 1. Thus,
      
2 − 3 −1 +2 1  2
 = + 2 − + 2 + 2  =

3 + 3   +3   +3  +3
 
1 2 
= − ln || + ln(2 + 3) + √ tan−1 √ +
2 3 3
  
cos3  c 1 1
21.  = cos3  sin   = 3 (−) = − 4 +  = − cos4  + 
csc  4 4
2
22. Let  = ln(1 + 2 ),  =  ,  = . Then
⇒  =
1 + 2
  
22 (2 + 1) − 1
ln(1 + 2 )  =  ln(1 + 2 ) − 2
 =  ln(1 + 2
) − 2 
1+ 1 + 2
  
1
=  ln(1 + 2 ) − 2 1−  =  ln(1 + 2 ) − 2 + 2 tan−1  + 
1 + 2
23. Let  = ,  = sec  tan   ⇒  = ,  = sec . Then

 
 sec  tan   =  sec  − sec   =  sec  − ln |sec  + tan | + .
 √
22  4  
2 sin2   = sin ,
24. √  = cos  
0 1 − 2 0 cos   = cos  
 4 1 1
 1
4 1
  1
   1
= 0 2
(1 − cos 2)  = 2
− 2
sin 2 0
= 2 4
− 2
− (0 − 0) = 8
− 4
   1   
25. 0
 cos2   = 0
 2 (1 + cos 2)  = 1
2 0
  + 1
2 0
 cos 2 
 
1
 1 2  1  1  1
 1  = ,  = cos 2 
=  0 + 2 2  sin 2 0 − sin 2 
2 2 2 0 2  = ,  = 12 sin 2
 1 
= 14 2 + 0 − 1
4
− 2 cos 2 0 = 14 2 + 18 (1 − 1) = 14 2
 4
√  2  2
√ 1  
26. Let  = . Then  = √  ⇒ √  =  (2 ) = 2  = 2(2 − ).
2  1  1 1
°
     
27. Let  =  . Then +  =    =   =  +  =  + .
 
 1 
28.  =   = +
1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2
√  √ 
29. Let  = , so that 2 =  and 2  = . Then arctan   = arctan  (2 ) = . Now use parts with
1
 = arctan ,  = 2  ⇒  = ,  = 2 . Thus,
1 + 2
   
2 1
2
 =  arctan  −  = 2 arctan  − 1−  = 2 arctan  −  + arctan  + 
1 + 2 1 + 2
√ √ √  √ √ 
=  arctan  −  + arctan  +  or ( + 1) arctan  −  + 
2 ln 
30. Let  = 1 + (ln )2 , so that  = . Then

 
ln  1 1 1 √  
  = √  = 2  +  = 1 + (ln )2 + .
 1 + (ln )2 2  2
√
31. Let  = 1 + . Then  = ( − 1)2 ,  = 2( − 1)  ⇒
1 √ 8 2 2
0
1 +   = 1 8 · 2( − 1)  = 2 1 (9 − 8 ) 
1 2
= 5
10 − 2 · 19 9 1
= 1024
5
− 1024
9
− 1
5
+ 2
9
= 4097
45
 
32. (1 + tan )2 sec   = (1 + 2 tan  + tan2 ) sec  
 
= [sec  + 2 sec  tan  + (sec2  − 1) sec ]  = (2 sec  tan  + sec3 ) 
= 2 sec  + 12 (sec  tan  + ln |sec  + tan |) +  [by Example 7.2.8]
 1  1  1   1
1 + 12 (12 + 4) − 3 3
33.  =  = 4−  = 4 − ln |3 + 1|
0 1 + 3 0 3 + 1 0 3 + 1 0
= (4 − ln 4) − (0 − 0) = 4 − ln 4
32 + 1 32 + 1   + 
34. = 2 = + 2 . Multiply by ( + 1)(2 + 1) to get
3 2
+ ++1 ( + 1)( + 1) +1  +1
32 + 1 = (2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1) ⇔ 32 + 1 = ( + )2 + ( + ) + ( + ). Substituting −1 for 
gives 4 = 2 ⇔  = 2. Equating coefficients of 2 gives 3 =  +  = 2 +  ⇔  = 1. Equating coefficients of 

gives 0 =  +  = 1 +  ⇔  = −1. Thus,
 1  1   1 
32 + 1 2 −1 2  1
3 2
 = +  = + − 
0  + ++1 0 +1 2 + 1 0 +1 2 + 1 2 + 1
 1
= 2 ln | + 1| + 12 ln(2 + 1) − tan−1  = (2 ln 2 + 12 ln 2 − 4 ) − (0 + 0 − 0)
0
5 
= 2
ln 2 − 4
°
  
1 1  1
35. Let  = 1 +  , so that  =   = ( − 1) . Then  = · =  = . Now
1 +   −1 ( − 1)
1  
= + ⇒ 1 = ( − 1) + . Set  = 1 to get 1 = . Set  = 0 to get 1 = −, so  = −1.
( − 1)  −1
  
−1 1
Thus,  = +  = − ln || + ln | − 1| +  = − ln(1 +  ) + ln  +  =  − ln(1 +  ) + .
 −1
Another method: Multiply numerator and denominator by − and let  = − + 1. This gives the answer in the
form − ln(− + 1) + .
 √  √ 
36. sin   = sin  · 2   [ = , 2 = , 2  =  ] =  sin   2

√ √ √
= 2 [− cos  + sin ] +  [integration by parts] = − 2  cos  + 2

sin  + 
 √ √
= −2  cos  + 2 sin  + 
√  
37. Use integration by parts with  = ln  +
2 − 1 ,  =  ⇒
  √ 2 
1  1  −1+ 1
 = √ 1+ √  = √ √  = √ ,  = . Then
2
+  −1 2
 −1 +  −1 2 2
 −1 2
 −1
           

ln  + 2 − 1  =  ln  + 2 − 1 − √  =  ln  + 2 − 1 − 2 − 1 + .
2
 −1
 

 − 1 if  − 1 ≥ 0  − 1 if  ≥ 0
38. | − 1| = 
=
−( − 1) if  − 1  0

if   0 1− 
2 0 2  0  2
Thus, −1 | − 1|  = −1 (1 −  )  + 0 ( − 1)  =  −  +  − 
−1 0
= (0 − 1) − (−1 − −1 ) + (2 − 2) − (1 − 0) = 2 + −1 − 3
39. As in Example 5,
   √ √    
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+   
√
 = ·√  = √  = √ + √ = sin−1  − 1 − 2 + .
1− 1− 1+ 1−2 1− 2 1− 2

Another method: Substitute  = (1 + )(1 − ).
     1
3
3 1    = 3,
40.  =  − 13  = − 13  = − 13 ( − 3 ) = 13 (3 − )
2  = −32  3
1 3
41. 3 − 2 − 2 = −(2 + 2 + 1) + 4 = 4 − ( + 1)2 . Let  + 1 = 2 sin ,

where − 2 ≤  ≤ 2 . Then  = 2 cos   and
√  
3 − 2 − 2  = 4 − ( + 1)2  = 4 − 4 sin2  2 cos  
 
= 4 cos2   = 2 (1 + cos 2) 
= 2 + sin 2 +  = 2 + 2 sin  cos  + 

  √
−1  + 1 +1 3 − 2 − 2
= 2 sin +2· · +
2 2 2
 
+1  + 1√
= 2 sin−1 + 3 − 2 − 2 + 
2 2
°
 2  2    2
1 + 4 cot  (1 + 4 cos  sin ) sin  sin  + 4 cos 
42.  = ·  = 
4 4 − cot  4 (4 − cos  sin ) sin  4 4 sin  − cos 
 4  
1  = 4 sin  − cos ,
= √

3 2 
 = (4 cos  + sin ) 
 4  
3 4 4√
= ln || √ = ln 4 − ln √ = ln √ = ln 2
3 2 2 3 2 3
 2

43. The integrand is an odd function, so  = 0 [by 5.5.7].
−2 1 + cos2 
  
1 + sin  (1 + sin )(1 − cos ) 1 − cos  + sin  − sin  cos 
44.  =  = 
1 + cos  (1 + cos )(1 − cos ) sin2 
 
cos  cos  
= csc2  − 2 + csc  − 
sin  sin 
s 1
= − cot  + + ln |csc  − cot | − ln |sin | +  [by Exercise 7.2.41]
sin 
1 − cos 
The answer can be written as − ln(1 + cos ) + .
sin 
 4 1  1
45. Let  = tan . Then  = sec2   ⇒ 0
tan3  sec2   = 0
3  = 1 4
4
 = 14 .
0
 3  3  3  3

sin  cot  1 1 1
46.  = cos2   = (1 + cos 2)  =  + sin 2
6 sec  6 2 6 2 2 6
 √   √ 
1  3  3 1  
= + − + = =
2 3 4 6 4 2 6 12
  
sec  tan  1 1
47. Let  = sec , so that  = sec  tan  . Then  =  =  = . Now
sec2  − sec  2 −  ( − 1)
1  
= + ⇒ 1 = ( − 1) + . Set  = 1 to get 1 = . Set  = 0 to get 1 = −, so  = −1.
( − 1)  −1
  
−1 1
Thus,  = +  = − ln || + ln | − 1| +  = ln |sec  − 1| − ln |sec | +  [or ln |1 − cos | + ].
 −1
48. Using product formula 2(a) in Section 7.2, sin 6 cos 3 = 12 [sin(6 − 3) + sin(6 + 3)] = 1
2 (sin 3 + sin 9). Thus,
   
1
0
sin 6 cos 3  = 0 2
(sin 3 + sin 9)  = 12 − 13 cos 3 − 1
9
cos 9
0
1
 1 1
    
= 2 3
+ 9
− − 13 − 19 = 12 49 + 49 = 4
9
 
49. Let  = ,  = tan2   = sec2  − 1  ⇒  =  and  = tan  − . So
 
 tan2   = (tan  − ) − (tan  − )  =  tan  − 2 − ln |sec | + 12 2 + 
=  tan  − 12 2 − ln |sec | + 
°
√
50. Let  = − 1, so that  = 2 + 1 and  = 2 . Thus,
  
1 2 1 √ 
√  =  = 2  = 2 tan−1  +  = 2 tan−1  − 1 + .
 −1 (2 + 1) 2 + 1
√ 1
51. Let  = , so that  = √ . Then
2 
 √       
  2 1 1  = 3
 = (2 ) = 2  = 2 
1 + 3 1 + 6 1 + (3 )2 1 + 2 3  = 32 
= 2
3 tan−1  +  = 2
3 tan−1 3 +  = tan−1 (32 ) + 
2
3
√
Another method: Let  = 32 so that 2 = 3 and  = 32 12  ⇒   = 2
3 . Then
 √  2
 2 2
3
 = 3
 = tan−1  +  = tan−1 (32 ) + .
1+ 1 + 2 3 3
√ 2
52. Let  = , so
1 +  . Then 2 = 1 +  , 2  =   = (2 − 1) , and  =
2 − 1
        
√ 2 22 2 1 1
1 +   =  · 2  =  = 2 +  = 2 + − 
 −1 2 − 1 2 − 1 −1 +1
√ √  √ 
= 2 + ln | − 1| − ln | + 1| +  = 2 1 +  + ln 1 +  − 1 − ln 1 +  + 1 + 
√
53. Let  =
, so that  = 2 and  = 2 . Thus,
     3 
 2 3  +1 −1
√  = (2 ) = 2  = 2  [or use long division]
1+  1+ 1+ +1
   
( + 1)(2 −  + 1) − 1 1
=2  = 2 2 −  + 1 − 
+1 +1
 
= 2 13 3 − 12 2 +  − ln | + 1| +  = 23 3 − 2 + 2 − 2 ln | + 1| + 
√ √ 
= 23 32 −  + 2  − 2 ln  + 1 + 
1 1
54. Use integration by parts with  = ( − 1) ,  =  ⇒  = [( − 1) +  ]  =  ,  = − . Then
2 
   
( − 1)  1  
2
 = ( − 1) − − −  = − + +  +  = + .
   
55. Let  =  − 1, so that  = . Then

   
3 ( − 1)−4  = ( + 1)3 −4  = (3 + 32 + 3 + 1)−4  = (−1 + 3−2 + 3−3 + −4 ) 
= ln || − 3−1 − 32 −2 − 13 −3 +  = ln | − 1| − 3( − 1)−1 − 32 ( − 1)−2 − 13 ( − 1)−3 + 
√ 1  √ 0√
56. Let  = 1 − 2 , so 2 = 1 − 2 , and 2  = −2 . Then 0  2 − 1 − 2  = 1 2 −  (− ).
√
Now let  = 2 − , so  2 = 2 − , and 2  = −. Thus,
  √  √
0 √ 2
2
2 4 √2
2 −  (− ) = (2 −  ) (2 ) = (4 2 − 2 4 )  = 3
 3 − 25  5 1
1 1 1
 √ √    √
= 83 2 − 85 2 − 43 − 25 = 16
15
2− 14
15
°
√
57. Let  = 4 + 1 ⇒ 2 = 4 + 1 ⇒ 2  = 4  ⇒  = 12  . So
    
1 1
   1  − 1
√  = 2
=2 
= 2 2 ln + [by Formula 19]
 4 + 1 1
4
( 2 − 1)  2 − 1  + 1
√ 
 4 + 1 − 1 
= ln √ +
4 + 1 + 1 
  1 
√    
58. As in Exercise 57, let  = 4 + 1. Then √ = 1 2
2 = 8 . Now
2 4 + 1 2
4 ( − 1)  (2 − 1)2
1 1    
= = + + + ⇒
(2 − 1)2 ( + 1)2 ( − 1)2 +1 ( + 1)2 −1 ( − 1)2
1 = ( + 1)( − 1)2 + ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 .  = 1 ⇒  = 14 ,  = −1 ⇒  = 14 .
Equating coefficients of 3 gives  +  = 0, and equating coefficients of 1 gives 1 =  +  −  +  ⇒
1 =+ 1
4 −+ 1
4 =  − . So  = and  =
⇒ 1
2 Therefore, 1
4 − 14 .
   
 14 14 −14 14
√ =8 + + + 
2 4 + 1 +1 ( + 1)2 −1 ( − 1)2
  
2 2
= + 2( + 1)−2 − + 2( − 1)−2 
+1 −1
2 2
= 2 ln | + 1| − − 2 ln | − 1| − +
+1 −1
√  2 √  2
= 2 ln 4 + 1 + 1 − √ − 2 ln 4 + 1 − 1 − √ +
4 + 1 + 1 4 + 1 − 1
√
59. Let 2 = tan  ⇒ = 1
2
tan ,  = 1
2
sec2  , 42 + 1 = sec , so
   
 1
2
sec2   sec 
√ = 1 =  = csc  
 42 + 1 2 tan  sec  tan 
= − ln |csc  + cot | +  [or ln |csc  − cot | + ]

√   √  
 42 + 1 1   42 + 1 1 
= − ln + +  or ln  − + 
2 2   2 2 
60. Let  = 2 . Then  = 2  ⇒

     
   1  1 1 
= = = − 2  = 1
2
ln || − 1
4
ln(2 + 1) + 
(4 + 1) 2 (4 + 1) 2 (2 + 1) 2   +1
 
1 2 1 4
 4 1 4
 1 4
= 2
ln( ) − 4
ln( + 1) +  = ln( ) − ln( + 1) +  = ln 4
4
+
4  +1

3 
Or: Write  = and let  = 4 .
4 (4 + 1)
   
1 2 2  = 2 ,  = sinh  ,
61. 2 sinh   =  cosh  −  cosh   1
   = 2  =  cosh 
    
1 2 2 1 1  = ,  = cosh  ,
=  cosh  −  sinh  − sinh   1
     =   =  sinh 
1 2 2 2
=  cosh  − 2  sinh  + 3 cosh  + 
  
°
  2 
62. ( + sin )2  =  + 2 sin  + sin2   = 13 3 + 2(sin  −  cos ) + 12 ( − sin  cos ) + 
= 13 3 + 12  + 2 sin  − 1
2 sin  cos  − 2 cos  + 
√   
 2  2
63. Let  = , so that  = 2 and  = 2 . Then √ = =  = .
+  2 + 2 ·  (1 + )
2  
Now = + ⇒ 2 = (1 + ) + . Set  = −1 to get 2 = −, so  = −2. Set  = 0 to get 2 = .
(1 + )  1+
   √  √ 
2 2
Thus,  = −  = 2 ln || − 2 ln |1 + | +  = 2 ln  − 2 ln 1 +  + .
 1+
√
64. Let  = , so that  = 2 and  = 2 . Then
   √
 2  2
√ √ = 2 ·
= 2
 = 2 tan−1  +  = 2 tan−1  + .
+   +  1 + 
√
65. Let  = 3
 + . Then  = 3 −  ⇒
 √  
 3
 +   = (3 − ) · 32  = 3 (6 − 3 )  = 37 7 − 34 4 +  = 37 ( + )73 − 34 ( + )43 + 
√  √  √
66. Let  = 2 − 1. Then  =  2 − 1 , 2 − 1 = 2 ,  = 2 + 1, so
   
 ln 
= √  = ln 2 + 1  = 12 ln(2 + 1) . Now use parts with  = ln(2 + 1),  = :
2 − 1
   
  2 2  1
 = 12  ln 2 + 1 −  = 1
2
 ln  + 1 − 1 − 
2 + 1 2 + 1
  √ √ √
= 12  ln 2 + 1 −  + tan−1  +  = 2 − 1 ln  − 2 − 1 + tan−1 2 − 1 + 
 √ 
Another method: First integrate by parts with  = ln ,  =  2 − 1  and then use substitution
 √ 
 = sec  or  = 2 − 1 .
1 1 1    + 
67. = 2 = = + + 2 . Multiply by
4 − 16 ( − 4)(2 + 4) ( − 2)( + 2)(2 + 4) −2 +2  +4
( − 2)( + 2)(2 + 4) to get 1 = ( + 2)(2 + 4) + ( − 2)(2 + 4) + ( + )( − 2)( + 2). Substituting 2 for 
gives 1 = 32 ⇔  = 1
32
. Substituting −2 for  gives 1 = −32 1
⇔  = − 32 . Equating coefficients of 3 gives
0 = ++ = 1
32
− 1
32
+ , so  = 0. Equating constant terms gives 1 = 8 − 8 − 4 = 1
4
+ 1
4
− 4, so
1
2
= −4 ⇔  = − 18 . Thus,
    
 132 132 18 1 1 1 1
= − − 2  = ln | − 2| − ln | + 2| − · tan−1 +
4 − 16 −2 +2  +4 32 32 8 2 2
   
1  − 2
= 
ln   − 1 tan−1  + 
32 +2  16 2
°
68. Let 2 = sec , so that 2  = sec  tan  . Then
  1 
 sec  tan  
2 2 tan  
√ = 1
√ =
2 42 − 1 4
sec2  sec2  − 1 sec  tan 

=2 cos   = 2 sin  + 
√ √
42 − 1 42 − 1
=2· + = +
2 
        
 1 1 − cos  1 − cos  1 − cos  1 cos 
69. = ·  =  =  = − 
1 + cos  1 + cos  1 − cos  1 − cos2  sin2  sin2  sin2 

= (csc2  − cot  csc )  = − cot  + csc  + 
Another method: Use the substitutions in Exercise 7.4.63.

     
 2(1 + 2 )  2  
= = =  =  +  = tan +
1 + cos  1 + (1 − 2 )(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) + (1 − 2 ) 2
      
 (1 cos2 )  sec2  sec2  1  = tan 
70. = =  =  = 
1 + cos2  (1 + cos2 ) cos2 
sec2  + 1 tan2  + 2 2 + 2  = sec2  
    
1 1 −1  1 tan 
= √ 2  = √ tan √ +  = √ tan−1 √ +
2 + 2 2 2 2 2
√ 1 √
71. Let  =  so that  = √  ⇒  = 2   = 2 . Then
2 
 √ √    
 = 2 2 ,  =  ,
    =  (2 ) = 2 2  
 = 4   = 
  
 = 4,  =  ,
= 2 2  − 4 
 = 4   = 
  
= 2 2  − 4 − 4  = 2 2  − 4 + 4 + 
 √  √
= 2( 2 − 2 + 2) +  = 2  − 2  + 2   + 
√
72. Let  =  + 1, so that  = ( − 1)2 and  = 2( − 1) . Then
   
1 2( − 1)  4 32 4 √  √
√  = √ = (212 − 2−12 )  =  − 412 +  =  + 1 32 − 4  + 1 + .
+1  3 3
73. Let  = cos2 , so that  = 2 cos  (− sin ) . Then
  
sin 2 2 sin  cos  1
 =  = (−) = − tan−1  +  = − tan−1 (cos2 ) + .
1 + cos4  1 + (cos2 )2 1 + 2
74. Let  = tan . Then
   √
 √ 2
3
ln(tan )  3
ln(tan ) 3
ln   √3
= sec2   =  = 12 (ln )2 1 = 12 ln 3 = 18 (ln 3)2 .
4 sin  cos  4 tan  1 
°
 √  √      √ 
1 1 +1−  
75. √ √  = √ √ · √ √  =  + 1 −  
+1+  +1+  +1− 
 
= 23 ( + 1)32 − 32 + 
   1  
2 2    = 3 
76.  = = 3
.
 + 33 + 2
6 ( + 1)(3 + 2)
3 ( + 1)( + 2)  = 32 
1  
Now = + ⇒ 1 = ( + 2) + ( + 1). Setting  = −2 gives  = −1. Setting  = −1
( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
gives  = 1. Thus,
   
1  1 1 1 1 1
= −  = ln | + 1| − ln | + 2| + 
3 ( + 1)( + 2) 3 +1 +2 3 3
   
= 13 ln 3 + 1 − 13 ln 3 + 2 + 
√
77. Let  = tan , so that  = sec2  ,  = 3 ⇒ = 3,

and  = 1 ⇒  = 4.

Then
 √
3
√  3  3  3  
1 + 2 sec  2 sec  (tan2  + 1) sec  tan2  sec 
 = 2
sec   =  = + 
1 2 4 tan  4 tan2  4 tan2  tan2 
 3  3
= (sec  + csc  cot )  = ln |sec  + tan | − csc 
4 4
  √    √  √  √  √   √ 
= ln 2 + 3 − √2
3
− ln  2 + 1 − 2 = 2 − √2
3
+ ln 2 + 3 − ln 1 + 2
78. Let  =  . Then  = ln ,  =  ⇒

     
1   23 13
 = = = − 
1 + 2 − − 1 + 2 − 1 22 +  − 1 2 − 1 +1
= 1
3 ln|2 − 1| − 1
3 ln | + 1| +  = 1
3 ln|(2 − 1)( + 1)| + 
79. Let  =  . Then  = ln ,  =  ⇒

     
2 2   1
 = =  = 1−  =  − ln|1 + | +  =  − ln(1 +  ) + .
1 +  1+  1+ 1+
80. Use parts with  = ln( + 1),  = 2 :

    
ln( + 1) 1  1 1 1
 = − ln( + 1) + = − ln( + 1) + − 
2  ( + 1)   +1
 
1 1
= − ln( + 1) + ln || − ln( + 1) +  = − 1 + ln( + 1) + ln || + 
 
1
81. Let  = arcsin , so that  = √  and  = sin . Then
1 − 2
 
 + arcsin 
√  = (sin  + )  = − cos  + 12 2 + 
1 − 2
√
= − 1 − 2 + 12 (arcsin )2 + 
°
    
4 + 10 4 10 2 5
82.  = +   = (2 + 5 )  = + +
2 2 2 ln 2 ln 5
    
    = ln  − 1,
83. = =
 ln  −  (ln  − 1)   = (1) 
= ln || +  = ln |ln  − 1| + 
   
2 tan2   = tan ,
84. √  = sec2  
2 + 1 sec   = sec2  
 
= tan2  sec   = (sec2  − 1) sec  

= (sec3  − sec ) 
= 12 (sec  tan  + ln |sec  + tan |) − ln |sec  + tan | +  [by (7.2.1) and Example 7.2.8]
 √ √ 
= 12 (sec  tan  − ln |sec  + tan |) +  = 1
2
 2 + 1 − ln( 2 + 1 + ) + 
√
85. Let  = 1 +  , so that  2 = 1 +  , 2  =  ,  =  2 − 1, and  = ln( 2 − 1). Then
  
 ln( 2 − 1)
√  = (2 ) = 2 [ln( + 1) + ln( − 1)] 
1 +  
= 2[( + 1) ln( + 1) − ( + 1) + ( − 1) ln( − 1) − ( − 1)] +  [by Example 7.1.2]
= 2[ ln( + 1) + ln( + 1) −  − 1 +  ln( − 1) − ln( − 1) −  + 1] + 
= 2[(ln( + 1) + ln( − 1)) + ln( + 1) − ln( − 1) − 2] + 

   √ 
2 +1 √   1 +  + 1 √ 
= 2  ln( − 1) + ln − 2 +  = 2 1 +  ln( ) + ln √ −2 1+ +
−1 1 +  − 1
√ √
√ 1 +  + 1 √ √ 1 +  + 1
= 2 1 +  + 2 ln √ 
− 4 1 +  +  = 2( − 2) 1 +  + 2 ln √ +
1+ −1 1 +  − 1
1 + sin  1 + sin  1 + sin  1 + 2 sin  + sin2  1 + 2 sin  + sin2  1 2 sin  sin2 

86. = · = 2 = 2
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
1 − sin  1 − sin  1 + sin  1 − sin  cos  cos  cos  cos
= sec2  + 2 sec  tan  + tan2  = sec2  + 2 sec  tan  + sec2  − 1 = 2 sec2  + 2 sec  tan  − 1
 
Thus, 1 + sin 
 = (2 sec2  + 2 sec  tan  − 1)  = 2 tan  + 2 sec  −  + 
1 − sin 
87. Let  = ,  = sin2  cos   ⇒  = ,  = 1

3
sin3 . Then
  
 sin2  cos   = 13  sin3  − sin3   = 13  sin3  − 13 (1 − cos2 ) sin  
1
3
  
1 1  = cos ,
=  sin3  + (1 −  2 ) 
3 3  = − sin  
= 13  sin3  + 13  − 19  3 +  = 13  sin3  + 1
3
cos  − 1
9
cos3  + 
°
  
sec  cos 2 sec  cos 2 2 cos  2 cos 2
88.  = ·  = 
sin  + sec  sin  + sec  2 cos  2 sin  cos  + 2
   
2 cos 2 1  = sin 2 + 2,
=  = 
sin 2 + 2   = 2 cos 2 
= ln || +  = ln |sin 2 + 2| +  = ln(sin 2 + 2) + 


   
√ 1 − sin  1 + sin  1 − sin2 
89. 1 − sin   = ·  = 
1 1 + sin  1 + sin 

 
cos2  cos  
=  = √ [assume cos   0]
1 + sin  1 + sin 
  
  = 1 + sin 
= √
  = cos  
√ √
= 2  +  = 2 1 + sin  + 
 √
Another method: Let  = sin  so that  = cos   = 1 − sin2   = 1 − 2 . Then
    
√ √  1 √ √
1 − sin   = 1− √ = √  = 2 1 +  +  = 2 1 + sin  + .
1 − 2 1+
  
sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 
90.  =  = 
sin4  + cos4  2
(sin )2 + (cos2 )2 (sin )2 + (1 − sin2 )2
2
    
1 1  = sin2 ,
= 
2 + (1 − )2 2  = 2 sin  cos  
 
1 1
=  = 
42 − 4 + 2 (42 − 4 + 1) + 1
   
1 1 1  = 2 − 1,
=  = 
(2 − 1)2 + 1 2 2 + 1  = 2 
= 1
2
tan−1  +  = 1
2
tan−1 (2 − 1) +  = 1
2
tan−1 (2 sin2  − 1) + 
Another solution:   
sin  cos  (sin  cos ) cos4  tan  sec2 
 =  = 
sin4  + cos4  (sin4  + cos4 ) cos4  tan4  + 1
    
1 1  = tan2 ,
=  2
2 + 1 2  = 2 tan  sec  
= 1
2
tan−1  +  = 1
2
tan−1 (tan2 ) + 
     √ √   3   3 
3 3
9−  9−  9−− 9 − 2
91. −  = √ −√  = √ √  = √ 
1  9− 1  9− 1  9− 1 9 − 2
 18      18  18
1  = 9 − 2
= √  = −12  = 212
  = (9 − 2)  8
8 8
√ √ √ √ √
= 2 18 − 2 8 = 6 2 − 4 2 = 2 2
°
  
1 1 1
92.  =  =   
(sin  + cos )2 sin2  + 2 sin  cos  + cos2  sin  2 sin  2
+ + 1 cos2 
cos2  cos 
  
1 1 sec2 
= 2 2
 = 2 2
 = 
cos  (tan  + 2 tan  + 1) cos  (tan  + 1) (tan  + 1)2
  
1  = tan  + 1 1 1
=  2 =− + =− +
2  = sec    tan  + 1
    
6 √ 6  6
93. 1 + sin 2  = sin2  + cos2  + 2 sin  cos   = (sin  + cos )2 
0 0 0
 6  6  
since integrand is
= |sin  + cos |  = (sin  + cos ) 
positive on [0 6]
0 0
 6  √3 1
 √
3− 3
= −cos  + sin  = − + − (−1 + 0) =
0 2 2 2
Alternate solution:
 6  √  6 
√ √ 6
1 − sin 2 1 − sin2 2
1 + sin 2  = 1 + sin 2 · √  = √ 
0 0 1 − sin 2 0 1 − sin 2
 6 √ 2  6  6
cos 2 |cos 2| cos 2
= √  = √  = √ 
0 1 − sin 2 0 1 − sin 2 0 1 − sin 2
 √
1 1− 32 −12
=−   [  = 1 − sin 2  = −2 cos 2  ]
2 1
 1−√32  √ 
= − 12 212 =1− 1− 32
1
 2  ln 2     ln 2
    =   
94. (a)  =   =   =  (ln 2)
   =  
1 0 0
       
3 ln 3 ln ln 3
1 1   = ln     =  
(b)  = ( ) 1 =  
ln    =    =  
2 ln 2  ln ln 2
 0  ln ln 3
 
=   +   [note that ln ln 2  0]
ln ln 2 0
 ln ln 3  ln ln 2
 
=   −   =  (ln ln 3) −  (ln ln 2)
0 0

Another method: Substitute  =  in the original integral.
2
95. The function  = 2 does have an elementary antiderivative, so we’ll use this fact to help evaluate the integral.
 2  2  2   2
  2
(22 + 1)  = 22   +   =  2  +  
 
2  2  2  = , = 2 ,
2
2
=  −   +   2
=  + 
 =  = 
°
SECTION 7.6 INTEGRATION USING TABLES AND TECHNOLOGY ¤ 745
7.6 Integration Using Tables and Technology

Keep in mind that there are several ways to approach many of these exercises, and different methods can lead to different forms of the answer.
 2  2  
80 sin(5 − 2) sin(5 + 2)  = 5
1. cos 5 cos 2  = +
0 2(5 − 2) 2(5 + 2) 0 =2
 2  
sin 3 sin 7 1 1 −7 − 3 5
= + = − − −0= =−
6 14 0 6 14 42 21
         1 2 1 1
1  1
113 − 1
−1 −
2.  − 2  = 1 2
2 2  −   = 1 2
2 2 − + 2
cos2 2
1
0 0 2 2 2 0
 1    
2 − 1 √ 1 1 1 1
=  − 2 + cos−1 (1 − 2) = 0 + ·  − 0 + · 0 = 
4 8 0 8 8 8
3. Let  = 2 , so that  = 2 . Thus,

     
87 1
 arcsin(2 )  = 1
2 sin−1   = 2
 sin−1  + 1 − 2 +  = 12 2 sin−1 (2 ) + 12 1 − 4 + .
  
tan  sin  c 1
4. √  = √  = √ (−)
2 + cos  cos  2 + cos   2+
√ √  √ √ 
57 1  2 +  − 2 1  2 + cos  − 2 
=− √ 
ln √ √  +  = − √ 
ln √ √ +
2  2 +  + 2 2  2 + cos  + 2 
5. Let  =  2 , so that  = 2 . Then,

     
5 4 1 2 26 1  4  
  =    = √  = 4 + 2 − ln  + 4 + 2 +
4 + 4 4 + 4 2 4 + 2 2 2 2
2    
= 4 +  4 − ln  2 + 4 +  4 + 
4
6. Let  = 3 , so that  = 32 . Thus,

 √6  √6  √ 2   √ 
 −5  −5 2 1  −5 41 1 √ −1 5
 = 3  =  = 2 −5− 5 cos +
 33 3  3 ||
√ √ 
1√ 6 5 5
=  −5− cos−1 +
3 3 |3 |
 8  4  
7. 0
arctan 2  = 1
2 0
arctan    = 2  = 2 
 4    
1
89 1 1   1 2
=  arctan  − ln(1 + 2 ) = arctan − ln 1 + −0
2 2 0 2 4 4 2 16
 
  1 2
= arctan − ln 1 +
8 4 4 16
    2 
2  31 
 16 
8. 2 4 − 2  = (22 − 4) 4 − 2 + sin−1 = 0+2· −0=
0 8 8 2 0 2
       
cos  1 1  − 3  
9.  = 
 = sin  20
= ln  +  = 1 ln sin  − 3  + 
sin2  − 9 2 − 9  = cos   2(3) +3  6  sin  + 3 
°
        
 1 1  + 2  
10.  = 
 =  , 19
= ln  +  = 1 ln  + 2  + 
4 − 2 4 − 2  =   2(2) −2  4   − 2

 √ 2  √ 2    
9 + 4  +4 1  = 3,
11.  = 
2 2 9 3  = 3 
 √  √  
4 + 2 24 4 + 2 2) + 
=3  = 3 − + ln( + 4 + 
2 
√ √
3 4 + 92 √ 92 + 4 √
=− 2
+ 3 ln(3 + 4 + 9 ) +  = − + 3 ln(3 + 92 + 4) + 
3 
√ √ √
12. Let  = 2  and  = 3. Then  = 2  and
  2  √ 2 √ 
√
2 − 3  − 2  2 − 2
 = 1 2
√ = 2 
2 2
 2 2
 √ 2 
42 √  − 2  √ 
= 2 − 
+ ln  +  −  2 2  +

  
√ 2 2 − 3 √  
 2 
= 2 − √ + ln  2  + 2 − 3 + 
2
 √ 
2 2 − 3 √   
=− + 2 ln  2  + 2 2 − 3 + 

       
74 74
13. 0 cos6   = 16 cos5  sin  + 56 0 cos4   = 0 + 56 1
4
cos3  sin  + 34 0 cos2  
0 0
   
64 5 3 1 1 5 3  5
= 6 0+ 4 2
 + 4
sin 2 = 6
· 4
· 2
= 16
0
 
 √ √  = 2 ,
14.  2 + 4  = 2 + 2 ( 12 )
 = 2 
 
21 1 √ 2  √  2 √ 1 √
= 2 + 2 + ln  + 2 + 2 +  = 2 + 4 + ln(2 + 2 + 4 ) + 
2 2 2 4 2
 √   √ 
arctan   = ,
15. √  = arctan  (2 ) √
  = 1(2 ) 
89   √ √
= 2  arctan  − 12 ln(1 + 2 ) +  = 2  arctan  − ln(1 + ) + 
       
84 85
16. 0
3 sin   = −3 cos  + 3 0 2 cos   = −3 (−1) + 3 2 sin  − 2 0  sin  
0 0
      
3 84 
= −6 0
 sin   =  − 6 − cos  + 0 cos   = 3 − 6[] − 6 sin 
3
0 0
3
=  − 6
   
coth(1)  = 1,
17.  = coth  (−)
2  = −12 
106
= − ln |sinh | +  = − ln |sinh(1)| + 
    
3 2 2  =  ,
18. √  = √ ( ) = √  
2 − 1 2 − 1 2 − 1  =  
44  √ 2  √  √  √ 
=  − 1 + 12 ln  + 2 − 1 +  = 12  2 − 1 + 1
2 ln  + 2 − 1 + 
2
°
√
19. Let  = 6 + 4 − 4 2 = 6 − (4 2 − 4 + 1) + 1 = 7 − (2 − 1)2 ,  = 2 − 1, and  = 7.
Then  = 2 − 2 ,  = 2 , and
   √  √  √ √
 6 + 4 − 4 2  =    = 12 ( + 1) 2 − 2 12  = 14  2 − 2  + 14 2 − 2 
√  √
= 14 2 − 2  − 18 (−2) 2 − 2 
 1  √  
30  √ 2 2  = 2 − 2 ,
=  − 2 + sin−1 −  
8 8  8  = −2 
2 − 1  7 2 − 1 1 2
= 6 + 4 − 4 2 + sin−1 √ − · 32 + 
8 8 7 8 3
2 − 1  7 2 − 1 1
= 6 + 4 − 4 2 + sin−1 √ − (6 + 4 − 4 2 )32 + 
8 8 7 12
This can be rewritten as
 
 1 1 7 2 − 1
6 + 4 − 4 2 (2 − 1) − (6 + 4 − 4 ) + sin−1 √
2
+
8 12 8 7
   
1 2 1 5  7 2 − 1
=  − − 6 + 4 − 4 2 + sin−1 √ +
3 12 8 8 7
 
1  7 2 − 1
= (8 2 − 2 − 15) 6 + 4 − 4 2 + sin−1 √ +
24 8 7
     
  1 2  −3 + 2   
20. =
50
= − + ln   +  = 1 + 2 ln  2 − 3  + 
3
2 − 3 2 2
 (−3 + 2) −3 (−3) 2    3 9   
21. Let  = sin . Then  = cos  , so

 
101 2+1
sin2  cos  ln(sin )  = 2 ln   = [(2 + 1) ln  − 1] +  = 19 3 (3 ln  − 1) + 
(2 + 1)2
= 1
9 sin3  [3 ln(sin ) − 1] + 
22. Let  = sin , so that  = cos  . Then

  
sin 2 2 sin  cos   55 2 √
√  = √  = 2 √  = 2 · 2
[−1 − 2(5)] 5 −  + 
5 − sin  5 − sin  5− 3(−1)
4
√ 4
√
= 3 (− − 10) 5 −  +  = − 3 (sin  + 10) 5 − sin  + 
    
sin 2 2 sin  cos  1  = cos2 
23. √  = √  = − √ 
cos4  + 4 cos4  + 4 2 + 4  = −2 sin  cos  
25  √   2 √ 
= ln  + 2 + 4 +  = − ln cos  + cos4  + 4 + 
24. Let  = 2 and  = 2. Then  = 2  and

2 √ 2  4 √
0
3 42 − 4  = 1
2 0
2 2 · 2 · 2 − (2 )2 · 2  =
0
 2 − 2  1
2
 2 2   −  4
114 2 −  − 3 √ 3
= 2 − 2 + cos−1
12 4  0
 2  4
2 − 2 − 12 √ 8 2−
= 4 − 2 + cos−1
12 4 2 0
 2  4
 −  − 6√ 2−
= 4 − 2 + 2 cos−1
6 2 0
= [0 + 2 cos−1 (−1)] − (0 + 2 cos−1 1) = 2 ·  − 2 · 0 = 2
°
 97  97 1  
25. 3 2  = 12 3 2 − 3
2
2 2  = 12 3 2 − 3
2
2 2
2  − 2 
96 1 
= 12 3 2 − 3
2
2 2
2  − 14 (2 − 1)2 + 
= 12 3 2 − 34 2 2 + 34 2 − 38 2 + 

 
= 12 2 3 − 32 2 + 32  − 34 + 
 
  1   = 2 ,
26. 3 arcsin(2 )  =  arcsin  2   = 2 
 √  √
90 1 22 − 1  1 − 2 24 − 1 2 1 − 4
= arcsin  + + = arcsin(2 ) + +
2 4 4 8 8
 74 1  68 1 1 
27. cos5   = 5
cos4  sin  + 4
5
cos3   = 5
cos4  sin  + 4
5 3
(2 + cos2 ) sin  + 
 
= 1
5
cos4  sin  + 8
15
sin  + 4
15
cos2  sin  +  = 1
5
sin  cos4  + 43 cos2  + 83 + 
28. Let  = ln , so that  = (1) . Thus,


 (ln )2 − 9  √ 2   
 −9 41 3
 =  = 2 − 9 − 3 cos−1 +
 ln   ||
  
2 −1 3
= (ln ) − 9 − 3 cos +
|ln |
   
cos−1 (−2 ) 1  = −2 
29.  = − cos−1  
3 2  = −2−3 
88  √  √
= − 12  cos−1  − 1 − 2 +  = − 12 −2 cos−1 (−2 ) + 12 1 − −4 + 
     
 1   =  ,
30. √ = √ 
1 − 2 1 − 2   =  ,  = 
 √   √   √ 
35 1  1 + 1 − 2   1 + 1 − 2 
 +  = − ln 1 + 1 − 
2
= − ln   +  = − ln 
  +
1   
31. Let  =  . Then  = ln ,  = , so

   √ 2  
 −1 41
2 − 1  =  = 2 − 1 − cos−1 (1) +  = 2 − 1 − cos−1 (− ) + .

  
s
32. sin 2 arctan(sin )  = 2 sin  cos  tan−1 (sin )  = 2  tan−1  
 2 
92  +1 
=2 tan−1  − +  = (sin2  + 1) tan−1 (sin ) − sin  + 
2 2
    
4 4 1 1  = 5 ,
33. √  =   = √  4
10 − 2 (5 )2 − 2 5 2 − 2  = 5 
43  √   √ 
= 15 ln + 2 − 2  +  = 15 ln5 + 10 − 2  + 
°
34. Let  = tan  and  = 3. Then  = sec2   and

  
sec2  tan2  2 34 √ 2 2
√  = √  = −  − 2 + sin−1 +
9 − tan2  2 − 2 2 2 
 
1 √ 9 tan 
= − tan  9 − tan2  + sin−1 +
2 2 3
35. Use disks about the axis:

  73  1   
 = 0
(sin2 )2  =  0
sin4   =  − 4 sin3  cos  0 + 3
4 0
sin2  
63       
=  0 + 34 12  − 1
4
sin 2 0 =  34 12  − 0 = 38 2
36. Use shells about the axis:

 1  √ 1   
90 22 − 1  1 − 2 1  1
 = 2 arcsin   = 2 sin−1  + = 2 · + 0 − 0 = 2
0 4 4 0 4 2 4
     
 1 2 1 2 2
37. (a)  +  − − 2 ln | + | +  = 3  + −
 3  +   ( + )2 ( + )
 
1 ( + )2 + 2 − ( + )2
=
3 ( + )2
 
1 3 2 2
= 3 2
=
 ( + ) ( + )2
− 1
(b) Let  =  +  ⇒  =  . Note that  = and  = .
 
   2   
2  1 ( − )2 1  − 2 + 2 1 2 2
= 3  =  = 1 − + 
( + )2  2 3 2 3  2
   
1 2 1 2
= 3  − 2 ln || − +  = 3  +  − − 2 ln | + | + 
    + 
 
  √ 4 
38. (a) (22 − 2 ) 2 − 2 + sin−1 + 
 8 8 
 − √   4 1
= (22 − 2 ) √ + 2 − 2 (4) + (22 − 2 ) 18 + 
8 2
 − 2 8 8 1 − 22
 2 
2 (22 − 2 ) √ 2  22 − 2 4
=− √ +  − 2 + + √
8 2 − 2 2 8 8 2 − 2
 2

 4
= 12 (2 − 2 )−12 − (22 − 2 ) + 2 (2 − 2 ) + 14 (2 − 2 )(22 − 2 ) +
4 4
= 12 (2 − 2 )−12 [22 2 − 24 ]
2 (2 − 2 ) √
= √ = 2 2 − 2
2
 − 2
°
(b) Let  =  sin  ⇒  =  cos  . Then

 2√   
 2 − 2  = 2 sin2   1 − sin2   cos   = 4 sin2  cos2  
 
= 4 12 (1 + cos 2) 12 (1 − cos 2)  = 14 4 (1 − cos2 2) 
   
= 14 4 1 − 12 (1 + cos 4)  = 14 4 12  − 18 sin 4 + 
   
= 14 4 12  − 18 · 2 sin 2 cos 2 +  = 14 4 12  − 12 sin  cos (1 − 2 sin2 ) + 
 √    √ 
4   2 − 2 22 4   2 − 2 2 − 22
= sin−1 − 1− 2 + = sin−1 − +
8     8    2
 √ 4 
(22 − 2 ) 2 − 2 +
= sin−1 + 
8 8 

39. Maple and Mathematica both give sec4   = 23 tan  + 13 tan  sec2 . Using Formula 77, we get
 
sec4   = 13 tan  sec2  + 23 sec2   = 13 tan  sec2  + 23 tan  + .

1 cos  3 cos  3
40. Maple gives  = csc5   = − − + ln(csc  − cot ). Mathematica gives
4 sin4  8 sin2  8
3  1  3  3  3  1 
=− csc2 − csc4 − log cos + log sin + sec2 + sec4
32 2 64 2 8 2 8 2 32 2 64 2
3   3 2  1 4 
= log sin − log cos + sec − csc2 + sec − csc4
8 2 2 32 2 2 64 2 2
   
3 sin(2) 3 1 1 1 1 1
= log + − + −
8 cos(2) 32 cos2 (2) sin2 (2) 64 cos4 (2) sin4 (2)
   
3  3 sin2 (2) − cos2 (2) 1 sin4 (2) − cos4 (2)
= log tan + +
8 2 32 cos2 (2) sin2 (2) 64 cos4 (2) sin4 (2)
1 − cos  1 + cos  2 cos 

sin2 (2) − cos2 (2) − − −4 cos 
Now = 2 2 = 2 =
cos2 (2) sin2 (2) 1 + cos  1 − cos  1 − cos 2
 sin2 
·
2 2 4
sin4 (2) − cos4 (2) sin2 (2) − cos2 (2) sin2 (2) + cos2 (2)
and =
cos4 (2) sin4 (2) cos2 (2) sin2 (2) cos2 (2) sin2 (2)
−4 cos  1 4 cos  4 16 cos 

= =− =−
sin2  1 + cos  · 1 − cos  sin2  1 − cos2  sin4 
2 2
Returning to the expression for , we get
   
3  3 −4 cos  1 −16 cos  3  3 cos  1 cos 
 = log tan + + = log tan − − ,
8 2 32 sin2  64 sin4  8 2 8 sin2  4 sin4 
so all are equivalent.
Now use Formula 78 to get
    
5 −1 3 3 3 1 cos  1 3 −1 1
csc   = cot  csc  + csc   = − + cot  csc  + csc  
4 4 4 sin  sin3  4 2 2

1 cos  3 cos  1 3 1 cos  3 cos  3
=− − + csc   = − − + ln |csc  − cot | + 
4 sin4  8 sin  sin  8 4 sin4  8 sin2  8
°
    
41. Maple gives 2 22 + 2  = 14 (2 + 4)32 − 12  2 + 4 − 2 arcsinh 12  . Applying the command
convert(%,ln); yields
√  √     √  
1
4
(2 + 4)32 − 12  2 + 4 − 2 ln 12  + 1
2
2 + 4 = 14 (2 + 4)12 (2 + 4) − 2 − 2 ln  + 2 + 4 2
√ √ 
= 14 (2 + 2) 2 + 4 − 2 ln 2 + 4 +  + 2 ln 2
√
Mathematica gives 14 (2 + 2 ) 3 + 2 − 2 arcsinh(2). Applying the TrigToExp and Simplify commands gives
 √   √  √  √ 
1
4
(2 + 2 ) 4 + 2 − 8 log 12  + 4 + 2 = 14 (2 + 2) 2 + 4 − 2 ln  + 4 + 2 + 2 ln 2, so all are
equivalent (without constant).

   √ 24  √ 
2 22 + 2  = (22 + 22 ) 22 + 2 − ln  + 22 + 2 + 
8 8
 √  √ 
= (2)(2 + 2 ) 4 + 2 − 2 ln  + 4 + 2 + 
8
√ √ 
= 14 (2 + 2) 2 + 4 − 2 ln 2 + 4 +  + 

1 3 1 3
42. Maple gives  = ln(3 + 2) −  − ln( ), whereas Mathematica gives
 (3 + 2) 4 2 4
  
− 3 − − 3 3 + 2 − 3 ln(3 + 2) − 3 3
− + log(3 + 2 ) = − + log 
=− + 
=− + ln(3 + 2) − ,
2 4 2 4  2 4 ln  2 4 4
so both are equivalent. Now let  =  , so  =   and  = . Then

    
1 1  1 50 1 3  2 + 3 
 = =  = − + ln  +
 (3 + 2) (3 + 2)  2 (2 + 3) 2 22   
1 3 3 1 3 3
=− + ln(2 + 3 ) − ln  +  = −  + ln(3 + 2) −  + 
2 4 4 2 4 4

sin  cos3  3 sin  cos  3
43. Maple gives cos4   = + + , whereas Mathematica gives
4 8 8
3 1 1 3 1 1
+ sin(2) + sin(4) = + (2 sin  cos ) + (2 sin 2 cos 2)
8 4 32 8 4 32
3 1 1
= + sin  cos  + [2 sin  cos  (2 cos2  − 1)]
8 2 16
3 1 1 1
= + sin  cos  + sin  cos3  − sin  cos ,
8 2 4 8
so both are equivalent.
Using tables,
 74 1  64 1 1 
cos4   = 4
cos3  sin  + 3
4
cos2   = 4
cos3  sin  + 3
4 2
+ 1
4
sin 2 + 
= 1
4
cos3  sin  + 38  + 3
16
(2 sin  cos ) +  = 1
4
cos3  sin  + 38  + 3
8
sin  cos  + 
°
44. Maple gives

    1  1
2 1 − 2  = − (1 − 2 )32 + 1 − 2 + arcsin  = (1 − 2 )12 [−2(1 − 2 ) + 1] + arcsin 
4 8 8 8 8
 1
= (1 − 2 )12 (22 − 1) + arcsin 
8 8
 √ 
and Mathematica gives 1
8
 1 − 2 (−1 + 22 ) + arcsin  , so both are equivalent.

  
 1
2 1 − 2  = (22 − 1) 1 − 2 + sin−1  + 
8 8

45. Maple gives tan5   = 1
4
tan4  − 1
2
tan2  + 1
2
ln(1 + tan2 ), and Mathematica gives

tan5   = 14 [−1 − 2 cos(2)] sec4  − ln(cos ). These expressions are equivalent, and neither includes absolute value
bars or a constant of integration. Note that Mathematica’s expression suggests that the integral is undefined where cos   0,
  
which is not the case. Using Formula 75, tan5   = 5 − 1
1 tan
5−1
 − tan5−2   = 14 tan4  − tan3  . Using
 
Formula 69, tan3   = 1
2
tan2  + ln |cos | + , so tan5   = 1
4
tan4  − 1
2
tan2  − ln |cos | + .
 √  √ √ 
1 2 3 3 3
46. Maple and Mathematica both give  √  =  + 1 3 2 − 4  + 8 . [Maple adds a
1+ 3 5
 √
5 . We’ll change the form of the integral by letting  =
constant of − 16 3
, so that 3 =  and 32  = . Then
   
1 32  56 2  2 2 2 √
 √  = √ =3 8(1) + 3(1)  − 4(1)(1) 1 +  +
1+ 3 1+ 15(1)3
√  √ √  √
3 3
= 25 (8 + 32 − 4) 1 +  +  = 25 8 + 3 2 − 4  1+ 3+
   √   √ 
1 35 1  1 + 1 − 2   1 + 1 − 2 
47. (a)  () =  ()  = √  = − ln   +  = − ln 

 + .

 1 − 2 1  
 
 has domain  |  6= 0, 1 − 2  0 = { |  6= 0, ||  1} = (−1 0) ∪ (0 1).  has the same domain.
 √   √ 
(b) Mathematica gives  () = ln  − ln 1 + 1 − 2 . Maple gives  () = − arctanh 1 1 − 2 . This function has
  √    √    √ 
domain   ||  1 −1  1 1 − 2  1 =   ||  1, 1 1 − 2  1 =   ||  1 1 − 2  1 = ∅,
the empty set! If we apply the command convert(%,ln); to Maple’s answer, we get
   
1 1 1 1
− ln √ +1 + ln 1 − √ , which has the same domain, ∅.
2 1 − 2 2 1 − 2
 
48. Neither Maple nor Mathematica is able to evaluate (1 + ln ) 1 + ( ln )2 . However, if we let  =  ln , then
√
 = (1 + ln )  and the integral is simply 1 + 2 , which any CAS can evaluate. The antiderivative is
   
1
2
ln  ln  + 1 + ( ln )2 + 12  ln  1 + ( ln )2 + .
°
DISCOVERY PROJECT PATTERNS IN INTEGRALS ¤ 753
DISCOVERY PROJECT Patterns in Integrals
1. (a) The CAS results are listed. Note that the absolute value symbols are missing, as is the familiar “ +  ”.
 
1 1 ln( + 1) ln( + 5)
(i)  = ln( + 2) − ln( + 3) (ii)  = −
( + 2)( + 3) ( + 1)( + 5) 4 4
 
1 ln( − 5) ln( + 2) 1 1
(iii)  = − (iv)  = −
( + 2)( − 5) 7 7 ( + 2)2 +2
(b) If  6= , it appears that ln( + ) is divided by  −  and ln( + ) is divided by  − , so we guess that

1 ln( + ) ln( + )
 = + + . If  = , as in part (a)(iv), it appears that
( + )( + ) − −

1 1
 = − + .
( + )2 +
1  
(c) The CAS verifies our guesses. Now = + ⇒ 1 = ( + ) + ( + )
( + )( + ) + +
Setting  = − gives  = 1( − ) and setting  = − gives  = 1( − ). So
   
1 1( − ) 1( − ) ln | + | ln | + |
 = +  = + +
( + )( + ) + + − −
1 1
and our guess for  6=  is correct. If  = , then = = ( + )−2 . Letting  =  +  ⇒
( + )( + ) ( + )2
 
1 1
 = , we have ( + )−2  = −2  = − + =− + , and our guess for  =  is also correct.
 +
 
cos  cos 3 cos 4 cos 10
2. (a) (i) sin  cos 2  = − (ii) sin 3 cos 7  = −
2 6 8 20

cos 11 cos 5
(iii) sin 8 cos 3  = − −
22 10
(b) Looking at the sums and differences of  and  in part (a), we guess that

cos(( − )) cos(( + ))
sin  cos   = − +
2( − ) 2( + )
Note that cos(( − )) = cos(( − )).
(c) The CAS verifies our guess. Again, we can prove that the guess is correct by differentiating:
 
 cos(( − )) cos(( + )) 1 1
− = [− sin(( − ))]( − ) − [− sin(( + ))]( + )
 2( − ) 2( + ) 2( − ) 2( + )
1 1
= 2
sin( − ) + 2
sin( + )
= 12 (sin  cos  − cos  sin ) + 12 (sin  cos  + cos  sin )
= sin  cos 
Our formula is valid for  6= .

 
3. (a) (i) ln   =  ln  −  (ii)  ln   = 12 2 ln  − 14 2
 
(iii) 2 ln   = 13 3 ln  − 19 3 (iv) 3 ln   = 14 4 ln  − 1 4
16


(v) 7 ln   = 18 8 ln  − 64 1 8

°
 1 1
(b) We guess that  ln   = +1 ln  − +1 .
+1 ( + 1)2
 1
(c) Let  = ln ,  =   ⇒  = , = +1 . Then
 +1
 
1 1 1 1 1
 ln   = +1 ln  −   = +1 ln  − · +1 ,
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1
which verifies our guess. We must have  + 1 6= 0 ⇔  6= −1.

 
4. (a) (i)   =  ( − 1) (ii) 2   =  (2 − 2 + 2)
 
(iii) 3   =  (3 − 32 + 6 − 6) (iv) 4   =  (4 − 43 + 122 − 24 + 24)
  
(v) 5   =  5 − 54 + 203 − 602 + 120 − 120
(b) Notice from part (a) that we can write


4   =  (4 − 43 + 4 · 32 − 4 · 3 · 2 + 4 · 3 · 2 · 1)

and 5   =  (5 − 54 + 5 · 43 − 5 · 4 · 32 + 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 − 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1)
So we guess that

6   =  (6 − 65 + 6 · 54 − 6 · 5 · 43 + 6 · 5 · 4 · 32 − 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 + 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1)
=  (6 − 65 + 304 − 1203 + 3602 − 720 + 720)
The CAS verifies our guess.
(c) From the results in part (a), as well as our prediction in part (b), we speculate that
    !
   =   − −1 + ( − 1)−2 − ( − 1)( − 2)−3 + · · · ± ! ∓ ! =  (−1)−  .
=0 !
(We have reversed the order of the polynomial’s terms.)
 
 ! 
(d) Let  be the statement that    =  (−1)− .
=0 !
1 is true by part (a)(i). Suppose  is true for some , and consider +1 . Integrating by parts with  = +1 ,
 =   ⇒  = ( + 1) ,  =  , we get

 
   !
+1   = +1  − ( + 1)    = +1  − ( + 1)  (−1)− 
=0 !
   
 +1 
− !   +1  
−+1 ( + 1)! 
=  − ( + 1) (−1)  =  + (−1) 
=0 ! =0 !

+1 ( + 1)! 
=  (−1)(+1)− 
=0 !
This verifies  for  =  + 1. Thus, by mathematical induction,  is true for all , where  is a positive integer.
°
SECTION 7.7 APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION ¤ 755
7.7 Approximate Integration
1. (a) ∆ = ( − ) = (4 − 0)2 = 2


2
2 =  (−1 ) ∆ =  (0 ) · 2 +  (1 ) · 2 = 2 [ (0) +  (2)] = 2(05 + 25) = 6
=1

2
2 =  ( ) ∆ =  (1 ) · 2 +  (2 ) · 2 = 2 [ (2) + (4)] = 2(25 + 35) = 12
=1

2
2 = ( )∆ =  (1 ) · 2 +  (2 ) · 2 = 2 [ (1) +  (3)] ≈ 2(16 + 32) = 96
=1
(b) 2 is an underestimate, since the area under the small rectangles is less than
the area under the curve, and 2 is an overestimate, since the area under the
large rectangles is greater than the area under the curve. It appears that 2
is an overestimate, though it is fairly close to . See the solution to
Exercise 47 for a proof of the fact that if  is concave down on [ ], then

the Midpoint Rule is an overestimate of   () .
1 
(c) 2 = 2 ∆ [(0 ) + 2(1 ) +  (2 )] = 22 [ (0) + 2 (2) + (4)] = 05 + 2(25) + 35 = 9.
This approximation is an underestimate, since the graph is concave down. Thus, 2 = 9  . See the solution to
Exercise 47 for a general proof of this conclusion.
(d) For any , we will have          .

2
2. The diagram shows that 4  4  0  ()   4 , and it appears that
2
4 is a bit less than 0  () . In fact, for any function that is concave
2
upward, it can be shown that     0  ()      .
(a) Since 09540  08675  08632  07811, it follows that  = 09540,  = 08675,  = 08632,
and  = 07811.
2 2
(b) Since   0  ()    , we have 08632  0  ()   08675.
 
3.  () = cos 2 , ∆ = 1−0
4
= 1
4
       
(a) 4 = 1
(0) + 2 14 + 2 24 + 2 34 +  (1) ≈ 0895759
4·2
        
(b) 4 = 14  18 +  38 +  58 +  78 ≈ 0908907
The graph shows that  is concave down on [0 1]. So 4 is an
underestimate and 4 is an overestimate. We can conclude that

1  
0895759  0 cos 2   0908907.
°
 
4. (a)  () = sin 12 2 . Since  is increasing on [0 1], 2 will underestimate 
(since the area of the darkest rectangle is less than the area under the
curve), and 2 will overestimate . Since  is concave upward on [0 1],
2 will underestimate  and 2 will overestimate  (the area under the
straight line segments is greater than the area under the curve).
(b) For any , we will have          .


5
(c) 5 =  (−1 ) ∆ = 15 [ (00) +  (02) +  (04) +  (06) +  (08)] ≈ 01187
=1

5
5 =  ( ) ∆ = 15 [ (02) +  (04) +  (06) + (08) +  (1)] ≈ 02146
=1

5
5 = ( ) ∆ = 15 [ (01) +  (03) + (05) +  (07) +  (09)] ≈ 01622
=1
1 
5 = 2
∆ [(0) + 2 (02) + 2 (04) + 2 (06) + 2 (08) + (1)] ≈ 01666
From the graph, it appears that the Midpoint Rule gives the best approximation. (This is in fact the case,
since  ≈ 016371405.)
− −0 
5. (a)  () =  sin , ∆ = = =
 6 6
            
  3 5 7 9 11
6 =  + + + + +  3177769
6 12 12 12 12 12 12
           
 2 3 4 5 6
(b) 6 =  (0) + 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 +  3142949
6·3 6 6 6 6 6 6
  
Actual:  = 0  sin   = − cos  + sin  [ use parts with  =  and  = sin   ]
0
= (−(−1) − 0) − (0 + 0) =   3141593
Errors:  = actual − 6  3141593 − 3177769  −0036176
 = actual − 6  3141593 − 3142949  −0001356
 − 2−0 1
6. (a)  () = √ , ∆ = = =
1 + 2  8 4
                
8 = 14  18 +  38 +  58 +  78 +  98 +  11 8
+  13
8
+  15
8
 1238455
                
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(b) 8 =  (0) + 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 +
4·3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 1236147
 2  2

Actual:  = √  = 1 + 2 [  = 1 + 2 ,  = 2  ]
0 1 + 2 0
√ √ √
= 1 + 4 − 1 = 5 − 1  1236068
Errors:  = actual − 8  1236068 − 1238455  −0002387
 = actual − 8  1236068 − 1236147  −0000079
°
√ − 1−0 1
7.  () = 1 + 3 , ∆ = = =
 4 4
(a) 4 = 4 · 2 [ (0) + 2 (025) + 2 (05) + 2 (075) +  (1)]  1116993
1
(b) 4 = 14 [ (0125) +  (0375) + (0625) +  (0875)]  1108667
(c) 4 = 1
4·3
[(0) + 4 (025) + 2 (05) + 4 (075) +  (1)]  1111363
√ − 4−1 3 1
8.  () = sin , ∆ = = = =
 6 6 2
(a) 6 = 2 1· 2 [ (1) + 2 (15) + 2 (2) + 2(25) + 2(3) + 2 (35) +  (4)]  2873085
(b) 6 = 12 [ (125) +  (175) +  (225) +  (275) +  (325) +  (375)]  2884712
(c) 6 = 1
2·3
[(1) + 4 (15) + 2 (2) + 4 (25) + 2 (3) + 4 (35) + (4)]  2880721
√  − 1−0 1
9.  () =  − 1, ∆ = = =
 10 10
(a) 10 = 101· 2 [ (0) + 2 (01) + 2 (02) + 2 (03) + 2 (04) + 2 (05) + 2 (06)
+ 2 (07) + 2 (08) + 2 (09) + (1)]
 0777722
(b) 10 = 1
10 [ (005) +  (015) +  (025) +  (035) +  (045) +  (055)
+  (065) +  (075) +  (085) +  (095)]
 0784958
(c) 10 = 1
10 · 3
[ (0) + 4 (01) + 2 (02) + 4 (03) + 2 (04) + 4 (05) + 2 (06)
+ 4 (07) + 2 (08) + 4 (09) + (1)]
 0780895
√ − 2−0 2 1
10.  () =3
1 − 2 , ∆ = = = =
 10 10 5
(a) 10 = 5 1· 2 [ (0) + 2 (02) + 2 (04) + 2 (06) + 2 (08) + 2 (1)
+ 2(12) + 2(14) + 2(16) + 2(18) +  (2)]
 −0186646
(b) 10 = 15 [ (01) +  (03) +  (05) +  (07) +  (09) +  (11) +  (13) + (15) +  (17) +  (19)]
 −0184073
(c) 10 = 1
5 · 3 [(0) + 4 (02) + 2 (04) + 4 (06) + 2 (08) + 4 (1) + 2 (12)
+ 4 (14) + 2 (16) + 4 (18) +  (2)]
 −0183984
2−(−1)
11.  () = +cos  , ∆ = 6
= 1
2
(a) 6 = 1
2
[ (−10) + 2 (−05) + 2 (0) + 2 (05) + 2 (1) + 2 (15) +  (20)]  10185560
(b) 6 = 1
2
[(−075) +  (−025) + (025) + (075) + (125) + (175)]  10208618
(c) 6 = 1
2·3
[ (−10) + 4(−05) + 2 (0) + 4 (05) + 2 (10) + 4 (15) +  (20)]  10201790
°
12.  () = 1 , ∆ = 3−1

8 = 1
4
             
(a) 8 = 1
 (1) + 2 54 + 2 32 + 2 74 + 2 (2) + 2 94 + 2 52 + 2 11
4·2 4
+ (3)  3534934
                
(b) 8 = 14  98 +  118
+  13
8
+  15
8
+  17
8
+  19
8
+  21
8
+  23
8
 3515248
             
(c) 8 = 1
4·3
 (1) + 4 54 + 2 32 + 4 74 + 2(2) + 4 94 + 2 52 + 4 11
4
+  (3)  3522375
√
13.  () =  cos , ∆ = 4−0
8
= 1
2
         
(a) 8 = 1
 (0) + 2 12 + 2(1) + 2 32 + 2 (2) + 2 52 + 2(3) + 2 72 +  (4)  −2364034
2·2
                
(b) 8 = 12  14 +  34 +  54 +  74 +  94 +  11 4
+  13
4
+  15
4
 −2310690
         
(c) 8 = 1
2·3
 (0) + 4 12 + 2 (1) + 4 32 + 2 (2) + 4 52 + 2 (3) + 4 72 +  (4)  −2346520
1 3−2 1
14.  () = , ∆ = =
ln  10 10
(a) 10 = 1
10 · 2
{ (2) + 2[ (21) +  (22) + · · · +  (29)] +  (3)}  1119061
(b) 10 = 1
10 [ (205) +  (215) + · · · +  (285) +  (295)]  1118107
(c) 10 = 1
10 · 3
[ (2) + 4 (21) + 2 (22) + 4 (23) + 2 (24) + 4 (25) + 2 (26)
+ 4 (27) + 2 (28) + 4 (29) +  (3)]  1118428
2 1−0 1
15.  () = , ∆ = =
1 + 4 10 10
(a) 10 = 1
10 · 2
{ (0) + 2[ (01 +  (02) + · · · +  (09)] +  (1)}  0243747
(b) 10 = 1
10 [ (005) +  (015) + · · · +  (085) +  (095)]  0243748
(c) 10 = 1
10 · 3
[ (0) + 4 (01) + 2 (02) + 4 (03) + 2 (04) + 4 (05) + 2 (06)
+ 4 (07) + 2 (08) + 4 (09) + (1)]  0243751
1
Note: 0
 ()   024374775. This is a rare case where the Trapezoidal and Midpoint Rules give better approximations
than Simpson’s Rule.
sin  3−1 1
16.  () = , ∆ = =
 4 2
(a) 4 = 1
2·2
[ (1) + 2 (15) + 2 (2) + 2(25) +  (3)]  0901645
(b) 4 = 12 [ (125) +  (175) +  (225) +  (275)]  0903031
(c) 4 = 1
2·3
[(1) + 4 (15) + 2 (2) + 4 (25) +  (3)]  0902558
17.  () = ln(1 +  ), ∆ = 4−0

8
= 1
2
(a) 8 = 1
2·2
{ (0) + 2[ (05) +  (1) + · · · + (3) +  (35)] +  (4)}  8814278
(b) 8 = 12 [ (025) +  (075) + · · · +  (325) +  (375)]  8799212
(c) 8 = 1
2 · 3 [(0) + 4 (05) + 2 (1) + 4 (15) + 2 (2) + 4 (25) + 2 (3) + 4 (35) +  (4)]  8804229
°
√
18.  () =  + 3 , ∆ = 1−0
10 = 1
10
(a) 10 = 1
2·2
{ (0) + 2[(01) +  (02) + · · · +  (08) +  (09)] +  (1)}  0787092
(b) 10 = 12 [ (005) +  (015) + · · · +  (085) +  (095)]  0793821
(c) 10 = 1
2·3
[(0) + 4 (01) + 2 (02) + 4 (03) + 2 (04) + 4 (05) + 2 (06)
+ 4 (07) + 2 (08) + 4 (09) +  (1)]
 0789915
19.  () = cos(2 ), ∆ = 1−0

8
= 1
8
        
(a) 8 = 1
8·2
 (0) + 2  18 +  28 + · · · +  78 +  (1) ≈ 0902333
1
 1 3 5  
8 = 8
 16 +  16 +  16 + · · · +  15
16
= 0905620
(b)  () = cos(2 ),  0 () = −2 sin(2 ),  00 () = −2 sin(2 ) − 42 cos(2 ). For 0 ≤  ≤ 1, sin and cos are positive,
 
so | 00 ()| = 2 sin(2 ) + 42 cos(2 ) ≤ 2 · 1 + 4 · 1 · 1 = 6 since sin(2 ) ≤ 1 and cos 2 ≤ 1 for all ,
and 2 ≤ 1 for 0 ≤  ≤ 1. So for  = 8, we take  = 6,  = 0, and  = 1 in Theorem 3, to get
| | ≤ 6 · 13 (12 · 82 ) = 1
128
= 00078125 and | | ≤ 1
256
= 000390625. [A better estimate is obtained by noting
from a graph of  00 that | 00 ()| ≤ 4 for 0 ≤  ≤ 1.]
( − )3 6(1 − 0)3

(c) Take  = 6 [as in part (b)] in Theorem 3. | | ≤ ≤ 00001 ⇔ ≤ 10−4 ⇔
122 122
1 1
≤ 4 ⇔ 22 ≥ 104 ⇔ 2 ≥ 5000 ⇔  ≥ 71. Take  = 71 for  . For  , again take  = 6 in
22 10
Theorem 3 to get | | ≤ 10−4 ⇔ 42 ≥ 104 ⇔ 2 ≥ 2500 ⇔  ≥ 50. Take  = 50 for  .
20.  () = 1 , ∆ = 2−1

10 = 1
10
(a) 10 = 1
10 · 2
[ (1) + 2(11) + 2 (12) + · · · + 2(19) +  (2)] ≈ 2021976
1
10 = 10 [ (105) +  (115) +  (125) + · · · +  (195)] ≈ 2019102
1 1 00 2 + 1 1
(b)  () = 1 ,  0 () = −  ,  () =  . Now  00 is decreasing on [1 2], so let  = 1 to take  = 3.
2 4
3(2 − 1)3  | | 
| | ≤ = ≈ 0006796. | | ≤ = ≈ 0003398.
12(10)2 400 2 800
( − )3 3(2 − 1)3

(c) Take  = 3 [as in part (b)] in Theorem 3. | | ≤ ≤ 00001 ⇔ ≤ 10−4 ⇔
122 122
 1 104 
≤ 4 ⇔ 2 ≥ ⇔  ≥ 83. Take  = 83 for  . For  , again take  = 3 in Theorem 3 to get
42 10 4
104 
| | ≤ 10−4 ⇔ 2 ≥ ⇔  ≥ 59. Take  = 59 for  .
8
°
21.  () = sin , ∆ = −0

10 = 
10
      
(a) 10 = 
10 · 2
 (0) + 2 10 + 2 2
10
+ · · · + 2 9
10
+  () ≈ 1983524

       
10 = 10
 20 +  3
20
+  5
20
+ · · · +  19
20
≈ 2008248

        
10 = 10 · 3
(0) + 4 10 + 2 2
10
+ 4 3
10
+ · · · + 4 9
10
+ () ≈ 2000110
  
Since  = 0
sin   = − cos  0 = 1 − (−1) = 2,  =  − 10 ≈ 0016476,  =  − 10 ≈ −0008248,
and  =  − 10 ≈ −0000110.

 
 
(b)  () = sin  ⇒  () () ≤ 1, so take  = 1 for all error estimates.
( − )3 1( − 0)3 3 | | 3

| | ≤ 2
= 2
= ≈ 0025839. | | ≤ = ≈ 0012919.
12 12(10) 1200 2 2400
( − )5 1( − 0)5 5

| | ≤ 4
= 4
= ≈ 0000170.
180 180(10) 1,800,000
The actual error is about 64% of the error estimate in all three cases.
3 1 105  3
(c) | | ≤ 000001 ⇔ ≤ 5 ⇔ 2 ≥ ⇒  ≥ 5083. Take  = 509 for .
122 10 12
3 1 105 3
| | ≤ 000001 ⇔ ≤ 5 ⇔ 2 ≥ ⇒  ≥ 3594. Take  = 360 for .
242 10 24
5 1 105 5
| | ≤ 000001 ⇔ ≤ 5 ⇔ 4 ≥ ⇒  ≥ 203.
1804 10 180
Take  = 22 for  (since  must be even).
76(1)5 76
22. From Example 7(b), we take  = 76 to get | | ≤ ≤ 000001 ⇒ 4 ≥ ⇒  ≥ 184.
1804 180(000001)
Take  = 20 (since  must be even).
23. (a) Using a CAS, we differentiate  () = cos  twice, and find that
 00 () = cos  (sin2  − cos ). From the graph, we see that the maximum
value of | 00 ()| occurs at the endpoints of the interval [0 2].
Since  00 (0) = −, we can use  =  or  = 28.
(b) A CAS gives 10 ≈ 7954926518. (In Maple, use Student[Calculus1][RiemannSum]or

Student[Calculus1][ApproximateInt].)
(2 − 0)3
(c) Using Theorem 3 for the Midpoint Rule, with  = , we get | | ≤ ≈ 0280945995.
24 · 102
28(2 − 0)3
With  = 28, we get | | ≤ = 0 289391916.
24 · 102
(d) A CAS gives  ≈ 7954926521.
(e) The actual error is only about 3 × 10−9 , much less than the estimate in part (c).
°
(f) We use the CAS to differentiate twice more, and then graph
 (4) () = cos  (sin4  − 6 sin2  cos  + 3 − 7 sin2  + cos ).
 
 
From the graph, we see that the maximum value of  (4) () occurs at the
endpoints of the interval [0 2]. Since  (4) (0) = 4, we can use  = 4
or  = 109.
(g) A CAS gives 10 ≈ 7953789422. (In Maple, use Student[Calculus1][ApproximateInt].)
4(2 − 0)5
(h) Using Theorem 4 with  = 4, we get | | ≤ ≈ 0059153618.
180 · 104
109(2 − 0)5
With  = 109, we get | | ≤ ≈ 0059299814.
180 · 104
(i) The actual error is about 7954926521 − 7953789422 ≈ 000114. This is quite a bit smaller than the estimate in part (h),
though the difference is not nearly as great as it was in the case of the Midpoint Rule.
4(2)5 4(2)5
( j) To ensure that | | ≤ 00001, we use Theorem 4: | | ≤ ≤ 00001 ⇒ ≤ 4 ⇒
180 · 4 180 · 00001
4 ≥ 5,915,362 ⇔  ≥ 493. So we must take  ≥ 50 to ensure that | −  | ≤ 00001.
( = 109 leads to the same value of .)
√
24. (a) Using the CAS, we differentiate  () = 4 − 3 twice, and find
94 3
that  00 () = − − .
4(4 − 3 )32 (4 − 3 )12
From the graph, we see that | 00 ()|  22 on [−1 1].
(b) A CAS gives 10 ≈ 3995804152. (In Maple, use

Student[Calculus1][RiemannSum]or Student[Calculus1][ApproximateInt].)
22 [1 − (−1)]3
(c) Using Theorem 3 for the Midpoint Rule, with  = 22, we get | | ≤ ≈ 000733.
24 · 102
(d) A CAS gives  ≈ 3995487677.
(e) The actual error is about −00003165, much less than the estimate in part (c).
(f) We use the CAS to differentiate twice more, and then graph
9 2 (6 − 2243 − 1280)
 (4) () = .
16 (4 − 3 )72
 
 
From the graph, we see that  (4) ()  181 on [−1 1].
(g) A CAS gives 10 ≈ 3995449790. (In Maple, use

Student[Calculus1][ApproximateInt].)
181 [1 − (−1)]5
(h) Using Theorem 4 with  = 181, we get | | ≤ ≈ 0000322.
180 · 104
(i) The actual error is about 3995487677 − 3995449790 ≈ 00000379. This is quite a bit smaller than the estimate in
part (h).
181(2)5 181(2)5
( j) To ensure that | | ≤ 00001, we use Theorem 4: | | ≤ ≤ 00001 ⇒ ≤ 4 ⇒
180 · 4 180 · 00001
4 ≥ 32,178 ⇒  ≥ 134. So we must take  ≥ 14 to ensure that | −  | ≤ 00001.
°
1
25.  = 0
  = [( − 1) ]10 [parts or Formula 96] = 0 − (−1) = 1,  () =  , ∆ = 1
 = 5: 5 = 15 [ (0) + (02) +  (04) +  (06) +  (08)] ≈ 0742943
5 = 15 [ (02) +  (04) +  (06) + (08) +  (1)] ≈ 1286599

1
5 = 5·2
[ (0) + 2(02) + 2(04) + 2(06) + 2(08) +  (1)] ≈ 1014771
1
5 = 5 [ (01) +  (03) +  (05) + (07) +  (09)] ≈ 0992621
 =  − 5 ≈ 1 − 0742943 = 0257057
 ≈ 1 − 1286599 = −0286599
 ≈ 1 − 1014771 = −0014771
 ≈ 1 − 0992621 = 0007379
1
 = 10: 10 = 10
[(0) +  (01) + (02) + · · · +  (09)] ≈ 0867782
1
10 = 10 [(01) +  (02) + · · · +  (09) +  (1)] ≈ 1139610
1
10 = 10 · 2
{ (0) + 2[ (01) +  (02) + · · · + (09)] +  (1)} ≈ 1003696
1
10 = 10 [(005) + (015) + · · · + (085) + (095)] ≈ 0998152
 =  − 10 ≈ 1 − 0867782 = 0132218

 ≈ 1 − 1139610 = −0139610
 ≈ 1 − 1003696 = −0003696
 ≈ 1 − 0998152 = 0001848
1
 = 20: 20 = 20
[(0) +  (005) +  (010) + · · · +  (095)] ≈ 0932967
1
20 = 20 [(005) + (010) + · · · + (095) + (1)] ≈ 1068881
1
20 = 20 · 2
{ (0) + 2[ (005) +  (010) + · · · +  (095)] +  (1)} ≈ 1000924
1
20 = 20 [(0025) +  (0075) +  (0125) + · · · +  (0975)] ≈ 0999538
 =  − 20 ≈ 1 − 0932967 = 0067033

 ≈ 1 − 1068881 = −0068881
 ≈ 1 − 1000924 = −0000924
 ≈ 1 − 0999538 = 0000462
         
5 0742943 1286599 1014771 0992621 5 0257057 −0286599 −0014771 0007379
10 0867782 1139610 1003696 0998152 10 0132218 −0139610 −0003696 0001848
20 0932967 1068881 1000924 0999538 20 0067033 −0068881 −0000924 0000462
Observations:
1.  and  are always opposite in sign, as are  and  .
2. As  is doubled,  and  are decreased by about a factor of 2, and  and  are decreased by a factor of about 4.
3. The Midpoint approximation is about twice as accurate as the Trapezoidal approximation.
4. All the approximations become more accurate as the value of  increases.
5. The Midpoint and Trapezoidal approximations are much more accurate than the endpoint approximations.
°
 2  2
1 1 1 1 1 1
26.  =  = − = − − (−1) =   () = 2  ∆ =
1 2  1 2 2  
 = 5: 5 = 15 [ (1) + (12) +  (14) +  (16) +  (18)] ≈ 0580783
5 = 15 [ (12) +  (14) +  (16) + (18) +  (2)] ≈ 0430783

1
5 = 5·2
[ (1) + 2(12) + 2(14) + 2(16) + 2(18) +  (2)] ≈ 0505783
5 = 15 [ (11) +  (13) +  (15) + (17) +  (19)] ≈ 0497127
1
 =  − 5 ≈ 2
− 0580783 = −0080783
1
 ≈ 2
− 0430783 = 0069217
1
 ≈ 2
− 0505783 = −0005783
1
 ≈ 2
− 0497127 = 0002873
1
 = 10: 10 = 10
[(1) +  (11) + (12) + · · · +  (19)] ≈ 0538955
1
10 = 10
[(11) +  (12) + · · · +  (19) +  (2)] ≈ 0463955
1
10 = 10 · 2 { (1) + 2[ (11) +  (12) + · · · + (19)] +  (2)} ≈ 0501455
1
10 = 10 [(105) + (115) + · · · + (185) + (195)] ≈ 0499274
1
 =  − 10 ≈ 2 − 0538955 = −0038955
1
 ≈ 2
− 0463955 = 0036049
1
 ≈ 2
− 0501455 = −0001455
1
 ≈ 2
− 0499274 = 0000726
1
 = 20: 20 = 20
[(1) +  (105) +  (110) + · · · +  (195)] ≈ 0519114
1
20 = 20
[(105) + (110) + · · · + (195) + (2)] ≈ 0481614
1
20 = 20 · 2
{ (1) + 2[ (105) +  (110) + · · · +  (195)] +  (2)} ≈ 0500364
1
20 = 20 [(1025) +  (1075) +  (1125) + · · · +  (1975)] ≈ 0499818
1
 =  − 20 ≈ 2
− 0519114 = −0019114
1
 ≈ 2
− 0481614 = 0018386
1
 ≈ 2
− 0500364 = −0000364
1
 ≈ 2 − 0499818 = 0000182
         
5 0580783 0430783 0505783 0497127 5 −0080783 0069217 −0005783 0002873
10 0538955 0463955 0501455 0499274 10 −0038955 0036049 −0001455 0000726
20 0519114 0481614 0500364 0499818 20 −0019114 0018386 −0000364 0000182
[continued]
°
Observations:
1.  and  are always opposite in sign, as are  and  .
2. As  is doubled,  and  are decreased by about a factor of 2, and  and  are decreased by a factor of about 4.
3. The Midpoint approximation is about twice as accurate as the Trapezoidal approximation.
4. All the approximations become more accurate as the value of  increases.
5. The Midpoint and Trapezoidal approximations are much more accurate than the endpoint approximations.
2 12
27.  = 0
4  = 5 0 = 32
5 5
− 0 = 64,  () = 4 , ∆ = 2 −

0
= 2
            
 = 6: 6 = 6 2· 2  (0) + 2  13 +  23 +  33 +  43 +  53 +  (2) ≈ 6695473
            
6 = 26  16 +  36 +  56 +  76 +  96 +  11 6
≈ 6252572
 1 2 3 4   
6 = 6 · 3  (0) + 4 3 + 2 3 + 4 3 + 2 3 + 4 53 +  (2) ≈ 6403292
2
 =  − 6 ≈ 64 − 6695473 = −0295473

 ≈ 64 − 6252572 = 0147428
 ≈ 64 − 6403292 = −0003292
          
 = 12: 12 = 122· 2  (0) + 2  16 +  26 +  36 + · · · +  11 6
+  (2) ≈ 6474023
2
 1 3 5  
6 = 12  12 +  12 +  12 + · · · +  23
12
≈ 6363008
           
6 = 122· 3 (0) + 4 16 + 2 26 + 4 36 + 2 46 + · · · + 4 11 6
+  (2) ≈ 6400206
 =  − 12 ≈ 64 − 6474023 = −0074023
 ≈ 64 − 6363008 = 0036992
 ≈ 64 − 6400206 = −0000206
       
6 6695473 6252572 6403292 6 −0295473 0147428 −0003292
12 6474023 6363008 6400206 12 −0074023 0036992 −0000206
Observations:
1.  and  are opposite in sign and decrease by a factor of about 4 as  is doubled.
2. The Simpson’s approximation is much more accurate than the Midpoint and Trapezoidal approximations, and  seems to
decrease by a factor of about 16 as  is doubled.
 4  √ 4
1 1 4−1 3
28.  = √  = 2  = 4 − 2 = 2, () = √ , ∆ = =
1  1   
            
 = 6: 6 = 6 3· 2  (1) + 2  32 +  42 +  52 +  62 +  72 +  (4) ≈ 2008966
            
6 = 36  54 +  74 +  94 +  11 4
+  134
+  15
4
≈ 1995572
           
6 = 6 3· 3  (1) + 4 32 + 2 42 + 4 52 + 2 62 + 4 72 +  (4) ≈ 2000469
 =  − 6 ≈ 2 − 2008966 = −0008966,
 ≈ 2 − 1995572 = 0004428,
 ≈ 2 − 2000469 = −0000469
[continued]
°

3
         
 = 12: 12 =  (1) + 2  54 +  64 +  74 + · · · +  15
12 · 2 4
+  (4) ≈ 2002269
3
 9      
12 = 12  8 +  11 8
+  13
8
+ · · · +  31
8
≈ 1998869
           
12 = 123· 3 (1) + 4 54 + 2 64 + 4 74 + 2 84 + · · · + 4 15 4
+  (4) ≈ 2000036
 =  − 12 ≈ 2 − 2002269 = −0002269
 ≈ 2 − 1998869 = 0001131
 ≈ 2 − 2000036 = −0000036
       
6 2008966 1995572 2000469 6 −0008966 0004428 −0000469
12 2002269 1998869 2000036 12 −0002269 0001131 −0000036
Observations:
1.  and  are opposite in sign and decrease by a factor of about 4 as  is doubled.
2. The Simpson’s approximation is much more accurate than the Midpoint and Trapezoidal approximations, and  seems to
decrease by a factor of about 16 as  is doubled.
29. (a) ∆ = ( − ) = (6 − 0)6 = 1
6 = 12 [ (0) + 2 (1) + 2 (2) + 2 (3) + 2(4) + 2 (5) +  (6)]

 12 [2 + 2(1) + 2(3) + 2(5) + 2(4) + 2(3) + 4] = 12 (38) = 19
(b) 6 = 1[ (05) +  (15) + (25) +  (35) +  (45) +  (55)]  13 + 15 + 46 + 47 + 33 + 32 = 186
(c) 6 = 13 [(0) + 4 (1) + 2 (2) + 4 (3) + 2 (4) + 4 (5) +  (6)]

 13 [2 + 4(1) + 2(3) + 4(5) + 2(4) + 4(3) + 4] = 13 (56) = 186
30. If  = distance from left end of pool and  = () = width at , then Simpson’s Rule with  = 8 and ∆ = 2 gives
 16
Area = 0
  ≈ 23 [0 + 4(62) + 2(72) + 4(68) + 2(56) + 4(50) + 2(48) + 4(48) + 0] ≈ 84 m2 .
5
31. (a) 1
 ()   4 = 5−1
4 [ (15) +  (25) +  (35) +  (45)] = 1(29 + 36 + 40 + 39) = 144
(b) −2 ≤  00 () ≤ 3 ⇒ | 00 ()| ≤ 3 ⇒  = 3, since | 00 ()| ≤ . The error estimate for the Midpoint Rule is
( − )3 3(5 − 1)3 1

| | ≤ 2
= = .
24 24(4)2 2
 16
32. (a) 0
()   8 = 16 − 0
8·3
[(0) + 4(02) + 2(04) + 4(06) + 2(08) + 4(10) + 2(12) + 4(14) + (16)]
1
= 15
[121 + 4(116) + 2(113) + 4(111) + 2(117) + 4(122) + 2(126) + 4(130) + 132]
1 2881
= 15
(2881) = 150
 192
   
   
(b) −5 ≤  (4)() ≤ 2 ⇒  (4)() ≤ 5 ⇒  = 5, since  (4)() ≤ . The error estimate for Simpson’s Rule is
( − )5 5(16 − 0)5 2

| | ≤ 4
= = = 71 × 10−5 .
180 180(8)4 28,125
°
33. We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 12 and ∆ = 24 − 0

12 = 2.
2
12 = 3 [  (0) + 4 (2) + 2 (4) + 4 (6) + 2 (8) + 4 (10) + 2 (12)
+ 4 (14) + 2 (16) + 4 (18) + 2 (20) + 4 (22) +  (24)]
 23 [ 666 + 4(654) + 2(644) + 4(617) + 2(673) + 4(721) + 2(749)
+ 4(774) + 2(791) + 4(754) + 2(756) + 4(714) + 675] = 23 (25503) = 17002.
 24  24
Thus, 0  ()   12 and ave = 24 1− 0 0  ()   7084◦ F.
34. We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 10 and ∆ = 12 :

5
distance = 0
()  ≈ 10 = 1
2·3
[ (0) + 4 (05) + 2 (1) + · · · + 4 (45) + (5)]
1
= 6 [0 + 4(467) + 2(734) + 4(886) + 2(973) + 4(1022)
+ 2(1051) + 4(1067) + 2(1076) + 4(1081) + 1081]
= 16 (26841) = 44735 m
6
35. By the Net Change Theorem, the increase in velocity is equal to 0
() . We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 6 and
∆ = (6 − 0)6 = 1 to estimate this integral:
6
0
()  ≈ 6 = 13 [(0) + 4(1) + 2(2) + 4(3) + 2(4) + 4(5) + (6)]
≈ 13 [0 + 4(05) + 2(41) + 4(98) + 2(129) + 4(95) + 0] = 13 (1132) = 3773 fts

6
36. By the Net Change Theorem, the total amount of water that leaked out during the first six hours is equal to 0
() .
We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 6 and ∆ = 6 −6

0
= 1 to estimate this integral:
6
0
()  ≈ 6 = 13 [(0) + 4(1) + 2(2) + 4(3) + 2(4) + 4(5) + (6)]
≈ 13 [4 + 4(3) + 2(24) + 4(19) + 2(14) + 4(11) + 1] = 13 (366) = 122 liters

6
37. By the Net Change Theorem, the energy used is equal to 0
 () . We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 12 and
∆ = 6−0
12
= 12 to estimate this integral:
6
0
 ()  ≈ 12 = 12 3
[ (0) + 4 (05) + 2 (1) + 4 (15) + 2 (2) + 4 (25) + 2 (3)
+ 4 (35) + 2 (4) + 4 (45) + 2 (5) + 4 (55) +  (6)]
= 16 [1814 + 4(1735) + 2(1686) + 4(1646) + 2(1637) + 4(1609) + 2(1604)

+ 4(1611) + 2(1621) + 4(1666) + 2(1745) + 4(1886) + 2052]
= 16 (61,064) = 10,1773 megawatthours

8
38. By the Net Change Theorem, the total amount of data transmitted is equal to 0
()  × 3600 [since () is measured in
megabits per second and  is in hours]. We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 8 and ∆ = (8 − 0)8 = 1 to estimate this integral:
8
0
()  ≈ 8 = 13 [(0) + 4(1) + 2(2) + 4(3) + 2(4) + 4(5) + 2(6) + 4(7) + (8)]
≈ 13 [035 + 4(032) + 2(041) + 4(050) + 2(051) + 4(056) + 2(056) + 4(083) + 088]
= 13 (1303) = 4343
Now multiply by 3600 to obtain 15,636 megabits.
°
 10  10
39. (a) Let  = () denote the curve. Using disks,  = 2
[ ()]2  =  2
()  = 1 .
Now use Simpson’s Rule to approximate 1 :

10 − 2
1 ≈ 8 = 3(8)
[(2) + 4(3) + 2(4) + 4(5) + 2(6) + 4(7) + (8)]
≈ 13 [02 + 4(15)2 + 2(19)2 + 4(22)2 + 2(30)2 + 4(38)2 + 2(40)2 + 4(31)2 + 02 ]

= 13 (18178)
Thus,  ≈  · 13 (18178) ≈ 1904 or 190 cubic units.

 10  10
(b) Using cylindrical shells,  = 2
2()  = 2 2
()  = 21 .
Now use Simpson’s Rule to approximate 1 :

10 − 2
1 ≈ 8 = 3(8)
[2 (2) + 4 · 3 (3) + 2 · 4(4) + 4 · 5 (5) + 2 · 6 (6)
+ 4 · 7 (7) + 2 · 8 (8) + 4 · 9(9) + 10 (10)]
≈ 13 [2(0) + 12(15) + 8(19) + 20(22) + 12(30) + 28(38) + 16(40) + 36(31) + 10(0)]

= 13 (3952)
Thus,  ≈ 2 · 13 (3952) ≈ 8277 or 828 cubic units.
 18
40. Work = 0
 ()  ≈ 6 = 18 − 0
6·3
[(0) + 4 (3) + 2 (6) + 4 (9) + 2 (12) + 4 (15) +  (18)]
= 1 · [98 + 4(91) + 2(85) + 4(80) + 2(77) + 4(75) + 74] = 148 joules
 10  10
41. The curve is  =  () = 1(1 + − ). Using disks,  = 0
[ ()]2  =  0
()  = 1 . Now use Simpson’s
Rule to approximate 1 :
10 − 0
1  10 = 10 · 3 [(0) + 4(1) + 2(2) + 4(3) + 2(4) + 4(5) + 2(6) + 4(7) + 2(8) + 4(9) + (10)]
 880825
Thus,   1  277 or 28 cubic units.
2 1 
42. Using Simpson’s Rule with  = 10, ∆ = 10
,  = 1, 0 = 42
180
radians,  = 98 ms2 , 2 = sin2 
2 0
, and

 () = 1 1 − 2 sin2 , we get
  2

  
 =4  ≈4 10
0  2 2
1 −  sin  
  
1 2        
= 4 98 10 · 3
 (0) + 4 20 + 2 2
20
+ · · · + 4 9
20
+  2 ≈ 207665
 2 sin2   sin  (104 )2 sin2 

43. () = 2
, where  = ,  = 10,000,  = 10−4 , and  = 6328 × 10−9 . So () = ,
  2
(104 )(10−4 ) sin  10−6 − (−10−6 )
where  = . Now  = 10 and ∆ = = 2 × 10−7 , so
6328 × 10−9 10
10 = 2 × 10−7 [(−00000009) + (−00000007) + · · · + (00000009)] ≈ 594.
°
44.  () = cos(), ∆ = 20 − 0

10 =2 ⇒
10 = 22 { (0) + 2[(2) +  (4) + · · · +  (18)] +  (20)} = 1[cos 0 + 2(cos 2 + cos 4 + · · · + cos 18) + cos 20]
= 1 + 2(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) + 1 = 20
 20  20
The actual value is 0
cos()  = 1

sin  0 = 1
 (sin 20 − sin 0) = 0. The discrepancy is due to the fact that the
function is sampled only at points of the form 2, where its value is  (2) = cos(2) = 1.
2
45. Consider the function  whose graph is shown. The area 0
() 
is close to 2. The Trapezoidal Rule gives
2−0 1
2 = 2·2
[ (0) + 2 (1) +  (2)] = 2
[1 + 2 · 1 + 1] = 2.
The Midpoint Rule gives 2 = 2−0

2
[(05) +  (15)] = 1[0 + 0] = 0,
so the Trapezoidal Rule is more accurate.
2
46. Consider the function  () = | − 1|, 0 ≤  ≤ 2. The area 0
 () 
is exactly 1. So is the right endpoint approximation:
2 =  (1) ∆ +  (2) ∆ = 0 · 1 + 1 · 1 = 1. But Simpson’s Rule
approximates  with the parabola  = ( − 1)2 , shown dashed, and
∆ 1 2
2 = [ (0) + 4(1) +  (2)] = [1 + 4 · 0 + 1] = .
3 3 3
47. Since the Trapezoidal and Midpoint approximations on the interval [ ] are the sums of the Trapezoidal and Midpoint
approximations on the subintervals [−1   ],  = 1 2     , we can focus our attention on one such interval. The condition
 00 ()  0 for  ≤  ≤  means that the graph of  is concave down as in Figure 5. In that figure,  is the area of the

trapezoid ,  ()  is the area of the region  , and  is the area of the trapezoid , so

    ()    . In general, the condition  00  0 implies that the graph of  on [ ] lies above the chord joining the

points (  ()) and (  ()). Thus,   ()    . Since  is the area under a tangent to the graph, and since  00  0
 
implies that the tangent lies above the graph, we also have     () . Thus,     ()    .
48. (a) Let  be a polynomial of degree ≤ 3; say  () = 3 + 2 +  + . It will suffice to show that Simpson’s estimate
is exact when there are two subintervals ( = 2), because for a larger even number of subintervals the sum of exact
estimates is exact. As in the derivation of Simpson’s Rule, we can assume that 0 = −, 1 = 0, and 2 = . Then
Simpson’s approximation is
    
−
 ()  ≈ 1
3
· 2
2
[ (−) + 4 (0) +  ()] = 13  −3 + 2 −  +  + 4 + 3 + 2 +  + 
= 13 [22 + 6] = 23 3 + 2
The exact value of the integral is

 
−
(3 + 2 +  + )  = 2 0 (2 + )  [by Theorem 5.5.7]
1 
= 2 3 3 +  0 = 23 3 + 2
Thus, Simpson’s Rule is exact.
°
(b) Using Simpson’s Rule with  = 4, ∆ = −

 = 8−0
4 = 2, and () = 3 − 62 + 4, we get
4 = 23 [ (0) + 4 (2) + 2(4) + 4 (6) +  (8)] = 23 (192) = 128. The exact value of the integral is
8 1 8
0
(3 − 62 + 4)  = 4
4
− 23 + 22 0
= (1024 − 1024 + 128) − 0 = 128.
8
Thus, 4 = 0
(3 − 62 + 4) .
(c)  () = 3 + 2 +  +  ⇒  0 () = 32 + 2 +  ⇒  00 () = 6 + 2 ⇒  000 () = 6 ⇒
  (0)( − )5
 
 (4) () = 0. Since  (4) () = 0 for all , the error bound in (4) gives | | ≤ = 0, indicating the error in
1804
using Simpson’s Rule is zero. Hence, Simpson’s Rule gives the exact value of the integral for a polynomial of degree 3 or
lower.
49.  = 1
2 ∆ [ (0 ) + 2 (1 ) + · · · + 2 (−1 ) +  ( )] and
 = ∆ [(1 ) +  (2 ) + · · · +  (−1 ) +  ( )], where  = 12 (−1 +  ). Now

 
2 = 12 12 ∆ [ (0 ) + 2 (1 ) + 2 (1 ) + 2 (2 ) + 2 (2 ) + · · · + 2 (−1 ) + 2 (−1 ) + 2( ) + ( )], so
1
2
( +  ) = 12  + 12 
= 14 ∆[ (0 ) + 2 (1 ) + · · · + 2 (−1 ) +  ( )]

+ 14 ∆[2 (1 ) + 2 (2 ) + · · · + 2 (−1 ) + 2 ( )]
= 2
   
∆ 
−1  ∆
50.  =  (0 ) + 2  ( ) +  ( ) and  = ∆   − , so
2 =1 =1 2
  
1 ∆ 
−1  ∆

3 
+ 23  = 13 ( + 2 ) =  (0 ) + 2  ( ) +  ( ) + 4   −
3·2 =1 =1 2
− −
where ∆ = . Let  = . Then ∆ = 2, so
 2
 
1  
−1 

3 
+ 23  =  (0 ) + 2  ( ) +  ( ) + 4  ( − )
3 =1 =1
= 13 [ (0 ) + 4 (1 − ) + 2 (1 ) + 4 (2 − )

+ 2 (2 ) + · · · + 2 (−1 ) + 4 ( − ) +  ( )]
−
Since 0  1 −  1  2 −  2      −1   −   are the subinterval endpoints for 2 , and since  = is
2
the width of the subintervals for 2 , the last expression for 13  + 23  is the usual expression for 2 . Therefore,
1
3  + 23  = 2 .
°
7.8 Improper Integrals

 4
1 
1. (a) Since  = has an infinite discontinuity at  = 3, is a Type 2 improper integral.
−3 1 −3
 ∞

(b) Since has an infinite interval of integration, it is an improper integral of Type 1.
32 − 4
1
(c) Since  = tan  has an infinite discontinuity at  = 12 , 0 tan   is a Type 2 improper integral.
 −1 

(d) Since  has an infinite interval of integration, it is an improper integral of Type 1.
−∞ 

2. (a) Since  = sec  has an infinite discontinuity at  = 2 , 0 sec   is a Type 2 improper integral.
 4
1 
(b) Since  = is defined and continuous on the interval [0 4], is a proper integral.
−5 0 −5
 3
1 1 1
(c) Since  = = has an infinite discontinuity at  = 0,  is a Type 2 improper integral.
 + 3  (1 + 2 ) −1  + 
3
 ∞
1
(d) Since  has an infinite interval of integration, it is an improper integral of Type 1.
1  + 3
3. The area under the graph of  = 13 = −3 between  = 1 and  =  is

      
() = 1
−3  = − 12 −2 1 = − 12 −2 − − 12 = 1
2
− 1 22 . So the area for 1 ≤  ≤ 10 is
(10) = 05 − 0005 = 0495, the area for 1 ≤  ≤ 100 is (100) = 05 − 000005 = 049995, and the area for
1 ≤  ≤ 1000 is (1000) = 05 − 00000005 = 04999995. The total area under the curve for  ≥ 1 is
 
lim () = lim 12 − 1(22 ) = 12 .
→∞ →∞
4. (a)
(b) The area under the graph of  from  = 1 to  =  is

   1 −01    () ()
 () = 1  ()  = 1 −11  = − 01  1 10 206 259
−01 −01
= −10( − 1) = 10(1 −  ) 100 369 585
4
and the area under the graph of  is 10 602 1512
6
   1 01  10 749 2981
() = 1 ()  = 1 −09  = 01  = 10(01 − 1).
1 1010 9 90
20
10 99 990
(c) The total area under the graph of  is lim  () = lim 10(1 − −01 ) = 10.
→∞ →∞
The total area under the graph of  does not exist, since lim () = lim 10(01 − 1) = ∞.
→∞ →∞
°
SECTION 7.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS ¤ 771
∞     
5. 1 2−3  = lim 1 2−3  = lim −−2 = lim − −2 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1. Convergent
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞
 −1  −1  −1  
1
6. √
3
 = lim −13  = lim 3 23
2
 = lim 3
2
− 32 23 = −∞. Divergent
−∞  →−∞  →−∞  →−∞
∞     
7. 0
−2  = lim −2  = lim − 12 −2 = lim − 12 −2 + 12 = 0 + 1
2
= 12 . Convergent
→∞ 0 →∞ 0 →∞
 ∞      −   − 
1 3 3 3−1 1 1
8.  = lim 3−  = lim − = lim − + =0+ = . Convergent
1 3 →∞ 1 →∞ ln 3 1 →∞ ln 3 ln 3 3 ln 3 ln 27
 ∞      
1 1
9.  = lim  = lim ln | + 4| = lim ln | + 4| − ln 2 = ∞ since lim ln | + 4| = ∞.
−2 +4 →∞ −2 +4 →∞ −2 →∞ →∞
Divergent
 ∞          
1 1 1 −1  1 −1  1 −1 1
10.  = lim  = lim tan = lim tan − tan
1 2 + 4 →∞ 2
1  +4 →∞ 2 2 1 →∞ 2 2 2 2
 
 1 1
= − tan−1 . Convergent
4 2 2
 ∞    
1
11.  = lim ( − 2)−32  = lim −2 ( − 2)−12 [ =  − 2,  = ]
3 ( − 2)32 →∞ 3 →∞ 3
 
−2 2
= lim √ +√ = 0 + 2 = 2. Convergent
→∞ −2 1
 ∞    
1
12. √
4
 = lim (1 + )−14  = lim 4
3
(1 + )34 [ = 1 + ,  = ]
0 1+ →∞ 0 →∞ 0
 
= lim 4
3
(1 + )34 − 4
3
= ∞. Divergent
→∞
 0  0 0  0
  1 2 −2 1
13.  = lim  = lim − ( + 1) = lim −
−∞ (2 + 1)3 →−∞ 2
 ( + 1)
3 →−∞ 4 
→−∞ 4 (2 + 1)2 
 
1 1 1 1
= lim − + =− +0=− . Convergent
→−∞ 4 4(2 + 1)2 4 4
   
−3
  −3
1   −3
2
14.  = lim  = lim − ln 4 − 
−∞ 4 − 2 →−∞  4 − 2 →−∞ 2 
 1    
= lim − 2 ln 5 + 2 ln 4 −   = ∞ since lim ln 4 − 2  = ∞.
1 2
Divergent
→−∞ →−∞
 ∞  
2 +  + 1
15.  = lim (−2 + −3 + −4 ) 
1 4 →∞ 1
   
−1 1 −2 1 −3 1 1 1
= lim − −  −  = lim − − 2 − 3
→∞ 2 3 1
→∞  2 3 1
   
1 1 1 1 1 11 11
= lim − − 2 − 3 − −1 − − =0+ = . Convergent
→∞  2 3 2 3 6 6
 ∞      √ 
 
16. √  = lim √  = lim 2 − 1 = lim 2 − 1 − 3 = ∞. Divergent
2
 −1 →∞ 2 − 1 →∞ 2 →∞
2 2
°
 ∞      
   −1 1
17.  = lim  = lim − (1 +  ) = lim −
0 (1 +  )2 →∞  2
0 (1 +  ) →∞ 0 →∞ 1 +  0
 
1 1 1 1
= lim − + =0+ = . Convergent
→∞ 1 +  2 2 2
 −1  −1  −1
2 +  1 1
18.  =  =  +  = 1 + 2 .
−∞ 3 −∞  −∞ 2
 −1  −1  −1  
1 1
Now,  = lim  = lim ln || = lim ln 1 − ln || = −∞.
−∞  →−∞   →−∞  →−∞
Since 1 is divergent,  is divergent. Divergent

∞ 2 2 ∞0 2
19. −∞
−  =
−  + 0 − .
−∞
0 2   
2 0   2

−∞
−  = lim − 12 − = lim − 12 1 − − = − 12 · (1 − 0) = − 12 , and
→−∞  →−∞
∞ −2
  
2    2 
0
  = lim − 12 − = lim − 12 − − 1 = − 12 · (0 − 1) = 12 .
→∞ 0 →∞
∞ −2
Therefore, −∞
  = − 12 + 1
2 = 0. Convergent
 ∞  0  ∞
  
20.  =  =  +  = 1 + 2 , but
−∞ 2 + 1 −∞ 2 + 1 0 2 + 1
   2 +1    2 +1
 12  = 2 + 1, 1
2 = lim  = lim  = lim ln ||
→∞ 0 2 + 1 →∞ 1   = 2  2 →∞ 1
1    
= lim ln 2 + 1 − 0 = ∞
2 →∞
Since 2 is divergent,  is divergent, and there is no need to evaluate 1 . Divergent
∞ 0 ∞  0  
21.  = −∞
cos 2  = −∞
cos 2  + 0
cos 2  = 1 + 2 , but 1 = lim 1
2
sin 2 = lim − 12 sin 2 , and this
→−∞  →−∞
limit does not exist. Since 1 is divergent,  is divergent, and there is no need to evaluate 2 . Divergent
 ∞    
−1 −1 1
22.  = lim  = lim −1 = lim (−1 − −1 ) = 1 − . Convergent
1 2 →∞ 1 2 →∞ 1 →∞ 
∞  1 1     
23. sin2   = lim (1 − cos 2)  = lim − 1
sin 2 0 = lim 12  − 1
sin 2 − 0 = ∞.
0 →∞ 0 2 →∞ 2 2 →∞ 2
Divergent
∞   
24. 0
sin  cos   = lim sin  cos   = lim −cos  = lim (−cos  + )
→∞ 0 →∞ 0 →∞
This limit does not exist since cos  oscillates in value between −1 and 1, so cos  oscillates in value
between −1 and 1 . Divergent
 ∞     
1 1 1 1
25.  = lim  = lim
−  [partial fractions]
1 2 +  →∞ 1 ( + 1)
1  +1→∞
      
   
= lim ln || − ln | + 1| = lim ln   = lim ln  − ln 1 = 0 − ln 1 = ln 2.
→∞ 1 →∞  + 1  1 →∞ +1 2 2
Convergent
°
      
∞
 
 − 14 1
26. = lim = lim + 4  = lim − 14 ln | + 3| + 1
4
ln | − 1|
2 2 + 2 − 3 →∞ 2 ( + 3)( − 1) →∞ 2 +3 −1 →∞ 2
   
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1
= lim ln = lim ln − ln = (0 + ln 5) = ln 5. Convergent
4 →∞ +3 2 4 →∞ +3 5 4 4
 
0 0 1 0 integration by parts with
27. 2  = lim 2  = lim 2 − 14 2
−∞ →−∞  →−∞ 2   = ,  = 2 
   
= lim 0 − 14 − 12 2 − 14 2 = − 14 − 0 + 0 [by l’Hospital’s Rule] = − 14 . Convergent
→−∞
 
∞    integration by parts with
28. −3  = lim −3  = lim − 13 −3 − 19 −3 2
2 →∞ 2 →∞  = ,  = −3 
 1 −3 1 −3   2 −6 1 −6 
= lim − 3  − 9 − −3 − 9 = 0 − 0 + 79 −6 [by l’Hospital’s Rule] = 79 −6 .
→∞
Convergent
    
∞
ln  (ln )2 by substitution with (ln )2
29.  = lim = lim = ∞. Divergent
1  →∞ 2 1
 = ln ,  =  →∞ 2
 ∞      
ln  ln  ln  1 integration by parts with
30.  = lim  = lim − −
2 →∞ 2 →∞   1  = ln ,  = (12 ) 
1 1
   
ln  1 H 1 1
= lim − − + 1 = lim − − lim + lim 1 = 0 − 0 + 1 = 1. Convergent
→∞   →∞ 1 →∞  →∞
 0  0   2 0  
  1 1 −1   = 2 ,
31.  = lim  = lim tan
−∞ 4 + 4 →−∞  4 + 4 →−∞ 2 2 2 
 = 2 
  2 
1  1  
= lim 0 − tan−1 =− =− . Convergent
→−∞ 4 2 4 2 8
 ∞      
1 1 1  = ln ,
32.  = lim  = lim −
 (ln )2 →∞  (ln )2 →∞ ln    = (1) 
 
1
= lim − + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1. Convergent
→∞ ln 
 ∞    √
  √ 
√ √
−  −   = ,
33.   = lim   = lim − (2 ) √
→∞ →∞  = 1(2  ) 
0 0 0
  √   
 √ 
−  = 2,  = − 
= lim −2− 0 + 2 
→∞  = 2 ,  = −−
0
 √  √ 
√  √  −2  2
= lim −2  −  + −2− 0 = lim √ − √ + 2 = 0 − 0 + 2 = 2.
→∞ →∞    
Convergent
√ √
 H 2  1
Note: lim √ = lim √ √ = lim √ = 0
→∞   →∞ 2    →∞  
°
 ∞    √
  √ 
  1  = ,
34. √ √  = lim √ = lim (2 ) √
1 +  →∞ 1  (1 + ) →∞ 1 (1 + 2 )  = 1(2  ) 
 √
√

2  −1  
√
= lim  = lim 2 tan  = lim 2(tan−1  − tan−1 1)
→∞ 1 1 + 2 →∞ 1 →∞
= 2( 2 − 4 ) = 
2
. Convergent
 1  1  1
1 1
35.  = lim  = lim ln || = lim (− ln ) = ∞. Divergent
0  →0+   →0+  →0+
 5      
1
36. √
3
 = lim (5 − )−13  = lim − 32 (5 − )23 = lim − 32 [(5 − )23 − 523 ]
0 5− →5− 0 →5− 0 →5−
= 32 523  Convergent
 14  14  14  
 4 4
37. √
4
= lim ( + 2)−14  = lim ( + 2)34 = lim 1634 − ( + 2)34
−2  + 2 →−2+  →−2+ 3  3 →−2+
= 4
3
(8 − 0) = 32
3
. Convergent
 2   2
2 
  1 1
38.  = lim  = lim −  [partial fractions]
−1 ( + 1)2 →−1+  ( + 1)
2
→−1+  +1 ( + 1)2
 2   
1 1 1
= lim ln | + 1| + = lim ln 3 + − ln( + 1) + = −∞. Divergent
→−1+  + 1  →−1+ 3 +1
     
1 1 substitute  ln  + 1
Note: To justify the last step, lim ln( + 1) + = lim ln  + = lim =∞
→−1+ +1 →0+   for  + 1 →0+ 
ln  H 1
since lim ( ln ) = lim = lim = lim (−) = 0.
→0+ →0+ 1 →0+ −12 →0+
 3  0  3  0  −3   
1     1 1
39.  = + , but = lim − = lim − − = ∞. Divergent
−2 4 −2 4 0 4 −2 4 →0− 3 −2 →0− 33 24
 
1
  
  
40. √ = lim √ = lim sin−1  0 = lim sin−1  = . Convergent
0 1 − 2 →1−
0 1 −  2 →1− →1− 2
 9  1  9
1
41. There is an infinite discontinuity at  = 1. √
3
 = ( − 1)−13  + ( − 1)−13 .
0 −1 0 1
1     
Here 0 ( − 1)−13  = lim 0 ( − 1)−13  = lim 32 ( − 1)23 = lim 32 ( − 1)23 − 32 = − 32
→1− →1− 0 →1−
9 9  9  
and 1
( − 1)−13  = lim 
( − 1)−13  = lim 3
2 ( − 1)23 = lim 6 − 32 ( − 1)23 = 6. Thus,
→1+ →1+  →1+
 9
1 3 9
√
3
 = − + 6 = . Convergent
0 −1 2 2
42. There is an infinite discontinuity at  = 2.

 2  
  
 2
 = lim  = lim  + 2 ln | − 2| = lim ( + 2 ln | − 2| − 2 ln 2) = −∞, so
1+
0 −2 →2− 0 −2 →2 − 0 →2−
 2  5
 
 diverges, and hence,  diverges. Divergent
0 −2 0  −2
°
 2    
43. 0
tan2   = lim 0
tan2   = lim 0
(sec2  − 1)  = lim tan  − 
→(2)− →(2)− →(2)− 0
= lim (tan  − ) = ∞ since tan  → ∞ as  → −

2
. Divergent
→(2)−
 4  4  2  4
   
44. 2
= = +
0  −−2 0 ( − 2)( + 1) 0 ( − 2)( + 1) 2 ( − 2)( + 1)
 2

Considering only and using partial fractions, we have
( − 2)( + 1)
0
 2   1 1   

= lim 3
− 3  = lim 13 ln | − 2| − 1
3
ln | + 1|
0 ( − 2)( + 1) →2 0  − 2
− +1 →2 − 0
1 
= lim 3 ln | − 2| − 1
3 ln | + 1| − 1
3 ln 2 + 0 = −∞ since ln | − 2| → −∞ as  → 2− .
→2−
 2  4
 
Thus, is divergent, and hence,
is divergent as well.
0 2 −  − 2 0 2 −−2
 1  
1 1  = ln ,  =  
45. 0  ln   = lim   ln   = lim 12 2 ln  − 14 2 1 2
→0+ →0+   = (1) , = 2
   
= lim 0 − 14 − 12 2 ln  − 14 2 = − 14 − 0 = − 14
→0+
ln  H 1
since lim 2 ln  = lim = lim = lim (− 12 2 ) = 0. Convergent
→0+ →0+ 12 →0+ −2
3
→0+
 2  2  √ 2  

cos  cos   = sin ,
46. √  = lim √  = lim 2 sin 
sin  →0+ sin  →0+   = cos  
0 
√
= lim (2 − 2 sin  ) = 2 − 0 = 2. Convergent
→0+
 0    1  
1 1 1 1   = 1,
47.  = lim  · 2  = lim  (−)
3 →0−   →0−  = −2
−1 −1 −1
     
 −1 use parts 1
= lim ( − 1) 1 = lim −2−1 − − 1 1
→0− or Formula 96 →0− 
2 2 −1 H 2 1
= − − lim ( − 1) [ = 1] = − − lim = − − lim
 →−∞  →−∞ −  →−∞ −−
2 2
=− −0=− . Convergent
 
 1  1  1  
1 1 1 1   = 1,
48.  = lim  · 2  = lim  (−)
3 →0+    →0+ 1  = −2
0
    
 1 use parts 1
= lim ( − 1) 1 = lim − 1 1 − 0
→0+ or Formula 96 →0+ 
= lim ( − 1) [ = 1] = ∞. Divergent
→∞
∞   
49. Area = 1
−  = lim −  = lim −−
→∞ 1 →∞ 1
− −1 −1
= lim (− + ) =0+ = 1
→∞
°
0 0  0
50. Area = −∞
  = lim   = lim 
→−∞  →−∞ 
0 
= lim ( −  ) = 1 − 0 = 1
→−∞
 ∞  
1 1
51. Area =  = lim 
1 3 +  →∞ 1 (2 + 1)
  
1 
= lim −  [partial fractions]
→∞ 1  2 + 1
   
1    
= lim ln || − ln 2 + 1 = lim ln √
→∞ 2 1
→∞ 2 + 1 1
 
 1 1
= lim ln √ − ln √ = ln 1 − ln 2−12 = ln 2
→∞ 2 + 1 2 2
∞ 
52. Area = 0
−  = lim − 
→∞ 0
 
= lim −− − − [use parts wtih  =  and  = − ]
→∞ 0
 
= lim (−− − − ) − (−1)
→∞
= 0 [use l’Hospital’s Rule] − 0 + 1 = 1
 2   
53. Area = 0
sec2   = lim 0
sec2   = lim tan 
→(2)− →(2)− 0
= lim (tan  − 0) = ∞
→(2)−
Infinite area
  0
1 0
1  √ 0
54. Area = √  = lim √  = lim 2  + 2 
−2 +2 →−2+  +2 →−2+
 √ √  √ √
= lim 2 2 − 2  + 2 = 2 2 − 0 = 2 2
→−2+
sin2 
55. (a)  () = .
 ()  2
1
It appears that the integral is convergent.
2 0447453
5 0577101
10 0621306
100 0668479
1000 0672957
10,000 0673407
°
 ∞
sin2  1 1
(b) −1 ≤ sin  ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ sin2  ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤ 2 . Since  is convergent
2  1 2
 ∞
sin2 
[Theorem 2 with  = 2  1],  is convergent by the Comparison Theorem.
1 2
∞
(c) Since 1  ()  is finite and the area under () is less than the area under  ()
∞
on any interval [1 ], 1 ()  must be finite; that is, the integral is convergent.
1
56. (a)  () = √ .
 () −1
2
5 3830327 It appears that the integral is divergent.

10 6801200
100 23328769
1000 69023361
10,000 208124560
 ∞
√ √ 1 1 1
(b) For  ≥ 2,  −1 ⇒ √  √ . Since √  is divergent [Theorem 2 with  = 1
2
≤ 1],
 −1 2 
 ∞
1
√  is divergent by the Comparison Theorem.
2 −1
∞
(c) Since 2  ()  is infinite and the area under () is greater than the area under
∞
() on any interval [2 ], 2 ()  must be infinite; that is, the integral is
divergent.
 ∞  ∞
  1 1 
57. For   0,  3 = 2.  is convergent by Theorem 2 with  = 2  1, so  is convergent
3 + 1   1  2
1  3 +1
 1  ∞  1  ∞
   
by the Comparison Theorem.  is a constant, so  =  +  is also
0 3 + 1 0 3 + 1 3
0  +1 1 3 + 1
convergent.
 ∞  ∞
1 + sin2  1 1 1 + sin2 
58. For  ≥ 1, √ ≥ √ . √  is divergent by Theorem 2 with  = 1
2
≤ 1, so √  is divergent
  1  1 
by the Comparison Theorem.
 ∞  ∞
1 1 1 1
59. For  ≥ 1, ≥ .  is divergent by Equation 2 with  = 1 ≤ 1, so  is divergent by the
 − ln   2  2  − ln 
Comparison Theorem.
°
 arctan  2 2
60. For  ≥ 0, arctan    2, so    = 2− . Now
2 2 +  2 +  
 ∞    
  2
= 2−  = lim 2−  = lim −2− 0 = lim −  + 2 = 2, so  is convergent, and by comparison,
0 →∞ 0 →∞ →∞ 
 ∞
arctan 
 is convergent.
0 2 + 
 ∞  ∞
+1 +1  1 1
61. For   1,  () = √  √  2 = , so  ()  diverges by comparison with , which diverges
4 −  4   2 2 
∞ 2 ∞
by Theorem 2 with  = 1 ≤ 1. Thus, 1  ()  = 1  ()  + 2  ()  also diverges.
 ∞  ∞
2 + cos  2+1 3 3 3 1
62. For   1, √ ≤ √  √ = 2.  = 3  is convergent by Equation 2 with
4 + 2 4 + 2 4  1 2 1 2
 ∞
2 + cos 
 = 2  1, so √  is convergent by the Comparison Theorem.
1 4 + 2
sec2  1
63. For 0   ≤ 1, √  32 . Now
  
 1  1  1  
2
= −32  = lim −32  = lim − 2−12 = lim −2 + √ = ∞, so  is divergent, and by
0 →0+  →0+  →0+ 
 1
sec2 
comparison, √ is divergent.
0  
sin2  1
64. For 0   ≤ 1, √ ≤ √ . Now
 
       √ 
1
= √  = lim −12  = lim 212 = lim 2 − 2  = 2 − 0 = 2, so  is convergent, and by
0  →0+  →0+  →0+
 
sin2 
comparison, √  is convergent.
0 
 ∞  1  ∞
1 1 1
65.  =  =  +  = 1 + 2 . Now,
0 2 0 
2
1 2
 1  1  
1 −1 1
1 = lim  = lim − = lim −1 + = ∞. Since 1 is divergent,  is divergent, and there is no need
→0+  2 →0+  →0+ 
to evaluate 2 .
  
∞
1 1
1 ∞
1  
66.  = √  =  +  = 1 + 2 . Since 2 is divergent Equation 2 with  = 1
2 ≤1 ,
0  0 12 1 12
 is divergent, and there is no need to evaluate 1 .
 ∞  1  ∞  1  
1    
67. √  = √ + √ = lim √ + lim √ . Now
0  (1 + ) 0  (1 + ) 1  (1 + ) →0+   (1 + ) →∞ 1  (1 + )
   √  
 2   = ,  = 2 ,  √
√ = = 2 = 2 tan−1  +  = 2 tan−1  + , so
 (1 + ) (1 + 2 )  = 2  1 + 2
°
 ∞
  √ 1  √ 
√ = lim 2 tan−1   + lim 2 tan−1  1
0  (1 + ) →0+ →∞
   √   √    
= lim 2 4 − 2 tan−1  + lim 2 tan−1  − 2 4 = 
2
− 0 + 2 2 − 
2
= .
→0+ →∞
 ∞  3  ∞  3  
1    
68. √  = √ + √ = lim √ + lim √ . Now
2  2 − 4 2  2 − 4 3  2 − 4 →2+   2 − 4 →∞ 3  2 − 4
   
 2 sec  tan    = 2 sec , where  
√ = = 12  +  = 12 sec−1 12  + , so
2
  −4 2 sec  2 tan  0 ≤   2 or  ≤   32
 ∞
   3         
√ = lim 12 sec−1 12   + lim 12 sec−1 12  3 = 12 sec−1 32 − 0 + 12 2 − 12 sec−1 32 = 4.

2
  − 4 →2 + →∞
2
 1  1
1 
69. If  = 1, then  = lim = lim [ln ]1 = ∞. Divergent
0  →0+   →0+
 1  1
 
If  6= 1, then = lim [note that the integral is not improper if   0]
0  →0+  
 −+1 1  
 1 1
= lim = lim 1 − −1
→0+ − + 1  →0+ 1 −  
1
If   1, then  − 1  0, so → ∞ as  → 0+ , and the integral diverges.
−1
 1  
1  1  1−  1
If   1, then  − 1  0, so −1 → 0 as  → 0+ and 
= lim 1 −  = .
 0  1 −  →0 + 1 − 
1
Thus, the integral converges if and only if   1, and in that case its value is .
1−
 ∞  ∞
1  1
70. Let  = ln . Then  =  ⇒  = . By Example 4, this converges to if   1 and
  (ln ) 1  −1
diverges otherwise.
71. First suppose  = −1. Then

  
1 1
ln  1
ln   1
 ln   =  = lim  = lim 12 (ln )2  = − 12 lim (ln )2 = −∞, so the
0 0  →0+   →0+ →0+
integral diverges. Now suppose  6= −1. Then integration by parts gives

 
+1  +1 +1
 ln   = ln  −  = ln  − + . If   −1, then  + 1  0, so
+1 +1 +1 ( + 1)2
 1  +1 1     
 +1 −1 1 1
 ln   = lim ln  − = − lim +1
ln  − = ∞.
0 →0+  + 1 ( + 1)2  ( + 1)2  + 1 →0+ +1
If   −1, then  + 1  0 and
   
1 −1 1 ln  − 1( + 1) H −1 1 1
0
 ln   = − lim = − lim
( + 1)2 +1 →0+ −(+1) ( + 1)2 +1 →0+ −( + 1)−(+2)
−1 1 −1
= + lim +1 =
( + 1)2 ( + 1)2 →0+ ( + 1)2
1
Thus, the integral converges to − if   −1 and diverges otherwise.
( + 1)2
°
 
∞     
72. (a)  = 0:  −  = lim −  = lim −− 0 = lim −− + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
0 →∞ 0 →∞ →∞
 ∞   
 = 1:  −  = lim − . To evaluate − , we’ll use integration by parts
0 →∞ 0
with  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− .

 
So −  = −− − −−  = −− − − +  = (− − 1)− +  and
       
lim −  = lim (− − 1)− 0 = lim (− − 1)− + 1 = lim − − − − + 1
→∞ 0 →∞ →∞ →∞
= 0 − 0 + 1 [use l’Hospital’s Rule] = 1
 ∞   
 = 2:  −  = lim 2 − . To evaluate 2 − , we could use integration by parts
0 →∞ 0
again or Formula 97. Thus,

   
 
lim 2 −  = lim −2 − 0 + 2 lim − 
→∞ 0 →∞ →∞ 0
= 0 + 0 + 2(1) [use l’Hospital’s Rule and the result for  = 1] = 2
  
∞ 
97   
 = 3:  −  = lim 3 −  = lim −3 − 0 + 3 lim 2 − 
0 →∞ 0 →∞ →∞ 0
= 0 + 0 + 3(2) [use l’Hospital’s Rule and the result for  = 2] = 6

∞
(b) For  = 1, 2, and 3, we have 0
 −  = 1, 2, and 6. The values for the integral are equal to the factorials for ,
∞
so we guess 0
 −  = !.
∞ ∞ 
(c) Suppose that 0
 −  = ! for some positive integer . Then 0
+1 −  = lim +1 − .
→∞ 0

To evaluate +1 − , we use parts with  = +1 ,  = −  ⇒  = ( + 1) ,  = −− .
  
So +1 −  = −+1 − − −( + 1) −  = −+1 − + ( + 1)  −  and
   
lim +1 −  = lim −+1 − 0 + ( + 1) lim 0  − 
→∞ 0 →∞ →∞
 
= lim −+1 − + 0 + ( + 1)! = 0 + 0 + ( + 1)! = ( + 1)!,
→∞
so the formula holds for  + 1. By induction, the formula holds for all positive integers. (Since 0! = 1, the formula holds
for  = 0, too.)
 ∞  0  ∞  ∞      
1 2 1 2
73.  =   =   +   and   = lim   = lim 2
 = lim 2
 − 0 = ∞,
−∞ −∞ 0 0 →∞ 0 →∞ 0 →∞
so  is divergent. The Cauchy principal value of  is given by

     
lim   = lim 12 2 = lim 12 2 − 12 (−)2 = lim [ 0 ] = 0. Hence,  is divergent, but its Cauchy principal
→∞ − →∞ − →∞ →∞
value is 0.
°
 ∞
 4 2
74. Let  = so that  = √ 32  3 − . Let  denote the integral and use parts to integrate . Let  =  2 ,
2  0
2 1 −2
 = −  ⇒  = 2 ,  = −  :
2
     1  
1 2 1 ∞ −2  1 2 1 2
 = lim −  2 − +  0 = − lim 2 − + lim − −
→∞ 2 0  0 2 →∞  →∞ 2
H 1 1 1
=− · 0 − 2 (0 − 1) = 2
2 2 2
√ √ 
4 1 2 2 2 2  8
Thus,  = √ 32 · 2 = = = √ = .
 2 ()12 [ (2 )]12  
 ∞  2      
1  1 1
75. Volume =   =  lim =  lim − =  lim 1 − =   ∞.
1  →∞ 1 2 →∞  1 →∞ 
 ∞      
  −1 −1 1 
76. Work =  = lim  = lim  =  lim + = , where
 2 →∞  2 →∞   →∞   
 = mass of the earth = 598 × 1024 kg,  = mass of satellite = 103 kg,  = radius of the earth = 637 × 106 m, and
 = gravitational constant = 667 × 10−11 N·m2kg.
667 × 10−11 · 598 × 1024 · 103

Therefore, Work = ≈ 626 × 1010 J.
637 × 106
 ∞    
 1 1 
77. Work =   = lim  = lim  − = . The initial kinetic energy provides the work,
 →∞  2 →∞   

 2
so 12 02 = ⇒ 0 = .
 
 
2
78. () = √ ()  and () = 12 ( − )2 ⇒
 2 − 2
    3
( − )2  − 22 + 2 
() = lim √  = lim √ 
→+ 2
 − 2 → + 2 − 2
 
      
3  2     
= lim √ − 2 √ + 2 √ = lim 1 − 22 + 2 3 = 
→+ 2
 − 2 2
 − 2 2
 − 2 → +
  
√
For 1 : Let  = 2 − 2 ⇒  =  −  ,  =  +  , 2  = 2 , so, omitting limits and constant of
2 2 2 2 2 2
integration,
 
(2 + 2 )
1 =  = (2 + 2 )  = 13 3 + 2  = 13 (2 + 32 )

√ √
= 3  − 2 (2 − 2 + 32 ) = 13 2 − 2 (2 + 22 )
1 2
√ 2 2  √ 
For 2 : Using Formula 44, 2 =  − 2 + ln  + 2 − 2 .
2 2
 
1  √
For 3 : Let  = 2 − 2 ⇒  = 2 . Then 3 = √ = 12 · 2  = 2 − 2 .
2 
[continued]
°
Thus,
   
√ √ 2 2  √  √
 = lim 2 − 2 (2 + 22 ) − 2
1
3
 − 2 + ln  + 2 − 2  + 2 2 − 2
→+ 2 2 
   
√ √ 2  2  √  √
= lim 13 2 − 2 (2 + 22 ) − 2  − 2 + ln + 2 − 2  + 2 2 − 2
→+ 2 2
   
√   √ 2 2  √  √
− lim 13 2 − 2 2 + 22 − 2  − 2 + ln  + 2 − 2  + 2 2 − 2
→+ 2 2
1√  √    
= 3 2 − 2 (2 + 22 ) − 2 ln + 2 − 2  − −2 ln ||
 √ 
√  + 2 − 2
= 13 2 − 2 (2 + 22 ) − 2 ln

79. We would expect a small percentage of bulbs to burn out in the first few hundred hours, most of the bulbs to burn out after
close to 700 hours, and a few overachievers to burn on and on.
(a) (b) () =  0 () is the rate at which the fraction  () of burntout bulbs increases
as  increases. This could be interpreted as a fractional burnout rate.
∞
(c) 0 ()  = lim  () = 1, since all of the bulbs will eventually burn out.
→∞
 ∞      
1 1  1 1
80.  =   = lim ( − 1)  [Formula 96, or parts] = lim  − 2  − − 2 .
0 →∞ 2 0
→∞   
Since   0 the first two terms approach 0 (you can verify that the first term does so with l’Hospital’s Rule), so the limit is
 
equal to 12 . Thus,  = − = − 12 = −1 = −1(−0000121) ≈ 82645 years.
 ∞   
(1 − − ) − 
81.  =   = lim − − (−−) 
0   →∞ 0
    
 1 − 1  1 1 1 1
= lim  − (−−) = lim + − +
 →∞ − − −  0  →∞ − ( + )(+) −  + 
   
 1 1  +− 
= − = =
  +  ( + ) ( + )
 ∞    −     
    
82. ()  = lim 0 −  = 0 lim = 0 − lim − − 1
0 →∞ 0   →∞ − 0   →∞
= −0 (0 − 1) = 0 
∞
0
()  represents the total amount of urea removed from the blood if dialysis is continued indefinitely. The fact that
∞
0
()  = 0 means that, in the limit, as  → ∞, all the urea in the blood at time  = 0 is removed. The calculation says
nothing about how rapidly that limit is approached.
°
 
∞
1 1     
83.  =  = lim  = lim tan−1   = lim tan−1  − tan−1  = 2 − tan−1 .
 2 +1 →∞  +1 2→∞ →∞
 
  0001 ⇒ 
2
− tan−1   0001 ⇒ tan−1   2 − 0001 ⇒   tan 2 − 0001 ≈ 1000.
2
84.  () = − and ∆ = 4−0
8
= 12 .
4 1
0
 ()  ≈ 8 = 2 · 3 [ (0) + 4(05) + 2(1) + · · · + 2 (3) + 4(35) +  (4)] ≈ 16 (531717808) ≈ 08862
2 ∞ 2 ∞
Now   4 ⇒ − ·   − · 4 ⇒ −  −4 ⇒ 4
−   4
−4 .
∞    
4
−4  = lim − 14 −4 4 = − 14 0 − −16 = 1(416 ) ≈ 00000000281  00000001, as desired.
→∞
 ∞  ∞  −   − 
− −   1 1
85. (a)  () =  ()  =   = lim − = lim + . This converges to only if   0.
0 0 →∞  0 →∞ −  
1
Therefore  () = with domain { |   0}.

 ∞  ∞    
1 (1−)
(b)  () =  ()−  =  −  = lim (1−)  = lim 
0 0 →∞ 0 →∞ 1− 0
 (1−) 
 1
= lim −
→∞ 1− 1−
1
This converges only if 1 −   0 ⇒   1, in which case  () = with domain { |   1}.
−1
∞ 
(c)  () = 0
 ()−  = lim − . Use integration by parts: let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,
→∞ 0
   
−  1 − 1 1 1
=− . Then  () = lim − − − 2 − = lim 
− 2 
+ 0 + 2
= 2 only if   0.
 →∞   0
→∞    
1
Therefore,  () = and the domain of  is { |   0}.
2
86. 0 ≤ () ≤  ⇒ 0 ≤  ()− ≤  − for  ≥ 0. Now use the Comparison Theorem:
   
∞
 −

(−) 1 (−) 1  (−) 
   = lim    =  · lim  =  · lim  −1
0 →∞ 0 →∞ − 0
→∞  − 
∞
This is convergent only when  −   0 ⇒   . Therefore, by the Comparison Theorem,  () = 0
 () −  is
also convergent for   .

∞
87. () = 0
 0 ()− . Integrate by parts with  = − ,  =  0 ()  ⇒  = −− ,  =  ():
  ∞
() = lim  ()− 0 +  0  ()−  = lim  ()− −  (0) +  ()
→∞ →∞
But 0 ≤  () ≤  ⇒ 0 ≤  ()− ≤  − and lim (−) = 0 for   . So by the Squeeze Theorem,
→∞
lim  ()− = 0 for    ⇒ () = 0 −  (0) +  () =  () −  (0) for   .

→∞
°
88. Assume without loss of generality that   . Then

 ∞  
−∞
 ()  + 
 ()  = lim  ()  + lim () 
→−∞  →∞ 
   

= lim  ()  + lim  ()  +  () 
→−∞  →∞  
  
= lim  ()  +  ()  + lim  () 
→−∞   →∞ 
   
 ∞
= lim 
()  + 
 ()  +  () 
→−∞
 ∞  ∞
= lim  ()  +  ()  = −∞
 ()  + () 
→−∞   
2 2
89. We use integration by parts: let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = − 12 − . So
 ∞       
2 1 2 1 ∞ −2  1 ∞ −2 1 ∞ −2
2 −  = lim − − +   = lim − 2 +   =  
0 →∞ 2 0 2 0 →∞ 2 2 0 2 0
(The limit is 0 by l’Hospital’s Rule.)
∞ 2 2 2
90. 0
−  is the area under the curve  = − for 0 ≤   ∞ and 0   ≤ 1. Solving  = − for , we get
2 √ √
 = − ⇒ ln  = −2 ⇒ − ln  = 2 ⇒  = ± − ln . Since  is positive, choose  = − ln , and
1√
the area is represented by 0
− ln  . Therefore, each integral represents the same area, so the integrals are equal.
91. For the first part of the integral, let  = 2 tan  ⇒  = 2 sec2  .
  
1 2 sec2 
√  =  = sec   = ln |sec  + tan |.
2 + 4 2 sec 
√
 2 + 4
, and sec  =
From the figure, tan  = . So
2 2
 ∞   √ 2  
1    +4 
= √ −  = lim ln  +  −  ln| + 2|
0 2 + 4 +2 →∞ 2 2 0
 √2 
 +4+
= lim ln −  ln( + 2) − (ln 1 −  ln 2)
→∞ 2
 √ 2    √ 
 +4+   + 2 + 4
= lim ln + ln 2 = ln lim + ln 2−1
→∞ 2 ( + 2) →∞ ( + 2)
√ √
 + 2 + 4 H 1 +  2 + 4 2
Now  = lim = lim = .
→∞ ( + 2) →∞  ( + 2)−1  lim ( + 2)−1
→∞
If   1,  = ∞ and  diverges.
If  = 1,  = 2 and  converges to ln 2 + ln 20 = ln 2.
If   1,  = 0 and  diverges to −∞.
°
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW ¤ 785
 ∞ 
1   
 
92.  = −  = lim 2
ln(2 + 1) − 13  ln(3 + 1) 0 = lim ln(2 + 1)12 − ln(3 + 1)3
0 2 +1 3 + 1 →∞ →∞
   √ 
(2 + 1)12 2 + 1
= lim ln = ln lim
→∞ (3 + 1)3 →∞ (3 + 1)3
For  ≤ 0, the integral diverges. For   0, we have

√ √
2 + 1 H  2 + 1 1 1
 = lim = lim = lim
→∞ (3 + 1)3 →∞ (3 + 1)(3)−1  →∞ (3 + 1)(3)−1
For 3  1 ⇔   3,  = ∞ and  diverges.
For  = 3,  = 1
3
and  = ln 13 .
For   3,  = 0 and  diverges to −∞.

∞
93. No,  = 0
 ()  must be divergent. Since lim  () = 1, there must exist an  such that if  ≥ , then  () ≥ 12 .
→∞
 ∞
Thus,  = 1 + 2 = 0
() , where 1 is an ordinary definite integral that has a finite value, and 2 is
 ()  + 
∞
improper and diverges by comparison with the divergent integral  12 .
 ∞  1  ∞
  
94. As in Exercises 65–68, we let  =  = 1 + 2 , where 1 =  and 2 = . We will
0 1 +  0 1 +  1 1 + 
show that 1 converges for   −1 and 2 converges for    + 1, so that  converges when   −1 and    + 1.
1 1 1
1 is improper only when   0. When 0 ≤  ≤ 1, we have ≤ − . The integral
≤1 ⇒
− (1 +  )1 + 

 1  1
1 1
 converges for −  1 [or   −1] by Exercise 69, so by the Comparison Theorem, 
0 − 0  − (1 +  )
converges for −1    0. 1 is not improper when  ≥ 0, so it has a finite real value in that case. Therefore, 1 has a finite
real value (converges) when   −1.
 ∞
 1 1 1 1
2 is always improper. When  ≥ 1, = =  . By (2),  converges
1 +  − (1 +  ) − + − − 1 −
 ∞

for  −   1 (or    + 1), so by the Comparison Theorem,  converges for    + 1.
1 1 + 
Thus,  converges if   −1 and    + 1.
7 Review
1. True. See Example 5 in Section 7.1.

 
2. True. Integration by parts can be used to show that    =   −  −1  , so that the power of  in the
new integrand is reduced by 1. Hence, when  = 5, repeatedly applying integration by parts five times will reduce

the final integral to  , which evaluates to  .
°
√ 
3. False. Substituting  = 5 sin  into 25 + 2 gives 25 + 25 sin2 . This expression cannot be further simplified using a
trigonometric identity. A more useful substitiution would be  = 5 tan .
 
 
4. False. To use entry 25, we need to first write √ in the form √ , which suggests making the
9+ 2 9 + 2
 
 
substitution  =  , so that  =  , or  = . Thus, √ = √ , however,
9 + 2  9 + 2
entry 25 cannot be used to evaluate this new integral. Instead, entry 27 would be needed.
(2 + 4) 8  
5. False. Since the numerator has a higher degree than the denominator, =+ 2 =+ + .
2 − 4  −4 +2 −2
2 + 4 −1 1 1
6. True. = + +
(2 − 4)  +2 −2
2 + 4   
7. False. can be put in the form + 2 + .
2 ( − 4)   −4
2 − 4   + 
8. False. can be put into the form + 2 .
(2 + 4)   +4
9. False. This is an improper integral, since the denominator vanishes at  = 1.

 4  1  4
  
2 −1
 = 2 −1
 + 2 −1
 and
0  0  1 
 1   
      
2
 = lim 2
 = lim 12 ln2 − 1 = lim 1
2
ln2 − 1 = ∞
0  −1 0  −1
→1 − →1 − 0 →1−
So the integral diverges.

√
10. True by Theorem 7.8.2 with  = 2  1.
 ∞  0  ∞  ∞
11. True.  ()  =  ()  +  ()  = 1 + 2 . If  ()  is convergent, it follows that both 1
−∞ −∞ 0 −∞
and 2 must be convergent.
12. False. For example, with  = 1 the Trapezoidal Rule is much more accurate
than the Midpoint Rule for the function in the diagram.
13. (a) True. See the end of Section 7.5.
2 sin 
(b) False. Examples include the functions  () =  , () = sin(2 ), and () = .

1 ∞
14. True. If  is continuous on [0 ∞), then 0  ()  is finite. Since 1 ()  is finite, so is
∞ 1 ∞
0
 ()  = 0  ()  + 1 () .
∞
15. False. If () = 1, then  is continuous and decreasing on [1 ∞) with lim  () = 0, but 1
 ()  is divergent.
→∞
°
∞    

16. True. 
[ () + ()]  = lim [ () + ()]  = lim  ()  + () 
→∞  →∞  
 
  since both limits
= lim  ()  + lim () 
→∞  →∞  in the sum exist
∞ ∞
= 
 ()  + 
() 
Since the two integrals are finite, so is their sum.
∞
17. False. Take  () = 1 for all  and () = −1 for all . Then   ()  = ∞ [divergent]
∞ ∞
and  ()  = −∞ [divergent], but  [ () + ()]  = 0 [convergent].
∞ ∞
18. False. 0
 ()  could converge or diverge. For example, if () = 1, then 0
 ()  diverges if () = 1 and
converges if  () = 0.
 2  2  2   2
( + 1)2 2 + 2 + 1 1 1 2
1.  =  = +2+  =  + 2 + ln ||
1  1  1  2 1
1  7
= (2 + 4 + ln 2) − 2 + 2 + 0 = 2 + ln 2
 2  3  
 −1  =  + 1
2.  = 
1 ( + 1)2 2 2  = 
 3   3    
1 1 1 1 1 3 1
= − 2  = ln || + = ln 3 + − ln 2 + = ln −
2    2 3 2 2 6
    
sin  sin    = sin ,
3.  = cos    =  
sec   = cos  
=  +  = sin  + 
   
6  6 6  1   = ,  = sin 2
4.  sin 2  = − 12  cos 2 0 − − 2 cos 2 
 = ,  = − 12 cos 2
0 0
 1
1 6 
√
= (− 12 · 2) − (0) + 4 sin 2 0 = − 24 + 18 3
    
 1 2 1
5. =  = −  [partial fractions] = ln |2 + 1| − ln | + 1| + 
22 + 3 + 1 (2 + 1)( + 1) 2 + 1 +1
   
2
5 12 6
2
1 5  = ln ,  = 5 
6.  ln   = 6  ln  1 − 6 
 = 1
,  = 16 6
1 1
1 6 2
   64 
= 64
6 ln 2 − 0 − 36  1 =
32
3 ln 2 − 36 − 1
36
= 32
3 ln 2 − 7
4
 
 2  2 0  = cos ,
7. 0
sin3  cos2   = 0
(1 − cos2 ) cos2  sin   = 1
(1 − 2 )2 (−)
 = − sin  
1 1 1 1 
= 0
(2 − 4 )  = 3
3
− 15 5 0
= 3 − 1
5
−0 = 2
15
°
8. Let  = 4 sin , where −2 ≤  ≤ 2. Then  = 4 cos   and

√  √
16 − 2 = 16 − 16 sin2  = 16 cos2  = 4 | cos  | = 4 cos . Thus,
  
 4 cos  1
√ =  = csc2  
2 16 − 2 16 sin2  (4 cos ) 16
√
1 16 − 2
= − cot  +  = − +
16 16
 
sin(ln )
9. Let  = ln ,  = . Then  = sin   = − cos  +  = − cos(ln ) + .

10. Let  = arctan ,  = (1 + 2 ). Then

 √  4  
1
arctan  √ 2  32 4 2 32 2 1 1 32
 =   =  = − 0 = ·  32 =  .
0 1 + 2 0 3 0 3 432 3 8 12
 
2 ln  1 1
11. First let  = (ln )2 ,  =   ,  = 2 . Then  =  (ln )2  = 2 (ln )2 −  ln  .
⇒  =
 2 2
 
1 1 1 1 1 1
Next, let  = ln ,  =   ⇒  = ,  = 2 , so  ln   = 2 ln  −   = 2 ln  − 2 .
 2 2 2 2 4
 
Substituting in the previous formula gives  = 12 2 (ln )2 − 12 2 ln  − 14 2 +  = 14 2 [2(ln )2 − 2 ln  + 1] + .
12. Let  = cos , so that  = − sin  . Then

 
    = ln ,  = − 
sin  cos  ln(cos )  =  ln  (−) = − 12 2 ln  + 1
2  
1
 = ,  = − 12 2

= − 12 2 ln  + 14 2 + 
= − 12 cos2  ln(cos ) + 1
4
cos2  + 
13. Let  = sec . Then

 √  3  3  3
2
2 − 1 tan   3 √
 = sec  tan   = tan2   = (sec2  − 1)  = tan  −  0 = 3 − 3 .
1  0 sec  0 0
   
2 1 1   = 2 
14.  = 
1 + 4 1 + 2 2  = 22 
= 1
2
tan−1  +  = 1
2
tan−1 2 + 
√  √3 
15. Let  = 3
. Then 3 =  and 32  = , so    =  · 32  = 3. To evaluate , let  = 2 ,
 
 =   ⇒  = 2 ,  =  , so  = 2   = 2  − 2 . Now let  = ,  =   ⇒
  
 = ,  =  . Thus,  = 2  − 2  −   = 2  − 2 + 2 + 1 , and hence
√
3
3 = 3 (2 − 2 + 2) +  = 3 (23 − 213 + 2) + .
   
2 + 2 6
16.  = −2+  = 12 2 − 2 + 6 ln | + 2| + 
+2 +2
°
1 1
17. Integrate by parts with  = tan−1 ,  = 2 , so that  = ,  = 3 . Then
1 + 2 3
    
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 −1  = 1 + 2 ,
2 tan−1   = 3 tan−1  −  =  tan−1
 − · 
3 3 1 + 2 3 3 2   = 2 
  
1 1 1 1 1 
= 3 tan−1  − 1−  = 3 tan−1  −  − ln || + 1
3 6  3 6
1 3 −1 1
 2 2

= 3  tan  − 6 1 +  − ln(1 +  ) + 1
= 16 [23 tan−1  − 2 + ln(1 + 2 )] + , where  = 1 − 1

6
18. Let  =  + 1 so that  + 1 =  + 2 and  = . Thus,

   
( + 2)2 ( + 1)20  = ( + 1)2 20  = (2 + 2 + 1) 20  = (22 + 221 + 20 ) 
1 23 2 22 1 21
= 23
 + 22
 + 21
 + = 1
23
( + 1)23 + 1
11
( + 1)22 + 1
21
( + 1)21 + 
−1 −1  
19. = = + ⇒  − 1 = ( + 2) + . Set  = −2 to get −3 = −2, so  = 32 . Set  = 0
2 + 2 ( + 2)  +2
   1 3 
−1 −2
to get −1 = 2, so  = − 12 . Thus,  = + 2
 = − 12 ln || + 32 ln | + 2| + .
2 + 2  +2
      4
sec6  (tan2  + 1)2 sec2  = tan , (2 + 1)2  + 22 + 1
20.  =  2 =  = 
tan2  tan2  = − sec   2 2
  
1 3 1
= 2 + 2 + 2  = + 2 − +  = 13 tan3  + 2 tan  − cot  + 
 3 
 
   = ,  = cosh  
21.  cosh   =  sinh  − sinh  
 = ,  = sinh 
=  sinh  − cosh  + 
2 + 8 − 3 2 + 8 − 3   
22. = = + 2 + ⇒ 2 + 8 − 3 = ( + 3) + ( + 3) + 2 .
3 + 32 2 ( + 3)   +3
Taking  = 0, we get −3 = 3, so  = −1. Taking  = −3, we get −18 = 9, so  = −2.
Taking  = 1, we get 6 = 4 + 4 +  = 4 − 4 − 2, so 4 = 12 and  = 3. Now
 2   
 + 8 − 3 3 1 2 1
 = − −  = 3 ln || + − 2 ln | + 3| + .
3 + 32  2 +3 
  
  
23. √ =  = 
2 − 4 (2 − 4 + 4) − 4 ( − 2)2 − 22
  
2 sec  tan    − 2 = 2 sec ,
=
2 tan   = 2 sec  tan  

= sec   = ln |sec  + tan | + 1
 √ 
 − 2 2 − 4 

= ln  +
2 2  + 1
 √ 
= ln  − 2 + 2 − 4  + , where  = 1 − ln 2
°
 √   √  √
2   =  2 2 +1
24. √  = 2 (2 ) √ =2· + = +
  = 1(2  )  ln 2 ln 2
    
+1 +1 +1 = 3 + 1,
25.  =  = 
92 + 6 + 5 (92 + 6 + 1) + 4 (3 + 1)2 + 4 = 3 
 1     
3
( − 1) + 1 1 1 1 ( − 1) + 3
=  = · 
2 + 4 3 3 3 2 + 4
   
1  1 2 1 1 2 2 1 −1 1
=  +  = · ln( + 4) + · tan  +
9 2 + 4 9 2 + 22 9 2 9 2 2
 
1
= 18 ln(92 + 6 + 5) + 19 tan−1 12 (3 + 1) + 
 
    = sec ,
26. tan5  sec3   = tan4  sec2  sec  tan   = (sec2  − 1)2 sec2  sec  tan  
 = sec  tan  
 
= (2 − 1)2 2  = (6 − 24 + 2 ) 
= 17 7 − 25 5 + 13 3 +  = 1
7
sec7  − 2
5
sec5  + 1
3
sec3  + 
√ √ 
27. 2 − 2 + 2 = 2 − 2 + 1 + 1 = ( − 1)2 + 1. Since this is a sum of squares,
we try the substitution  − 1 = tan , where −2    2. Then  = sec2   and
 √ √
( − 1)2 + 1 = tan2  + 1 = sec2  = |sec | = sec . Also,  = 0 ⇒  = −4 and  = 2 ⇒  = 4.
Thus,
 2  4  4
2 − 2 + 2  = sec  (sec2  ) = sec3  
0 −4 −4
1 4
= sec  tan  + ln |sec  + tan | [by Example 8 in Section 7.2]
2 −4
 √ 
1 √ √   √ √  1 √ 2+1
= 2 + ln 2 + 1 − − 2 + ln 2 − 1 = 2 2 + ln √
2 2 2−1
 √ √   
1 √ 2+1 2+1 1 √ √ 2
= 2 2 + ln √ ·√ = 2 2 + ln 2 + 1
2 2−1 2+1 2
 √ √  √ √ 
= 12 2 2 + 2 ln 2 + 1 = 2 + ln 2 + 1
 √ 
 √   = ,
28. cos   = 2 cos  
2 = , 2  = 
 
  = ,  = cos  
= 2 sin  − 2 sin  
 = ,  = sin 
√ √ √
= 2 sin  + 2 cos  +  = 2  sin  + 2 cos  + 
29. Let  = tan , so that  = sec2  . Then

  
 sec2   sec 
√ = = 
 2 + 1 tan  sec  tan 

= csc   = ln |csc  − cot | + 
√  √ 
 2 + 1 1   2 + 1 − 1 

= ln  −  +  = ln   +
   
°
 
30. Let  = cos ,  =   ⇒  = − sin  ,  =  : (∗)  =  cos   =  cos  +  sin  .

To integrate  sin  , let  = sin ,  =   ⇒  = cos  ,  =  . Then
  
 sin   =  sin  −  cos   =  sin  − . By substitution in (∗),  =  cos  +  sin  −  ⇒
2 =  (cos  + sin ) ⇒  = 12  (cos  + sin ) + .
√ 
31. Let  = 1 + 2 , so that  = √ . Thus,
1 + 2
 √    
 sin 1 + 2
√  = sin   = −cos  +  = − cos 1 + 2 + .
1 + 2
32. Let  = 14 ⇒  = 4 , so that  = 43 . Thus,

     
1 43 2 1
 =  = 4  = 4  − 1 +  [using long division]
12 + 14 2 +  +1 +1
 
= 4 12 2 −  + ln | + 1| +  = 212 − 414 + 4 ln(14 + 1) + 
33 − 2 + 6 − 4  +   +     
33. = 2 + 2 ⇒ 33 − 2 + 6 − 4 = ( + ) 2 + 2 + ( + ) 2 + 1 .
(2 + 1)(2 + 2)  +1  +2
Equating the coefficients gives  +  = 3,  +  = −1, 2 +  = 6, and 2 +  = −4 ⇒
 = 3,  = 0,  = −3, and  = 2. Now

    
33 − 2 + 6 − 4 −1  3  2  −1
√ −1 
 = 3  + 2 = ln  + 1 − 3 tan  + 2 tan √ + .
(2 + 1)(2 + 2) 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 2
 
  = 1
34.  sin  cos   = 1
 sin 2  2 ,  = sin 2 ,
1
2  = 2   = − 12 cos 2

= − 14  cos 2 + 1
4
cos 2  = − 14  cos 2 + 1
8
sin 2 + 
 2  2  2  2

35. 0
cos3  sin 2  = 0
cos3  (2 sin  cos )  = 0
2 cos4  sin   = − 25 cos5  0 = 2
5
√
36. Let  = 3
. Then  = 3 ,  = 32  ⇒
 √3
   
+1 +1 2 2 2
√3
 = 3  = 3  + 2 + 2 + 
−1 −1 −1
√ √
= 3 + 32 + 6 + 6 ln | − 1| +  =  + 323 + 6 3  + 6 ln | 3  − 1| + 
 3

37. The integrand is an odd function, so  = 0 [by 5.5.7(b)].
−3 1 + ||
38. Let  = − ,  = −− . Then

  
 −  −
√ =  = √ = − sin−1  +  = − sin−1 (− ) + .
 1 − −2 1 − (− )2 1 − 2
°
√ 
39. Let  =  − 1. Then 2 =  − 1 and 2  =  . Also,  + 8 = 2 + 9. Thus,
 ln 10
√  3  3  3 
  − 1  · 2  2 9
 = = 2  = 2 1 − 
0  + 8 0 2 + 9 2
0  +9 0 2 + 9
   3 
9    3
= 2  − tan−1 = 2 (3 − 3 tan−1 1) − 0 = 2 3 − 3 · =6−
3 3 0 4 2
 4  4  
 sin   = ,  = tan  sec2  ,
40.  =  tan  sec2  
cos3   =   = 12 tan2 
0 0
 4 1  4 

1 4
= tan2  − tan2   = · 12 − 0 − (sec2  − 1) 
2 0 2 0 8 2 0
 1 4  1   1
= − tan  −  = − 1− = −
8 2 0 8 2 4 4 2
 32
41. Let  = 2 sin  ⇒ 4 − 2 = (2 cos )3 ,  = 2 cos  , so
   
2 4 sin2   2 
 = 2 cos   = tan2   = sec  − 1 
(4 − 2 )32 8 cos3 
 
= tan  −  +  = √ − sin−1 +
4 − 2 2
42. Integrate by parts twice, first with  = (arcsin )2 ,  = :

   

= (arcsin )2  = (arcsin )2 − 2 arcsin  √
1 − 2
 1 √
Now let  = arcsin ,  = √  ⇒  = √ ,  = − 1 − 2 . So
1 − 2 1 − 2
  √    √
 = (arcsin )2 − 2 arcsin  − 1 − 2 +  = (arcsin )2 + 2 1 − 2 arcsin  − 2 + 
 √ 
   =1+ ,  
1     = 2 
43. √  =  √ = √  √  √ = 2−12 
 + 32  (1 +  )  1+   = √ 
2 
√  √
=4 + =4 1+ +
  cos  − sin  
1 − tan  cos  cos   = cos  − sin 
44.  =  = ln |cos  + sin | + 
1 + tan  cos  sin  cos  + sin 
+
cos  cos 
  2  
45. (cos  + sin )2 cos 2  = cos  + 2 sin  cos  + sin2  cos 2  = (1 + sin 2) cos 2 
 
= cos 2  + 12 sin 4  = 12 sin 2 − 18 cos 4 + 
 
Or: (cos  + sin )2 cos 2  = (cos  + sin )2 (cos2  − sin2 ) 

= (cos  + sin )3 (cos  − sin )  = 14 (cos  + sin )4 + 1
°
46. Let  = sin(2 ), so that  = 2 cos(2 )  and cos2 (2 ) = 1 − 2 . Thus,

    
1  √
 cos3 (2 ) sin(2 )  =  cos(2 ) cos2 (2 ) sin(2 )  = 1 − 2  
2
  
1 1 2 32 2 72
= (12 − 52 )  =  −  +
2 2 3 7
 
= 13 sin3 (2 ) − 17 sin7 (2 ) + 

2 
47. We’ll integrate  =  by parts with  = 2 and  = . Then  = ( · 22 + 2 · 1) 
(1 + 2)2 (1 + 2)2
1 1
and  = − · , so
2 1 + 2
    
1 2 1 2 (2 + 1) 2 1 1 1 
 =− · − − ·  = − + · 2 +  = 2 − +
2 1 + 2 2 1 + 2 4 + 2 2 2 4 4 + 2
 12   12    
2 2 1  1 1 1 1 1
Thus,  =  − =  − − 1 − 0 = − .
0 (1 + 2)2 4 4 + 2 0 4 8 4 8 4

 3
√  3 sin   3  3  −12
tan  cos  1 1 sin 
48.  =  = (sin )−12 (cos )−32  = (cos )−2 
4 sin 2 4 2 sin  cos  4 2 4 2 cos 
 3 √ 3 √
1 √ √
= (tan )−12 sec2   = tan  = 3− 1 = 4 3−1
4 2 4
√  2
49. Let  =  = . Thus,
 − 4, so that  = 2 + 4 and 2  =   = (2 + 4)  ⇔
2 + 4
      √  
1 1 2 1 1 −1  −1  −4
√   = · 2  = 2  = 2 tan +  = tan + .
 −4   +4 2 + 4 2 2 2
√ 
50. Let  = 1 + 2 , so that  2 = 1 + 2 and 2  = 2  ⇒  = . Thus,

 
 √    = ,  = sin  
 sin 1 + 2  =  sin  
 = ,  = − cos 

= − cos  + cos   = − cos  + sin  + 
√ √ √
= − 1 + 2 cos 1 + 2 + sin 1 + 2 + 
 ∞      
1 1 −3 1
51.  = lim  = lim 1
(2 + 1) 2  = lim −
1 (2 + 1)3 →∞ 1 (2 + 1)
3 →∞ 1 2 →∞ 4(2 + 1)2 1
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − lim − =− 0− =
4 →∞ (2 + 1)2 9 4 9 36
 ∞    
ln  ln   = ln ,  = 4 ,
52.  = lim 
4 →∞ 4  =   = −1(33 )
1 1
          
ln  1 ln  −1 H 1 −1 1
= lim − 3 + 4
 = lim − + 0 + = lim − + +
→∞ 3 1 1 3 →∞ 33 93 1 →∞ 93 93 9
1 1
=0+0+ 9
= 9
°
   
  = ln , 
53. = = ln || +  = ln |ln | +  so
 ln   =  
 ∞    
 
= lim = lim ln |ln | = lim [ln(ln ) − ln(ln 2)] = ∞, so the integral is divergent.
2  ln  →∞ 2  ln  →∞ 2 →∞
√
54. Let  =  − 2. Then  = 2 + 2 and  = 2 , so
   2  
   + 2 2   2   
√ = =2  + 2  = 2 13 3 + 2 + 
−2 
 6  6   6
 
Thus, √ = lim √  = lim 23 ( − 2)32 + 4  − 2
2 −2 →2+  −2 →2 + 
 √ 
= lim 16
3
+ 8 − 23 ( − 2)32 − 4  − 2 = 403
.
→2+
 4  4  √ √ 4
ln  ln  
55. √  = lim √  = lim 2  ln  − 4 
0  →0+   →0 + 
  √ √  
= lim (2 · 2 ln 4 − 4 · 2) − 2  ln  − 4  = (4 ln 4 − 8) − (0 − 0) = 4 ln 4 − 8
→0+
1 1 √
() Let  = ln ,  = √  ⇒  = ,  = 2 . Then
 
  √ √
ln  √ 
√  = 2  ln  − 2 √ = 2  ln  − 4  + 
 
 √  2 ln  H 2  √ 
() lim 2  ln  = lim −12 = lim 1 −32 = lim+ −4  =0
→0 + →0 
+ →0 − 
+ →0
2
56. Note that  () = 1(2 − 3) has an infinite discontinuity at  = 3.

2
Now
 23      
1 1
 = lim  = lim − 13 ln |2 − 3| = − 13 lim ln |2 − 3| − ln 2 = ∞
0 2 − 3 →(23)− 0 2 − 3 →(23)− 0 →(23)−
 23  1
1 1
Since  diverges, so does .
0 2 − 3 0 2 − 3
 1  1   1  1
−1  1
57. √  = lim √ − √  = lim (12 − −12 )  = lim 23 32 − 212
0  →0+    →0+
 →0 + 
   
= lim 23 − 2 − 23 32 − 212 = − 43 − 0 = − 43
→0+
 1  1  0  1
   
58.  = = = + = 1 + 2 . Now
−1 2 − 2 −1 ( − 2) −1 ( − 2) 0 ( − 2)
1  
= + ⇒ 1 = ( − 2) + . Set  = 2 to get 1 = 2, so  = 12 . Set  = 0 to get 1 = −2,
( − 2)  −2
 = − 12 . Thus,
°
 1 
− 12 1  1   
2 = lim + 2  = lim − 12 ln || + 1
2
ln | − 2|  = lim (0 + 0) − − 12 ln  + 1
2
ln | − 2|
→0+   −2 →0+ →0+
= − 12 ln 2 + 1
2
lim ln  = −∞.
→0+
Since 2 diverges,  is divergent.
59. Let  = 2 + 1. Then

 ∞  ∞ 1  0  ∞
 2
 1  1 
= = 2
+ 2
−∞ 42 + 4 + 5 −∞ 2 +4 −∞ 2 + 4 0 2 + 4
1  1 0 1  1      
= 1
lim
2 →−∞ 2 tan−1 2  +
1
lim
2 →∞ 2 tan−1 1
2 0 = 4
0 − − 2 + 14 2 − 0 = 4.

 ∞  
tan−1  tan−1 
60. 2
 = lim . Integrate by parts:
1  →∞ 1 2
    
tan−1  − tan−1  1  − tan−1  1 
 = + = + − 
2   1 + 2   2 + 1
− tan−1  − tan−1  1 2
= + ln || − 1
2 ln(2 + 1) +  = + ln 2 +
  2  +1
Thus,
 ∞    
tan−1  tan−1  1 2 tan−1  1 2  1 1
 = lim − + ln = lim − + ln + − ln
1 2 →∞  2 2 + 1 1 →∞  2 2 + 1 4 2 2
1  1  1
=0+ 2
ln 1 + 4
+ 2
ln 2 = 4
+ 2
ln 2
 
61. We first make the substitution  =  + 1, so ln(2 + 2 + 2) = ln ( + 1)2 + 1 = ln(2 + 1). Then we use parts
with  = ln(2 + 1),  = :

   2   
(2)    1
ln(2 + 1)  =  ln(2 + 1) − =  ln(2
+ 1) − 2 =  ln(2
+ 1) − 2 1 − 
2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1
=  ln(2 + 1) − 2 + 2 arctan  + 
= ( + 1) ln(2 + 2 + 2) − 2 + 2 arctan( + 1) + , where  =  − 2
[Alternatively, we could have integrated by parts immediately with
 = ln(2 + 2 + 2).] Notice from the graph that  = 0 where  has a

horizontal tangent. Also,  is always increasing, and  ≥ 0.
62. Let  = 2 + 1. Then 2 =  − 1 and   = 1

2 , so
  
3 ( − 1)  1  1
√  = √ 2  =
(12 − −12 ) 
2 + 1  2
 
= 12 23 32 − 212 +  = 13 (2 + 1)32 − (2 + 1)12 + 
  √
= 13 (2 + 1)12 (2 + 1) − 3 +  = 13 2 + 1 (2 − 2) + 
°
 2
63. From the graph, it seems as though 0
cos2  sin3   is equal to 0.
To evaluate the integral, we write the integral as

 2
 = 0 cos2  (1 − cos2 ) sin   and let  = cos  ⇒
1
 = − sin  . Thus,  = 1 2 (1 − 2 )(−) = 0.

64. (a) To evaluate 5 −2  by hand, we would integrate by parts repeatedly, always taking  = −2 and starting with
 = 5 . Each time we would reduce the degree of the factor by 1.
(b) To evaluate the integral using tables, we would use Formula 97 (which is (d)
proved using integration by parts) until the exponent of  was reduced to 1,
and then we would use Formula 96.
  
(c) 5 −2  = − 18 −2 45 + 104 + 203 + 302 + 30 + 15 + 
 
√   = 2 − 1, √  
65. 42 − 4 − 3  = (2 − 1)2 − 4  = 2 − 22 12 
 = 2 
 
391 √ 2 22  √ 

√  √ 
= 2
 −2 − 2
ln  +  − 2 2 +  = 14  2 − 4 − ln  + 2 − 4 + 
2 2 2
√  √ 
= 14 (2 − 1) 42 − 4 − 3 − ln 2 − 1 + 42 − 4 − 3 + 
 78  72  1 
66. csc5   = − 14 cot  csc3  + 3
4
csc3   = − 14 cot  csc3  + 3
4
− 2 csc  cot  + 1
2
ln|csc  − cot | + 
= − 14 cot  csc3  − 3
8
csc  cot  + 3
8
ln|csc  − cot | + 
67. Let  = sin , so that  = cos  . Then

   √ 21  √ 2 22  √ 
cos  4 + sin2   = 22 + 2  = 2 + 2 + ln  + 22 + 2 + 
2 2
   
= 12 sin  4 + sin2  + 2 ln sin  + 4 + sin2  + 
68. Let  = sin . Then  = cos  , so

  57 with √  √ 
cot     1 + 2 − 1   
√ = √
=1, =2
= ln √  +  = ln √1 + 2 sin  − 1  + 
1 + 2 sin   1 + 2 1 + 2 + 1   1 + 2 sin  + 1 
  
 1√ 2 1 √ 1 1 1
69. (a) −  − 2 − sin−1 +  = 2 2 − 2 + √ − ·
    2 − 2 1 − 22 
  √ 2
 −12 1  2   − 2
= 2 − 2 2
 − 2
+ 1 − 1 =
 2
 
(b) Let  =  sin  ⇒  =  cos  , 2 − 2 = 2 1 − sin2  = 2 cos2 .
 √ 2  2  
 − 2  cos2  1 − sin2 
 =  =  = (csc2  − 1)  = − cot  −  + 
2 2 sin2  sin2 
√ 
2 − 2
=− − sin−1 +
 
°
70. Work backward, and use integration by parts with  = −(−1) and  = ( + )−12  ⇒
−( − 1)  2√
 = 
and  =  + , to get
 
   √  √
 2  +  2( − 1)  + 
√ =   =   −   = −1
+ 
−1  +    
√ 
2  +  2( − 1)  + 
= + √ 
−1    + 
√  
2  +   2( − 1) 
= + 2( − 1) √ + √
−1 −1  +     + 
 √ 
2( − 1)  2  +  
Rearranging the equation gives √ = − − (2 − 3) √ ⇒
   +  −1 −1  + 
 √ 
 −  +  (2 − 3) 
√ = − √
  +  ( − 1)−1 2( − 1) −1  + 
∞   ∞ 1 ∞
71. For  ≥ 0, 0
  = lim +1( + 1) 0 = ∞. For   0, 0   = 0   + 1  . Both integrals are
→∞
improper. By (7.8.2), the second integral diverges if −1 ≤   0. By Exercise 7.8.69, the first integral diverges if  ≤ −1.
∞
Thus, 0   is divergent for all values of .
 ∞   99 with  
  =1 
72.  =  cos   = lim  cos   = lim ( cos  + sin )
0 →∞ 0 →∞ 2 + 1 0
 
 1 1  
= lim 2
( cos  + sin ) − 2
() = 2 lim  ( cos  + sin ) −  .
→∞  +1  +1  +1 →∞
 
For  ≥ 0, the limit does not exist due to oscillation. For   0, lim  ( cos  + sin ) = 0 by the Squeeze Theorem,
→∞
  1 
because  ( cos  + sin ) ≤  (|| + 1), so  = (−) = − 2 .
2 + 1  +1
1 − 4−2 1
73.  () = , ∆ = = =
ln   10 5
(a) 10 = 5 1· 2 { (2) + 2[(22) +  (24) + · · · +  (38)] +  (4)} ≈ 1925444
(b) 10 = 15 [ (21) +  (23) +  (25) + · · · +  (39)] ≈ 1920915
(c) 10 = 1
5·3
[ (2) + 4 (22) + 2 (24) + · · · + 2 (36) + 4 (38) +  (4)] ≈ 1922470
√ − 4−1 3
74.  () =  cos , ∆ = = =
 10 10
(a) 10 = 103· 2 { (1) + 2[ (13) +  (16) + · · · +  (37)] +  (4)} ≈ −2835151
(b) 10 = 3
10
[ (115) +  (145) +  (175) + · · · +  (385)] ≈ −2856809
(c) 10 = 3
10 · 3 [ (1) + 4 (13) + 2 (16) + · · · + 2 (34) + 4 (37) +  (4)] ≈ −2849672
1 1 2 + ln  2 1
75.  () = ⇒  0 () = − ⇒  00 () = = 2 + 2 . Note that each term of
ln  (ln )2 2 (ln )3  (ln )3  (ln )2
( − )3 2022(4 − 2)3
 00 () decreases on [2 4], so we’ll take  =  00 (2) ≈ 2022. | | ≤ 2
≈ = 001348 and
12 12(10)2
°
( − )3 2022(8) 1 105 (2022)(8)

| | ≤ = 000674. | | ≤ 000001 ⇔ ≤ 5 ⇔ 2 ≥ ⇒  ≥ 3672.
242 122 10 12
105 (2022)(8)
Take  = 368 for  . | | ≤ 000001 ⇔ 2 ≥ ⇒  ≥ 2596. Take  = 260 for  .
24
 4
 (4 − 1)6
76.  ≈ 6 = [ (1) + 4 (15) + 2 (2) + 4 (25) + 2 (3) + 4(35) +  (4)] ≈ 17739438
1  3
 10 
77. ∆ = 60
− 0 10 = 1
60
.
 10
Distance traveled = 0
  ≈ 10
1
= 60 · 3
[40 + 4(42) + 2(45) + 4(49) + 2(52) + 4(54) + 2(56) + 4(57) + 2(57) + 4(55) + 56]
= 1
180
(1544) = 857 mi
78. We use Simpson’s Rule with  = 6 and ∆ = 24 − 0

6
= 4:
 24
Increase in bee population = 0
()  ≈ 6
= 43 [(0) + 4(4) + 2(8) + 4(12) + 2(16) + 4(20) + (24)]
= 43 [0 + 4(300) + 2(3000) + 4(11,000) + 2(4000) + 4(400) + 0]
= 43 (60,800) ≈ 81,067 bees
79. (a)  () = sin(sin ). A CAS gives
 (4) () = sin(sin )[cos4  + 7 cos2  − 3]

 
+ cos(sin ) 6 cos2  sin  + sin 
 
 
From the graph, we see that  (4) ()  38 for  ∈ [0 ].
(b) We use Simpson’s Rule with () = sin(sin ) and ∆ = 10 

:
       
0
 ()  ≈ 10· 3 (0) + 4 10 + 2 2
10
+ · · · + 4 9
10
+ () ≈ 1786721
 
 
From part (a), we know that  (4) ()  38 on [0 ], so we use Theorem 7.7.4 with  = 38, and estimate the error
38( − 0)5
as | | ≤ ≈ 0000646.
180(10)4
385
(c) If we want the error to be less than 000001, we must have | | ≤ ≤ 000001,
1804
385
so 4 ≥ ≈ 646,0416 ⇒  ≥ 2835. Since  must be even for Simpson’s Rule, we must have  ≥ 30
180(000001)
to ensure the desired accuracy.
80. With an axis in the normal position, at  = 7 we have  = 2 = 45 ⇒ (7) = 2

45
.
Using Simpson’s Rule with  = 4 and ∆ = 7, we have

 28   45 2  53 2  45 2   
 = 0 [()]2  ≈ 4 = 73 0 + 4 2 + 2 2 + 4 2 + 0 = 73 21,818
4
≈ 4051 cm3 .
°
 ∞  ∞
2 + sin  1 1 1 2 + sin 
81. (a) √ ≥ √ for  in [1 ∞). √  is divergent by (7.8.2) with  = ≤ 1. Therefore, √  is
  1  2 1 
divergent by the Comparison Theorem.
 ∞
1 1 1 1
(b) √  √ = 2 for  in [1 ∞). 2
 is convergent by (7.8.2) with  = 2  1. Therefore,
1+ 4  4  1 
 ∞
1
√  is convergent by the Comparison Theorem.
1 1 + 4
 √   √ 
82. The line  = 3 intersects the hyperbola  2 − 2 = 1 at two points on its upper branch, namely −2 2 3 and 2 2 3 .
The desired area is

 √
2 2     √
2 2        2√2
21
= √
3 − 2 + 1  = 2 3 − 2 + 1  = 2 3 − 12  2 + 1 − 1
2 ln  + 2 + 1
−2 2 0 0
 √  √ 2√2 √ √  √  √  √ 
= 6 −  2 + 1 − ln  + 2 + 1 0
= 12 2 − 2 2 · 3 − ln 2 2 + 3 = 6 2 − ln 3 + 2 2
3
Another method:  = 2 1
 2 − 1  and use Formula 39.
   
83. For  in 0 
2
, 0 ≤ cos2  ≤ cos . For  in 2   , cos  ≤ 0 ≤ cos2 . Thus,
 2 
area = 0
(cos  − cos2 )  + 2
(cos2  − cos ) 
 2        
= sin  − 12  − 1
4
sin 2 0 + 12  + 1
4
sin 2 − sin  2 = 1 − 4 − 0 + 2 − 4 − 1 = 2
1 1 1
84. The curves  = √ are defined for  ≥ 0. For   0, √  √ . Thus, the required area is
2±  2−  2+ 
      1 
1
1 1 1 1
1     
√ − √  = − 2  =  =2 − − 
0 2−  2+  0 2− 2+ 0 −2 +2
 1     1
2 2  + 2
=2 −1 − −1+  = 2 2 ln  − 2 = 4 ln 3 − 4.
0 −2 +2  − 2 0
85. Using the formula for disks, the volume is

 2  2  1
 2 2
 = 0
 [ ()]2  =  (cos2 )2  =  0 0 2
(1 + cos 2) 
 2  2  
= 
4 0
(1 + cos2 2 + 2 cos 2)  = 4 0 1 + 12 (1 + cos 4) + 2 cos 2 

3 1
1   2  3   3 2
= 4 2 + 2 4 sin 4 + 2 12 sin 2 0 = 
4 4 + 1
8 ·0+0 −0 = 16 
86. Using the formula for cylindrical shells, the volume is
 2  2  2  1     2

 = 0
2()  = 2 0
 cos2   = 2 0
 2 (1 + cos 2)  = 2 12  0 ( +  cos 2) 
 2   2  2   
parts with  = ,
= 1
2
2 0
+  12 sin 2 0 − 0 1
2
sin 2 
 = cos 2 
    2 
1  2 3
= 2 2 + 0 − 12 − 12 cos 2 0 = 8 + 4 (−1 − 1) = 18 (3 − 4)
°
87. By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

∞ 
0
 0 ()  = lim  0 ()  = lim [ () −  (0)] = lim  () −  (0) = 0 −  (0) = − (0).
→∞ 0 →∞ →∞
   
1 −1 89 1 −1 2 
88. (a) (tan −1
)avg = lim tan   = lim 1
 tan  − 2 ln(1 +  ) 0
→∞  − 0 0 →∞ 
    
1 −1 1 2
 −1 ln 1 + 2
= lim  tan  − 2 ln(1 +  ) = lim tan  −
→∞  →∞ 2
H  2(1 + 2 )  
= − lim = −0=
2 →∞ 2 2 2
∞ 
(b)  () ≥ 0 and 
 ()  is divergent ⇒ lim  ()  = ∞.
→∞ 

 ()  H  ()
avg = lim 
 = lim [by FTC1] = lim (), if this limit exists.
→∞ − →∞ 1 →∞
∞ 
(c) Suppose 
 ()  converges; that is, lim  ()  =   ∞. Then
→∞ 
     
1 1
avg = lim  ()  = lim · lim  ()  = 0 ·  = 0.
→∞ −  →∞  −  →∞ 
    
1 
1  cos  1 1 − cos 
(d) (sin )avg = lim sin   = lim − cos  0 = lim − + = lim =0
→∞  0 →∞  →∞   →∞ 
89. Let  = 1 ⇒  = 1 ⇒  = −(12 ) .

 ∞  0    0  0  ∞
ln  ln (1)  − ln  ln  ln 
 = − 2 = (−) =  = − 
0 1 + 2 ∞ 1 + 12  ∞ 2 +1
∞ 1 +  2
0 1 + 2
 ∞  ∞
ln  ln 
Therefore,  = −  = 0.
0 1 + 2 0 1 + 2
90. If the distance between  and the point charge is , then the potential  at  is
       
  1  1 1 
 = =   =  = lim − = lim − + =− .
∞ ∞ 40 2 →∞ 40   40 →∞   40 
°
PROBLEMS PLUS
1.
By symmetry, the problem can be reduced to finding the line  =  such that the shaded area is onethird of the area of the
√ √
quartercircle. An equation of the semicircle is  = 49 − 2 , so we require that 0 49 − 2  = 13 · 14 (7)2 ⇔
1 √  √
2
 49 − 2 + 49
2
sin−1 (7) 0 = 49
12
 [by Formula 30] ⇔ 1
2
 49 − 2 + 49
2
sin−1 (7) = 49
12
.
This equation would be difficult to solve exactly, so we plot the lefthand side as a function of , and find that the equation
holds for  ≈ 185. So the cuts should be made at distances of about 185 inches from the center of the pizza.
     
1  5 1 1  = 6 ,
2.  = =  = 
7 −  (6 − 1) 6 (6 − 1) 6 ( − 1)  = 65 
  
1 1 1 1
= −  = (ln | − 1| − ln ||) + 
6 −1  6
   6 
1  − 1  
= ln  +  = 1 ln  − 1  + 
6   6  6 
Alternate method:
   
1 −7  = 1 − −6 ,
 =  −7
7 −  1 − −6  = 6 

 
= 16  = 16 ln || +  = 16 ln 1 − −6  + 
Other methods: Substitute  = 3 or 3 = sec .
3. The given integral represents the difference of the shaded areas, which appears to
be 0. It can be calculated by integrating with respect to either  or , so we find 

√ 
in terms of  for each curve:  = 3
1 − 7 ⇒ = 7
1 −  3 and
√ 
= 7
1 − 3 ⇒ = 3
1 −  7 , so
 1     1 √ √ 
0
3
1 −  7 − 7 1 −  3  = 0 7 1 − 3 − 3 1 − 7  But this
 1 √ √ 
equation is of the form  = −. So 0
3
1 − 7 − 7 1 − 3  = 0.
° 801
802 ¤ CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS PLUS
4. First note that since  is increasing, it is onetoone and hence has an
inverse. Now
1 1 1
0
 () +  −1 ()  = 0
 ()  + 0
 −1 () 
1 1
= 0
 ()  + 0
 −1 () 
=1
The last equality is true because, viewing  −1 as a function of  and using the interpretation of the integral as the area under a
graph, we see from the figure that the integral gives the area of the unit square, which is 1.
   0  
 ()  ()  ()
5.  =  =  +  = 1 + 2
− 1 +  − 1 +  0 1 + 
Using the substitution  = −,  = − to evaluate 1 gives

 0  0    
 ()  (−) 1
 = (−) =  (−) 
− 1 +   1 + − 0 1 + −
   
1
=  ()  [since  () is even]
0 1 + −
   
1
=  () 1 −  [using the provided hint]
0 1 + 
   
 ()
=  ()  − 
0 0 1 + 
        
 ()  ()
Thus,  = 1 + 2 =  ()  −  +  =  () .
0 0 1 +  0 1+

0
6. The area of each circle is (1)2 = . By symmetry, the area of the

union of the two disks is  =  +  − 4.
1 √
 = 12 1 − 2 
30  √   1
= 2
1 − 2 + 1
2
sin−1 1 12
[or substitute  = sin ]
   √  √ √
= 0 + 4 − 14 23 + 1
2 6
= 
4
− 8
3
− 
12
= 
6
− 8
3
 √  √ √
Thus,  = 2 − 4 6 − 8
3
= 2 − 2
3
+ 2
3
= 4
3
+ 2
3
.
Alternate solution (no calculus): The area of the sector, with central angle at the origin, containing  is
     √3  √3
1 2
2
  = 1
2
(1)2 
3
= 6
. The area of the triangle with hypotenuse  is 1 1
2 2 2
= 8 .
√
Thus, the area of  is 
6 − 8 ,
3
as calculated above.
°
CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 803
7. The area  of the remaining part of the circle is given by

     

 2 
 = 4 = 4 2 − 2 −  − 2  = 4 1 − 2 − 2 
0   0
 
30 4 √ 2 2
2 −1 
= ( − )  − + sin
 2 2  0
    2 
4 2  4  
= ( − ) 0+ − 0 = ( − ) = ( − ),
 2 2  4
which is the area of an ellipse with semiaxes  and  − .
Alternate solution: Subtracting the area of the ellipse from the area of the circle gives us 2 −  =  ( − ),
as calculated above. (The formula for the area of an ellipse was derived in Example 2 in Section 7.3.)
8. (a) The tangent to the curve  = () at  = 0 has the equation  −  (0 ) =  0 (0 )( − 0 ). The intercept
of this tangent line is  (0 ) −  0 (0 )0 . Thus,  is the distance from the point (0  (0 ) −  0 (0 )0 ) to

2 2 2 2 − 20 2 − 20
the point ( 0  (0 )); that is,  = 0 + [ (0 )] 0  so [ (0 )] =
2 2 0 0
2 and  (0 ) = −
0
0 0
for 0  0  .
√   √ 2 
 2 − 2  − 2
(b) =− ⇒ = − .
  
Let  =  sin . Then  =  cos   and
  
− cos   cos   sin2  − 1
= =  =  (sin  − csc ) 
 sin  sin 
 √ 
√  2 − 2
= − cos  −  ln |csc  − cot | +  = − 2 − 2 −  ln − +
 
 √ 
√  − 2 − 2
When  = ,  = 0, and 0 = −0 −  ln(1 − 0) + , so  = 0. Therefore,  = −  −  −  ln
2 2 .

9. Recall that cos  cos  = 1

2 [cos( + ) + cos( − )]. So
 1
 1

 () = 0
cos  cos( − )  = 2 0
[cos( +  − ) + cos( −  + )]  = 2 0
[cos  + cos(2 − )] 
1
 1
  1 1
= 2
 cos  + 2
sin(2 − ) 0 = 2
cos  + 4
sin(2 − ) − 4
sin(−)
 1 1 
= 2
cos  + 4
sin(−) − 4
sin(−) = 2
cos 
The minimum of cos  on this domain is −1, so the minimum value of  () is  () = − 2 .
10.  is a positive integer, so

  
(ln )  = (ln ) −  · (ln )−1 () [by parts] = (ln ) −  (ln )−1 
1 1 1
Thus, 0
(ln )  = lim 
(ln )  = lim [(ln ) ]1 −  lim 
(ln )−1 
→0+ →0+ →0+
 1  1
(ln )
= − lim − (ln )−1  = − (ln )−1 
→0+ 1 0 0
1
by repeated application of l’Hospital’s Rule. We want to prove that 0
(ln )  = (−1) ! for every positive integer . For
[continued]
°
 = 1, we have
 
1 1 1 1  1
0
(ln )1  = (−1) 0
(ln )0  = − 0
 = −1 or 0 ln   = lim  ln  −   = −1
→0+
Assuming that the formula holds for , we find that

1 1
0
(ln )+1  = −( + 1) 0 (ln )  = −( + 1)(−1) ! = (−1)+1 ( + 1)!
This is the formula for  + 1. Thus, the formula holds for all positive integers  by induction.
1
11. In accordance with the hint, we let  = 0
(1 − 2 ) , and we find an expression for +1 in terms of  . We integrate
+1 by parts with  = (1 − 2 )+1 ⇒  = ( + 1)(1 − 2 ) (−2),  =  ⇒  = , and then split the
remaining integral into identifiable quantities:
1 1 1
+1 = (1 − 2 )+1 0 + 2( + 1) 0 2 (1 − 2 )  = (2 + 2) 0 (1 − 2 ) [1 − (1 − 2 )] 
= (2 + 2)( − +1 )
2 + 2
So +1 [1 + (2 + 2)] = (2 + 2) ⇒ +1 =  . Now to complete the proof, we use induction:
2 + 3
20 (0!)2
0 = 1 = , so the formula holds for  = 0. Now suppose it holds for  = . Then
1!
 
2 + 2 2 + 2 22 (!)2 2( + 1)22 (!)2 2( + 1) 2( + 1)22 (!)2
+1 =  = = = ·
2 + 3 2 + 3 (2 + 1)! (2 + 3)(2 + 1)! 2 + 2 (2 + 3)(2 + 1)!
[2( + 1)]2 22 (!)2 22(+1) [( + 1)!]2

= =
(2 + 3)(2 + 2)(2 + 1)! [2( + 1) + 1]!
So by induction, the formula holds for all integers  ≥ 0.
12. (a) Since −1 ≤ sin ≤ 1, we have − () ≤  () sin  ≤ (), and
the graph of  =  () sin  oscillates between  () and − ().

(The diagram shows the case () =  and  = 10.) As  → ∞,
the graph oscillates more and more frequently; see the graphs in
part (b).
1
(b) From the graphs of the integrand, it seems that lim  () sin   = 0, since as  increases, the integrand oscillates
→∞ 0
more and more rapidly, and thus (since  0 is continuous) it makes sense that the areas above the axis and below it during
each oscillation approach equality.
 = 100  = 200
°
cos 
(c) We integrate by parts with  =  () ⇒  =  0 () ,  = sin   ⇒  = − :

  1  1  1 
1
 () cos  cos  0 1  1
() sin   = − +  ()  = cos  0 ()  −  () cos  0
0  0 0   0
 
1
= 1 0 cos  0 ()  +  (0) − (1) cos 
Taking absolute values of the first and last terms in this equality, and using the facts that | ± | ≤ || + ||,
1 1
0
 ()  ≤ 0 |()| , | (0)| =  (0) [ is positive], | 0 ()| ≤  for 0 ≤  ≤ 1, and |cos | ≤ 1,
      
 1  1  1  1
 0  () sin   ≤   0   + | (0)| + | (1)| = 
 + | (0)| + | (1)|
which approaches 0 as  → ∞. The result follows by the Squeeze Theorem.
13. 0    . Now
 1    
  +1 +1 − +1
[ + (1 − )]  =  [ =  + (1 − )] = = .
0  ( − ) ( + 1)( − )  ( + 1)( − )
 1  
+1 − +1 1 +1 − +1
Now let  = lim . Then ln  = lim ln . This limit is of the form 00,
→0 ( + 1)( − ) →0  ( + 1)( − )
so we can apply l’Hospital’s Rule to get
 +1 
 ln  − +1 ln  1  ln  −  ln   ln   ln  (−)
ln  = lim +1 +1
− = −1= − − ln  = ln (−) .
→0  − +1 − − − 
 1(−)

Therefore,  = −1 .

14. From the graph, it appears that the area under the graph of () = sin( ) on the
interval [  + 1] is greatest when  ≈ −02. To find the exact value, we write the
 +1  +1 
integral as  = 
()  = 0
 ()  − 0
 () , and use FTC1 to find
       
 =  ( + 1) −  () = sin +1 − sin  = 0 when sin +1 = sin  .
 
Now we have sin  = sin  whenever  −  = 2 and also whenever  and  are the same distance from  + 12 ,  any
 
integer, since sin  is symmetric about the line  =  + 12 . The first possibility is the more obvious one, but if we calculate
+1 −  = 2, we get  = ln(2( − 1)), which is about 13 for  = 1 (the least possible value of ). From the graph,
   
this looks unlikely to give the maximum we are looking for. So instead we set +1 −  + 12  =  + 12  −  ⇔
+1 +  = (2 + 1) ⇔  ( + 1) = (2 + 1) ⇔  = ln((2 + 1)( + 1)). Now  = 0 ⇒

 = ln(( + 1)) ≈ −016853, which does give the maximum value, as we have seen from the graph of  .
 
8 5 5
15. Write  =  = 3 · . Integrate by parts with  = 3 ,  = . Then
(1 + 6 )2 6
(1 +  )2 (1 + 6 )2

1 3 1 2
 = 32 ,  = − ⇒  =− + . Substitute  = 3 in this latter
6(1 + 6 ) 6
6(1 +  ) 2 1 + 6
°
 
2 1  1 1
integral.  = = tan−1  +  = tan−1 (3 ) + . Therefore
1 + 6 3 1 + 2 3 3
3 1
 =− + tan−1 (3 ) + . Returning to the improper integral,
6(1 + 6 ) 6
 ∞ 2    
4 8 3 1 −1 3
 = lim  = lim − + tan ( )
−1 1 + 6 →∞ −1 (1 + 6 )2 →∞ 6(1 + 6 ) 6 −1
 
3 1 −1 3 −1 1 −1
= lim − + tan ( ) + − tan (−1)
→∞ 6(1 + 6 ) 6 6(1 + 1) 6

1   1 1     1   1
=0+ − − − = − + = −
6 2 12 6 4 12 12 24 8 12
 √     √ 
2  = tan , 2 = tan 
16. tan   =  4  2 2 4
 +1 2  = sec  , (tan  + 1)  = ( + 1) 
Factoring the denominator, we get

√ 2  2 √  √ 
4 + 1 = 4 + 22 + 1 − 22 = (2 + 1)2 − 2  =  + 2  + 1 2 − 2  + 1 . So
22  +   +   √   √ 
= √ + √ ⇒ 22 = ( + ) 2 − 2  + 1 + ( + ) 2 + 2  + 1 .
4 + 1 2
 + 2 + 1 2
 − 2+ 1
√ √
Equating coefficients of powers of , we get  +  = 0 (3 ),  − 2  +  + 2  = 2 (2 ),
√ √
 − 2  +  + 2  = 0 (),  +  = 0 (constants). Substituting − for  and − for  in the equation leads to
√ √
 = 0 and  = 0, and then substituting those values in the 2equation gives us  = −1 2 and  = 1 2. Thus,
  
22 1  1 
 = − √ √  + √ √ 
4 + 1 2 2
 + 2 + 1 2 2
 − 2 + 1
 1 √  √  1 √  √
1 2
2 − 2 + 1 2 1 2
2 + 2 − 1 2
= √ √  − √ √ 
2 2 − 2  + 1 2 2 + 2  + 1
 √   √ 
1 2 − 2 1  1 2 + 2 1 
= √ √  + √ − √ √  + √
2 2 2 − 2  + 1 2 2 − 2  + 1 2 2 2 + 2  + 1 2 2 + 2  + 1
  √  1
1  √  1  1 2 
= √ ln 2 − 2  + 1 +  √ 2 1 − √ ln  + 2  + 1 +  √ 2
2 2 2  − 1 2 + 2 2 2 2  + 1 2 + 12
√ √ √
1 2 − 2  + 1 1 1  − 1 2 1 1  + 1 2
= √ ln √ + √ tan−1 √ + √ tan−1 √ +
2 2 2 + 2  + 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
√ √ √ √
2 tan  − 2 tan  + 1 2 −1
√  2 √ 
= ln √ + tan 2 tan  − 1 + tan−1 2 tan  + 1 + 
4 tan  + 2 tan  + 1 2 2
17. An equation of the circle with center (0 ) and radius 1 is 2 + ( − )2 = 12 , so
√
an equation of the lower semicircle is  =  − 1 − 2 . At the points of tangency,
the slopes of the line and semicircle must be equal. For  ≥ 0, we must have
 √
0 = 2 ⇒ √ = 2 ⇒  = 2 1 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 4(1 − 2 ) ⇒
1− 2
√  √  √
52 = 4 ⇒ 2 = 45 ⇒  = 25 5 and so  = 2 25 5 = 45 5.
[continued]
°
√  √ 
The slope of the perpendicular line segment is − 12 , so an equation of the line segment is  − 45 5 = − 12  − 25 5 ⇔
√ √ √ √ √ √
 = − 12  + 15 5 + 45 5 ⇔  = − 12  + 5, so  = 5 and an equation of the lower semicircle is  = 5 − 1 − 2 .
Thus, the shaded area is
 (25)√5 √     (25)√5
30 √  √ 1 −1 2
2 5 − 1 − 2 − 2  = 2 5  − 1 − 2 − sin  − 
0 2 2 0
 √   
5 1 1 2 4
=2 2− · √ − sin−1 √ − − 2(0)
5 5 2 5 5
    
1 2 2
= 2 1 − sin−1 √ = 2 − sin−1 √
2 5 5
   
18. (a)  −  = − ⇒ (0 − ) =  − (0 − ) ⇒ = − ⇒
   0 − 
() = − ln(0 − ) −  + . Now 0 = (0) = − ln 0 + , so  =  ln 0 . Thus
0
() =  ln 0 −  ln(0 − ) −  =  ln − .
0 − 
 
2 0 2 0 2
(b) Burnout velocity =  =  ln − =  ln − .
 0 − 2  1 
Note: The reason for the term “burnout velocity” is that 2 kilograms of fuel is used in 2  seconds, so (2 ) is the
rocket’s velocity when the fuel is used up.

 
2 
(c) Height at burnout time =  . Now = () =  ln 0 −  −  ln(0 − ), so
 
2  
() = ( ln 0 ) − − (0 − ) ln(0 − ) +  + . Since 0 = (0) = 0 ln 0 + , we get
2  
 2  
 = − 0 ln 0 and () = (1 + ln 0 ) − + (0 − ) ln(0 − ) − 0 ln 0 .
 2  
Therefore, the height at burnout is
   2
2 2   2
 = (1 + ln 0 ) −1 ln 1 − 0 ln 0 +
  2  
 2  2
    2   1  2
= 2 − 1 ln 0 + 1 ln 1 − = 2 + 1 ln −
   2    0 2 
[In the calculation of (2 ), repeated use was made of the relation 0 = 1 + 2 . In particular,
 = 2  ⇒ 0 −  = 1 .]
(d) The formula for () in part (c) holds while there is still fuel. Once the fuel is used up, gravity is the only force
 
  2 2
acting on the rocket. −1  = 1 ⇒ = − ⇒ () = − + 1 , where 1 =  + ⇒
   
        2  
2 2 2 2  2 2
() =  − − ⇒ () =  − − − + 2 , where 2 =  ,
    2  
°
      2
2 2 2  2 2
so () =  + − − − ,≥ .
   2  
2 2  
To summarize: For 0 ≤  ≤ , () = (1 + ln 0 ) − + (0 − ) ln(0 − ) − 0 ln 0
 2  
      2
2 2 2 2  2
[from part (c)], and for  ≥ , () =  + − − − [from above].
    2 
   
2 2
 and  are given in parts (c) and (b), respectively.
 
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7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

7.1 Integration by Parts

1. Let  = ,  = 2  ⇒  = ,  = 12 2 . Then by Equation 2,

3. Let  = ,  = cos 4  ⇒  = ,  = 14 sin 4. Then by Equation 2,

5. Let  = ,  = 2  ⇒  = ,  = 12 2 . Then by Equation 2,

6. Let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− . Then by Equation 2,

7. Let  = ,  = sin 10  1

Thus,  = (2 + 2) sin  + (2 + 2) cos  − 2 sin  + .

12. First let  = 2 ,  = sin   ⇒  = 2 ,  = − 1 cos . Then by Equation 2,

17. Let  = ,  = csc2   ⇒  = ,  = − cot . Then by Equation 2,

= − cot  + ln || +  = − cot  + ln |sin | + 

19. First let  = (ln )2 ,  = ⇒  = 2 ln  · 1 ,  = . Then by Equation 2,

 = (ln )2 − 2( ln  −  + 1 ) = (ln )2 − 2 ln  + 2 + , where  = −21 .

Next let  = − ,  = sin 2  ⇒  = −− ,  = − 12 cos 2, so

1 =  3  − 3( 2  − 2 + 2 − 21 ) =  3  − 3 2  + 6 − 6 + , where  = 61 .

27. First let  = 1 + 2 ,  = 3  ⇒  = 2   = 13 3 . Then

31. Let  = ,  = sinh   ⇒  = ,  = cosh . By (6),

34. First let  = 2 ,  = sin 2  ⇒  = 2 ,  = − 12 cos 2. By (6),

Next let  = ,  = cos 2  ⇒  = ,  = 1

 = ,  = − 12 cos 2. By (6),

37. Let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− . By (6),

= −5−5 + −1 − (−5 − −1 ) = 2−1 − 6−5

41. Let  = cos ,  = sinh   ⇒  = −sin  ,  = cosh . By (6),

Now let  = sin ,  = cosh   ⇒  = cos  ,  = sinh . Then

42. Let  = sin( − ),  =   ⇒  = − cos( − ) ,  =  . Then

Thus,  = − sin  +  − cos  −  ⇒ 2 =  − cos  − sin  ⇒  = 12 ( − cos  − sin ).

use parts with  = sin ,  =  ,  = cos  , and  =  to get

 = 12  cos  + 12  sin  +  = 12  cos(ln ) + 12  sin(ln ) + .

parts with  = ,  = cos  ,  = ,  = sin  to get

46. Let  = cos , so that  = − sin  . Thus,

 =  ,  = ,  =  to get

= 12 (1 + )( − 1) ln(1 + ) − 14 (1 + )2 + 1 +  + ,

which can be written as 12 (2 − 1) ln(1 + ) − 14 2 + 12  + 3

49. Let  = ,  = −2  ⇒  = ,  = − 12 −2 . Then

 decreases where  is negative.

50. Let  = ln ,  = 32  ⇒  = 1 ,  = 25 52 . Then

Another method: Use substitution with  = 1 + 2 to get 15 (1 + 2 )52 − 13 (1 + 2 )32 + .

52. First let  = 2 ,  = sin 2  ⇒  = 2 ,  = − 12 cos 2.

Next let  = ,  = cos 2  ⇒  = ,  = 12 sin 2, so

Thus,  = − 12 2 cos 2 + 12  sin 2 + 1

 2  2  2

57. Let  = (ln ) ,  =  ⇒  = (ln )−1 (),  = . By Equation 2,

Let  = tan−2 ,  = sec2   ⇒  = ( − 2) tan−3  sec2  ,  = tan . Then, by Equation 2,

61. By repeated applications of the reduction formula in Exercise 57,

62. By repeated applications of the reduction formula in Exercise 58,

63. The curves  = 2 ln  and  = 4 ln  intersect when 2 ln  = 4 ln  ⇔

For 0    1, −  2 − . Thus,

 = −  ⇒  = (1 − 2) ,  = −− . Then

Now let  = 1 − 2,  = −  ⇒  = −2 ,  = −− . Now

66. The curves  =  ln( + 1) and  = 3 − 2 intersect at  = 0 and

71. (a) Use shells about the ­axis:

(b) Use disks about the ­axis:

= [2(ln 2)2 − 4 ln 2 + 2] = 2[(ln 2)2 − 2 ln 2 + 1]

 = 30,000,  = 160, and  = 3000 gives us  ≈ 5195 m.

Next let  = ,  = −  ⇒  = ,  = −− . Then

Now let  =  (),  =  ()  ⇒  =  00 ()  and  = (), so

We used the fact that  00 is continuous to guarantee that  exists.

78. (a) Take () =  and  0 () = 1 in Equation 1.

71. (a) Use shells about the axis:

(b) Use disks about the axis:

43. Use disks about the axis: