Notes on

Genesis
2 0 2 3 E d i t i o n
Dr. Thomas L. Constable

TITLE

Each book of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament,
called "The Pentateuch" since about A.D. 160, called "The Torah"
[instruction] by the Jews), originally received its title in the Hebrew Bible
from the first word or words in the book. There are three divisions in the
Hebrew Bible: The Law (Torah), The Prophets, and The Writings (cf. Luke
24:44).1 The Torah was originally one book, but the translators of the
Septuagint (Greek) version (ca. 250 B.C.) divided it into the five books that
we have. The Jews regarded the stories in the Torah as divine instruction
for them, as well as the commandments and sermons, since they too teach
theology and ethics.

The English title "Genesis" has come to us from the Latin Vulgate
translation (Liber Genesis) made by the early church father Jerome (ca.
A.D. 390). The Latin title came from the Septuagint translation. "Genesis"
is a transliteration of the Greek word geneseos, the Greek word that
translates the Hebrew toledot. This Hebrew word is the key word in
identifying the structure of Genesis, and the English translators have
usually rendered it "account" or "generations" or "history" or "records"
(2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2).2

1See Appendix 1 at the end of these notes for a table showing four canons of the Old
Testament (Hebrew Bible): Jewish, Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox. See
also Floyd V. Filson, Which Books Belong in the Bible? pp. 73-100. See Randall Price,
Searching for the Original Bible, pp. 36-42, for a concise explanation of the origin and
development of the whole Old Testament.
2See Jason S. Derouchie, "The Blessing-Commission, The Promised Offspring, and The

Toledot Structure of Genesis," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 56:2 (June
2013):219-47; Jared M. August, "The Toledot Structure of Genesis: Hope of Promise,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 174:695 (July-September 2017):267-82.
Copyright Ó 2023 by Thomas L. Constable
2 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

DATE

The events recorded date back to the creation of the world.

Many Christians believe the earth is millions of years old. They usually base
this belief on the statements of scientists and understand Scripture in the
light of these statements. Likewise, many Christians believe that the human
race began hundreds of thousands of years ago for the same reason.

Many evangelicals believe that the earth is not much older than 10,000
years. They base this on the genealogies in Scripture (Gen. 5; 10; 11; et
al.), which they understand to be "open" (i.e., not complete).1 Evangelicals
usually hold to a more recent date for man's creation—more recent than
the millions of years that evolutionists postulate—for the same reason.

"The history of man on the earth may easily be more than the
supposed six thousand years and with no violence to the
testimony of the Sacred Text."2

Another group of evangelicals believes that these genealogies are either

"closed" (i.e., complete) or very close to complete. This leads them to date
the creation of the world and man about 6,000 years ago. I shall discuss
the question of how we should interpret the genealogies in the exposition
of the chapters where they occur.

Many interpreters have placed the date of composition of Genesis much

later than Moses' lifetime. Some of them do this because Genesis contains
some names that became common designations of people and places after
Moses' time (e.g., the Philistines, Dan, et al.). I shall discuss these anomalies
in the exposition to follow as we come to them. See also the section below:
"Writer." If one accepts Mosaic authorship, as most conservative
evangelicals do, the date of composition of Genesis must be within Moses'
lifetime (ca. 1525-1405 B.C.). This book was perhaps originally intended
to encourage the Israelites to trust in their faithful, omnipotent God as they
anticipated entrance into the Promised Land from Kadesh Barnea or from

1E.g.,Andrew E. Steinmann, "Gaps in the Genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11?" Bibliotheca

Sacra 174:694 (April-June 2017):141-58.
2Lewis S. Chafer, Systematic Theology, 2:137.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 3

the Plains of Moab.1 Moses may have written it earlier to prepare them for
the Exodus,2 but this seems less likely to me. Another guess is that Moses
wrote it during the 38 years of wilderness wanderings.3 No one knows for
sure.

WRITER

The authorship of the Pentateuch (Gr. penta, "five," and teuchos, "a case
for carrying papyrus scrolls" and, in later usage, the "scrolls" themselves),
has been the subject of great controversy among professing Christians,
since Spinoza promoted "higher criticism" of the Bible in the seventeenth
century. The "documentary hypothesis," which grew out of his work, is that
Moses did not write the Pentateuch, as most scholars in Judaism and the
church until that day believed. Instead, it was the product of several writers
who lived much later than Moses. A redactor (editor) or redactors
combined these several documents into the form we have now. These
documents (J, E, D, P, and others) represent: a Yahwistic (Jehovistic)
tradition (supposedly dating from the ninth century B.C.), an Elohistic
tradition (eighth century B.C.), a Deuteronomic tradition (seventh century
B.C.), a Priestly tradition (fifth century B.C.), etc. The subject of Old
Testament Introduction deals with these matters.4 One reliable scholar
summed up the present state of this controversy as follows:

"… the documentary hypothesis is shaky at best and before

long may have to be given up entirely by the scholarly world."5

The evidence that Moses wrote the Pentateuch seems conclusive if one
believes that Jesus Christ spoke the truth when He attributed the
authorship to Moses (Matt. 19:8; Mark 7:10; Luke 16:29-31; 20:37; 24:27;

1Eugene H. Merrill, "A Theology of the Pentateuch," in A Biblical Theology of the Old
Testament, p. 30. See Walther Zimmerli, "Abraham," Journal of Northwest Semitic
Languages 6 (1978):49-60.
2E.g.,Kenneth Kitchen, "The Old Testament in its Context: 1 From the Origins to the Eve
of the Exodus," Theological Students' Fellowship Bulletin 59 (1971):9.
3H. C. Leupold, Exposition of Genesis, 1:8.
4See especially Tremper Longman III and Raymond B. Dillard, An Introduction to the Old

Testament, pp. 42-51. Or see Gleason L. Archer Jr., A Survey of Old Testament
Introduction, pp. 81-104. For a more extensive discussion see R. K. Harrison, Introduction
to the Old Testament, pp. 3-82.
5Kitchen, p. 78.
4 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

John 7:19, 22; cf. Acts 15:1). Jesus Christ did not specifically say that
Moses wrote Genesis, but in our Lord's day the Jews regarded the
Pentateuch (Torah) as a whole unit. They recognized Moses as the author
of all five books.1 Consequently they would have understood what Jesus
said about any of the five books of Moses as an endorsement of the Mosaic
authorship of them all.2

"Just west of Abydos in southern Egypt, the Wadi el-Hol site

yielded an alphabetic inscription carved on the underface of a
ledge. Palaeographically it resembled a text found at Serabit
al-Khadem in the Sinai Peninsula from 1600 B.C., which until
1993 was the earliest alphabet ever found. But the Wadi Hol
example is at least two hundred years older, dating from the
time Jacob and his sons lived in Egypt. The argument that
Moses could not have written the Torah in alphabetic form that
early (ca. 1400 B.C.) thus has no basis."3

How did Moses receive this information? He may have done so in either of
two ways. Perhaps Adam and Eve told the creation story to their
descendants, and they passed it on to succeeding generations orally and/or
in written form (i.e., tradition). Moses' mother may have told him these
stories as a child. If so, God guarded the true account. The other ancient

1See, for example, the testimony of Flavius Josephus, a first-century Jewish-Christian

writer, to the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, in Against Apion, 1:8.
2Oswald T. Allis' The Five Books of Moses is a classic rebuttal of the denial that Moses

wrote all five books. No one has discredited it, though many liberal scholars have ignored
it. More recently, Kenneth Kitchen's series of six articles, "The Old Testament in its
Context" in Theological Students' Fellowship Bulletin (1971-72), especially the sixth
article, refuted "the fashionable myth" (p. 9) of the evolution of Israel's religion as
proposed by Julius Wellhausen and his followers. Another excellent rebuttal by a Jewish
scholar, Umberto Cassuto, is his The Documentary Hypothesis. For a review of other
subsequent approaches scholars have pursued in the study of Genesis (i.e., the form-
critical, tradition-historical, and rhetorical-critical), see Allen P. Ross, Creation and Blessing,
pp. 27-35; Victor P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1—17, pp. 11-38; Herbert
M. Wolf, An Introduction to the Old Testament Pentateuch, pp. 71-78.
3Eugene Merrill, "The Veracity of the Word: A Summary of Major Archaeological Finds,"

Kindred Spirit 34:3 (Winter 2010):13.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 5

Near Eastern accounts were perversions of what really happened.1 Another

possibility is that God revealed the creation account directly to Moses.2

The New Testament writers quoted or alluded to Genesis over 60 times in

17 books.

SCOPE

The events recorded in Genesis stretch historically from Creation to

Joseph's death, a period of at least 2,300 years. The first part of the book
(ch. 1—11) is not as easy to date precisely as the second part (ch. 12—
50). The history of the patriarchs recorded in this second main division of
the text covers a period of about 300 years.

The scope of the book progressively and consistently narrows. That is,
Genesis begins with the creation of the cosmos and ends with the death of
one man: Joseph.

PURPOSE

The selection of content included in Genesis points to the purpose of the

divine author: to reveal the history of and basic principles involved in God's
relationship with people.3

Genesis provides the historical basis for the rest of the Pentateuch and the
Bible. Chapters 1—11 give historical background essential to understanding
God's covenant relationship with humankind, and chapters 12—50 record
the Abrahamic Covenant and its initial outworking. The Abrahamic
Covenant continues to be the basic arrangement by which God brings
blessing to humanity throughout the Pentateuch and the rest of the Bible.

"The real theme of the Pentateuch is the selection of Israel

from the nations and its consecration to the service of God
and His Laws in a divinely appointed land. The central event in
the development of this theme is the divine covenant with

1See John D. Davis, Genesis and Semitic Tradition, pp. 1-22.

2For an extended discussion of Mosaic authorship, see G. Herbert Livingston, The
Pentateuch in its Cultural Environment, pp. 205-68.
3See the chart "Chronology of Genesis," in John J. Davis, Paradise to Prison, p. 29.
6 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Abraham and its … promise to make his offspring into the

people of God and to give them the land of Canaan as an
everlasting inheritance."1

"… the book may also be said to be the story of God's free
grace in establishing Israel for Himself as His people."2

Genesis provides an indispensable prologue to the drama that unfolds in

Exodus and the rest of the Pentateuch. The first 11 chapters constitute a
prologue to this prologue.

"Two opposite progressions appear in this prologue [chs. 1—

11]: (a) God's orderly Creation with its climax in His blessing
of man, and (b) the totally disintegrating work of sin with its
two greatest curses being the Flood and the dispersion at
Babel.3 The first progression demonstrates God's plan to bring
about perfect order from the beginning in spite of what the
reader may know of man's experience. The second progression
demonstrates the great need of God's intervention to provide
the solution for the corrupt human race."4

The practical purpose of Genesis is to encourage the reader to trust and

obey God. Originally, the purpose was to encourage the Israelites to trust
and obey God. Regardless of when Moses may have written Genesis, this
was his obvious purpose, as is clear from what he wrote. He wanted to
prepare the Israelites for the future by reminding them of the past. This is
its function for us today as well. As we read the text, we should continually
ask ourselves, "What did this mean to the original readers?" That is what
God intended it to mean to us today, not whatever we may think it means.
This is one of the cardinal rules of interpreting any piece of literature,
including the Bible.

One of Moses' main points in Genesis was that the same God who created
Israel had created the universe. And His word was the key instrument in
creating both entities. As He had brought order, fullness, and rest to the
material world, so He could do for His chosen people. He is the sovereign

1Moses H. Segal, The Pentateuch: Its Composition and Its Authorship and Other Biblical
Studies, p. 23.
2Leupold, 1:9.
3Derek Kidner, Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary, p. 13.
4Ross, "Genesis," in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, p. 21.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 7

of the universe, its ultimate authority. Therefore mankind should trust and
obey Him.

THEOLOGY

The real hero of Genesis is the LORD God, and its stories deal with the origin
and life of the believing community under His sovereignty.1

"What gives the Old Testament its force and unity is the
affirmation of the sovereignty of God. God is the basis of all
things and all that exists only exists by his will."2

"What comes into our minds when we think about God is the
most important thing about us."3

"The subject matter of the theology in Genesis is certainly

God's work in establishing Israel as the means of blessing the
families of the earth. This book forms the introduction to the
Pentateuch's main theme of the founding of the theocracy,
that is, the rule of God over all Creation. It presents the origins
behind the founding of the theocracy: the promised blessing
that Abraham's descendants would be in the land.

"Exodus presents the redemption of the seed out of bondage

and the granting of a covenant to them. Leviticus is the manual
of ordinances enabling the holy God to dwell among His people
by making them holy. Numbers records the military
arrangement and census of the tribes in the wilderness, and
shows how God preserves His promised blessings from internal
and external threats. Deuteronomy presents the renewal of
the covenant.

"In the unfolding of this grand program of God, Genesis

introduces the reader to the nature of God as the sovereign
Lord over the universe who will move heaven and earth to
establish His will. He seeks to bless mankind, but does not

1In these notes, I capitalize LORD when referring to Yahweh, as do many English translations
of the Bible.
2Edmond Jacob, Theology of the Old Testament, p. 37.
3A. W. Tozer, The Knowledge of the Holy, p. 9.
8 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

tolerate disobedience and unbelief. Throughout this revelation

the reader learns that 'without faith it is impossible to please
God' (Heb. 11:6)."1

STRUCTURE

The structure of Genesis is very clear. The phrase "the generations of" (AV,
ESV, toledot in Hebrew, from yalad meaning "to bear, to generate") occurs
ten times (really eleven times since 36:9 repeats 36:1), and in each case
it introduces a new section of the book.2 The Jews regarded "ten" as the
symbolical number of completeness.3

"The person named is not necessarily the main character but

is the beginning point of the section that also closes with his
death."4

The first part of Genesis is introductory, or a prologue, and sets the scene
for what follows in the book. An outline of Genesis based on this structure
is as follows:

1. Introduction 1:1—2:3

2. The generations of heaven and earth 2:4—4:26

3. The generations of Adam 5:1—6:8

4. The generations of Noah 6:9—9:29

5. The generations of the sons of Noah 10:1—11:9

6. The generations of Shem 11:10-26

7. The generations of Terah 11:27—25:11

1Ross, "Genesis," p. 26. For further discussion of the theology of the Pentateuch, see
Wolf, pp. 23-40.
2For an extended discussion of the structure of Genesis based on the occurrences of

toledot, see Kenneth A. Mathews, Genesis 1—11:26, pp. 25-41; Ross, "Genesis," pp. 22-
26. AV refers to The Holy Bible: Authorized King James Version of 1611, 1952 reprint,
and ESV refers to The Holy Bible: English Standard Version of 2001.
3Alfred Edersheim, The Temple, p. 137.
4Longman and Dillard, p. 53.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 9

8. The generations of Ishmael 25:12-18

9. The generations of Isaac 25:19—35:29

10. The generations of Esau 36:1-43

11. The generations of Jacob 37:1—50:26

As noted above, Moses' movement was from the general to the specific
throughout the book:

Part I (chs. 1-11): at least 2,000 years

Part II (chs. 12-50): about 300 years

Total: at least 2,300 years

OUTLINE

A full expository outline designed to highlight the relative emphases of the

book follows. I shall follow this outline in these notes as I seek to unpack
the message of the book. I am translating toledot here as "what became
of."

I. Primeval events 1:1—11:26

A. The story of creation 1:1—2:3

1. An initial statement of creation 1:1

2. Conditions at the time of creation 1:2
3. The six days of creation 1:3-31
4. The seventh day 2:1-3

B. What became of the creation 2:4—4:26

1. The Garden of Eden 2:4—3:24

2. The murder of Abel 4:1-16
3. The spread of civilization and sin 4:17-26

C. What became of Adam 5:1—6:8

1. The effects of the curse on humanity ch. 5

10 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

2. God's sorrow over man's wickedness 6:1-8

D. What became of Noah 6:9—9:29

1. The Flood 6:9—8:22

2. The Noahic Covenant 9:1-17
3. The curse on Canaan 9:18-29

E. What became of Noah's sons 10:1—11:9

1. The table of nations ch. 10

2. The dispersion at Babel 11:1-9

F. What became of Shem 11:10-26

II. Patriarchal narratives 11:27—50:26

A. What became of Terah 11:27—25:11

1. Terah and Abram's obedience 11:27—12:9

2. Abram in Egypt 12:10-20
3. Abram's separation from Lot ch. 13
4. Abram's military victory ch. 14
5. The Abrahamic covenant ch. 15
6. The birth of Ishmael ch. 16
7. The sign of circumcision ch. 17
8. Yahweh's visit to Abraham 18:1-15
9. Abraham's intercession for Lot 18:16-33
10. The destruction of Sodom ch. 19
11. Abraham’s sojourn at Gerar ch. 20
12. The birth of Isaac 21:1-21
13. Abimelech's treaty with Abraham 21:22-34
14. The sacrifice of Isaac 22:1-19
15. The descendants of Nahor 22:20-24
16. The purchase of Sarah's tomb ch. 23
17. The choice of a bride for Isaac ch. 24
18. Abraham's death 25:1-11

B. What became of Ishmael 25:12-18

C. What became of Isaac 25:19—35:29

1. Isaac's twin sons 25:19-26

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 11

2. The sale of the birthright 25:27-34

3. Isaac and Abimelech 26:1-11
4. Isaac's wells 26:12-33
5. Jacob's deception for Isaac's blessing 26:34—28:9
6. Jacob's vision at Bethel 28:10-22
7. Jacob's marriages and Laban's deception 29:1-30
8. Jacob's mishandling of God's blessings 29:31—30:24
9. Jacob's new contract with Laban 30:25-43
10. Jacob's flight from Haran ch. 31
11. Jacob's attempt to appease Esau 32:1-21
12. Jacob at the Jabbok 32:22-32
13. Jacob's meeting with Esau and his return to Canaan ch.
33
14. The rape of Dinah and the revenge of Simeon and Levi
ch. 34
15. Jacob's return to Bethel ch. 35

D. What became of Esau 36:1—37:1

E. What became of Jacob 37:2—50:26

1. God's choice of Joseph 37:2-11

2. The sale of Joseph into Egypt 37:12-36
3. Judah and Tamar ch. 38
4. Joseph in Potiphar's house ch. 39
5. The prisoners' dreams and Joseph's interpretations ch.
40
6. Pharaoh's dreams and Joseph's interpretation ch. 41
7. Joseph's brothers' first journey into Egypt ch. 42
8. Joseph's brothers' second journey into Egypt ch. 43
9. Joseph's last test and its results ch. 44
10. Joseph's reconciliation with his brothers 45:1-15
11. Israel's move to Egypt 45:16-46:30
12. Joseph's wise leadership 46:31—47:27
13. Jacob's worship in Egypt 47:28—48:22
14. Jacob's blessing of his sons 49:1-28
15. Deaths and a promise yet to be fulfilled 49:29—50:261

1John H. Sailhamer, "Genesis," in Genesis-Numbers, vol. 2 of The Expositor's Bible

Commentary, pp. 6-14, has given helpful insights into the purpose and literary form of the
Pentateuch, which he based on its structure. See Casper J. Labuschagne, "The Pattern of
12 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

MESSAGE

What is the Bible all about? I would state it as follows: God desires to glorify
Himself by blessing humankind.

A young boy burst into the living room and announced to his father, "I know
what the Bible means!" His father smiled and replied, "What do you mean,
you 'know' what the Bible means?" His son replied, "I do know!" "Okay,"
said the father, "Tell me what the Bible means." "It's easy, Daddy. It stands
for 'Basic Information Before Leaving Earth.'"

G. Campbell Morgan summarized the whole Bible by saying that the Old
Testament is a revelation of human need, and the New Testament is a
revelation of the divine supply that meets that need. He also believed that
within the Pentateuch we hear the sigh for a priest, in the historical books
we hear a cry for a king, and in the poetical and prophetical books we find
the quest for a prophet.1

The message of the Pentateuch can be stated this way: People can
experience God's blessing by trusting Him (believing His Word) and by
obeying Him (following His initiative).

I believe Genesis is in the Bible primarily to teach us the following lesson:

People can enjoy a personal relationship with God, and thereby realize their
own fulfillment as human beings—only through trust in God and obedience
to God. This is what I would call the message statement of the book.
Genesis reveals that God is faithful to His promises and powerful enough to
bring them to fulfillment.

Genesis reveals that God originally intended people to have an immediate

(nothing between) relationship with their Creator. Evidences for this are
that God made man in His own image (1:26-27). Second, He regarded man
as His son (1:28-30). Third, He made man as a special creation (2:7).
Fourth, He made man with special care (2:7). And fifth, He consistently
demonstrated concern for man's welfare (3:9).

the Divine Speech Formulas in the Pentateuch: The Key to Its Literary Structure," Vetus
Testamentum 23:3 (July 1982):268-96, for a different approach to determining the
structure of Genesis through Numbers.
1G. Campbell Morgan, The Unfolding Message of the Bible, p. 25.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 13

God's immediate relationship with Adam was broken by the Fall (ch. 3). In
the Fall, man did two things: First, he failed to trust God's goodness with
his mind. And, second, he rebelled against God's authority with his will
(3:6).

God then took the initiative to re-establish the relationship with man that
He had created man to enjoy. He provided atonement for man's sin until
He would finally remove it. This temporary covering came through the
sacrificial system. Animal sacrifices covered peoples’ sins adequately, but
not completely. A final sacrifice had to be made that would remove our sins
permanently. God accepted sacrifices for sin before Calvary like a merchant
accepts a credit card in payment for goods or services. A final payment still
had to be made, and Christ's death was that final payment.

Throughout Genesis, we see that people in general consistently failed to

trust and obey God (e.g., in Noah's day, at Babel, and throughout the
patriarchal period).

Genesis also records what God has done to encourage people to trust and
obey Him. It is only by living by these two principles, trust and obedience,
that people can enjoy a relationship with God and realize all that God
created them to experience.

On the one hand, Genesis reveals much about the person and work of God.
This revelation helps us to trust and obey Him. It is through His personal
revelations to the main characters in Genesis that God revealed Himself
initially (e.g., Adam and Eve, Noah, and the patriarchs).

On the other hand, Genesis reveals much about the nature of man. Not only
did God reveal the perversity and depravity of fallen man, but He also
identified many positive examples of faith and obedience in the lives of the
godly.

In Genesis we learn that faith in God is absolutely essential if we are to have

fellowship with Him and realize our potential as human beings.

Faith is the law of life. If one lives by faith, he flourishes, but if he does not,
he fails. The four patriarchs are primarily examples of what faith is and how
it manifests itself. In each of their lives we learn something new about faith.

Abraham's faith demonstrates unquestioning obedience. When God told

him to do something, he almost always did it. This is the most basic
14 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

characteristic of faith. That is one reason Abraham has been called "the
father of the faithful." God revealed Himself nine times to Abraham (12:1-
3, 7; 13:14-17; 15; 17:1-21; 18; 21:12-13; 22:1-2; 22:15-18), and each
time Abraham's response was unquestioning obedience.

Isaac's faith helps us see the quality of passive acceptance that

characterizes true faith in God. This was his response to God's two
revelations to him (26:2-5, 24). Sometimes Isaac was too passive.

Jacob's story is one of conflict with God until he came to realize his own
limitations: then he trusted God. We can see his faith in his acknowledged
dependence on God. God's seven revelations to him eventually led him to
this place (28:12-15; 31:3, 11-13; 32:24-29; 35:1, 9-12; 46:2-4). Most
believers today can identify with Jacob most easily, because we too
struggle with wanting to live independent of God.

Joseph's life teaches us what God can do with a person who trusts Him
consistently in the face of adversity. The outstanding characteristic of
Joseph's life was his faithful loyalty to God. He believed God's two
revelations to him in dreams (37:5-7, 9), even though God's will did not
seem to be working out as he thought it would. Patient faith and its reward
shine through the story of Joseph. The Lord Jesus supremely illustrates
this quality of faith, though He also illustrates the others perfectly.

Faith, the key concept in Genesis, means trusting that what God has
prescribed is indeed best for me, and demonstrating that trust by waiting
for God to provide what He has promised. A "person of faith" is one who
commits to acting on this basis—even though he or she may not see how
God's way is best.

The Pentateuch is all about God, man, and our mutual relationship. The key
concept in Genesis is faith.1

Morgan introduced his comments on Genesis with the following admission:

"How many people have read the Book of Genesis? I do not

mean study it. I have been studying it for sixty years and I do
not know it yet. Its heights and depths are beyond me and that

1See idem, Living Messages of the Books of the Bible, 1:1:13-26.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 15

is the glory of the Bible. It may exhaust you, but you can never
exhaust it."1

May all the readers of these notes follow Morgan's admirable example of
repeated studying and learning from this great book.

1Idem, The Unfolding …, p. 25.

16 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

I. PRIMEVAL EVENTS 1:1—11:26

Chapters 1—11 provide an introduction to the Book of Genesis, the

Pentateuch, and the whole Bible.

"Although the story of the Bible begins in Genesis 12, that is

not where the Bible begins. It begins with what we now
recognize as a prologue, a preparatory statement, so that we
may be informed and equipped to understand the story that
follows."1

"What we find in chaps. 1—11 is the divine initiation of

blessing, which is compromised by human sin followed by
gracious preservation of the promise: blessing – sin - grace."2

"His [Moses'] theological perspective can be summarized in

two points. First, the author intends to draw a line connecting
the God of the Fathers and the God of the Sinai covenant with
the God who created the world. Second, the author intends to
show that the call of the patriarchs and the Sinai covenant
have as their ultimate goal the reestablishment of God's
original purpose in Creation."3

"Evidently an interest in the way in which the world and

humankind came into existence and in the history of the
earliest times was characteristic of the ancient civilized world.
At any rate, various 'origin stories' or 'creation myths' about
the activities of a variety of creator-gods are still extant in
what remains of the literatures of ancient Egypt and ancient
Mesopotamia. But the combination of such accounts with
narratives about more recent times testifies to an additional
motivation. The aim of such works was to give their readers—
or to strengthen—a sense of national or ethnic identity,

1CharlesC. Cochrane, The Gospel According to Genesis, p. 4.

2Mathews, p. 60.
3Sailhamer, p. 19. Cf. Mathews, p. 77.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 17

particularly at a time when there was for some reason a degree

of uncertainty or hesitation about this …

"The placing of Gen. 1—11 as a prologue to the main body of

the work also afforded the opportunity to express certain
distinctively Israelite articles of faith which it would have been
more difficult to introduce into the later narratives, particularly
with regard to the doctrine of God."1

"Gen 1—11 as we read it is a commentary, often highly critical,

on ideas current in the ancient world about the natural and
supernatural world. Both individual stories as well as the final
completed work seem to be a polemic against many of the
commonly received notions about the gods and man. But the
clear polemical thrust of Gen 1—11 must not obscure the fact
that at certain points biblical and extrabiblical thought are in
clear agreement. Indeed Genesis and the ancient Near East
probably have more in common with each other than either has
with modern secular thought."2

W. H. Griffith Thomas summed up the contents of the first 11 chapters of

Genesis memorably as: creation, corruption, deluge, deliverance, and
dispersal.3

A. THE STORY OF CREATION 1:1—2:3

God created the entire universe, and then formed and filled it, in six "days."
He brought order and fullness for humankind to enjoy and to rule over. He
then blessed and set apart the seventh day as a memorial of His creative

1Whybray, pp. 36-37. See Gordon H. Johnston, "Genesis 1 and Ancient Egyptian Creation
Myths," Bibliotheca Sacra 165:658 (April-June 2008):178-94; Jerome T. Walsh, Old
Testament Narrative: A Guide to Interpretation.
2Gordon J. Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. xlvii.
3W. H. Griffith Thomas, Through the Pentateuch Chapter by Chapter, pp. 14-15. See

Livingston, pp. 85-101, for information about the religious myths of the ancient Near East,
and pp. 137-86 for a comparison of the first 11 chapters of Genesis with other ancient
Near Eastern literature.
18 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

work.1 The God of Israel, the deliverer of His chosen people, is the Creator
of all that exists.

"… Gen 1:1—2:4a is clearly recognizable as a unit of historical

narrative. It has an introduction (1:1), a body (1:2—2:3) and
a conclusion (2:4a)."2

Historical narrative is one of several biblical types of literature (French

genre). Other genre include genealogy, poetry, epistolary, and
apocalyptic.3

"Genre is of crucial importance, since the reader's

identification of a text's genre directs his or her reading
strategy …"4

"For the most part, its [the Old Testament's] contents may be
described under two rubrics: stories and poems."5

"It has frequently been recognized that the final shaping of the
canonical Pentateuch involves the sorting and placement of
material consisting of at least four literary types: narrative,
poetry, law, and genealogy."6

1Ross, Creation and Blessing, has influenced this and subsequent introductory and
concluding summaries of the major sections of the text, though I have not always
footnoted his views in these summaries.
2John H. Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes: Genesis 1:1—2:4a," Trinity Journal 5 NS (Spring

1984):74. This article outlines some principles to use in finding the writer's intent and
purpose in selecting the events he chose to record in historical narratives. It provides an
excellent introduction to the interpretation of historical narrative.
3See J. Daniel Hayes, "An Evangelical Approach to Old Testament Narrative Criticism,"

Bibliotheca Sacra 166:661 (January-March 2009):3-18; Steven D. Mathewson, "Guidelines

for Understanding and Proclaiming Old Testament Narratives," Bibliotheca Sacra 154:616
(October-December 1997):410-35, for help in interpreting and preaching narrative
portions of the Old Testament. See Howard G. Hendricks and William D. Hendricks, Living
by the Book, pp. 217-19, for a list of genres in the Bible with characteristics and biblical
examples of each; and Roy B. Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation, pp. 126-35, for a fuller
discussion of biblical genres.
4Longman and Dillard, p. 29. See ibid., pp. 29-31, for clarification of genre.
5Ibid., p. 25.
6John H. Sailhamer, "Genesis," in Genesis-Leviticus, vol. 1 of The Expositor's Bible

Commentary, revised ed., p. 34.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 19

Some scholars understand the stories in Genesis 1—11 to be parables, as

the following quotation explains:

"For reasons of clarity and simplicity, the present writer

prefers the word parable [when describing the stories in
Genesis 1—11]. We are already familiar with this word from
Jesus' frequent use of parables as a method of teaching his
disciples and the people of his time. Surely no one would
accuse Jesus of being false because he told the story of the
Good Samaritan or the parable of the Prodigal Son."1

I do not believe the stories in Genesis 1—11 are parables. Parables are
invented stories that picture something that could or might have happened
but probably did not really happen (e.g., the Good Samaritan, the Prodigal
Son). There seems to be too much evidence that the Creation, Fall, and
Flood actually happened to conclude that the stories that Moses told about
them, in these chapters, describe things that did not really occur as
described. If this is so, then probably the other stories in these chapters
are not parables either. Clearly the genealogies in chapters 5, 10, and 11
record the names of real people; they have not been made up simply to
teach a lesson. I believe that the stories in chapters 1—11 were revealed
by God to Moses, directly or indirectly (from other sources), and that Moses
recorded them as historical narrative as the Holy Spirit guided him (cf. Exod.
20:9-11; 31:17; Ps. 8; 104; Matt. 19:4-6; 2 Pet. 3:5; Heb. 4:4).2

"The creation account [in Genesis 1—2] is theocentric, not

creature centered. Its purpose is to glorify the Creator by
magnifying him through the majesty of the created order. The
passage is doxological as well as didactic, hymnic as well as
history. 'God' is the grammatical subject of the first sentence
(1:1) and continues as the thematic subject throughout the
account."3

"The prose narratives of the Old Testament are

multifunctional. Most intend to impart historically accurate
information while leading the reader to a deeper theological

1Cochrane, p. 15.
2See "Is Genesis History?" DVD produced by Compass Cinema, 2017.
3Mathews, p. 113.
20 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

understanding of the nature of God and his relationship with

his people."1

1. An initial statement of creation 1:1

"The purpose of the statement is threefold: to identify the

Creator, to explain the origin of the world, and to tie the work
of God in the past to the work of God in the future."2

There are three major views concerning the relationship of 1:1 to the rest
of the creation account.

1. Verse 1 describes God's original creation of the universe. Then God

began fashioning the earth, and it became fully formed, as we now
know it, in verse 2 or verse 3. This "double-creation" view may or
may not involve a gap in time between verses 1 and 2.3 Some
advocates of this view believe that the original creation became
chaotic as a result of divine judgment.4 More information on this
theory follows in my comments on 1:2.

2. Verse 1 describes part of what God did on the first day of creation
(1:1-5). It is a general statement followed by specific details.5

3. Verse 1 describes, in very general, introductory terms, the same

creation activity that God did on all six days of creation (1:2-31). It

1Longman and Dillard, p. 34.

2Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 50.
3Advocates of this view include C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the

Old Testament: Pentateuch, 1:46; G. H. Pember, Earth's Earliest Ages and Their
Connection with Modern Spiritualism and Theosophy, pp. 33-77; Thomas Chalmers,
Posthumous Works of the Rev. Thomas Chalmers, 1:1-2; Arthur Custance, Without Form
and Void, pp. 1-8; Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, 1:556; L. Berkhof, Systematic
Theology, p. 151; Albertus Pieters, Notes on Genesis, p. 18; J. Vernon McGee, Thru the
Bible with J. Vernon McGee, 1:13; Joseph P. Free, Archaeology and Bible History, p. 19.
4E.g., Arno C. Gaebelein, The Annotated Bible, 1:1:16-17; G. Campbell Morgan, An

Exposition of the Whole Bible, p. 11; William R. Newell, Studies in the Pentateuch, p. 38;
J. Sidlow Baxter, Explore the Book, 1:35, 45-50; Kenneth S. Wuest, Word Studies in the
Greek New Testament, 3:2:23-24.
5Martin Luther, Commentary on Genesis, 1:9-10; Leupold, 1:42; Kidner, p. 44; Wenham,

p. 11; J. J. Davis, pp. 46-47; Jeremy D. Lyon, "Genesis 1:1-3 and the Literary Boundary
of Day One," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 62:2 (June 2019):269-85.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 21

is a topic sentence that introduces the whole creation account that

follows.1 I prefer this view.

This "beginning" (v. 1) is the beginning of the creation of the cosmos

(physical universe), not the beginning of all things (cf. Mark 1:1 and John
1:1 for other beginnings).2 This appears to be clear from the context.
Genesis has been called "the book of beginnings" because it records the
beginning of so many things. Perhaps it would be more accurate to describe
it as "the book of foundations."

"Contrary to ancient Near Eastern mythologies, in which the

earth had no beginning, and in contrast to Greek philosophical
thought, in which the existence of the world from eternity is a
basic presupposition, the Genesis cosmology fixes by the use
of the phrase 'in the beginning' (bere'sit) an absolute
beginning for creation."3

The Hebrew word translated "God" ('elohim) is a plural noun. The plurality
simply adds intensification to the name El, as does the personal pronoun
"us" in verse 26. Hebrew is the only ancient Semitic language that
intensifies nouns and pronouns by making them plurals.4 The writers of
Scripture used 'elohim as a title of honor. Though it is a plural in form, it is
singular in meaning when referring to the true God. This name represents
the Creator's transcendent relationship to His creation; He is completely
separate from and independent of nature. Some have called this the plural
of majesty or "excellency."5 Others call it a potential plural.6 It emphasizes
the fact that the God referred to is the fullness of deity, the only true God.

"The Hebrew word translated 'God' ('elohim) may be used as

a plural noun and be translated 'gods.' But when this word is

1Gerhard von Rad, Genesis, p. 49; George Bush, Notes on Genesis, p. 26; Edward J. Young,
Studies in Genesis One, p. 14; Bruce K. Waltke, Creation and Chaos; idem, Genesis, p. 58;
Ross, Creation and …, p. 105; Hamilton, pp. 103-8.
2Quotations from the English Bible in these notes are from the New American Standard

Bible (NASB), 2020 edition, unless otherwise indicated.

3Gerhard F. Hasel and Michael G. Hasel, "The Unique Cosmology of Genesis 1 against

Ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian Parallels," in The Genesis Creation Account and Its
Reverberations in the Old Testament, pp. 10-11. See also Richard M. Davidson, "The
Genesis Account of Origins," in ibid., pp. 61-69.
4See Livingston, pp. 53-63, for a discussion of the languages of the ancient Near East.
5Milton S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics, p. 86.
6Leupold, 1:43.
22 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

used of true God, then it is not a plural but is an intensified

noun, exhausting the meaning of the underlying root ('alah)
which means 'to be powerful.' He 'us' [is majestic and great in
plurality]. When used of God, this is not really a plural (despite
the common translation); it is a similar intensification of the
pronoun which describes God."1

"He goes too far who sees in this plural a direct and explicit
reference to the Holy Trinity. … he who would claim that the
term can have no connection with the truth of the Holy Trinity
goes too far."2

Theologian A. H. Strong defined God as "the infinitely perfect Spirit in whom

all things have their source, support, and end."3

The Hebrew verb bara' ("create") refers only to the living God as its subject
in the Bible. God alone is the Creator; no one else shares in the activity of
truly creating (bara'ing).4 Other Hebrew words are used to describe the
creative activities of human beings.

The "heavens and earth" refer to the universe as we know it (i.e., the sky
above with all that is in it and the earth below). There is no single word in
Hebrew for "universe." "Heavens and earth" is a figure of speech (a
merism) for totality; God created everything. A "merism" uses two
extremes to represent the whole. The English translators often rendered
the Hebrew word 'eres (earth) as "land." By translating it this way here, we
can see that Moses wanted his readers to realize that God created—and
therefore owned—all land (cf. 12:7 and all subsequent references to the
Promised Land; Ps. 24:1).5

"The sublime ideas expressed in this first verse of the Bible set
the tone for the entire Genesis cosmology."6

This verse is important because it contradicts six popular philosophies:

1Email from Ronald B. Allen, August 31, 2006.

2Leupold, 1:43.
3A. H. Strong, Systematic Theology, p. 52.
4See Ronald B. Allen, The Majesty of Man, pp. 181-84, for a study of bara'.
5Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 19.
6Hasel and Hasel, p. 13.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 23

1. Atheism: God does exist.

2. Pantheism: God is distinct from His creation.

3. Polytheism: "Created" is singular in the text. An obvious difference

between the biblical account of creation and those of other ancient
Near Eastern cultures is that the biblical account is monotheistic.

4. Radical materialism (matter is eternal): Matter had a supernatural

origin (emphasis on origin).

5. Naturalism (evolutionism): Creation took place when Someone

outside nature intervened (emphasis on process).

6. Fatalism: A personal God freely chose to create.1

God created the universe "from nothing" (Latin ex nihilo). While the text
does not state this fact per se, the reader can deduce it from the following
evidence. The phrase "in the beginning" implies it, as do the Hebrew word
for "create" (bara') and the expression "formless and void." New
Testament passages also support this conclusion (e.g., John 1:3; Rom.
4:17; Heb. 11:3).2

The emphasis in verse 1 is on the origin of the universe. God created it.3
He alone is eternal, and everything else owes its origin and existence to
Him.4

2. Conditions at the time of creation 1:2

Verse 2 probably describes what we now call the earth in its pre-formed—
like a lump of clay—existence, before God gave it form and filled it.5

1See also Baxter, 1:34.

2See Jack Cottrell, "The Doctrine of Creation from Nothing," The Seminary Review 29:4
(December 1983):157-75; John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1:14:20.
3Walter C. Kaiser Jr.'s article, "The Literary Form of Genesis 1—11," in New Perspectives

on the Old Testament, pp. 48-65, is of great value in understanding and responding to
the major critical attacks on Genesis 1—11.
4Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 20. See Tozer, pp. 71-74, for a discussion of God's omnipotence.
5von Rad, pp. 551.
24 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Here "earth" refers to the whole planet, though the same English word also
refers to the earth and the heavens (when combined with "heaven," v. 1),
and to dry land (v. 10).

In verse 2 we learn that the earth was "a formless and desolate emptiness"
(a hendiadys meaning unorganized, unproductive, and uninhabited), before
God graciously prepared it for human habitation (cf. Isa. 45:18; Jer. 4:23-
27).1 (A "hendiadys" is a figure of speech, in which the writer expresses a
single complex idea by joining two substantives with "and," rather than by
using an adjective and a substantive.) Various English translations have
rendered this expression "formless and void," "formless and empty," and
"without shape and empty."

"… no clear biblical text testifies to the origins of chaos or of

the Serpent [3:1], nor to the reason for their existence."2

"The Hebrew word [for "darkness"] simply means “darkness,”

but in the Bible it has come to symbolize what opposes God,
such as judgment (Exod 10:21), death (Ps 88:13), oppression
(Isa 9:1), the wicked (1 Sam 2:9) and in general, sin. In Isa
45:7 it parallels “evil.” It is a fitting cover for the primeval
waste, but it prepares the reader for the fact that God is about
to reveal himself through his works."3

"Deep" (Heb. tehom) describes the water-covered planet. In the Old

Testament, tehom refers to the ocean(s), which the ancient world regarded
as symbolic of chaos and evil, which needed overcoming and which Yahweh
overcame. However, its use in the Pentateuch helps us understand the
writer's intent in using this term here.

"The thirty-five usages of tehom and its derivative forms in

the Old Testament reveal that it is generally 'a poetic term for
a large body of water'."4

1In these notes, I have normally quoted the New American Standard Bible, 2020 edition,
unless otherwise noted.
2Bruce K. Waltke, An Old Testament Theology, p. 181.
3The NET2 (New English Translation) Bible, 2019 ed, note on verse 2.
4Hasel and Hasel, p. 17. Their quotation is from Mary K. Wakeman, God's Battle with the

Monster: A Study in Biblical Imagery, p. 86.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 25

"… he calls the global ocean (the 'deep') in 1:2 a 'desert.' This
is not apparent in the English translation 'formless,' but the
NASB notes it in the margin as a 'wasteland.' Moses uses this
term (Deut 32:10) to describe the desert wasteland where
Israel wandered for forty years. Why call an ocean a desert?
What better way to teach the people that the God who will
lead them out of the wilderness and give them the promised
land is the same God who once prepared the land for them by
dividing the waters and producing the 'dry land'? The God of
the Pentateuch is One who leads his people from the wasteland
to the promised land."1

Some scholars believe that references to "the Spirit" of God in the Old
Testament indicate the power or influence of God, not the Third Person of
the Trinity. Some conservative scholars believe that, even though the Spirit
was actually the Third Person of the Trinity, people living during the Old
Testament period did not associate the Spirit with God Himself. They
supposedly thought of the Spirit as a power or influence of God. However,
there are several indications in the Old Testament that some informed
Israelites identified "the Spirit" as God (cf. Gen. 1:2; 2 Kings 2:9; Ps.
104:30; Ezek. 3:12-14; 11:1; Zech. 4:6).2 Alexander Hislop has shown that
many of the ancient religions believed in a three-in-one god.3

On the basis of comparison with Deuteronomy 32:11 and the Aqhat Epic,
W. F. Albright believed that "hovering over" would better read "soaring,"
like an eagle.4 Moses pictured the Holy Spirit as a wind—the words are
identical in Hebrew—moving over the unorganized creation. As God did His
work of creating by means of His Spirit, so also we believers are to do our
work by His Spirit (Zech. 4:6; Rom. 8; Eph. 5:18).

"Waters" is also capable of being interpreted the same way as "deep." It

probably refers to what covered the earth, but it also implies chaos.

1Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes …," pp. 80-81.

2See Leon J. Wood, The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament, and idem, The Prophets of Israel,
pp. 85-87.
3Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons, pp. 12-19.
4W. F. Albright, The Archaeology of Palestine, p. 235.
26 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Hitherto all is static, lifeless, immobile. Motion, which is the

essential element in change, originates with God's dynamic
presence."1

"We should not be averse to holding that the foundation for

all physical laws operative in the world now was held by this
preparatory activity."2

Verse 2 seems to me to describe conditions that existed before God

created the earth. Whereas verse 1 summarizes the entire creation of the
universe, verse 2 pictures its pre-creation condition. Verses 3-31 explain
the process of creation by which God formed what was formless and filled
what was void.

There are two basic theories of the creation process that have grown out
of interpretations of verse 2:

THE GAP THEORY

Statement: The classic statement of this theory contains the following

ideas, though there have been many variations of this theory.

1. There is an indefinite time gap (hence the name of the theory)

between 1:1 and 1:2.

2. Verse 1 reveals the creation of a perfect heaven and earth very

different from what we see around us now.

3. A pre-adamic race of humans inhabited this original creation.

4. Lucifer (unfallen Satan), whose "headquarters" was in the Garden of

Eden, ruled over this race of people.

5. When Lucifer rebelled—many advocates see this in Isaiah 14 and/or

Ezekiel 28—sin entered the world.

1Nahum Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 7.

2Leupold, 1:50.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 27

6. Part of God's judgment of this rebellion was the destruction of the

earth with a flood (in Noah's day) followed by a global ice age, which
accounts for the fossils.1

History: This is a very old theory that certain early Jewish writers and some
church fathers held. Thomas Chalmers promoted it in 1814.2 Chalmers'
purpose was to harmonize Scripture with science.3 Charles Darwin's Origin
of Species first appeared in 1859, but Chalmers published his theory earlier:
in 1814. Franz Delitzsch supported it in 1899.4 G. H. Pember's book Earth's
Ancient Ages, published in 1884, gave further impetus to this view. Many
Christian geologists favored the view because they saw in it "an easy
explanation for the fossil strata."5 Harry Rimmer supported it,6 as did J. N.
Darby,7 Arno Gaebelein,8 and Arthur W. Pink.9 Lewis Sperry Chafer held it,10
but he did not emphasize it. Arthur Custance is one writer who has
defended it fairly recently.11

Arguments and Responses:

1. The first word in verse 2 (Heb. waw, "and") is a conjunction that

indicates consecutive occurrences. (This verbal form, by the way, is
the basic characteristic of narrative in the Hebrew Bible.12) Waw
introduces something that happened after what precedes. Response.
The verb tense and word order in this sentence do not permit this

1For a creationist explanation of the ice ages, see Ken Ham, Andrew Snelling, and Carl
Wieland, The Answers Book, pp. 12-13, 77-87; John Whitcomb and Henry Morris, The
Genesis Flood, pp. 292-303. For a discussion of how Genesis 1 and be reconciled with the
immense periods of time indicated by fossil strata, see Gleason L. Archer, Encyclopedia of
Bible Difficulties, pp. 58-65.
2See Chalmers, 1:1.
3See Randy Moore, Mark Decker, and Sehoya Cotner, Chronology of the Evolution-

Creationism Controversy, p. 52.

4Franz Delitzsch, A System of Biblical Psychology, p. 74-76.
5Whitcomb and Morris, p. 93. See pp. 89-115, for a history of attempts to harmonize

uniformitarianism and the Flood.

6Harry Rimmer, Modern Science and the Genesis Record, pp. 25-29.
7J. N. Darby, Synopsis of the Books of the Bible, 1:22.
8Gaebelein, 1:1:16-17.
9Arthur W. Pink, Gleanings in Genesis, pp. 10-11.
10Chafer, 6:67.
11Arthur Custance, Without Form and Void, 1970. See also Baxter, 1:34-36; William G. T.

Shedd, Dogmatic Theology, 1:474.

12Longman and Dillard, p. 54.
28 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

use of this conjunction (vv. 1-2). Rather here, as is normal, the

conjunction indicates a break in the consecutive order of events and
introduces a circumstantial (independent) clause (v. 2) that
describes something in a preceding clause (v. 1). This is a waw
disjunctive, not a waw consecutive. A better translation of the waw
would be "now," as some English translations have it (e.g., the NIV,
the TNIV, and the HCSB)1. In short, the Hebrew grammar does not
support a chronological gap between verses 1 and 2.

2. The verb (hayata, "was") can and should read "became." The
translators have rendered it this way in many other places in the Old
Testament. Response. This is a legitimate translation, but "became"
is not always the best translation (cf. Jonah 3:3; Zech. 3:3). Here
the translation should be "was."

3. The chaos (tohu wa bohu, "a formless and desolate emptiness")

describes an evil condition (cf. Isa. 24:1; 45:18; Jer. 4:23).
Response. This is usually the case, but not always (cf. Deut. 32:10;
Job 6:18; 12:24; 26:7; Ps. 107:40). It is not so here.

4. "Darkness" is a symbol of evil in Scripture (cf. 1 John 1:5; et al.).

This supports the badness of the condition that resulted from
Satan's rebellion. Response. This is true in some cases, but not
always (cf. Ps. 104:19-24). Furthermore, "evening" was part of the
days God declared "good."

5. The two primary words for "create" (bara' and asah, used
respectively in 1:1 and 1:25) refer to two different kinds of
creativity. Bara' usually refers to primary creative activity. Since
Moses used bara' in 1:1, this was the original creation—and not just
a general description of the process that follows (in 1:3-5 or 1:3-
31). If 1:1 were a general description, he would have used asah, since
some of what God created in the six days He formed out of previously
existing material (e.g., man and woman). Response. These two words
are not so distinct. For example, Moses used bara' of the creation of
man out of previously existing material (1:27), and he used asah of
the whole creation as the primary creative activity of God (Exod.

1The NIV is The Holy Bible: New International Version. My references to the NIV in these
notes are to the 1984 edition, unless otherwise indicated. The TNIV is The Holy Bible:
Today's New International Version of 2005, and the HCSB is The Holy Bible: Holman
Christian Standard Bible version of 2003.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 29

20:11). Furthermore, he used bara' of the creation of some animals

(1:21) and asah of the creation of other animals (1:25). The real
difference between these two words is that Moses used bara' only
of divine activity, and he used asah of both divine and human
activities.1 Thus, bara' and asah are very close together in meaning.
We should not distinguish them on the basis of bara' describing
primary creative activity and asah referring to the reforming of
previously existing material.

6. Adam was to "replenish" the earth (1:28, AV), implying a previous

race. Response. The Hebrew word used means "fill," not "refill." Many
modern English translations so render it.

Summary: Though many evangelicals still hold the gap theory, few Hebrew
scholars do, because the Hebrew grammar does not favor a chronologically
sequential reading of verses 1 and 2. Rather, verse 2 in some way clarifies
verse 1.2

THE NO-GAP THEORY

The crux of the 1:2 interpretive problem lies in the identification of the
chaos (tohu wa bohu, "a formless and desolate emptiness") mentioned in
this verse. There have been three primary views concerning this condition:

1. The chaos was a condition that resulted after God judged the earth
that He had originally created good.3

Explanation: 1:1 refers to God's original creation of the universe. 1:2 is a

reference to the form He gave it thereafter. 1:3 refers to the beginning of
the process of reforming the judged earth into the form in which we know
it.

Vocabulary: We should translate the first word in the verse (waw) "and" or
"then" (not preferable grammatically) and the verb (hayeta) "became"

1See Thomas J. Finley, "Dimensions of the Hebrew Word for 'Create' (bara)," Bibliotheca
Sacra 148:592 (October-December 1991):409-23.
2For a good explanation of the gap theory, as well as the atheistic evolution, theistic

evolution, progressive creation, and fiat creation views, see James M. Boice, Genesis, 1:37-
68. See also Henry M. Morris, "The Gap Theory," Creation Ex Nihilo 10:1 (December 1987-
February 1988):35-37; Ham, et al., pp. 16, 157-75; Davidson, pp. 87-102.
3Advocates include Chalmers 1:1-2; Keil and Delitzsch, 1:49; Pember, pp. 33-77; C. I.

Scofield, The Scofield Reference Bible, footnotes on Gen. 1:1 and 2; Custance, pp. 1-8.
30 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

(possible but not preferable). We should interpret the chaos (tohu wa

bohu) as an evil condition (not necessarily so).

Sequence: This interpretation permits, but does not require, a gap in time
between 1:1 and 1:2.

2. The chaos was the condition that characterized the earth when God
created it good.1

Explanation: 1:1 states the creation of the universe as we know it, and it is
a general statement of creation. 1:2 describes the earth at the time of its
creation. 1:3 describes God bringing order out of chaos, which continued
through the six creative days.

Vocabulary: We should translate waw "now" (better) and hayeta "was"

(also better). We should also take tohu wa bohu to mean either unformed
or evil.

Sequence: This interpretation involves no gap in time between 1:1 and 1:2.

3. The chaos existed before God began creating the earth good.2

Explanation: We should take 1:1 the same as in view 2. 1:2 describes

conditions as they existed before creation. We should also take 1:3 the
same as in view 2.

Vocabulary: Advocates translate and interpret the key Hebrew words the
same as in view 2.

Sequence: This interpretation involves no gap in time between 1:1 and 1:2.

1Advocates include Luther, 1:9-10; Leupold, p. 46; Young, p. 13; J. J. Davis, p. 47; Ross,
Creation and …, pp. 106-7; J. Dwight Pentecost, Thy Kingdom Come, p. 29; Mark F.
Rooker, "Genesis 1:1-3: Creation or Re-Creation?" Bibliotheca Sacra 149:595 (July-
September 1992):316-23; and 596 (October-December 1992):411-27; Targum Neofiti.
The Targums are expanded translations of the Old Testament made during the Babylonian
captivity in the Aramaic language. See Gary Anderson, "The Interpretation of Genesis l:1
in the Targums," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 52:1 (January 1990):23.
2Advocate include Bush, p. 27; Waltke, Creation and …; idem, Genesis, pp. 59-60; Ross,

Creation and …, p. 106; Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 24; idem, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 54.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 31

"… the disjuncture at v 2 is employed by the author to focus

his creation account upon the land."1

The more popular theory among evangelicals now is the no-gap theory in
either one of the last two forms described above. Let me restate these last
two views:

1. View 2 above: God created the earth in a formless and void state.
He then proceeded to give it form and to fill it.

"We would affirm that the first verse serves as a broad

comprehensive statement of the fact of creation. Verse
two describes the earth as it came from the hands of
the Creator and as it existed at the time when God
commanded the light to shine forth. The first recorded
step in the process of fashioning the earth into the form
in which it now appears was God's remarkable utterance,
'Let there be light' [verse 3]."2

Problem: It seems unusual that God would create the earth formless and
then form it. It seems more likely and consistent with His activity in 1:3-31
that He would create it fully formed.3

Answer: The whole process of creation in 1:3-31 is a movement from a

more primitive to a more advanced stage of existence. I prefer this view.

2. View 3 above: Before God created the earth there was nothing where
it now exists, and verse 2 describes that nothingness.4

Problem: Some terms in verse 2 (darkness, surface, deep, waters) imply

that something existed at this time, suggesting some creative activity
before verse 3.

Answers: Verse 1 may be part of the first day of creation. Moses may have
used these terms to describe, in terms that we can begin to understand
(i.e., figurative terms), a condition that is entirely foreign and
incomprehensible to us.

1Idem, "Exegetical Notes …," p. 77.

2Young, p. 14. See also Berkhof, pp. 158-59.
3Brevard S. Childs, Myth and Reality in the Old Testament, p. 30.
4Waltke, Genesis, pp. 59-60.
32 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

3. The six days of creation 1:3-31

Explaining the bringing of cosmic order out of chaos involved clearly

demarcating the various elements of the universe. God divided light and
darkness, waters and dry land, the world above from the world below.
Likewise people should observe and maintain other divisions in the universe,
such as things that God has separated in the moral realm.1

In the first three "days," God made the uninhabitable earth productive, and
in the last three "days," He filled the uninhabited earth with life. The
process of creation, as Moses described it, typically follows this pattern for
each day of creation: announcement, commandment, separation, report,
naming, evaluation, and chronological framework.2

One writer sought to retain six literal days of creation and to harmonize
them with an old age earth model, allowing a long period of time (possibly
billions of years) between Gen. 1:2 and 3.3 However, this explanation does
violence to the Hebrew text.4

The first day 1:3-5

1:3 The world came into being by God's spoken word (cf. Ps. 33:9;
Heb. 11:3). Each of the six creative days began with God
speaking.

"The phrases 'the Lord said', 'the Lord spake', 'the

word of the Lord came', are actually used 3,808
times in the Old Testament."5

This is a powerful testimony to the authority of the spoken

word of God and the written Word of God: Scripture.

"The goal of divine action is to maintain and to

create life; to achieve this aim Yahweh chiefly
avails himself of two means which we encounter

1See Mathews, p. 124.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 56.
3Gorman Gray, The Age of the Universe: What Are the Biblical Limits?
4For a critique of Gray's book, see Douglas C. Bozzung, "An Evaluation of the Biosphere

Model of Genesis 1," Bibliotheca Sacra 162:648 (October-December 2005):406-23.

5D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones, Authority, p. 50.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 33

in varying intensities in all the realms of his

manifestation: the Spirit [v. 2] and the Word."1

"The creation of light on the first day by word of

mouth (Gen. 1:3-5) is without parallel in
Mesopotamian and Egyptian mythology."2

God's ten pronouncements in this chapter anticipate His ten

commandments at Mt. Sinai (Exod. 20:2-17). All but one of
Jesus Christ's miracles occurred immediately after He spoke.
The exception occurs in Mark 8:25 when He laid His hands on
a blind man. Jesus Christ, the Word of God, was God's agent in
creation; He was the Creator (John 1:3). The theme of God's
word (spoken, written, or incarnate) continues throughout the
Bible. His word is consistently powerful, as here. Fiat (the Latin
word for "Let there be") creation means creation that came
into being by God's word.

"The idea of creation by the word preserves first

of all the most radical essential distinction
between Creator and creature. Creation cannot be
even remotely considered an emanation from God;
it is not somehow an overflow or reflection of his
being, i.e., of his divine nature, but is rather a
product of his personal will."3

"This creative word is different from any human

word; it is not 'empty' (Gen. 32:47 [should be
37:24]; Isa. 55:11), but powerful and of the
highest creative potency. In the second place,
therefore, this conception contains the knowledge
that the world wholly belongs to God; it is the
creation of his will, and he is its Lord."4

The "light" might not have been sunlight (cf. v. 14). Perhaps
it came from a source fixed at a distance from the earth, such
as the shekinah, the light that manifests God's glory (cf. Rev.

1Jacob, p. 121.
2Hasel and Hasel, p. 23.
3von Rad, pp. 51-52.
4Ibid., p. 52.
34 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

22:5).1 Perhaps God created the sun on the first day, but it
became visible on the fourth day.2

"The week thus begins with the sunrise in v. 3,

'and there was light.'"3

A third view is that God created the sun, moon, and stars on
the first day and assigned them their specific functions on the
fourth day (cf. vv. 14-18).4

"The Oriental … did not think of light and darkness

exclusively in connection with the heavenly bodies
(Job 38:19-20)."5

"The eternal city will enjoy endless light without

the help of the sun or moon (Rev. 22:5), so why
couldn't there be light at the beginning of time
before the luminaries were made?"6

A principle theme of the Bible appears here. God is the One

who brings light into darkness. Here He produced physical light,
but later He sent His Son to be the Light of the World (John
8:12). In the future, there will be no darkness at all (Rev.
21:23).7

1:4 "Darkness" was not a creation, like light, but rather the
absence of light (cf. v. 2). As previously noted, darkness (Heb.
hosek) in Scripture often connotes evil (cf. Exod. 10:21-23; 1
Sam. 2:9; Job 3:4, 5; Ps. 35:6; Joel 2:2).

The Hebrew word translated "good" (tob) refers more to

purpose and harmony (i.e., in keeping with God's will) than to
aesthetic beauty.8 Moses presented God as wise, knowing
what was good for man, and as loving, providing those good

1Hamilton, p. 121.
2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 26.
3Ibid., "Genesis," revised ed., p. 56.
4See Ibid., "Genesis," pp. 33-34.
5von Rad, p. 50.
6Warren W. Wiersbe, The Bible Exposition Commentary/Pentateuch, p. 16
7The Nelson Study Bible, p. 4; Waltke; An Old …, p. 213..
8von Rad, p. 52.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 35

things for him. This not only reveals aspects of the Creator's
character, but it also prepares the reader for the tragedy of
the Fall (ch. 3).

1:5 God named things ("called" them such and such), in addition
to creating them. Having a name equals having existence, in
biblical thought, and the act of giving a name meant the
exercise of a sovereign right (cf. 41:45; 2 Kings 24:17; Dan.
1:7). In this chapter, naming or blessing follows some act of
creation—seven times. The Israelites regarded the number
"seven" as connoting a complete, divine act, as will become
clearer later.

The terms "day," "night," "evening," and "morning" imply the

beginning of the earth's rotation on the first day.1 The use of
the Hebrew word 'ehad ("one" [first] day; cf. "second day,"
"third day," etc.) as an ordinal number also supports this view.2
The Jews reckoned the beginning of a day with the evening
(the setting of the sun) rather than the morning (the rising of
the sun). It is probable, therefore, that by "evening" Moses
meant "beginning," and that by "morning" he meant "ending."

"A few years ago in England some Christians

became excited about the Big Bang theory,
thinking that it favored Christianity. But they
really missed the point—either the point of
Scripture or the Big Bang theory or both. The
simple fact is that what is given in Genesis 1:1 has
no relationship to the Big Bang theory—because
from the scriptural viewpoint, the primal creation
goes back beyond the basic material or energy.
We have a new thing created by God out of
nothing [Lat. ex nihilo] by fiat [formal decree],
and this is the distinction."3

1Leupold, 1:56, 69. See my further comments on 2:3.

2See Andrew E. Steinmann, "'Ehad as an Ordinal Number and the Meaning of Genesis 1:5,"
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 45:4 (December 2002):577-84. Ordinal
numbers express order (e.g., first, second, third, etc.) whereas cardinal numbers are used
in counting (e.g., one, two, three, etc.).
3Frances A. Schaeffer, Genesis in Time and Space, pp. 28-29.
36 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Nevertheless, though it is not the same, "The Big

Bang theory sounds very much like the story that
the Old Testament has been telling a long time."1

From the beginning God made divisions. He later divided the

clean from the unclean, the holy from the profane, the Holy
Place from the Holy of Holies, and Israel from the nations. This
shows His sovereignty (i.e., ultimate authority). And it shows
that He intended that some things should remain separate and
distinct from other things. This is important to note since some
radicals advocate that we should do away with all distinctions
under the banner of "equality."2

The second day 1:6-8

1:6 The "expanse" (Heb. raqia') refers to the heavens above the
earth (lit. "something stretched out"; i.e., the sky, comprising
the atmosphere, the solar system, and the universe beyond).
Some English translators have rendered this Hebrew word
"firmament" (AV, from the Latin firmamentum), or "vault"
(TNIV). God placed the sun, moon, and stars in it (vv. 16-17).
The ancients grouped the stars and planets together, referring
to the former as fixed stars and the latter as wandering stars
(cf. Jude 13).

1:7 God "separated the waters," so that some of them remained

on the earth in a liquid state, and some above the earth as
moisture in the atmosphere, probably as clouds, but not as a
celestial ocean of solid water above the earth.3 Before God
made this division, there may have been a dense fog over the
whole surface of the earth.4

1Lance Morrow, Time (Feb. 5, 1979), p. 149.

2See Erwin W. Lutzer, We Will Not Be Silenced.
3See Randall W. Younker and Richard M. Davidson, "The Myth of the Solid Heavenly Dome:

Another Look at the Hebrew (raqia')," in The Genesis Creation Account and Its
Reverberations in the Old Testament, p. 53.
4Leupold, 1:59. See my comments on the "canopy theory" at 2:4-6.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 37

1:8 "Heaven" is the same as the "expanse." Moses used it here as

a general term to describe everything above the earth from
man's viewpoint (v. 8).

The third day 1:9-13

1:9 "The waters below the heavens" (Heb. yammim) probably

refers broadly to all bodies of water, not just oceans. Gathering
them into one place does not mean that all the bodies of water
were one huge ocean necessarily, but that God separated the
bodies of water on the earth from the dry land on the earth.

"… what we call geologic formations took place in

titanic and gigantic measure at a vastly
accelerated pace in a truly miraculous creative
work as astounding as the rest."1

1:10 The separation of water from the land, so that man could enjoy
the land, prepares us for the stories of the Flood (chs. 6—9)
and the Red Sea crossing (Exod. 14—15). God later used the
waters as His instrument to judge those who opposed His will.
The "waters" were an obstacle to man's enjoying the land, so
God removed them from the land. Even though the Hebrew
word 'eres ("earth") appears in both this verse and verse 1, it
does not refer to the same thing is both cases. In verse 1 it
refers to the entire planet Earth, but in this verse it refers to
dry land in contrast to oceans.2

"Good" (Heb. tob) indicates beauty as well as purpose and

order. Here it is not good as opposed to evil, since evil was
then unknown, but good in the sense of pleasing to God.3 It
was only when the land was ready for man that God called it
good. This shows God's loving concern for human beings. The
land was good for people. A good God provided a good land
for good people.

1:11 Moses described the "plants yielding seed, and fruit trees …
bearing fruit according to their kind with seed in them."

1Ibid.,
1:64.
2SeeArcher, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 65-66.
3Cochrane, p. 28.
38 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Perhaps he did so because these are the plants that provide

food and shelter for man. He created others, of course, but
Moses may have been stressing God's care for humans.
Another possibility is that "plants" and "trees" encompass all
"vegetation."

Since God created "plants yielding seed," the original creation

evidently had the appearance of age.1 He created trees with
rings and Adam as an adult.2 The presence of "seed" also
shows that God intended the vegetation to reproduce.

1:12 "Kind" (Heb. min) is not a biologically exact term. It indicates

that God created several different families of plants as
separate acts of creation (cf. vv. 21, 24-25; 6:20; 7:14; Lev.
11:14-29; Deut. 14:13-18). All plants, therefore, did not
evolve from one. Creationists generally affirm microevolution
(the development of different varieties of plants and animals
through crossbreeding), but deny macroevolution (the
development of all plants from one plant, animals from plants,
and humans from animals).3

"With the conclusion of the third day yet another color is

added to God's cosmos. To the basic white and black of day
and night has been added the blue of sky and sea. Now the
canvas is adorned with green. The golden-yellow sun and the
reddish human being will complete this rainbow of colors."4

Note that on the first and second days, God did one creative work each
day: He created light and the firmament. On the third day, He did two
works: He created the land and vegetation. Similarly, on the fourth and fifth
days, God did one work each day: He created the lights and their functions
on the fourth day, and the birds and fish on the fifth day. Then on the sixth
day, He again did two works: He created the land animals and man.5 On the
first three days He gave form to what was formless, and on the last three
days He filled what was void. On the first three days He created motionless

1See Pieters, pp. 23-24.

2See Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 232-39.
3See Pieters, pp. 52-54, for quotations from 10 scientists who reject human evolution.
4Hamilton, p. 126.
5Ibid., p. 125.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 39

objects, and on the last three days He created objects that move or appear
to move.

"Both vegetation and humanity, symbolizing the fertility of life,

were considered pinnacles of creation in the ancient Near East.
The first triad [of days] ends climactically with the creation of
vegetation; the second, the creation of humanity."1

The fourth day 1:14-19

The luminaries (lights, objects that shine) served four purposes.

1. They distinguished day from night.

2. They provided signs.

3. They distinguished the seasons.

4. They illuminated the earth.

"The narrative stresses their function as servants, subordinate

to the interests of the earth … This differs significantly from
the superstitious belief within pagan religion that the earth's
destiny is dictated by the course of the stars."2

"Here is a stern warning for our times for any who would seek
the stars in charting their lives."3

"The term 'signs' has been given special attention by the

author elsewhere in the Pentateuch. For example, the so-called
'plagues' of Egypt are, in fact, called 'signs' by the author of
the Pentateuch (e.g., Deut 29:2-3). The meaning given this
term in the Exod account … is that the acts of God in the
bringing of disorder upon the Egyptians were 'signs' that God
was more powerful and majestic than the Egyptians' gods. This
sense of the term 'signs' fits well in Gen 1:14. The author says
that not only are the sun and moon to give light upon the land
but they are to be visual reminders of the power and majesty
of God. They are 'signs' of who the God of the covenant is.

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 36.

2Mathews, p. 154.
3Ibid., p. 155.
40 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The [sic] are 'telling of the glory of God,' as the psalmist puts
it (Ps 19:1). Not only does the term 'signs' serve as a reminder
of the greatness and glory of God for the author of the
Pentateuch, 'signs' are also a frequent reminder in the
Pentateuch of his grace and mercy (Gen 4, 9, 17)."1

Moses did not mean that these signs were the signs of the zodiac or
astrological signs.

"Rather, the Hebrew text reads, 'And God said, "Let the lights
in the expanse of the sky be for separating.…"' In other words,
in v. 14 God's command assumes that the lights are already in
the expanse, and in response to his command the lights are
given a purpose, namely, 'to separate the day from the night'
and 'to mark the seasons and days and years.'"2

The Hebrew word translated "seasons" (v. 14) appears elsewhere in the
Pentateuch. It means "appointments," but the translators have also
rendered it "feasts" in Leviticus.

"They [the sun and moon] were not mere lights or reminders
of God's glory, they were, as well, calendars for the celebration
of the covenant. The world is made for the [Mosaic] covenant.
Already at creation, the land was being prepared for the
covenant."3

Why did Moses use the terms "greater" and "lesser light(s)" to describe
the sun and moon (v. 16)? He probably did so, not just because of their
relative size, but because these Hebrew words, which are very similar in
other Semitic languages, are also the names of pagan gods.4 He wanted
the Israelites to appreciate the fact that their God had created the entities
their pagan neighbors worshipped as gods.

1Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes …," p. 79.

2Idem, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 65.
3Ibid., p. 80.
4Hamilton, p.127. See G. Hasel, "The Polemical Nature of the Genesis Cosmology,"

Evangelical Quarterly 46 (1974):81-102.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 41

"… the biblical creation story gives the stars only the barest
mention, as though the writer shrugged and said, 'And, oh, yes.
He also made the stars.'"1

"This, the fourth day, is the only day on which no divine word
subsequent to the fulfillment is added. On days 1-3 this divine
word names the created objects (vv 5, 8, 10); on days 5-6 the
creatures are blessed (vv 22, 28). The omission may be just
elegant stylistic variation, or it may be a deliberate attempt to
avoid naming 'sun' and 'moon' with their connotations of
deity."2

The writer's perspective throughout is earth-oriented. He used

phenomenological language (of appearance) that is very common in the Old
Testament. Even modern scientific textbooks use such language without
fear of being criticized as unscientific, when they refer to "sunrise,"
"sunset," etc. Moses and the other biblical writers did not believe that the
earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun revolved around
the earth.

"Where has the interpretation arisen that the Bible presents

[such] a geocentric picture? This arose in the post-New
Testament times when leading theologians adopted the
Ptolemaic cosmology of the second century AD and
interpreted the Bible on the basis of this nonbiblical
cosmology."3

Probably God created light on the first day (v. 3), but then on the fourth
day the sun, moon, and stars appeared distinctly for the first time.4
Another view is that, since God did not create the sun and moon until the
fourth day, we should understand the "days" of creation as longer than 24-
hour days.5 Still another view is that God created the sun, moon, and stars
on the first day, but they did not become bearers of light (luminaries) until
the fourth day.6

1The Nelson …, p. 5.
2Wenham, p. 23.
3Hasel and Hasel, pp. 14-15.
4Pieters, p. 40; Sailhamer, The Pentateuch as Narrative, p. 93; McGee, 1:15.
5Kyle M. Yates, "Genesis," in The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, p. 3. Cf. Young, p. 104.
6Leupold, 1:71.
42 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Creationists have proposed several solutions to the problem, of how light

from stars that are millions of light-years away, could get to Adam if the
universe was only days old. These explanations are too involved to discuss
here, but I have included some sources for further study in the following
footnote.1 I think the best explanation is the appearance of age. As God
created humans, plants, and animals fully formed, so He created the light
from distant stars already visible on the earth.

The fifth day 1:20-23

"Great sea monsters" (Heb. tauninim, v. 21) were large fish, whales, squid,
and all large creatures living in the water (cf. Ps. 104:25-26). The pagans
worshipped these, but they are under God's authority. The Old Testament
writers adopted pagan imagery, but not pagan theology. The selection of
these large creatures for mention may also have been for the purpose of
balance: to show that God made all creatures, great and small.2

Note that Moses wrote that God created both marine animals and birds on
the same "day." Evolution claims that birds evolved from reptiles, and that
this process took millions of years.

"The blessing of God is one of the great unifying themes of

Genesis. God blesses animals (1:22), mankind (1:28), the
Sabbath (2:3), Adam (5:2), Noah (9:1), and frequently the
patriarchs (12:2-3; 17:16, 20, etc.). God's blessing is most
obviously visible in the gift of children, as this is often coupled
with 'being fruitful and multiplying.' But all aspects of life can
express this blessing: crops, family, and nation (Deut 28:1-
14). Where modern man talks of success, OT man talked of
blessing."3

Interestingly, this first mention of God's blessing—"God blessed them" (v.

22)—refers to fish and birds! These creatures also had the capability to

1D. Russell Humphreys, Starlight and Time, discussed five creationist models. See also
Ham, et al., pp. 18, 187-95; and "'Distant Starlight' Not a Problem for a Young Universe"
DVD featuring Dr. Jason Lisle.
2Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 67.
3Wenham, p. 24.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 43

reproduce themselves (cf. v. 12). Birds and fish rule their respective realms
by multiplying.1

The sixth day 1:24-31

1:24-25 "Creature[s]" (v. 24) translates the Hebrew word nephesh,

which is usually translated "soul" (e.g., 2:7). This Hebrew word
and the English "soul" imply conscious life, in contrast to plants
that have unconscious life. So in the sense of having conscious
life, animals as well as people have souls.

"Livestock" (v. 24) refers to domesticated animals (that man

could tame), and "animals" refers to wild animals.

What happened to the dinosaurs? Conservative Bible

interpreters generally believe they existed, having been
created along with the other animals, but that they became
extinct, either before the Flood or after it.

"Before the Flood, dinosaurs and man lived

together on our planet. Extinction of the great
marine reptiles, along with the majority of all other
types of sea creature, would have been caused by
the violent upheavals of the Flood, many being
buried and preserved as fossils."2

1:26-27 "Us" (v. 26) is probably a plural of intensification (or

potentiality or majesty; see my comment on verse 1 above),
though some regard it as a plural of self-deliberation (cf. 11:7;
Ps. 2:3).3 Others believe that God was addressing His heavenly
court (cf. Isa. 6:8).4 However, "us" does not include the
angels, since God made man in His image alone—not also in the
image of angels. "Us" gives us another hint—and it is only a
hint at this point—that God is a triune being (cf. v. 1,
"Elohim"). As Scripture unfolds, it becomes clear that God is
indeed a triune being. God the Father may have been
addressing the other two members of the Trinity. (This is an

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 63.

2Ham, et al., p. 10. See also pp. 21-39; Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 279-81.
3E.g., Claus Westermann, Genesis 1—11, p. 145.
4The NET2 Bible note on 1:26.
44 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

anthropomorphism: a description of God in human terms, in

this case doing something that humans do.1) However, we
should not use this verse as a formal proof of the Trinity, since
this reference by itself does not prove that one God exists in
three persons.2

"Although the Christian Trinity cannot be derived

solely from the use of the plural, a plurality within
the unity of the Godhead may be derived from the
passage."3

Some feminists have restricted the use of "man" (v. 26; AV

and some other translations) to males, but this is not the
primary meaning of the English word. Its primary meaning is
"human being" or "human race," according to the standard
Oxford dictionaries. Likewise "mankind" normally means "the
human race" or "humanity," unless it is in contrast to
"womankind." The Hebrew word adam also has a broad range
of meaning, from "the human race" to "Adam." Consequently
I have used these English words, trusting that the reader will
interpret them in harmony with their customary meanings.

The theological controversy in Moses' day was not between

trinitarianism and unitarianism but between one self-existent,
sovereign, good God—and many limited, capricious, often
wicked gods.4

What does being made in the image of God involve? We can

learn this from the context. God created all the plants and
animals with the capacity to reproduce "after their (or its)
kind" (vv. 11, 12 [twice], 21, 24 [twice], 25 [twice]). Oak
trees bring forth little oak trees, dogs reproduce little dogs,
etc. Likewise, a personal God created persons.5 But man was

1For helpful comments about anthropomorphisms, as well as divine soliloquies, see

Roderick MacKenzie,"The Divine Soliloquies in Genesis," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 22:1
(1955):277-86.
2See Ross, Creation and …, p. 112; Wenham, pp. 27-27; Oswald T. Allis, God Spake by

Moses, p. 13.
3Mathews, p. 163. Cf. Calvin, 1:13:24.
4Hamilton, p. 133. See Tozer, pp. 32-38, on God's attribute of self-existence.
5Cochrane, p. 27.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 45

also made to rule "over all the earth" (the plants and animals,
v. 28). So God not only created mankind (male and female, v.
27) with the ability to "be fruitful and multiply" (v. 28), but
He created human beings so that they could also carry out His
desires. Thus the image of God involves the capacity to
interact with God in order to serve as His representative ruler
on earth.1

"Morally responsible personality is what is meant

by 'the image of God.' … Personality involves
three things: self-consciousness, reasoning
power, and moral sense. In other words, any being
that can say to himself: 'I am, I ought, I will,' is
made in the image of God."2

Parents not only produce a child physically, but they normally

desire that their child will carry out their desires. The child
bears the image or likeness of the parent both in how he or
she looks and in how he or she behaves: in his or her obedience
to the will of the parent. Children who follow in their parents'
footsteps by their obedience really reflect the image of their
parents. Just so, Adam and Eve were created to represent God
by carrying out His desires and will and so reveal His image.

"Image and likeness, means an image which is like.

The simple declaration of the Scripture is that man
at his creation was like God."3

Does the image of God in man include man's body?

"Most theologians have recognized that that [sic]

we cannot interpret it [i.e., the phrase 'the image
of God'] literally—that is, that man's physical
being is in the image of God. Such an
interpretation should be rejected for at least four
reasons. In the first place, we are told elsewhere
that God is a spirit (John 4:24; Isa. 31:3) and that

1SeeWaltke, An Old …, pp. 215-21.

2Pieters,p. 47. See also The Theological Wordbook, s.v. "Image of God," by John A.
Witmer, pp. 177-79.
3Hodge, 2:96.
46 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

he is ubiquitous [present everywhere] (1 Kgs.

8:27). In the second place, a literal interpretation
would leave us with all sorts of bizarre questions.
If man's physical being is in the image of God we
would immediately wonder what, if any organs,
God possesses. Does he have sexual organs, and
if so, which? Does he have the form of a man, or
of a woman, or both? The very absurdity that God
is a sexual being renders this interpretation highly
unlikely. Thirdly, it seems unlikely that man's
dignity above the rest of the animals (Gen. 9:5 f.;
Jas. 3:7-9) is due to his slight physiological
differences from them. Is it credible that animals
may be killed but that man may not be killed
because his stature is slightly different? Finally, a
literal interpretation seems not only contradictory
to the rest of Scripture, and unlikely, but also
inappropriate, Gardener aptly observed: 'But our
anatomy and physiology is demanded by our
terrestrial habitat, and quite inappropriate to the
one who inhabits eternity.' For these reasons,
theologians have concluded that the statement in
Genesis 1:26-28 must be metaphorical of man's
spiritual or immaterial nature."1

"… although God's glory shines forth in the outer

man, yet there is no doubt that the proper seat of
his image is in the soul."2

"People are created as (not in) the image of God

so that they can have dominion over all things as
God's surrogates (1:26-28; see also Ps. 8)."3

1Bruce K. Waltke, "Reflections from the Old Testament on Abortion," Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 19:1 (Winter 1976):8. His quotation is from R. F. R.
Gardener, Abortion: The Personal Dilemma. See also Waltke's helpful discussion of image
and likeness in Genesis, p. 65-66. For the view that the image of God includes the body,
see Jonathan F. Henry, "Man in God's Image: What Does it Mean?" Journal of Dispensational
Theology 12:37 (December 2008):5-24.
2Calvin, 1:15:3. See also 1:15:4.
3Eugene H. Merrill, in The Old Testament Explorer, p. 7.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 47

"First, God's deliberation [in v. 26] shows that he

has decided to create man differently from any of
the other creatures—in his image and likeness.
God and man share a likeness that is not shared
by other creatures. This apparently means that a
relationship of close fellowship can exist between
God and man that is unlike the relationship of God
with the rest of his creation. What more important
fact about God and man would be necessary if the
covenant at Sinai were, in fact, to be a real
relationship? Remove this and the covenant is
unthinkable.

"Secondly, in Gen 1, man, the image bearer, is the

object of God's blessing. According to the
account of creation in Gen 1, the chief purpose of
God in creating man is to bless him. The impact of
this point on the remainder of the Pentateuch and
the author's view of Sinai is clear: through
Abraham, Israel and the covenant this blessing is
to be restored to all mankind."1

People ("them," v. 26) are to rule over all that God has made
(fish, birds, cattle, etc.) as God would: wisely and prudently.

"Whatever true scientific endeavor has produced

comes under this broad charter which the Creator
has given to man."2

"Man" (v. 27) refers to mankind, not Adam individually.

"Them" indicates this generic significance. God "created" (cf.
v. 1) mankind male and female; they did not evolve from a
lower form of life (cf. Matt. 19:4; Mark 10:6). Adam and Eve
were not "androgynous" (two individuals joined physically like
Siamese twins), or each of them "a hermaphrodite" (one
individual possessing both male and female sexual organs).
There is no basis for these bizarre ideas in the text. God

1Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes …," p. 80.

2Leupold, 1:92.
48 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

formed Eve from Adam's rib (2:21), not from half of his body
or from his genitals.

"The image is found in the type of relationship

that was designed to exist between male and
female human beings, a relationship where the
characteristics of each sex are valued and used to
form a oneness in their identity and purpose.
When God created human beings as male and
female he formed them to exhibit a oneness in
their relationship that would resemble the
relationship of God and his heavenly court.

"By ruling as one, male and female fulfill the

purpose of God for which they were created.
United as one humanity, male and female are one
with God and his heavenly court. And it is this
unity between male and female, and between
humanity and God, that is destroyed in the Fall
described in Genesis 3."1

As a husband and wife demonstrate oneness in their marriage,

they reflect the unity of the Godhead. Oneness involves being
in agreement with God's will and purposes. Oneness is essential
for an orchestra, an athletic team, and a construction crew, as
well as a family, to achieve a common purpose. Oneness in
marriage is essential if husband and wife are to fulfill God's
purposes for humankind. (Generally speaking, women feel a
marriage is working if they talk about it, but men feel it is
working if they do not talk about it.)

God created mankind male and female as an expression of His

own plurality: "Let us make mankind." God's plurality
anticipated man's plurality. The human relationship between
man and woman thus reflects God's own relationship with
Himself.2

1Henry F. Lazenby, "The Image of God: Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter?" Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 30:1 (March 1987):67, 66.
2See Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 38.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 49

"Image" and "likeness" are essentially synonymous terms.1

Both indicate personality, moral, and spiritual qualities that
God and man share (i.e., self-consciousness, God-
consciousness, freedom, responsibility, speech, moral
discernment, etc.) These distinguish humans from the animals,
which have no God-consciousness even though they have
conscious life (cf. v. 24). Some writers have called the image
of God man's "spiritual personality."2 In another sense man is
the image of God (e.g., he rules and creates as God does, under
God's authority, thus reflecting God).3 The Fall obscured but
did not obliterate the image of God in man (cf. 9:6).4

"What is the image of God in man? The traditional

view is that God's image is certain moral, ethical,
and intellectual abilities. A more recent view,
based on Hebrew grammar and the knowledge of
the ancient Middle East, interprets the phrase as
meaning 'Let us make man as our image' (the
Hebrew preposition in this phrase can be
translated as). In ancient times an emperor might
command statues of himself to be placed in
remote parts of his empire. These symbols would
declare that these areas were under his power and
reign. So God placed humankind as living symbols
of Himself on earth to represent His reign. This
interpretation fits well with the command that
follows—to reign over all that God has made."5

Verse 27 may be the first poem in the Bible. If so, the shift
from prose to poetry may emphasize human beings as God's
image bearers, the shift in genre indicating the importance of

1See Calvin, 1:15:3.

2E.g.,Keil and Delitzsch, 1:63. See Wenham, pp. 27-28; Charles L. Feinberg, "The Image
of God," Bibliotheca Sacra 129:515 (July-September 1972):235-246, esp. p. 237; Boice,
1:77-79; Mathews, pp. 164-72.
3See James Jordan, "Rebellion, Tyranny, and Dominion in the Book of Genesis," Christianity

and Civilization 3 (Summer 1983):38-80. See also Merrill, "A Theology …," pp. 14-16.
4See Calvin, 1:15:4; Jacob, pp. 166-72; and John F. Kilner, "Humanity in God's Image: Is

the Image Really Damaged?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 53:3
(September 2010):601-17.
5The Nelson …, p. 5. See also Robert A. Pyne, Humanity and Sin, pp. 51-70.
50 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

what is being said. There is some disagreement among Old

Testament scholars regarding what distinguishes biblical
poetry from biblical prose, so the genre of this verse is
debatable.1

1:28 Note that God's blessing of man finds expression in terms of

posterity that connotes the ideas of seed and life, two
prominent themes as Genesis and the whole Bible unfold.2
God's blessing enables humanity to fulfill its twofold destiny:
to procreate in spite of death, and to rule in spite of enemies.
Blessing denotes all that fosters human fertility and assists in
achieving dominion.3

Interpreters have generally recognized the commands to "be

fruitful and multiply" as commands to Adam and Eve (and later
to Noah, 9:1) as the heads of the human race, not simply as
individuals. That is, most interpreters believe that God has not
charged every human being with begetting children. This
seems clear from the fact that God has made many men and
women incapable of reproducing—some when they marry
young, and others when they marry later in life.4 Consequently
one should not appeal to this command as a support for the
view that God wants all people to bear as many children as
they possibly can. This verse is a "cultural mandate," not an
individual mandate. It was to Adam and Eve as heads of the
human race that God gave this command, not simply to them
as individuals.

"This command, like others in Scripture, carries

with it an implicit promise that God will enable man
to fulfill it."5

Sexual union is God's ordained method of implementing His

command to multiply descendants. Consequently sex is
essentially good. When God gave this command, Adam and Eve
were in an unfallen condition. Therefore the descendants they

1See Tremper Longman III, Song of Songs, pp. 9-54, for a discussion of biblical poetry.
2Sailhamer,"Genesis," p. 38.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 67.
4For a good book on childlessness, see Vicky Love, Childless Is Not Less.
5Wenham, p. 33.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 51

would produce would have been godly. It is particularly a godly

seed that God has charged the human race to raise up.
Likewise He commanded Noah and his wife, who were both
righteous, to be fruitful (9:1).

God did not make men or women emotionally, spiritually, or

physically capable of raising children without a marriage
partner. Consequently single parents struggle. As children
observe both godly parents modeling a harmonious marriage,
they learn to appreciate their own sexual identity, the roles of
husband and wife, and unconditional love. Unconditional love is
necessary for a harmonious marriage.

"Subdue" and "rule," the second aspect of this mandate, imply

a degree of sovereignty and control that God delegated to
mankind over nature.1 This constitutes God's "Magna Carta"
for all true scientific and material progress.2 God commanded
Adam and Eve to acquire knowledge so they could master their
environment, to bring all its elements into the service of the
human race.

"The dominion which man enjoyed in the Garden

of Eden was a direct consequence of the image of
God in him."3

"Why this need to subjugate the earth? There are

at least four possibilities: (1) Sin would ruin the
earth, and people would have to expend great
effort to live there (see 3:17-19). (2) Satan would
defy the will of God and make all good efforts
difficult. (3) The earth left to itself would not
remain good. Instead, God planned that people
would need to manage and control it. (4) The
beauty of the earth was only in the garden that
God planted (see 2:8); the rest of the earth would
be hostile. Whatever the case, subdue does not
mean 'destroy' or 'ruin.' It does mean to 'act as

1See Eric Sauer, King of the Earth. Cf. Heb. 2:8-9.

2See J. Kirby Anderson, Moral Dilemmas, ch. 14: "Technology."
3J. J. Davis, p. 81.
52 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

managers who have the authority to run

everything as God planned.' This command applies
equally to male and female."1

This verse explains that God's purpose in creating human

beings was that they should rule over the animal world, indeed,
over the rest of His creation. When Adam and Eve fell (3:6),
they took themselves out from under God's authority and put
themselves under Satan's authority. Today, Satan is the
authority under whom Adam and Eve's descendants live.
Nevertheless, God promised to raise up a descendant of the
woman (Eve) who would conquer Satan and thereby enable
mankind to fulfill the commission to rule under God's authority
(3:15). In time, this Seed proved to be Jesus Christ, who will
one day return to earth to subdue His enemies and rule over
the creation, thus fulfilling this commission. This is really the
story of the Bible from Genesis to Revelation.2

For a married couple, oneness in marriage is necessary in order

to manage God's creation effectively.

"Our Christian proclamation of hope has

antecedents in the theological soil of three divine
programmatic expectations first heard in Genesis:
(1) God will bless the human family with
procreation and dominion (1:26-28); (2) he will
achieve victory over mankind's enemy (3:15); and
(3) he will bring about both through the offspring
of Abraham (12:1-3)—namely, the one man Jesus
Christ."3

We have in this verse the three essential elements of a

dispensation (stewardship, household management): a divine
revelation of God's will for human conduct, consequent human
responsibility, and a period of time during which God tests
people as to their obedience to this responsibility. A
"dispensation" is a period of time during which God tests man

1The Nelson …, p. 6.
2See Charles Baylis, "The Biblical Story," at www.thebiblicalstory.org.
3Mathews, p. 22.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 53

in relation to his obedience to a specific revelation of God's

will. The "dispensations" constitute a progressive, connected
revelation of God's dealings with humankind. God gave some
of them to the whole human race, and some to a part of it
(e.g., Israel). Dispensations are not separate ways of salvation;
in every dispensation, man is saved by God's grace, because
of the work of Jesus Christ. Before the Cross, people were
saved in prospect of Christ's sacrifice, as on credit so to speak,
by believing a revelation given to them by God. After the
Cross, people are saved in retrospect of Christ's sacrifice, by
believing the revelation that He satisfied God's just demands
against sinners (1 John 2:2).

"The dispensational study of the Bible consists in

the identification of certain well-defined time-
periods which are divinely indicated, together with
the revealed purpose of God relative to each."1

Whereas specific human responsibilities change as divine

revelation unfolds, and dispensation succeeds dispensation,
people have a continuing responsibility to live in the light of
previous revelation. For example, even though the
dispensation of the Mosaic Law has ended (Rom. 10:4),
Christians are nevertheless helped to discharge their
responsibilities to God by being aware of what God required of
the Israelites under the Mosaic Law (cf. Rom. 15:4; 2 Tim.
3:16-17). The purpose of each dispensation has been to place
people under a specific rule of conduct, not as a condition for
salvation, but to demonstrate that people always fail to live up
to God's standards—and so need to accept the salvation that
God extends to them as a gift. I believe that seven
dispensations are distinguishable in Scripture, which are: (1)
Innocence (Gen. 1:28); (2) Conscience (Gen. 3:7); (3) Human
Government (Gen. 8:15); (4) Promise (Gen. 12:1); (5) Law
(Exod. 19:1); (6) Church (Acts 2:1); and (7) Kingdom (Rev.
20:4).2

1Chafer,1:xi.
2See Elmer Towns, "God's Overall Earthly Plan," in The Gathering Storm, pp. 340-48; The
Theological Wordbook, s.v. "Dispensation," by John F. Walvoord, pp. 99-100; Lewis S.
54 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

This verse marks the first dispensation: Innocence. God

created man innocent, placed him in a perfect environment,
subjected him to a simple test, and warned him of the
consequences of disobedience. Adam did not have to sin—but
chose to do so. The serpent deceived Eve (cf. 2 Cor. 11:3),
but Adam sinned deliberately (cf. 1 Tim. 2:14). This
dispensation ended when God judged Adam and Eve guilty, and
expelled them from the Garden of Eden (3:24). We do not
know how long after their creation our first parents fell.

1:29-31 God gave man authority and responsibility to regulate nature

and to advance civilization. Nature was to serve man, not vice
versa. This does not give man the right to abuse nature,
however.1 Neither does it justify giving animals and plants the
"rights" of human beings.

"Man is the climax of creation, and instead of man

providing the gods with food [as was common in
the ancient world], God provided the plants as
food for man (1:29)."2

Verse 29 suggests that man was originally a vegetarian. After

the Flood, God told Noah that he could eat animals (9:3). The
animals may also have been herbivorous at first (v. 30).3
Alternatively, some animals may have been carnivorous from
the beginning. In this case, the death of some animals may
have occurred before the Fall. Death was a judgment on
humankind after the Fall, but it may have been part of what
God called "good" before the Fall. It is argued that death is a

Chafer, Major Bible Themes, ch. XVIII: "The Dispensations," pp. 96-102. See also Paul P.
Enns, The Moody Handbook of Theology, pp. 513-26, for a good explanation of
dispensational theology; Stanley D. Toussaint, "A Biblical Defense of Dispensationalism,"
in Walvoord: A Tribute, pp. 81-91; Elliott E. Johnson, "Hermeneutics and
Dispensationalism," in ibid., pp. 239-55.
1See Gina Hens-Piazza, "A Theology of Ecology: God's Image and the Natural World,"

Biblical Theology Bulletin 13:4 (October 1983):107-110.

2Wenham, p. xlix.
3See Ham, et al., pp. 29-30.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 55

result of moral evil.1 But animals are incapable of moral evil.

Perhaps nothing God created died before the Fall.

Verses 27-31 are a general account of human creation. The more detailed
account of the creation of Adam and Eve follows in 2:4-25. These two
accounts do not necessarily reflect a two-document composition (two
versions that differ) of the creation story, but they illustrate the writer's
purpose. In chapter 1, he wanted to emphasize the creation of humankind
in the larger context of the cosmic creation. The name elohim ("God")
occurs over 30 times in this chapter, emphasizing that it was the powerful
God who created everything. "Good" appears seven times in this chapter
(vv. 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, 31), highlighting the goodness of God in blessing
His creation—especially mankind.

"Some people ask, 'How can God be good when there is so

much evil and suffering in the world?' The answer is that God
made a perfect world and man messed it up!"2

There are three major viewpoints regarding the origin of man as recorded
in 1:26-31; 2:7; and 2:21-25.

1. "Evolution" (both Darwinian and neo-Darwinian) asserts that all living

organisms arose from a single, simple cell through a process that
took millions of years. This first cell resulted from the accumulation
of chemical and protein elements that came together because of
unknown change factors over a long time period. This view
contradicts Scripture, and it is not scientifically demonstrable.3

"… Mr. Darwin's theory is incapable of proof. From the

nature of the case, what concerns the origin of things
cannot be known except by a supernatural revelation. …
Science as soon as she gets past the actual and the

1See Pieters, pp. 59-61, for this view.

2Stephen J. Bramer, "Suffering in the Pentateuch," in Why, O God? Suffering and Disability
in the Bible and the Church, p. 91.
3See John C. Hutchison, "Darwin's Evolutionary Theory and 19th-Century Natural

Theology," Bibliotheca Sacra 152:607 (July-September 1995):334-54; Ángel M.

Rodriguez, "Biblical Creationism and Ancient Near Eastern Evolutionary Ideas," in The
Genesis Creation Account and Its Reverberations in the Old Testament, pp. 293-328.
56 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

extant, is in the region of speculation, and is merged into

philosophy, and is subject to all its hallucinations."1

"The assumptions of historical continuity and scientific

naturalism are no more susceptible of genuine scientific
proof than are Biblical catastrophism and
supernaturalism." 2

2. "Theistic evolution" attempts to blend Scripture and scientific

theories. It holds that God ordered and directed the evolutionary
process. This view fails to explain specific statements in the text of
Scripture adequately; it accommodates the text to scientific theory.
The major problem with this view is that it is not completely true to
either science or Scripture but is inconsistent.3

"In fact, theistic evolution is a contradiction in terms. It

is just as destructive of faith in the Biblical doctrine of
creation as naturalistic evolution is; and by calling in the
creative activity of God time and again it also nullifies
the evolutionary hypothesis."4

3. "Special creation" asserts that God produced the universe and all life
forms through a series of supernatural acts. Some special
creationists believe He did this in a relatively brief period of time.
Others, such as progressive creationists, believe the creation process
took thousands of years. This view gives primacy to the text of
Scripture and interprets it more literally, historically, and
grammatically.5

1Hodge, 2:22.
2Whitcomb and Morris, p. xxi. See also Charles C. Ryrie, Biblical Answers to Tough
Questions, ch. 10: "The Question of Evolution," pp. 119-41, for a general discussion of
evolution.
3Representative evangelicals who hold this view include Pieters, p. 64; Kidner, p. 48;

Waltke, An Old …, p. 202; Edward J. Carnell, An Introduction to Christian Apologetics.

4Berkhof, pp. 140. See also pp. 162-63; Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 441-43; David H. Lane,

"Special Creation or Evolution: No Middle Ground," Bibliotheca Sacra 151:601 (January-

March 1994):11-31; idem, "Theological Problems with Theistic Evolution," Bibliotheca
Sacra 151:602 (April-June 1994):155-74; Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 55-58; for
refutations of this view.
5Representatives include Bush, pp. 26-27; J. J. Davis, p. 40; Schaeffer, pp. 27-28; Young,

p. 11. See Warren H. Johns, "Strategies for Origins," Ministry (May 1981), pp. 26-28, for
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 57

"Progressive creationism" is another view, but it is not as common as the

three view described above. It teaches that God created the universe in
several acts of creation that time periods of indefinite duration separated.
The process of evolution was at work within these eras and accounts for
the development of phyla, species, etc.1 The following quotation
distinguishes theistic evolution from progressive creationism:

"I do not believe in theistic evolution. Theistic evolution means

simply that God guided the evolutionary process so that it is
not to be explained on a purely naturalistic basis. It assumes
that all living things, including man, are biologically descended
from a common ancestor. By contrast with theistic evolution,
Scripture indicates that God made different basic kinds of
beings and that all existing plants and animals are not
descended from a common ancestor."2

I do not believe that Scripture supports progressive creationism, as these

notes will explain.

good brief explanations of the evolutionary theories and eight creationist theories of
origins. David L. Willis, "Creation and/or Evolution," Journal of the American Scientific
Affiliation 29:2 (June 1977):68-72, set forth criticisms of both creationism and
evolutionism. Every Christian who accepts evolution should read Charles C. Ryrie, "The
Bible and Evolution," Bibliotheca Sacra 124:493 (January-March 1967):66-78; and
Kenneth A. Ham, The Lie: Evolution, which shows how important it is for Christians to
accept a literal Genesis. See also idem, Genesis and the Decay of the Nations, for an
explanation of what happened historically to cause people to begin to doubt the Book of
Genesis. Idem, Creation Evangelism for the New Millennium, relates creationism to
evangelism. H. Enoch, Evolution or Creation, weighed the so-called evidences for the
theory of evolution in several areas of science. See also Henry M. Morris, Evolution and the
Modern Christian; Wayne Frair and P. William Davis, The Case for Creation; Jonathan Sarfati,
Refuting Evolution; Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist.
1See Hugh N. Ross, Creation and Time: A Biblical and Scientific Perspective on the Creation-

Date Controversy. For a critique of the claims in this book, see Mark Van Bebber and Paul
S. Taylor, Creation and Time: A Report on the Progressive Creationist Book by Hugh Ross.
2Russell L. Mixter, "A Letter to President Edman, March 26, 1962," Bulletin of Wheaton

College (May 1962), p. 5. See also Bernard Ramm, The Christian View of Science and
Scripture, pp. 271-72; Pattle P. I. Pun, "A Theology of Progressive Creationism," Journal
of the American Scientific Affiliation 39:1 (March 1987):9-19); W. I. LaSor, "Biblical
Creationism," Asbury Theological Journal 42:2 (1987):7-20.
58 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

4. The seventh day 2:1-3

"2:1-3 echoes 1:1 by introducing the same phrases but in

reverse order: 'he created,' 'God,' 'heavens and earth'
reappear as 'heavens and earth' (2:1) 'God' (2:2), 'created'
(2:3). This chiastic pattern brings the section to a neat close
which is reinforced by the inclusion 'God created' linking 1:1
and 2:3."1

The mood of the narrative also returns to what it was in 1:1-2. Silence and
calm prevail again.2

2:1 Moses probably meant everything that existed above the earth
and on the earth when he wrote their "host" or "hosts" (AV,
NASB 1971 ed., ESV, NKJV, RSV).3 Other translations render
the Hebrew word "heavenly lights" (NASB 2020 ed.), "vast
array" (NIV), "multitude" (NRSV), "mighty throng" (NEB), and
"everything in them" (HCSB, NET2).4 The "host" of heaven
usually refers to the stars in the Old Testament (e.g., Deut.
4:19) more than the angels (e.g., 1 Kings 22:19), so the sun,
moon, and stars are probably included.

2:2 "Seventh" comes from a Hebrew root meaning "to be full,

completed, entirely made up."5 "Rested" (Heb. shabat) means
ceased or desisted from activity (cf. Exod. 40:33). There is no
implication that God felt fatigued by His creative activity and
needed to rest. He simply stopped creating because He had
finished His work (cf. Isa. 40:28-29).

"The eternal God did not rest, as one weary, but

as one well-pleased."6

1Wenham, p. 5.
2Michael Fishbane, Text and Texture, p. 9.
3NKJV refers to The Holy Bible: New King James Version of 1982, RSV refers to The Holy

Bible: Revised Standard Version of 1952; and NRSV refer to The Holy Bible: New Revised
Standard Version of 1989.
4NET2 refers to The NET (New English Translation) Bible version of 2019, and NEB is The

New English Bible with the Apocrypha.

5Bush, p. 46.
6Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, p. 5. See also Cochrane, pp. 28-29.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 59

"Unquestionably, the number seven marks in

Scripture the sacred measurement of time."1

Some other ancient Near Eastern civilizations regarded the

seventh day as especially significant, but not the same as
Israel's Sabbath day.2 The origin of this mutual regard may
trace back to God's resting on the seventh day of creation.

2:3 God "blessed" the seventh day of inactivity in that He set it

apart as different from the other days of creation. It was a
memorial of His creative work. God was satisfied with the work
that He had done. Note the unique threefold repetition of
"seventh day," highlighting its special significance.

"… according to one Babylonian tradition, the

seventh, fourteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first, and
twenty-eighth days of each month were regarded
as unlucky: Genesis, however, declares the
seventh day of every week to be holy, a day of
rest consecrated to God (2:1-3)."3

Note that God did not command Adam to abstain from work
on the Sabbath. This came later with the Mosaic Law. However,
Scripture does teach the importance of periodic rest (cf. Exod.
20:8-10; 23:10-12; Lev. 25:2, 4; Deut. 15:1-18; Heb. 4:1-11;
et al.). Part of bearing the likeness of God involves resting as
He did after completing His work.4

"In the first six days space is subdued; on the

seventh, time is sanctified. This day is blessed to
refresh the earth. It summons humanity to imitate
the pattern of labor and rest of the King and so
to confess God's lordship and their consecration

1Edersheim, p. 195. See his "Chapter X: Festive Cycles and Arrangement of the Calendar,"
pp. 195-207.
2See J. D. Davis, pp. 23-35.
3Wenham, pp. xlix-l.
4Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 39.
60 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

to him. On this day they cease to subdue the

earth."1

The writers of Scripture used the Sabbath to anticipate the

hope of Messianic redemption throughout the Old Testament.
In the creation account the Sabbath points forward to the time
when God will bring …

"… a perfect and complete cosmos out of chaos.

The weekly rest-experience of the Sabbath [under
the Mosaic Law] served to epitomize the future
peace and rest of the Messianic age."2

"The seventh day of the week, the Jewish

Sabbath, symbolized the old creation and the
covenant of law; first you work, then you rest. The
first day of the week, the Lord's day, symbolizes
the New Creation and the Covenant of Grace: first
you believe in Christ and find rest, and then you
work (Eph. 2:8-10)."3

The sabbatical and jubilee years in ancient Judaism also

pointed to the liberation Messiah would provide for His people.4

The structure of 1:1—2:3 bears the marks of literary artistry, as does the
structure of the rest of Genesis.

"The correspondence of the first paragraph, 1:1-2, with 2:1-3

is underlined by the number of Hebrew words in both being
multiples of 7. 1:1 consists of 7 words, 1:2 of 14 (7 x 2)
words, 2:1-3 of 35 (7 x 5) words. The number seven
dominates this opening chapter in a strange way, not only in
the number of words in a particular section but in the number
of times a specific word or phrase recurs. For example, 'God'

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 67.

2Samuele Bacchiocchi, "Sabbatical Typologies of Messianic Redemption," Journal for the
Study of Judaism 17:2 (December 1986):155, 165.
3Wiersbe, p. 21. See Chafer, Major Bible …, ch. XXXVII: "The Sabbath," pp. 218-23.
4See John F. Alexander, "Sabbath Rest," The Other Side 146 (November 1983): 8-9;

Gerhard Hasel, "The Sabbath in the Pentateuch," in The Sabbath in Scripture and History,
pp. 21-43.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 61

is mentioned 35 times, 'earth' 21 times, 'heaven/firmament'

21 times, while the phrases 'and it was so' and 'God saw that
it was good' occur 7 times."1

These characteristics of repeating important words or phrases in multiples

of seven and using them to bracket sections of the narrative continue
throughout Genesis, though not consistently. They help the reader of the
Hebrew text to identify distinct sections of the text as such.

How long were the six days of creation? This is a problem because the
inspired writers used "day" (Heb. yom) in various ways in the Old
Testament.2

"The simple fact is that day in Hebrew (just as in English) is

used in three separate senses: to mean (1) twenty-four hours,
(2) the period of light during the twenty-four hours, and (3)
an indeterminate period of time. Therefore, we must leave
open the exact length of time indicated by day in Genesis."3

Moses used "day" these three ways in Genesis 1 and 2: (1) a 12-hour
period of daylight (1:5, 14, 16, 18), (2) a 24-hour day (1:14), and (3) the
entire seven-day period of creation (2:4). A few scholars have argued that
the sequence of days is not chronologically ordered at all.4 They believe
that Moses numbered the days on the basis of content rather than
sequence in time. This view has not enjoyed wide acceptance. Other
scholars believe there are some portions of the text that are not in
chronological order.5 There are four major views as to the length of the
days of creation.

1. The literal 24-hour day theory. The normal conclusion one would
most likely draw from the terminology in the text (e.g., evening,
morning, day, night, etc.) is that God created the world in six 24-

1Wenham, p. 6.
2See Cochrane, pp. 21-24.
3Schaeffer, p. 57.
4E.g., D. A. Sterchi, "Does Genesis 1 Provide a Chronological Sequence?" Journal of the

Evangelical Theological Society 39:4 (December 1996):529-36; M. Throntveit, "Are the

Events in the Genesis Account Set Forth in Chronological Order? No," in The Genesis
Debate, pp. 36-55.
5E.g., Waltke, Genesis, pp. 75-78; H. Blocher, In the Beginning, p. 78.
62 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

hour days.1 This view is most consistent with the principles of literal,
historical, and grammatical interpretation. The fact that the number
of days corresponds to the number of weekdays also favors this
view. Furthermore, whenever "day" (yom) occurs with a numeral in
the Old Testament, as here, it refers to a 24-hour period. Some
advocates cite Exodus 20:11 as support also.2 The main problem
with this view is that the activity of some days (e.g., the sixth) seems
to some to require more than 24 hours.3

2. The day-age (or geologic day) theory. This view interprets the
terminology less literally. Advocates argue that the events recorded
seem to require more than 24-hour days (e.g., v. 12). They also point
out that solar days may not have begun until the fourth day. Some
advocates of this theory are theistic evolutionists. Others are
progressive creationists. Progressive creationists generally seek to
correlate the geologic ages with the six days of creation. Not all
advocates of this view link the long creative days with the geologic
ages.4 The main problem with the day-age theory is that it interprets
terms figuratively that seem to have obvious literal meaning.

3. The literal days with intervening ages theory. This view regards each
day as a time of completion of creative activity only. It is an attempt
to take the "morning and evening" references seriously but still allow
the time that seems necessary within the days (e.g., v. 12). It is a
combination of the two preceding views. However, it strains the text.
Also, Moses could have described this method of creation more
clearly than he did if long ages interspersed the six days. Few
scholars have adopted this view.

4. The revelatory day theory. The least literal interpretation holds that
God revealed, rather than accomplished, creation in six days. A major
problem with this view is Exodus 20:11, where Moses says that God
"made," not "revealed," His creation in six days. A variation of this
view understands the days as "structures of a literary framework

1See Baxter, 1:45-50; Free, pp. 19-21; Berkhof, pp. 153-55.

2E.g., McGee, 1:12-14. See Ham, et al., pp. 13-14, 89-101.
3See Ross, Creation and …, p. 109.
4E.g., Pieters, pp. 31-33; Shedd, 1:477-78, 483.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 63

designed to illustrate the orderly nature of God's creation and to

enable the covenant people to mime the Creator."1

Presuppositions are extremely important in this controversy. If one believes

that scientific "facts" are true, he or she may try to make the Bible fit
these. On the other hand, if one believes in an inerrant Bible, he or she will
give priority to statements in the text. If one believes both are true, he or
she will soon learn that both cannot be true. For example, the text says
God created the trees before marine life (1:11, 20), but most evolutionists
believe that trees developed after marine life. Also, the Bible implies that
marine life and birds came into existence about the same time (1:20), but
evolutionists hold that they evolved millions of years apart.2 No theory
explains the conflict between biblical statements and scientific claims
adequately. In the end, one really is forced to ask: "Do I put more
confidence in what God says or in what scientists say?"3 One's
presuppositions will also affect whether he or she interprets more or less
literally.

"One cannot help being concerned about the drift of some

evangelical scholars to subject the interpretation of Genesis 1
to modern scientific opinions. There is a dangerous tendency
to interpret the first chapter of Genesis, not by strict and
accurate exegesis, but in a manner so as to satisfy the
'scientific mind.'"4

Belief in the inerrancy of Scripture does not obviate the problem of the age
of the earth, however. Several evangelical scholars who are competent
scientists and affirm inerrancy believe the proper interpretation of Scripture
results in an old earth model of creation.5 Other equally qualified
inerrantists see a young earth model in the Bible.6 One writer gave

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 61. See Appendix 2 at the end of these notes for a summary of five
popular views of Creation.
2See John Klotz, Modern Science in the Christian Life, pp. 111-12.
3See Duane T. Gish, "Evolution—A Philosophy, Not a Science," Good News Broadcaster

(March 1984), pp. 34-37.

4J. Marcellus Kik, in the editor's preface to Young's Studies in ….
5E.g., Davis Young, Creation and the Flood and Christianity and the Age of the Earth;

Robert Newman and Herman Eckelmann Jr., Genesis One and the Origin of the Earth; and
Daniel Wonderly, God's Time-Records in Ancient Sediments; Hugh Ross, Creation and Time.
6E.g., Calvin, 1:14:1; and 3:21:4; John Klotz, Genes, Genesis, and Evolution; Robert Kofahl

and Kelly Segraves, The Creation Explanation; Henry Morris, Science, Scripture and the
64 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

biographical information about Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656),

whose chronology appeared first in the 1701 edition of the AV and later in
the margin of the original Scofield Reference Bible. He also gave an
explanation of how Ussher arrived at his dates and a table listing the dates
of the more important events in Old Testament history contained in
Ussher's chronology.1

"Clearly a difference between these positions at this precise

point of the relationship between science and Scripture is clear
and unmistakable. The old-earth view is built on the position
that an old universe and an old earth is an established factual
base. Thus the Bible at the true meaning level must be
interpreted to show that it is not out of harmony with this fact.
The young-earth model is based on the position that the
scientific data used to establish the concept of an old earth
can be interpreted differently and that, strictly speaking, there
is no need to defend an old earth. Thus the Bible is approached
without this a priori demand for an old earth, and the
differences are markedly clear, in this writer's opinion."2

Evangelicals who believe in a young earth (usually less than 10,000 year
old) normally do so because they believe that the biblical genealogies in
Genesis 5 and 11 are complete or very nearly complete. Some of the other
genealogies in Scripture are clearly incomplete, which opens the door to
the possibility that these genealogies in Genesis may also be incomplete.3
I believe that the genealogies in Genesis have few gaps in them if any, and
so I prefer a young earth model.

Young Earth; John Whitcomb, The Early Earth; John D. Morris, The Young Earth; Davidson,
pp. 69-87, 102-104; Free, p. 18.
1James Barr, "Why the World was Created in 4004 B.C.: Archbishop Ussher and Biblical

Chronology," Bulletin of John Rylands University Library of Manchester 67:2 (Spring

1985):575-608. See also Harrison, Introduction to …, pp. 147-98, on ancient Near
Eastern chronology.
2Frederic Howe, "The Age of the Earth: An Appraisal of Some Current Evangelical Positions,

Part 2," Bibliotheca Sacra 142:566 (April-June 1985):121. Both parts 1 and 2 of this fine
article are very helpful. On the importance of having the correct concept of origins, see
Ralph E. Ancil, "Is Creation More Than a Biological Model of Origins?" Creation Social
Science and Humanities Review 5:2 (Winter 1982):3-13. See also Ernest Lucas, "Miracles
and natural laws," Christian ARENA (September 1985):7-10.
3See Hodge, 2:40-41.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 65

Where did the names we use for the days of the week come from? The
days of the week originally received their names in honor of seven pagan
gods, whom the ancients associated with the five major planets plus the
sun and moon. The names of Germanic (Teutonic) gods replaced those of
some Roman gods as time passed. The early church, following Jewish
custom, numbered the days of the week to avoid using the names of pagan
gods (e.g., Luke 24:1; Acts 20:7).1

Weekday Teutonic god Roman god/planet

Sunday Sun

Monday Moon

Tuesday Tiw Mars

Wednesday Woden Mercury

Thursday Thor Jupiter (Jove)

Friday Frigg Venus

Saturday Saturn

"Though historical and scientific questions may be uppermost

in our minds as we approach the text, it is doubtful whether
they were in the writer's mind, and we should therefore be
cautious about looking for answers to questions he was not
concerned with. Genesis is primarily about God's character and
his purposes for sinful mankind. Let us beware of allowing our
interests to divert us from the central thrust of the book so
that we miss what the LORD, our creator and redeemer, is
saying to us."2

The main point of the story of creation (1:1—2:3) is that God turned chaos
into an orderly, blessed, good creation by His word. The original Israelite
readers of Genesis would have found encouragement in this revelation to

1See David Malcolm, "The Seven-Day Cycle," Creation Ex Nihilo 9:2 (March 1987):32-35;
Charles S. Braden, The World's Religions, pp. 71-73.
2Wenham, p. liii.
66 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

trust God. They would have hoped in Him to transform their national life
from chaos, in a pagan chaotic environment (Egypt), to order and blessing,
in an environment He would create for them (Canaan). God's superiority
over the forces their pagan neighbors worshipped out of fear (gods of the
darkness, the sun, moon, planets, and stars, the watery deep, etc.) would
have strengthened their faith.1 Their God had also created them as a nation,
so they could look forward to the future with confidence.

"This passage is significant also in the lives of Christians.

Above and beyond asserting the fact of creation in much the
same way it did for Israel, the passage provides an important
theological lesson. The believer enters into a life of Sabbath
rest from works and embarks on a life of holiness in that rest.
We learn from the creation account (1) that God is a
redeeming God who changes darkness to light, death to life,
and chaos to blessing; (2) that God is absolutely sovereign
over all life and all pagan ideas that would contend for our
allegiance; and (3) that God works by His powerful Word—to
create, to redeem, and to sanctify. Obedience to His powerful
Word, either the written Word, or the living Word, our Savior,
will transform believers into His glorious image."2

B. WHAT BECAME OF THE CREATION 2:4—4:26

Genesis 2:4—4:26 tells us what became of ("the account of," 2:4) the
creation that God described in 1:1—2:3. Genesis 2:4-25 retells the creation
of man and woman as preparation for the account of the Fall in chapter 3.
Moses gave us the broad outline of creation in 1:1—2:3 and then filled in
details having to do with the creation of human beings in the rest of chapter
2 (cf. Ps. 104; Prov. 8). He then described what happened to the creation
by recording significant events in the Garden of Eden, the murder of Abel,
and the family of Cain.

"The section begins with a description of the creation of Adam

and Eve and traces their sin, God's curse on sin, and the
expansion of sin in their descendants. No longer at rest,
mankind experienced flight and fear, making his way in the

1See Jack Finegan, Light from the Ancient Past, pp. 62-65, for discussion of the Old
Babylonian account of creation: Enuma elish.
2Ross, Creation and …, pp. 114-15.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 67

world, surviving, and developing civilization. As if in answer to

the blessings of Creation, this passage supplies a threefold
cursing (of Satan [3:14], of the ground because of man
[3:17], and of Cain [4:11]). Yet in this deteriorating life there
is a token of grace (4:15) and a ray of hope (man began to
call on Yahweh)."1

1. The Garden of Eden 2:4—3:24

This story has seven scenes that a change in actors, situations or activities
identifies.2 Moses constructed this section of Genesis in a chiastic
(palistrophic, crossing) structure to focus attention on the central scene:
the Fall. The preceding scenes lead up to the Fall, and the following scenes
describe its consequences.3

A Scene 1 (narrative): God is the sole actor, and man is passive (2:4-
17).

B Scene 2 (narrative): God is the main actor, man plays a minor role,
the woman and the animals are passive (2:18-25).

C Scene 3 (dialogue): The snake and the woman converse (3:1-

5).

D Scene 4 (narrative): The man and the woman are primary

(3:6-8).

C' Scene 5 (dialogue): God converses with the man and the
woman (3:9-13).

B' Scene 6 (narrative): God is the main actor, man plays a minor role,
the woman and the serpent are passive (3:14-21).

A' Scene 7 (narrative): God is the sole actor, and man is passive (3:22-
24).

1Idem,"Genesis," p. 24. Paragraph division omitted.

2Fora different narrative analysis, see Waltke, Genesis, pp. 80-81.
3Wenham, p. 50.
68 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The story of the Garden of Eden begins with a second, more detailed
account of the creation of humankind that Moses gave as an introduction
to the Fall and its consequences.

"More light is shed on the relationship between Genesis 1 and

Genesis 2 by a consideration of a literary structure that occurs
throughout the entire book of Genesis: First, less important
things are dealt with rapidly, and then the things more
important to the central theme of the Bible are returned to
and developed more fully."1

Note the following contrasts between the accounts of man's creation.

1:1—2:3 2:4-25

Name of God Elohim (Strong One) Yahweh (Covenant-keeping One)

Purpose Facts of Creation God's relationship with human creatures

Emphasis The world generally Humankind specifically

Moses identified "Yahweh," the God who called Abraham (12:1) and who
delivered Israel from Egypt (Exod. 3:15), with "Elohim," the God who
created the cosmos.2 The name "Jehovah," which appears in some English
translations, comes from combining the vowels of the Hebrew adonay
("Lord") with the consonants of the Hebrew Yahweh (i.e., YHWH).

"In Genesis 1 'elohim (God) refers to God's transcendence over

the world, while in Genesis 2—3 yhwh (LORD) speaks of God's
immanence with his elect. When the narrator combines the two
names, he makes a bold assertion that the Creation God is the
Lord of Israel's history. Just as God ordered creation, he orders
history. All is under God's sovereign control, guaranteeing that
Israel's history will end in triumph, not in tragedy."3

1Schaeffer,pp. 40-41.
2Sailhamer,"Genesis," p. 20.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 34.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 69

The creation of man 2:4-17

The differences between 1:1—2:3 and 2:4-25 have led many literary critics
of the Bible to insist that two different writers composed these sections.
But the similarities between these sections argue for a common writer.1

Critics who hold to the documentary hypothesis believe that passages in

Genesis (and elsewhere) that contain the name "Elohim" derive from one
source document (E), and passages where "Jehovah" or Yahweh appear
come from a different source document (J). A better explanation is that
the speaker in the passage, or the writer of the passage (Moses), chose
each of these names of God deliberately to emphasize a particularly
characteristic of God that that name connotes. In the case of "Elohim,"
that characteristic is His power as Creator, and in the case of "Jehovah" or
Yahweh, it is His covenant relationship.2

2:4 Having related the creation of the universe as we know it, God
next inspired Moses to explain for his readers what became of
it. Sin entered it and devastated it.

"The destiny of the human creation is to live in

God's world, with God's other creatures, on God's
terms."3

The Hebrew word toledot occurs first in 2:4, where it

introduces the next section of the book. This Hebrew word
often reads "generations," "histories," "descendants," or, as
here (in the NASB and NIV), "account" (cf. 5:1; 6:9; 10:1;
11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2). The word summarizes
what follows in the section and introduces what became of
something, in this case the universe, or, more often, someone.
The person mentioned after toledot is not usually the central
figure in the section but the person who originated what
follows. The toledot statements contribute the major

1See William H. Shea, "Literary Structural Parallels between Genesis 1 and 2," Origins
16:2(1989):49-68; Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 66-69.
2In his Exposition of Genesis, Leupold often pointed this out where these names of God

appear throughout Genesis.

3W. Brueggemann, Genesis, p. 40.
70 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

structural and conceptual framework for the whole Book of

Genesis.1

"… the material within each tol'dot is a microcosm

of the development of the Book of Genesis itself,
with the motifs of blessing and cursing playing a
dominant role. Within each of the first several
tol'dot is a deterioration to cursing until 12:1-12,
where the message moves to the promise of
blessing. From this point on there is a constant
striving for the place of blessing, but still with
each successive narrative there is deterioration,
for Isaac and Jacob did not measure up to
Abraham. Consequently at the end of Genesis the
family is not in the land of blessing but in Egypt."2

A new name for "God" appears in this verse. "God" is again

Elohim, but "LORD" (Yahweh, Jehovah) translates the proper
name of God that elsewhere highlights the Almighty's
covenant relationship with His people. The "God" of chapter 1
and the "LORD God" of chapter 2 are the same Person.

2:5-6 These verses describe global conditions before man's creation

in terms that stress God's gracious preparation of the world
for him. They are a flashback to conditions before 1:26. Moses
chose terms that contrast with conditions that existed after
the Fall.3 "Shrub[s]" were evidently not edible, whereas
"plant[s]" were. Thus Moses distinguished two types of land:
arable and non-arable.4

Moses' reference to "rain" (v. 5) anticipates the story of the

Flood (chs. 6—9). The absence of "rain" and the presence of
the "mist" (v. 6) have led some writers to postulate a "canopy
theory."5 According to this theory, a canopy of water vapor
covered the earth initially and watered it. It reduced the

1Cf. Martin Woudstra, "The Toledot of the Book of Genesis and Their Redemptive-Historical
Significance," Calvin Theological Journal 5:2 (1970):188-89.
2Ross, "Genesis," p. 24.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 40.
4Wenham, p. 58.
5Whitcomb and Morris; pp. 240-41, 255-58, 399, 404-5; Jody Dillow, The Waters Above.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 71

destructive rays of the sun so that antediluvian man lived much

longer, and it distributed heat more evenly over the surface of
the earth. Such a water canopy covers Venus. This canopy
supposedly broke up when God sent the Flood (7:11). This is
another of those theories that are impossible to prove or
disprove conclusively.1

"This idea still has its defenders today [2015],

although its exegetical foundation is rejected by
most evangelical scholars and its science is
rejected by both evangelical and secular
scientists. Nevertheless, liberal scholars have
been delighted to receive support from the more
fundamentalist vapor-canopy theorists for their
assertion of the ancient Hebrews' naïve views of
the cosmos."2

Another explanation is that mists rose from the earth,

condensed and fell like rain, and so watered the earth.3

I believe Genesis 1:1—2:3 is the big picture of creation, and

the rest of chapter 2 retells the creation of man. Chapter 2
verses 4 and 5 set the stage for what follows by explaining
what agricultural land was like before man started farming.
Verse 5 explains the original order of plant life, which did not
yet grow as a result of rain ("no plant of the field had yet
sprouted"). Initially plants grew from the mist that arose from
the ground (v. 6). In other words, verses 5 and 6 apparently
give the chronological sequence of mist—plants—man, and the
comment about rain was added because that is how plants
grow now.

2:7 "Formed" (Heb. yasar) means to shape or mold and implies

that God deliberately did this with tender loving care. It
describes the work of an artist (cf. Job 10:8-9). However, one
should not conclude that God literally formed Adam with God's

1For a critique of this view, see Thomas Key, "Does the Canopy Theory Hold Water?" See
also Stanley Rice, "Botanical and Ecological Objections to a Preflood Water Canopy,"
Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37:4 (December 1985):223-29.
2Younker and Davidson, p. 45.
3Leupold, 1:114.
72 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

hands, since God does not have hands; He is a spirit being. This
is one of numerous anthropomorphisms in the Bible that
describe God and His activities. The point being emphasized is
that God created Adam with loving care—like a potter forms a
vessel on his wheel.

"Dust" (Heb. haadama) reflects man's lowly origin. Even

though he was in God's image, man was a creature like other
creatures God had made. This rules out the view that man
descended from the gods, which was popular in the ancient
Near East and was foundational in Egyptian cosmology.1 In the
Creation, God raised man out of the dust to reign.2 However,
in the Fall, man returned to the dust by his own work (3:19).3
By "dust" Moses probably meant "earth:" existing material.

"Practically the universal belief of antiquity in

regard to man's origin was that he was made of
earth. It could not be otherwise, for the truth was
evident to him that had eyes to see. Man's body
moulders to dust after death. Plainly it is made of
earth. The tales which would tell the story of
man's creation differ, indeed, but the difference
between the accounts which assume the
intervention of a creator lies in the method of
divine procedure."4

The "breath of life" (Heb. nesama) was God's breath that gave
Adam life, spiritual understanding (Job 32:8), and a
functioning conscience (Prov. 20:27). It may also have
imparted moral, intellectual, relational, and spiritual

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 41.

2See W. Brueggemann, "From Dust to Kingship," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche
Wissenschaft 84 (1972):1-18. See also John M. Soden, "From the Dust: Creating Adam
in Historical Context," Bibliotheca Sacra 172:685 (January-March 2015):45-66, for
defense of a figurative understanding of the historical Adam's creation; and Brian N.
Peterson, "Egyptian Influence on the Creation Language in Genesis 2," Bibliotheca Sacra
174:695 (July-September 2017):283-300.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 41.
4J. D. Davis, p. 36.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 73

capacities.1 Adam's life-breath came from God's breath.2 In

other words, God imparted life to Adam. Man's uniqueness
consisted in his having been made in God's image. God's breath
may be a synonym for His word (cf. Ps. 33:6).3 Again, one
must avoid the conclusion that God literally blew breath into
Adam's nostrils from God's mouth, since God does not have a
mouth and lungs. Man, therefore, is a combination of dust and
divinity.4

"Not this breath itself but the manner of its

impartation indicates man's dignity."5

This verse is the basis for the belief that man consists of two
entities: a body and a soul—one corporeal and the other
spiritual. This is the doctrine of human dichotomy. Those who
hold this view of man usually subsume all of the spiritual and
immaterial aspects of humanity under the soul (e.g., the
human spirit, the metaphorical heart, the will, the mind, etc.).6

2:8-15 Another indication of God's love and grace is that He placed

Adam in a garden that He had prepared for him. The God who
was powerful enough to create the cosmos with a word (ch.
1) was also a good and loving God.

The trees in the garden were beautiful ("pleasing to the sight")

and edible ("good for food"), an orchard for man to enjoy (v.
9). The "tree of life" (v. 9) appears to have been a means,
with its fruit, whereby God sustained Adam and Eve's lives.
Again, God's desire to bless man comes through. "The
knowledge of good and evil" (vv. 9, 17) probably refers to
man's ability to decide for himself what is best for him and
what is not (i.e., wisdom).7 "Good and evil" may be a merism

1The Nelson …, p. 7.
2See Mathews, pp. 197-99.
3See Ellis R. Brotzman, "Man and the Meaning of Nephesh [Soul]," Bibliotheca Sacra
145:580 (October-December 1988):400-9.
4For defense of the historicity of Adam and Eve, see Waltke, Genesis, p. 80, n. 2.
5Leupold, 1:116.
6See Hodge, 2:42-51, for defense of this view.
7Waltke, Genesis, p. 86. For some other views, see Hamilton, pp. 164-66; Wenham, pp.

63-64.
74 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

for all the things that protect and destroy life. It may mean
total knowledge.1 These were real trees. The one God
associated with life, and the other He associated with the
knowledge of good and evil.2

Similarities between the descriptions of the garden and the

tabernacle are also interesting (cf. Exod. 25-27). Both places
reflected the glory of God's presence in their beautiful
surroundings (cf. Hag. 2:7-8; Rev. 21:18).3

The Hebrew word translated "put," in verse 8 (wayyasem), is

not the same one rendered "put" in verse 15 (wayyannihehu).
The former term is the normal one for putting something
somewhere. The latter one connotes rest and safety (cf.
19:16; Deut. 3:20; 12:10; 25:19), as well as dedication in
God's presence (cf. Exod. 16:33-34; Lev. 16:23; Num. 17:4;
Deut. 26:4, 10). God specifically put man in "the garden,"
where he could be safe and rest, and where he could have
fellowship with God (cf. 3:8). Mankind's primary responsibility
there was actually to worship and obey God, though not
explicitly stated, rather than to merely "cultivate" and "keep"
the garden (v. 15).4 In other words, Adam served—and
thereby worshipped God—by tending the garden.5 Work is
essentially a good gift from God, not a punishment for sin.

"The Garden of Eden is a temple-garden,

represented later in the tabernacle. Cherubim
protect its sanctity (Gen. 3:24; Ex. 26:1; 2 Chron.
3:7) so that sin and death are excluded (Gen.
3:23; Rev. 21:8)."6

1Jacob, p. 284.
2For comments about the tree of life in ancient civilizations, see J. E. Jennings, "Ancient
Near Eastern Religion and Biblical Interpretation," in Interpreting the Word of God, pp. 18-
19.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 43.
4Ibid., p. 45.
5See Richard Bauckham, The Bible and Ecology; Anderson, ch. 15: "Ecology and the

Environment."
6Waltke, Genesis, p. 85.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 75

The modern equivalent of the "Pishon" River (v. 11) is

unknown for certain. Commentators have suggested that it
was the Indus, the Ganges,1 a river of Arabia, or a river of
Mesopotamia. The "land of Havilah" seems to have been in
southwestern Arabia (cf. 25:18). The "Gihon" (v. 13) may be
the pre-flood Nile, since Cush (the region surrounding the river)
in the Old Testament usually describes modern Ethiopia (cf.
10:6-8; Num. 12:1; 2 Sam. 18:19-33; 2 Kings 19:9; 2 Chron.
14:9-15; Isa. 37:9; Jer. 13:23; 38—39).2 However, some
interpreters believe this site was in the land of the Cassites,
east of Mesopotamia.3 Perhaps these rivers are unidentifiable
with certainty today because of the great geographical
changes that the Flood produced.4

The "Tigris" and "Euphrates" (v. 14) are now in the area
formerly called Babylonia (modern Iraq). "Eden" (v. 15;
meaning "delight," "pleasure," or perhaps "place of abundant
waters") therefore appears to have been located in the general
area of the Promised Land (cf. Isa. 51:3; Ezek. 36:35; Joel 2:3;
Zech. 14:8; Rev. 22:1-2). The "Garden of (sometimes "in")
Eden" seems to have been in the eastern part of Eden, perhaps
in Mesopotamia.5 This rather extensive description sets the
stage for Adam and Eve's expulsion from the garden in 3:24.
It probably also encouraged the Israelites to anticipate the
Promised Land.

"It can hardly be a coincidence that these rivers,

along with the 'River of Egypt,' again play a role in
marking boundaries of the land promised to
Abraham (Ge 15:18)."6

1Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 1:1:3. Josephus' writings reflect certain
traditional Jewish opinions in his day (first century A.D.) and are not always consistent
with Scripture.
2See J. Daniel Hays, "The Cushites: A Black Nation in Ancient History," Bibliotheca Sacra

153:611 (July-September 1996):270-80; and idem, "The Cushites: A Black Nation in the
Bible," Bibliotheca Sacra 153:612 (October-December 1996):396-409.
3E.g., Ross, "Genesis," p. 31.
4Leupold, 1:124.
5Free, p. 30; Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 69-70.
6Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 99.
76 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

2:16-17 God gave Adam great freedom of choice. Note that He

graciously gave him broad permission before one narrow
restriction. God only forbade one of all the trees. God's
command also implies that He alone knows what is good and
not good for man. Adam would die because of disobedience,
not because of the fruit of the tree.1 (Someone posted on their
church marquee: "Forbidden fruits create many jams.")

"Adam was denied the tree of the knowledge of

good and evil to test his obedience and prove that
he was willingly under God's command. The very
name of the tree shows the sole purpose of the
precept was to keep him content with his lot and
to prevent him from becoming puffed up with
wicked lust. But the promise by which he was
bidden to hope for eternal life so long as he ate
from the tree of life, and, conversely, the terrible
threat of death once he tasted of the tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, served to prove and
exercise his faith."2

"That famous tree symbolizes the ability to

discern good (i.e., what advances life) and evil
(i.e., what hinders life). Such knowledge belongs
to God alone because, as Agur inferentially argues
in Prov. 30:1-6, one must know comprehensively
in order to speak absolutely about what is good
and bad."3

"On the whole it seems probable that we should

understand 'death' to mean a spiritual state, but
a state aptly symbolized by physical death. When
man sinned he passed into a new state, one
dominated by, and at the same time symbolized
by death. It is likely that spiritual death and

1For a discussion of what God had in mind in the two trees, see Keil and Delitzsch, 1:84-
86.
2Calvin, 2:1:4. See also Pieters, p. 81.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 46.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 77

physical death are not being thought of as

separate, so that the one involves the other."1

"O, if Adam had only believed God about sin and

death! O, if he had only stopped his ears against
the father of lies! O, if he could only have
foretasted guilt and remorse and agony of
conscience as he was led up to the tree! O, if he
could only at that fatal moment have foreseen
that coming garden where the Son of God Himself
lay among the dark olive-trees recoiling from sin
and death in a sweat of blood! O, if he could only
have seen spread out before him all the death-
beds of all his children on the earth, and all the
beds of their second death in hell! O Adam and
Eve in Eden, and still under the tree of temptation,
look before it is too late; look on through the
endless ages at the unutterable woes that you are
working!"2

The Hebrew construction emphasizes the certainty of death,

however it is defined. Why did Adam and Eve not die
immediately? Because the phrase "on the day" (v. 17) in
Hebrew is an idiom meaning "for certain" (cf. Exod. 10:28; 1
Kings 2:37, 42).

"Did God fail to carry out His promise? Certainly

not! But the death that overtook the guilty pair
that day was spiritual only; physical death did not
come until centuries later (Gen. 5:5)."3

"Before Adam and Eve fell into sin, God made a

proposition to them that some have regarded as
a covenant, as stated in Genesis 1:26-31 and
2:16-17. God gave Adam authority over the
creatures of the world, commanded him to be
fruitful, and gave him permission to eat from

1Leon Morris, The Wages of Sin, p. 10.

2Alexander Whyte, Bible Characters, 1:18.
3Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 72.
78 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

every green plant. The only restriction was that

Adam and Eve not eat of the tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, for if they did so they
would surely die (2:16-17). Basically, the
covenant was conditional, requiring obedience;
but it also declared God's purpose to elevate
humanity to a place of authority and prominence,
ultimately fulfilled by Christ."1

The covenant in 2:16-17 has been called the Edenic Covenant.

A covenant is a divine pronouncement by which God
establishes a relationship involving responsibility. The
relationship may involve Himself and an individual (e.g., Adam
in the Edenic Covenant; Gen. 2:16-17), or Himself and
humankind in general (e.g., humanity in the Noahic Covenant;
Gen. 9:9-17). It may involve Himself and a nation (e.g., Israel
in the Mosaic Covenant; Exod. 19:3-8), or Himself and a human
family (e.g., David's family in the Davidic Covenant; 2 Sam.
7:12-17). A covenant of one type may overlap another
covenant or other covenants of a different type or different
types. For example, the Noahic Covenant overlaps the Mosaic
Covenant, and the Davidic Covenant overlaps the Mosaic and
New Covenants.

The biblical covenants normally involved unconditional

promises in which God obligated Himself to accomplish certain
purposes despite human failure, though they may contain
conditional elements. An exception is the Mosaic Covenant, in
which the fulfillment of the promises contained in the covenant
depended on Israel's obedience. The Edenic Covenant was also
different, in that God promised death for failure to obey His
command to abstain from eating from the tree of the
knowledge of good and evil.2

1John F. Walvoord, "The New Covenant," in Integrity of Heart, Skillfulness of Hands, pp.
187-88.
2See Jacques B. Doukhan, "'When Death Was Not Yet': The Testimony of Biblical Creation,"

in The Genesis Creation Account and Its Reverberations in the Old Testament, pp. 329-
42.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 79

The three universal covenants, which affect the whole human

race, are the Edenic, Adamic, and Noahic Covenants. All the
subsequent covenants affect Israel primarily, though they all
affect the rest of humanity secondarily. There are eight major
biblical covenants, and they all help us understand how God is
working out His purposes with humankind. These are: the
Edenic (Gen. 2:16), the Adamic (Gen. 3:15), the Noahic (Gen.
9:16), the Abrahamic (Gen. 12:2), the Mosaic (Exod. 19:5),
the Palestinian (Deut. 30:3), the Davidic (2 Sam. 7:16), and
the New (Heb. 8:8).1

"On the plane of human relationships, the truth

almost always points to a covenant between two
partners who are on an unequal footing; it is the
stronger who proposes the berit [covenant]."2

The Edenic Covenant required five things from Adam. He was:

(1) to propagate the human race, (2) to subdue the earth for
human habitation, (3) to exercise dominion over the animal
creation, (4) to care for and enjoy the Garden of Eden and its
fruits, and (5) to abstain from eating from one tree in the
garden.

"Form Genesis to revelation the Bible makes it

clear that no one was ever saved by his own good
works but only by faith in the promises of God.
Only in Eden was salvation put on the basis of
obedience, with the accompanying warning of
death for transgression of God's command …"3

Verse 17 also contains the first prophecy in the Bible. Note

that what God predicted was fulfilled literally and in detail.

"One of my books, The Prophecy Knowledge

Handbook (Wheaton, Ill.: Victor, 1990), traces
one thousand scriptural passages on prophecy,

1Some regard the so-called Palestinian Covenant as simply a clarification of the land
promise in the Abrahamic Covenant, rather than an independent covenant, thus reducing
the number of biblical covenants to seven.
2Jacob, p. 210.
3Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 70.
80 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

some of them single verses and some of them

entire chapters. The book shows that half of these
prophecies have already been fulfilled literally, an
astounding proof that prophecy is accurate even
when dealing with distant future events."1

The creation of woman 2:18-25

2:18 Adam's creation was not complete because he lacked a

"helper" who corresponded to him. This deficiency led God to
pronounce Adam's condition "not good," that is, not in
accordance with God's will for man. This provision of a
companion follows the pattern of the triune God's own
relationships in which He is surrounded by His heavenly court.
Man should normally live in community, even as God does. God
not only evaluated Adam's condition, He also rectified it.

"In Judaism, from the very moment of origins of

the Jewish people, marriage was considered to be
the ideal state."2

God's provision of a wife for Adam is a concrete example of

God knowing what is good for man.3 Companionship replaced
isolation. For companionship to be satisfying, however, there
must be oneness in the marriage (cf. 1:26-27). Self-centered
living destroys oneness and companionship.

The term "helper" does not mean a servant. Jesus Christ used
the same word (the Greek equivalent) to describe the Holy
Spirit, who would help believers following the Lord's ascension
(John 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7). "Helper" means one who
supports us in our task of doing the will of God (cf. Deut. 33:7;
Ps. 33:20; 115:9-11; 146:5; Hos. 13:9). It is not a demeaning
term, since Scripture often uses it to describe God Himself
(e.g., Ps. 33:20; 70:5; 115:9).

1John F. Walvoord, End Times, p. viii.

2Blu Greenberg, "Marriage in the Jewish Tradition," Journal of Ecumenical Studies 22:1
(Winter 1985):3.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 46.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 81

"The word help suggests that the man has

governmental priority, but both sexes are
mutually dependent on each other. The man is
created first, with the woman to help the man, not
vice versa (see also 1 Tim. 2:13); however, this
does not mean ontological superiority or
inferiority. The word helper, used for God sixteen
of the nineteen times it appears in the Old
Testament, signifies the woman's essential
contribution, not inadequacy."1

"Suitable to him" or "corresponding to him" means "equal and

adequate." What was true of Adam (cf. v. 7) was also true of
Eve. They both had the same nature. She was comparable to
him, in contrast to the rest of the animal creation.

"Since Adam and Eve were a spiritual unity, living

in integrity without sin, there was no need for
instruction here on headship."2

This verse is not saying that it is "not good" for all men to
remain single but that they should marry. This verse is often
misquoted in modern marriage ceremonies to make this point.
Some men are better off single than married. Paul explained
that the single state is perfectly acceptable to God (1 Cor. 7).
This verse is saying that God regarded His creation of Adam
('the man" in view, not just any man) as "not good" until He
provided a suitable helper for Adam. The point is that the
creation of humankind required both a male and a female to
make it "good" in God's sight.

The ancient Near Eastern texts contain no account of the

creation of woman. Moses, however, devoted six verses to her
formation compared to only one for Adam (2:7). This indicates
God's concern for women.

2:19-20 These verses do not mean that Adam named every individual
animal. He apparently gave names to the different kinds God

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 88.

2Ross, "Genesis," p. 31.
82 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

brought before him. This exercise demonstrated Adam's

authority over the animals and the dissimilarity between
humans and animals. As God had named things (ch. 1), now
Adam demonstrated his right as God's viceregent to name the
animals ("whatever the man called a living creature, that was
its name"). He became aware of his own need for a companion
as he named the animals.

"Adam" (v. 20) comes from the Hebrew word for "earth"
(adamah). "Adam" means "one that is red," like the earth.1
Likewise the names of the animals probably expressed the
nature of each animal. Names of humans in Old Testament
times usually reflected the nature of the persons who bore
them. This indicates that Adam must have had great
intelligence and wisdom to be able to identify and label the
various types of animals according to their natures.

Man is not like the other animals. Adam could find no suitable
partner who was comparable to him among them (v. 20). So
God graciously provided for his need by creating Eve.

The events of this sixth "day" of creation (cf. 1:24-31) have

led some interpreters to conclude that Adam could not have
done all that he is reported to have done in one 24-hour
period.2 However, he could have named all the animals very
quickly.

2:21-22 More than once, when God initiated a new relationship for
someone, He first put that person into a "deep sleep" (cf.
15:12; 28:11). He evidently did so to assure the recipient that
his own works had no part in his receiving it.3 It was totally a
gift of God's grace.

"… the woman was made of a rib out of the side

of Adam; not made out of his head to rule over
him, nor out of his feet to be trampled upon by
him, but out of his side to be equal with him, under

1Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:1:2.

2E.g., Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Toward an Old Testament Theology, p. 75.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 46.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 83

his arm to be protected, and near his heart to be

beloved."1

"Similarly, it was observed [by the Rabbis], that

God had not formed woman out of the head, lest
she should become proud; nor out of the eye, lest
she should lust; nor out of the ear, lest she should
be curious; nor out of the mouth, lest she should
be talkative; nor out of the heart, lest she should
be jealous; nor out of the hand, lest she should be
covetous; nor out of the foot, lest she be a
busybody; but out of the rib, which was always
covered. Modesty was, therefore, a prime
quality."2

"Just as the rib is found at the side of the man

and is attached to him, even so the good wife, the
rib of her husband, stands at his side to be his
helper-counterpart, and her soul is bound up with
him."3

"Adam was put to sleep and his side opened that

he might have a wife, but Jesus died on a cross
and His blood shed that He might have a bride, the
church (John 19:33-37)."4

God "fashioned" Eve (v. 22) to be a suitable companion for

Adam. Then He presented her to him as a gift ("brought her
to the man").

"That woman was taken from man no more implies

the inferiority of woman to man than the taking of
man from the ground ('adam from 'adamah)
implies the inferiority of man to the ground."5

1Matthew Henry, p. 7.
2Alfred Edersheim, Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ, p. 146.
3Umberto Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Part I: From Adam to Noah, p.

134.
4Wiersbe, p. 24.
5Merrill, "A Theology …," p. 19.
84 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"… the whole account of woman's creation has a

poetic flavor: it is certainly mistaken to read it as
an account of a clinical operation or as an attempt
to explain some feature of man's anatomy.
Rather, it brilliantly depicts the relation of man and
wife. Here the ideal of marriage as it was
understood in ancient Israel is being portrayed, a
relationship characterized by harmony and
intimacy between the partners."1

2:23 The word "woman" (Heb. ishah) sounds similar to the Hebrew
word translated "man" (ish). This similarity reflects the close
union between the two. Moses identified Adam by his relation
to the ground, but Adam identified his wife in relation to
himself.2

"… name-giving in the ancient Orient was primarily

an exercise of sovereignty, of command."3

"Gen. 2 is unique among the creation myths of the

whole of the Ancient Near East in its appreciation
of the meaning of woman, i.e., that human
existence is a partnership of man and woman."4

"Though they are equal in nature, that man names

woman (cf. 3:20) indicates that she is expected
to be subordinate to him, an important
presupposition of the ensuing narrative (3:17)."5

When Adam discovered that God had provided him with a

partner like himself, not like one of the other animals, he
rejoiced greatly. He received his mate as God's good gift to

1Wenham, p. 69.
2See C. Jeff Foster, "The Name Ritual: A Mark of Significance," Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 64:4 (December 2021):703-28.
3von Rad, p. 83. George W. Ramsey, "Is Name-Giving an Act of Domination in Genesis 2:23

and Elsewhere?" Catholic Biblical Quarterly 50:1 (January 1988):24-35, disputed this
view.
4Westermann, p. 232.
5Wenham, p. 70.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 85

him because he trusted in God's wisdom, goodness, and

integrity. Adam was now "beside himself"! (Pardon the pun.)

Following Adam's example, it is essential for every husband

and wife to thankfully receive the mate God has given him or
her as His best provision for them. To do so we must know and
trust God's goodness. Our mate's differences are good things
that God "brings to us" (as part of the whole "package"), that
He will use as tools to shape us into the people He wants us to
be. Failure to accept one's mate as a good gift from a loving
God, leads to many problems in marriage, and frustrates God's
purpose and plan for marriage. It expresses rejection of God
and His provision for one's life. It also demonstrates unbelief,
disobedience, and displeasure with God's character. Your mate
needs your unconditional acceptance.

Sanford Yoder considered this verse to be the first of 26

poems in the Pentateuch.1 He believed that the only book of
the Pentateuch that does not contain some poetry is Leviticus.

2:24 This verse clarifies God's purpose in marriage. It may be a

parenthetical observation by the writer (cf. 10:9; 26:33;
32:32). It involves leaving parents and cleaving (being
"joined") to one's spouse.2

"In Gen 2:24, 'for this cause' did not refer to God's
making the first human beings 'male and female,'
but to God's making Eve out of Adam's rib. The
reason for a man's leaving his father and mother,
cleaving to his wife, and becoming one flesh with
her was not sexual, then. It had to do with Eve's
origin in Adam: since woman came from man, man
should unite himself with woman to recapture
their original unity."3

1Sanford C. Yoder, Poetry of the Old Testament, pp. 29-54.

2See Mathews, pp. 222-24.
3Robert H. Gundry, Mark, pp. 531-32. See Charles A. Clough, "Responding to Government's

Declaration that 'Marriage' Is Merely a Social Construct: A Proposal to Reform the Wedding
Service in Bible-Believing Churches," Journal of Dispensational Theology 18:53 (Spring
2014):7-46.
86 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Note that God gave the command to "leave" and "be joined"
(or "cleave" AV, NASB 1971 ed., "be united" NIV, cf. NEB,
"hold fast" ESV, "bond[s]" HCSB) to the man, not the woman,
indicating that the man should take the leadership in marriage.

"… Israelite marriage was usually patrilocal, that

is, the man continued to live in or near his parents'
home. It was the wife who left home to join her
husband."1

"Leaving" and "be[ing] joined" probably means both

psychological and physical separation and union, under normal
conditions. A newly married couple is wise to establish relative
independence from both sets of parents emotionally,
physically, financially, and in other ways. The couple also needs
to solidify commitment to one another. The vows in marriage
ceremonies express this commitment. Marriage is a covenant
between two people to remain committed to one another.

"Be[ing] joined" resembles weaving two threads into one new

piece of cloth. The word suggests the ideas of passion and
permanence. In marriage, a man's priorities must change.
Before, they were primarily to his parents, but now, they are
primarily to his wife. Moses was probably correcting those
cultures that gave parental bonds priority over marital bonds.2

Marriage also involves physical consummation that unites two

individuals as "one flesh" in a physical union that symbolizes
that they become intimately related to each other—that they
are a unit3 "One flesh" is not the same as marriage (1 Cor.
6:16). For a marriage to exist, there must also be a
commitment to "leave" parents and "be joined" to one's
spouse from then on. The bond of marriage (spouse with
spouse) even takes precedence over the bond of procreation
(parent with child).

In the Old Testament there are many examples of polygamy.

According to this verse, polygamy is a perversion of God's

1Wenham, p. 70.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 90.
3Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 2:334.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 87

intention for marriage. His intent was that one man should be
joined in marriage to one woman. Jesus and Paul later affirmed
this view of marriage (Matt. 19:4-6; Mark 10:6-10; 1 Cor.
6:16; Eph.5:31).

2:25 The "naked" condition of Adam and Eve does not just describe
their unclothed physical appearance. It also refers to the
physical and psychological oneness and transparency that
existed in their relationship. Physically they were "naked"; they
shared their bodies with each other freely. Psychologically they
were "not ashamed"; they hid nothing from each other. They
were at ease with one another, without any fear of exploitation
for evil.

"Shame can be described as the feeling that

something you are doing is bad."1

Transparency should increase with trust, commitment, and

friendship. It involves communicating what we know, think,
feel, and are—with the person or persons we choose. We
should not be transparent with everyone, however, but only
with people who commit themselves to us. A transparent
person is an open and vulnerable person.

This is a hinge (janus) verse; it looks backward into chapter 2

and forward into chapter 3.2 The similarity of the Hebrew
words for naked ('arom) and "crafty" (3:1, 'arum) points to a
wordplay. The word here for "nakedness" means unclothed,
whereas the one in 3:7 ('erom), and elsewhere, describes
those under God's judgment (cf. Deut. 28:48; Ezek. 16:39;
23:29).3

To summarize, verses 18-25 teach us much about marriage:

1. God instituted it.

1Alan D. Wolfelt, Understanding Your Grief, p. 17.

2Janus was a Roman god depicted as having two faces on his head, one looking backward
and the other looking forward.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 49.
88 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

2. God intended it to be monogamous (not monotonous). One woman

completed Adam.

3. God intended it to be heterosexual. This passage does not support

the idea that same-sex marriage was in God's plan when He instituted
marriage.1

4. It involves both a physical and a spiritual union.

5. The husband was to be the head of the wife. God created Adam
before Eve, and He created Eve for Adam (cf. 1 Cor. 11:8-9; 1 Tim.
2:13).

6. A woman can be a complete person without bearing children. A wife's

primary function in marriage is to complement her husband, not to
bear children.

7. Normally, a couple, following the lead of their representatives, Adam

and Eve, should "be fruitful and multiply" (1:28). God did not specify
how early in the marriage and to what extent. He left this up to the
couple. Couples may choose when and how many children they plan
to have, though God may sovereignly overrule their plans.

The Family Ministry organization has summarized these purposes as five.

Marriage should: mirror God's image, multiply a godly heritage, manage
God's realm, mutually complete one another, and model Christ's
relationship to the church.2

The Bible writers made use of the creation account in many different ways,
and we too can use it in these ways for our own personal benefit. These
purposes include: glorifying the God of creation, stimulating praise and
worship, and fortifying faith in God's promises. They also include: learning
about God's attributes, expressing wonder at man's position in God's
universe, dispelling fear, and exalting the Lord Jesus.3

However, a main point of this unit (2:4-25) seems clearly to be that God
made human beings "male and female," with a spiritual capacity, and

1See Brian N. Peterson, "Does Genesis 2 Support Same-Sex Marriage? An Evangelical

Response," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 60:4 (December 2017):681-96.
2Family Life Conference, p. 45.
3Ted S. Rendall, "Using the Creation Account for Maximum Spiritual Profit," Prairie

Overcomer 60:8 (September 1987):3-5, 22.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 89

mutually dependent. He did so that they might serve and obey Him, and so
enjoy His creation. As with Adam and Eve, God later placed Israel in a place
of blessing. The nation could enjoy His blessing by being obedient and
trusting, with the assistance He had provided for them in marriage. Even
today, serving and obeying God is man's greatest privilege, and we find
help to do this in the marriage relationship.

"Two primary themes dominate the Creation account [1:1—

2:25]: the land and the blessing."1

The theme of descendants (seed) is also present, though perhaps not as

prominent (1:28).

The temptation of Eve 3:1-5

As in chapters 1 and 2, the word of the LORD is very important in chapter

3. Here Adam and Eve doubted God's integrity when He spoke to them.
This pericope also has something to teach about the acquisition of wisdom.
Chapter 2 anticipated God's gift of the Promised Land to the original
readers, and chapter 3 anticipates their exile from it.2

Claus Westermann observed that chapters 1 through 11 (really 3 through

11, I think) "are in fact dominated by the crime/punishment motif which
shapes the narrative."3

We cannot read this chapter without wondering if the events described

really happened as presented, or if this is an allegory or pictorial description
merely designed to teach some truth. The rest of Scripture regards these
things as having actually happened (cf. 2 Cor. 11:3; 2 Tim. 2:13). Thus we
conclude that we should take this chapter literally.4

3:1 Who was the tempter? Among evangelicals there are two
major views regarding the identity of "the serpent."

1. It was a literal snake.

a. Moses called it an "animal of the field" (v. 1).

1Sailhamer,The Pentateuch …, pp. 81-82. Cf. 12:1-3, 7.

2Idem, "Genesis," pp. 48-49.
3Claus Westermann, The Promises to the Fathers, p. 55.
4See Leupold, 1:140; Hodge, 2:123-24.
90 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

b. It possessed a natural characteristic of serpents:

subtlety.

c. Though snakes normally do not speak, Satan could

have spoken through a snake. A spirit being spoke
through Balaam's donkey (Num. 22:21-30), and
spirit beings spoke through demoniacs in Jesus'
day.

d. God judged a snake in this case (v. 14).1

2. It was Satan himself described here as a snake.

a. God called Satan a "serpent" elsewhere in

Scripture (e.g., Rev. 20:2).

b. Satan can and does speak, as recorded elsewhere

in Scripture (e.g., Job 1).

c. What the serpent said here is in character for

Satan, who is also called "the father of lies" (John
8:44).

Another less popular view is that the serpent was not a reptile
like serpents today, but a beautiful creature that Satan used
to deceive Eve.2

Probably the tempter was actually Satan, who in this event

possessed and controlled a literal snake.3 Satan came to Eve
disguised, unexpected, and using a subordinate, as he still does
today.

God made Adam and Eve to rule over the plants and animals
(1:28), but Satan was able to subvert this and make them
subject to an animal. Ever since, man has not been able to
dominate his environment. Jesus Christ will reverse this when

1See Jacqueline Tabick, "The Snake in the Grass: The Problems of Interpreting a Symbol
in the Hebrew Bible and Rabbinic Writings," Religion 16 (April 1986):155-67, who traced
the symbolic use of the snake as a servant of God, a symbol of rebellion against God, and
a creature independent of God.
2Gaebelein, 1:1:23.
3See Robert P. Lightner, Angels, Satan, and Demons, pp. 77-78.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 91

He, the second Adam, comes back to the earth to rule and
reign.

The pattern of temptation observable here is one that Satan

has used often and still uses (cf. the temptations of Achan,
David, and Jesus Christ).

Satan's first step was to plant a seed of doubt in Eve's mind

concerning God's good character and His purpose to bless her
(vv. 1-3). The key phrase is "from any" (v. 1). Satan focused
Eve's attention on God's one prohibition. He suggested that
God did not really want what was best for Adam and Eve, but
rather was withholding something from them that was
essentially good. Satan implied that God's line of protection
was actually a line that He drew because He was selfish! Satan
still tempts women to believe that God's role for them is
primarily for His benefit rather than for their welfare.1

The Hebrew word translated "cunning" ('arum) does not imply

"wicked" as much as "wise." Eve's sin also was not so much an
act of great wickedness as it was an act of great folly. She
already had all the good she needed, but she wanted more.
She wanted to glorify self, not God.

3:2-3 Eve was vulnerable to the serpent's suggestion to doubt God's

goodness, because she distorted the word of God. She added
to the words "or touch it" (v. 3).

"In her reply to [the serpent's] question, she

perverted and misquoted three times the divine
law to which she and Adam were subject: (1) She
disparaged her privileges by misquoting the terms
of the Divine permission as to the other trees. (2)
She overstated the restrictions by misquoting the
Divine prohibition. (3) She underrated her
obligations by misquoting the Divine penalty."2

God reveals His character through His word—both His spoken

word, and His written Word. When we do not remember His

1Family Life …, p. 99.

2W.H. Griffith Thomas, Genesis: A Devotional Commentary, p. 48.
92 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Word precisely, a distorted concept of God is often the result.

This led Eve to doubt God's goodness.

The serpent's claim directly contradicted the main point of

chapters 1 and 2, namely, that God would provide what is good
for mankind.

"It is because 'Yahweh Elohim' expresses so

strongly the basic OT convictions about God's
being both creator and Israel's covenant partner
that the serpent and the woman avoid the term in
their discussion. The god they are talking about is
malevolent, secretive, and concerned to restrict
man: his character is so different from that of
Yahweh Elohim that the narrative pointedly avoids
the name in the dialogue of 3:1-5."1

One natural tendency that we have, when we do not

understand or recall God's Word precisely, is to make it more
restrictive than He does. This is what Eve did. This is a form of
legalism.

3:4-5 The second step in Satan's temptation was to deny God's

word. In denying it, he imputed motives to God that were not
consistent with God's character. God's true motive was the
welfare of man, but the serpent implied it was God's welfare
at man's expense.

This added suggestion seemed consistent with what the

serpent had already implied about God's motives in verse 1.
Having entertained a doubt concerning God's word, Eve was
ready to accept a denial of His word.

What the serpent said about Eve being "like God (or gods,
divine beings" (v. 5) was a half-truth. Ironically, she was
already "like God," having been made in His image (1:26). She
also knew good. She did become like God, or divine beings
(Heb. 'elohim), in that she obtained a greater knowledge of
good and evil by eating of the tree. However, she became less
like God, because she was no longer innocent of sin. Her

1Wenham, p. 57.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 93

relationship with God suffered. She also became like God in

that she became the center of her world and assumed the
authority to do what she pleased. Though she remained like
God, she could no longer enjoy unhindered fellowship with God
(3:24).

We, like Eve, are sometimes tempted to explore evil for our
own sensual gratification. We pursue the evil behavior of
sinners, various forms of evil, and the sensations that come
along with evil. We know what is good, but we also want to
satisfy our curiosity about evil. In doing this, we reenact Eve's
sin—sin so serious that it plunged the human race into its
present fallen condition. Paul wanted his Roman readers "to be
wise in what is good, and innocent in what is evil" (Rom.
16:19). Sometimes ignorance is a good thing, specifically
ignorance of various forms of evil.

The first doctrines that Satan denied in Scripture was that sin
results in death and that God will not punish sin. These are still
the truths that Satan tries the hardest to get people to
disbelieve.

The Fall 3:6-8

In this section, the relationship that God had established with man, which
is the focus of the creation story, is broken. We can gain great insight into
human nature from this story. Adam and Eve's behavior as recorded here
has been repeated by every one of their descendants.

"It is hardly too much to say that this chapter is the pivot of
the Bible … With the exception of the fact of Creation, we
have here the record of the most important and far-reaching
event in the world's history—the entrance of sin."1

"… Genesis does not explain the origins of evil; rather, the
biblical account, if anything, says where evil does not have its
source. Evil was not inherent in man nor can it be said that sin
was the consequence of divine entrapment. The tempter

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 46.

94 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

stands outside the human pair and stands opposed to God's

word."1

3:6 Having succumbed to temptation, Eve disobeyed God's will.

Whereas the serpent initiated the first two steps, he let Eve's
natural desires (her flesh) carry her into his trap. Instead of
listening to the serpent, Eve should have spoken to it what
God had said (His prohibition), as Jesus did when He was
tempted (Matt. 4:4, 7, 10). God commissioned man to
"subdue" the earth, including the animal world (1:28), but
instead he allowed it to subdue him, by listening and heeding
the serpent.

All three avenues of fleshly temptation are present in verse 6:

1. Eve saw that the tree was "good for food" (the lust of
the flesh: the desire to do something contrary to God's
will, i.e., eat the tasty fruit).

2. It was "delightful to look at" (the lust of the eyes: the

desire to have something apart from God's will, i.e.,
possess the beautiful fruit).

3. It was "desirable for obtaining wisdom" (the pride of life:

the desire to be something apart from God's will, i.e., as
wise as God, or gods). It was the illegitimate quest for
forbidden wisdom that led Eve to disobey God.2

"Our first parents, who knew so much, did not

know this—that they knew enough."3

Eve saw, coveted, and took and ate the fruit—Moses did not
tell us what kind of fruit it was—(cf. Josh. 7:21; 2 Sam. 11:2-
4). We see, then lust, then act.

"We have already noted how the scenes

themselves are arranged in a concentric
palistrophic pattern (ABCDCBA). Within this

1Mathews, p. 226.
2Sailhamer,"Genesis," p. 51.
3Matthew Henry, p. 9.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 95

central scene, the same device is used; the

midpoint 'and he ate' employs the key verb of this
tale—'eat.' On either side we have the woman's
hopes of eating, 'good to eat,' 'delight to the
eyes,' 'giving insight,' balanced by its effects,
'eyes opened,' 'knowing they were nude,' 'hiding
in the trees.' These contrasts are deliberately
drawn."1

"The proposition that an adult can gaze at

anything is ludicrous and naive, for gazing is too
often followed by desiring and sinning."2

In view of Jesus' statement that a lustful look is as sinful as an

overt act of sin (Matt. 5:27-28), did Eve commit the first sin
when she desired the forbidden fruit? Temptations are not sins
until we respond by giving in to them. Eve yielded to
temptation when she ate the fruit. Until she did that, she was
only experiencing temptation (desire). God created man in His
image to reflect His desires (as well as to rule over His
creation), so when we yield to desires (temptations) that are
contrary to God's desires, we are sinning.

"Here is the essence of covetousness. It is the

attitude that says I need something I do not now
have in order to be happy."3

"What Adam and Eve sought from the tree of

knowledge was not philosophical or scientific
knowledge desired by the Greeks, but practical
knowledge that would give them blessing and
fulfillment."4

"The problem was not the fruit on the tree; it was

the pair on the ground!"5

1Wenham, p. 75.
2J.J. Davis, p. 90. Cf. 9:20-27.
3Hamilton, p. 190.
4K. Armstrong, In the Beginning, p. 27.
5McGee, 5:508.
96 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Ignorance or disregard of God's Word makes one very

vulnerable to temptation (Ps. 119:11). These conditions
produce distrust, dissatisfaction, and finally disobedience.
Failure to appreciate God's goodness leads to distrust of His
goodness. God's prohibitions as well as His provisions are for
our good.

"The root of sin should be understood. The

foundation of all sin lies in man's desire of self-
assertion and his determination to be independent
of God. Adam and Eve chafed under the restriction
laid upon them by the command of God, and it was
in opposition to this that they asserted
themselves, and thereby fell. Man does not like to
be dependent upon another, and subject to
commands upon another, and subject to
commands from without. He desires to go his own
way, to be his own master; and as a consequence
he sins, and becomes 'lord of himself, that
heritage of woe.'"1

"The basic position of man in rebellion against God

is that man is at the centre of the universe, that
he is autonomous—here lies his rebellion."2

"Since the day that Adam took the fruit of the

tree of knowledge, man has been engaged in
deciding what is good and what is evil."3

God has always asked people to believe and trust His promise
that His will for us will result in our blessing. However, Satan
has always urged us to have experiences that will convince us
that we can obtain even greater blessings. He says, "Try it;
you'll like it!" But God says, "Trust me, and you'll live." Satan's
appeal to get us to experience something, just to assure
ourselves of its goodness, directly contradicts God's will for
us. It is the way of sight rather than the way of faith.

1Thomas,Genesis, p. 49. Cf. Waltke, Genesis, p. 103.

2Francis
A. Schaeffer, Escape from Reason, p. 42.
3Watchman Nee, Sit. Walk. Stand, p. 17.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 97

Adam chose to obey his wife rather than God (cf. 3:17).

"… Adam would never have dared oppose God's

authority unless he had disbelieved in God's
Word."1

"In this integrity [i.e., in his unfallen state] man by

free will had the power, if he so willed, to attain
eternal life. Yet his choice of good and evil was
free, and not that alone, but the highest rectitude
was in his mind and will, and all the organic parts
were rightly composed to obedience, until in
destroying himself he corrupted his own blessings.

"Now we need bear only this in mind: man was far

different at the first creation from his whole
posterity, who, deriving their origin from him in his
corrupted state, have contracted from him a
hereditary taint. For, the individual parts of his
soul were formed to uprightness, the soundness
of his mind stood firm, and his will was free to
choose the good. But the reason he [God] did not
sustain man by the virtue of perseverance [i.e.,
keep him from sinning] lies hidden in his plan "2

3:7-8 The separation (spiritual death) that sin produces in man's

relationship with God stands out clearly in these verses. Adam
and Eve's new knowledge, that the serpent promised would
make them as God, actually taught them that they were no
longer even like each other. They were ashamed of their
nakedness and "sewed fig leaves together" in order to hide
their differences from each other (v. 7).3 Perhaps they chose
fig leaves because they are large and strong.

The "cool" of the day (v. 8) is literally the "wind" of the day.
God came to Adam and Eve in this wind. He came in a wind

1Calvin, 2:1:4.
2Ibid.,1:15:8.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 52.
98 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

earlier in Creation (1:2) and later to Job (Job 38:1), Israel

(Exod. 20:18-21; cf. Deut. 5:25), and Elijah (1 Kings 19:11).

"Jeffrey Niehaus has proposed a different

translation of the verse, as follows: 'Then the man
and his wife heard the thunder of Yahweh God as
he was going back and forth in the garden in the
wind of the storm and they hid from Yahweh God
among the trees of the garden.'"1

"Though unlikely to be adopted by published

Bibles anytime soon and not seen by all scholars
as proving the presence of a storm theophany in
the passage, Niehaus's translation of Genesis 3:8
remains the correct one. The verse is about God's
appearance in the wind of a storm, not the cool of
the day."2

"A more complete transformation could not be

imagined. The trust of innocence is replaced by
the fear of guilt. The trees that God created for
man to look at (2:9) are now his hiding place to
prevent God seeing him."3

Verse 7 marks the beginning of the second dispensation, the

dispensation of Conscience (or moral responsibility). Adam and
Eve had failed in their responsibility under the dispensation of
Innocence; they were now sinners. They had rebelled against a
specific command of God (2:16-17), and this rebellion marked
a transition from theoretical to experiential knowledge of good
and evil. Their new responsibility now became to do all known
good, to abstain from all known evil, and to approach God
through blood sacrifice, which anticipated the sacrifice of
Christ. As a period of testing for humanity, the dispensation of
Conscience ended with the Flood. However, people continued

1Douglas K. Stuart, "'The Cool of the Day' (Gen. 3:8) and 'the Way He Should Go' (Prov.
22:6)," Bibliotheca Sacra 171:683 (July-September 2014):259. His quotation is from
Jeffrey Niehaus, "In the Wind of the Storm: Another Look at Genesis III 8," Vetus
Testamentum 44 (1994):263-67.
2Ibid., p. 263.
3Wenham, p. 76.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 99

to be morally responsible to God, as He added further

revelations of Himself and His will, in succeeding ages (cf. Acts
14:14-16; Rom. 2:15; 2 Cor. 4:2).

Eve did not die at once physically, but she did die at once spiritually. She
experienced alienation in her relationship with God. "Death" means
separation in the Bible, never annihilation. Sin always results in alienation:
theologically (between God and man), sociologically (between man and
man), psychologically (between man and himself), and ecologically
(between man and nature). We might also add, sexually (between men and
women) and domestically (between husbands and wives).

Three kinds of death appear in Scripture: physical—separation of the body

and soul (the material and immaterial parts of the person), spiritual—
separation of the person and God, and eternal—permanent separation of
the person and God.

The Apostle Paul wrote that Eve was "deceived" (1 Tim. 2:14). This does
not mean that women are by nature more easily subject to deception than
men.

"There is nothing in Scripture to suggest that the woman was

inferior to the man in any way or more susceptible to
temptation than he was."1

"The tempter addresses himself to the woman, probably not

because she is more open to temptation and prone to sin, for
that is hardly the conception of the Old Testament elsewhere.
The reason may have lain in this, that the woman had not
personally received the prohibition from God, as Adam had."2

Eve may have received God's command through Adam. Perhaps Satan
appealed to Eve because she was not only under God's authority—but also
under her husband's authority—and, therefore, more inclined to think God
was withholding something from her.

"It is interesting to observe that when this sin is referred to

throughout Scripture, it is not referred to as the sin of Eve—
but rather as the sin of Adam! The phrase in verse 6, 'with

1Susan Foh, Women and the Word of God, p. 63.

2Gerhardus Vos, Biblical Theology, p. 45.
100 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

her,' seems to suggest that Adam was at Eve's side when she
was tempted by Satan. As God's theocratic administrator, and
as the appointed head of the family, it was Adam's
responsibility to safeguard Eve and to assure that she
remained in submission to the command of God. But Adam
failed in his God-given responsibility and permitted Eve to eat
of the forbidden fruit."1

Adam, however, "was not deceived" (1 Tim. 2:14). He sinned with his eyes
wide open (v. 6b). Eve's was a sin of initiative, whereas Adam's was one of
acquiescence.2 Too much aggressiveness in a woman, and too much
passivity in a man, still are tendencies of the respective sexes. Death
"passed unto all men" (Rom. 5:12) when Adam sinned—because Adam, not
Eve, was the head of the human race under God's administration (cf. 3:18-
23).3

Some commentators have interpreted eating the forbidden fruit as a

euphemism for having sexual intercourse.4 They say that the original sin
was a sexual sin. However, the text makes such an interpretation
impossible. Eve sinned first (v. 6), she sinned alone (v. 6), and besides, God
had previously approved sex (1:28).

"Adam and Eve's nakedness (2:25) does not idealize nudity

but shows why human beings must wear clothes. With the Fall
came a tragic loss of innocence (together with resulting
shame). When people's minds are enlightened by the gospel,
they understand their moral frailty and practice customs of
dress that shield them against sexual temptation."5

The timeless lesson of these verses is, that victory over the temptation to
violate God's good will, depends on a thorough knowledge of God's Word
and an unwavering confidence in God's goodness. As Israel faced
temptations to depart from God's revealed will, from the pagans she
encountered, this record of the Fall would have provided a resource for
remaining faithful, as it does for us today. Often these temptations attract

1Pentecost, p. 37.
2Hamilton, p. 191.
3See Jimmy A. Milliken, "The Origin of Death," Mid-American Theological Journal 7:2

(Winter 1983):17-22.
4E.g., E. A. Speiser, Genesis, p. 26.
5Waltke, Genesis, p. 103.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 101

because they promise superior blessing and fulfillment, even divinity.

Therefore, knowing God's Word is extremely important (cf. Deut. 6:5-9,
13-25; Ps. 119:9-16). Satan tempted Jesus similar to the way he tempted
Eve. However, Jesus overcame victoriously by accurately using the Word
of God to remain faithful to the will of God. True wisdom comes by obeying,
not disobeying, God's Word.

God's confrontation of the sinners 3:9-13

This section begins to relate the effects of the Fall. We now see the God,
who acted as Creator and Benefactor in chapters 1 and 2, acting as Judge
(cf. 1:3-4). He first interrogated the offenders to obtain a confession, then
announced new conditions for life, and finally provided for the sinners
graciously. God's grace is His divine favor, forgiveness, and righteousness
freely granted. The sinners' responsibility was to confess their sins and to
accept and trust in God's provision for them (cf. 1 John 1:9). They did not
confess their sins but blamed others for them.

"Note, Though [sic though] God knows all our sins, yet he will
know them from us, and requires from us an ingenuous
confession of them; not that he may be informed, but that we
may be humbled."1

Note also that God took the initiative in seeking out the sinners to re-
establish a relationship with them. Evidence of God's love is His
unwillingness to abandon those He loved, even when they failed to do His
will. His approach was tender as well as gracious (vv. 9, 11, 13). He asked
Adam and Eve: "Where are you?" not because He did not know, but
because He wanted them to knew that He was concerned for them.

"In … spite of the apparent similarity in expression to pagan

religions the anthropomorphisms of the Old Testament reveal
all the more remarkably a sharply contrasting concept of
deity."2

"It's unfortunate that some people have made an issue over

what pronouns we should use when referring to God. The Bible
consistently uses 'he,' but not because the male gender is

1Matthew Henry, p. 10. See also Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 75.

2Edwin M. Yamauchi, "Anthropomorphism in Ancient Religions," Bibliotheca Sacra 125:497
(January-March 1968):29.
102 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

more godlike. God is spirit, and spirit beings (including angels)

have no gender. For some reason, people who object to God
being called 'he' don't object when Satan is called 'he'; yet
Satan is also a spirit creature who is sexless."1

The text records several effects of the Fall on Adam and Eve.

1. They felt guilt and shame (v. 7).

2. They tried to change these conditions by their own efforts (v. 7).

3. They fled from God's presence out of fear of Him (vv. 8, 10).

4. They tried to blame their sin on another rather than confessing

personal responsibility (vv. 12, 13).

The fact that Adam viewed God's good gift to him—Eve—as the source of
his trouble, shows how far he fell (v. 12). He virtually accused God of
causing him to fall, by God having given him—what he now regarded to
be—a bad gift! Contrast David's proper response in 2 Samuel 12:13.

The judgment of the guilty 3:14-21

As the result of man's disobedience to God, the creation suffered a curse

and began to deteriorate. Evolution teaches that man is improving his
condition through self-effort. The Bible teaches that man is destroying his
condition through sin. Having been thrice blessed by God (1:22, 28; 2:3),
the creation now experienced a triple curse (3:14, 17; 4:11).

"In the Bible, to curse means to invoke God's judgment on

someone, usually for some particular offense."2

Nevertheless, God also began re-creation, with the promise of the seed,
the land, the dominion, and the rest for trusting in His powerful Word.

Verses 14-19 reveal the terms of the second major biblical covenant, the
Adamic Covenant. Here God specified the conditions under which fallen man
was to live (until God lifts His curse on creation in the messianic kingdom;
Rom. 8:21). The elements of this covenant can be summarized as follows:
God cursed the serpent (v. 14), but promised a Redeemer (v. 15). He

1Wiersbe, p. 67.
2Wenham, p. 78.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 103

changed the status of the woman in two respects: she would experience
sorrow and pain in motherhood, and continuing headship by the man (v.
16). God also changed Adam and Eve's light workload, in Eden, to
burdensome labor and inevitable sorrow, resulting from His curse on the
earth (vv. 17-19). Finally, He promised certain physical death for Adam and
all his descendants (v. 19).

Effects on the serpent 3:14-15

God's judgment on each trespasser (the snake, the woman, and the man)
involved both a life function and a relationship.1 In each case, the
punishment corresponded to the nature of the crime.

"Curses are uttered against the serpent and the ground, but
not against the man and woman, implying that the blessing has
not been utterly lost. It is not until human murder, a
transgression against the imago Dei [image of God], that a
person (Cain) receives the divine curse "2

1. The snake had been "cunning" (Heb. 'arum), but now it was "cursed"
(Heb. 'arur). It had to move on its belly (v. 14). Some commentators
take this literally and conclude that the snake had legs before God
cursed it.3 Others take it figuratively as a reference to the resultant
despised condition of the snake (cf. Lev. 11:42).4 Josephus wrote
that God also deprived the serpent of speech at this time,5 but there
is no biblical support for this conclusion.

2. It would eat dust (v. 14). Since snakes do not literally feed on dust,
many interpreters take this statement figuratively. Eating dust is an
expression used in other ancient Near Eastern writings to describe
the lowest of all forms of life. In the Bible, it also describes humiliation
and total defeat (cf. Ps. 44:25; 72:9; Isa. 25:12; 49:23; 65:25; Mic.
7:17).6 Another explanation is that this is the language of

1J.T. Walsh, "Genesis 2:4b—3:24: A Synchronic Approach," Journal of Biblical Literature

96 (1977):168.
2Mathews, p. 243.
3E.g., Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:1:4.
4E.g., J. D. Davis, pp. 76-77; Leupold, 1:162; Kidner, p. 70; Mathews, p. 244.
5Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:1:4.
6See W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, 2:332.
104 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

appearance: snakes appear to eat dust now, since they glide along
on their bellies.

God revealed later through Isaiah that serpents will eat dust during
the Millennium (the thousand-year earthly reign of Christ, Isa. 65:25).
Presently snakes eat plants and animals. Perhaps God will yet fulfill
this part of what He predicted here in Genesis, concerning snakes, in
the millennial kingdom. This is a literal interpretation. If this is correct,
then perhaps we should also take the former part of the curse
literally, namely, that snakes did not travel on their bellies before the
Fall. Alternatively, Isaiah may have meant that serpents will be
harmless (defeated; no longer a threat), after God lifts the curse on
creation in the Millennium. I prefer this interpretation.

Was it fair of God to curse the serpent, since it was the instrument
that Satan used to tempt Eve? H. C. Leupold cited similar instances
(6:7; 7:21; Josh. 7:24) and quoted Chrysostom as follows:

"God destroys the instrument that brought His creature

to fall 'just as a loving father, when punishing the
murderer of his son, might snap in two the sword or
dagger with which the murder had been committed.'"1

3. There would be antagonism (enmity) between the serpent and

human beings (v. 15a). This obviously exists between snakes and
people, but God's intention in this verse seems to include the person
behind the snake (Satan) as well as, and even more than, the snake
itself.

"… the seed of the serpent refers to natural humanity

whom he has led into rebellion against God. Humanity is
now divided into two communities: the elect, who love
God, and the reprobate, who love self (John 8:31-32,
44; 1 John 3:8). Each of the characters of Genesis will
be either of the seed of the woman that reproduces her
spiritual propensity, or of the seed of the Serpent that
reproduces his unbelief."2

1Leupold, 1:163.
2Waltke, Genesis, pp. 93-94. Cf. p. 46.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 105

4. Mankind (through Christ) would eventually destroy the serpent,

though the serpent would wound mankind (and Christ; v. 15b). This
is a prophecy of the victory of the ultimate "Seed" of the woman
(Messiah) over Satan (cf. Rev. 19:1-5; Gal. 3:16, 19; Heb. 2:14; 1
John 3:8).1

"The comparative importance of predictive prophecy as

related to other aspects of Bible truth is indicated by
the fact that at least one-fifth of the Bible was, at the
time it was written, an anticipation of the future."2

"The bruising of the head suggests that the serpent's

wound will be fatal; the bruising of the heel is a warning
that even the victor will not come away unscathed."3

Most interpreters have recognized this verse as the first biblical

promise and prophecy of the provision of salvation (the
protoevangelium or "first gospel").4 The rest of the book, in fact the
whole Old Testament, proceeds to point ahead to that Seed: Jesus
Christ.5

"The snake, for the author, is representative of someone

or something else. The snake is represented by his
'seed.' When that 'seed' is crushed, the head of the
snake is crushed. Consequently more is at stake in this
brief passage than the reader is at first aware of. A
program is set forth. A plot is established that will take
the author far beyond this or that snake and his 'seed.'
It is what the snake and His [sic his] 'seed' represent

1See John Sailhamer, "The Messiah and the Hebrew Bible," Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 44:1 (March 2001):5-23; Steven C. Ger, "The Jewish Longing for the
Messiah," in The Gathering Storm, pp. 72-93; Jonathan Cheek, "Recent Developments in
the Interpretation of the Seed of the Woman in Genesis 3:15," Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 64:2 (June 2021):215-36.
2Chafer, Systematic Theology, 1:xxxii.
3Cochrane, p. 44.
4See John C. Jeske, "The Gospel Adam and Eve Heard: Genesis 3:15" Wisconsin Lutheran
Quarterly 81:3 (Summer 1984):182-84; Walter C. Kaiser Jr., "The Promise Theme and the
Theology of Rest," Bibliotheca Sacra 130:518 (April-June 1973):135-50.
5See Max I. Reich, The Messianic Hope of Israel, for a study of the messianic prophecies in

the Old Testament.

106 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

that lies at the center of the author's focus. With that

'one' lies the 'enmity' that must be crushed."1

"The text in context provides an outline that is correct

and clear in pattern but not complete in all details.
Numerous questions are left unanswered. When Christ
died on the cross and rose from the dead, the details of
the climax were filled in and specified, but the text does
not demand to be reinterpreted. Nor does it demand
interpretation in a way not suggested in context."2

"The patriarchs, and the ancient world in general, were

perfectly acquainted with the grand primeval promise of
Eden, and they knew right well that the bruising of the
heel of the promised seed implied his death, and that
the curse could be removed from the world only by the
death of the grand Deliverer. … There is hardly a people
or kindred on earth in whose mythology it is not
shadowed forth."3

Some interpreters have believed that this is the first prediction of the virgin
birth of Messiah, since it is specifically the seed of "the woman" and not
the man that would crush the serpent.4 I believe that this language allows
for a virgin birth but does not necessarily predict it.5

God cursed all animals and the whole creation because of the Fall (Rom.
8:20), but He made the snake the most despicable of all the animals for its
roll in the Fall.

"The snake is a natural symbol of sin. It comes spontaneously

to the mind; for sin, like the serpent, is a monster of hideous

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 55. See also Mathews, pp. 246-48.

2Elliott E. Johnson, "Premillennialism Introduced: Hermeneutics," in A Case for
Premillennialism: A New Consensus, p. 22. See also Darrell L. Bock, "Interpreting the Bible—
How Texts Speak to Us," in Progressive Dispensationalism, p. 81; Wenham, pp. 80-81;
Michael Rydelnik, The Messianic Hope, pp. 129-45.
3Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons, pp. 59, 60.
4See Charles L. Feinberg, Is the Virgin Birth in the Old Testament? pp. 32-33; Enns, p.

218.
5See also John F. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord, p 57.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 107

mien which creeps in by stealth and infuses poison by its

bite."1

"Words possess power. God's words of blessing and of curse

are most powerful. They determine our lives."2

J. Barton Payne took this cursing of the serpent as an indication that the
fall of Satan occurred almost simultaneously.3 This view has not found
much acceptance.

Effects on women 3:16

1. Eve would experience increased "pain" in bearing children. There

evidently would have been some pain in the process of bearing
children even before the Fall, but Eve and her daughters would
experience increased pain ("I will greatly multiply your pain";
emphasis added). The text does not say that God promised more
conception as well as more pain, as the NKJV translation "I will
greatly multiply your sorrow and your conception" implies.4 "Pain and
childbirth" (a more literal translation than "pain in childbirth") is
probably another hendiadys in the Hebrew text meaning "painful
pregnancy" or "sorrowful conception" (cf. 1:2; 4:12; 9:2; Ps. 9:2).
The HCSB has "I will intensify your labor pains, and you will bear
children in anguish." Women's joy in conceiving and bearing children
would be turned to sorrow by the pain involved in it.5

2. Women's desire would be for their husbands. There have been

several different interpretations of what the woman's "desire" would
be.

a. The phrase "your desire will be for your husband" means that
a woman's desire would be subject to her husband's desire.

"Her desire, whatever it may be, will not be her

own. She cannot do what she wishes, for her

1J. D. Davis, p. 73.

2Pamela J. Scalise, "The Significance of Curses and Blessings," Biblical Illustrator 13:1 (Fall
1986):59.
3J. Barton Payne, The Theology of the Older Testament, p. 294.
4Cf. Schaeffer, Genesis in …, p. 93.
5The Nelson …, p. 11.
108 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

husband rules over her like a despot and whatever

she wishes is subject to his will."1

b. The woman will have a great longing, yearning, and

psychological dependence on her husband.

"This yearning is morbid. It is not merely sexual

yearning. It includes the attraction that woman
experiences for man which she cannot root from
her nature. Independent feminists may seek to
banish it, but it persists in cropping out."2

c. The woman will desire to dominate the relationship with her

husband. This view rests on the parallel Hebrew construction
in 4:7. This view seems best to me.

"The 'curse' here describes the beginning of the

battle of the sexes. After the Fall, the husband no
longer rules easily; he must fight for his headship.
The woman's desire is to control her husband (to
usurp his divinely appointed headship), and he
must master her, if he can. Sin had corrupted both
the willing submission of the wife and the loving
headship of the husband. And so the rule of love
founded in paradise is replaced by struggle,
tyranny, domination, and manipulation."3

"This is the first reference to the primacy of the

man. There could have been no question of
primacy while the man and woman lived together
in complete harmony and obedience to the word
of God. Rule is necessary only where disorder has

1Edward J. Young, Genesis 3, p. 127. Cf. John Calvin, Genesis, p. 172.

2Leupold, 1:172. Cf. Gini Andrews, Your Half of the Apple, p. 51; Janson C. Condren,
"Toward a Purge of the Battle of the Sexes and 'Return' for the Original Meaning of Genesis
3:16b," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 60:2 (June 2017):227-45.
3Foh, p. 69. See also her article, "What is the Woman's Desire?" Westminster Theological

Journal 37:3 (Spring 1975):376-383; Mathews, p. 251; Waltke, Genesis, p. 94; Pyne, p.
156.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 109

set in—in this case as a consequence of their

disobedience."1

d. The woman would continue to desire to have sexual relations

with her husband even though after the Fall she experienced
increased pain in childbearing.

"… the woman's desire for the man and his rule
over her are not the punishment but the
conditions in which the woman will suffer
punishment. It may be concluded that, in spite of
the Fall, the woman will have a longing for intimacy
with man involving more than sexual intimacy.2

This view takes this statement of God as a blessing rather than

a curse.

Effects on humanity generally 3:17-19

In view of Adam's sin, we might have expected God to curse him, but,
graciously, God cursed the ground for his sake.3

1. Adam would have to work hard ("hard labor," "painful labor" NKJV,
"struggle" CEV) to obtain a living from "the ground" (vv. 17-18).4
Adam already had received the privilege of enjoying the garden
(2:15), but this had not required "painful toil" (NIV).

"As for the man, his punishment consists in the hardship

and skimpiness of his livelihood, which he now must seek
for himself. The woman's punishment struck at the
deepest root of her being as wife and mother, the man's
strikes at the innermost nerve of his life: his work, his
activity, and provision for sustenance."5

1Cochrane, p. 45.
2IrvingBusenitz, "Woman's Desire for Man: Genesis 3:16 Reconsidered," Grace Theological
Journal 7:2 (Fall 1986):203, 206-8. Cf. Song of Sol. 7:10.
3Newell, p. 10.
4CEV refers to The Holy Bible: Contemporary English Version.
5von Rad, pp. 93-94.
110 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"If Adam had not sinned, he had not sweated."1

"These punishments represent retaliatory justice. Adam

and Eve sinned by eating; they would suffer in order to
eat. She manipulated her husband; she would be
mastered by her husband. The serpent destroyed the
human race; he will be destroyed."2

"In drawing a contrast between the condition of the land

before and after the Fall, the author shows that the
present condition of the land was not the way it was
intended to be. Rather, the state of the land was the
result of human rebellion. In so doing, the author has
paved the way for a central motif in the structure of
biblical eschatology, the hope of a 'new heaven and a
new earth' (cf. Isa 65:17: [sic] Ro 8:22-24; Rev 21:1)."3

2. People would "return to dust" when they died (v. 19). Rather than
living forever, experiencing physical immortality, people would now
die physically and experience physical mortality (cf. Rom. 5:12-14).

"Genesis 3:19 does not attribute the cause of death to

the original composition of the human body, so that man
would ultimately have died anyway, but states merely
one of the consequences of death: Since the human
body was formed from the dust of the earth, it shall,
upon death, be resolved to earth again."4

Verse 18 shows the reversal of the land's condition before and after the
Fall. Verse 19 shows the same for mankind's condition.

"Adam and Eve failed to observe the restrictions of the Edenic

covenant [1:26-31; 2:16-17]. Innocence was lost and
conscience was born.

"Having failed under the Edenic covenant, human beings were

then faced with the provisions of the Adamic covenant [3:14-

1Matthew Henry, p. 11.

2Ross, "Genesis," p. 33.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 109.
4Alexander Heidel, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, p. 143.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 111

19]. That covenant was unconditional in the sense that Adam

and Eve's descendants would be unable by human effort to
escape the consequences of sin.

"A ray of light is provided, however, in the Adamic covenant

because God promised that a redeemer would come [3:15].
This is the introduction of the great theme of grace and
redemption found in the Scriptures. …

"Unless tempered by the grace of God and changed by

subsequent promises, people continue to the present time to
labor under the provisions of the Adamic covenant."1

"How admirably the satisfaction our Lord Jesus made by his

death and sufferings answered to the sentence here passed
upon our first parents. (1) Did travailing pains come in with
sin? We read of the travail of Christ's soul (Isa. liii. 11). (2) Did
subjection come in with sin? Christ was made under the law,
Gal. iv. 4. (3) Did the curse come in with sin? Christ was made
a curse for us died a cursed death, Gal. iii. 13. (4) Did thorns
come in with sin? He was crowned with thorns for us. (5) Did
sweat come in with sin? He for us did sweat as it were great
drops of blood. (6) Did sorrow come in with sin? He was a man
of sorrows, his soul was, in his agony, exceedingly sorrowful.
(7) Did death come in with sin? He became obedient unto
death. Thus is the plaster [bandage] as wide as the wound.
Blessed be God for Jesus Christ!"2

Additional effects on Adam and Eve 3:20-21

Adam and Eve accepted their judgment from God and did not rebel against
it. We see this in Adam naming his wife "Eve," which means "the mother of
all the living." This is a personal name that defines her destiny (v. 20). He
believed life would continue in spite of God's curse. This was an act of faith
and an expression of hope. Adam believed God's promise that Eve would
bear children (v. 16).

1Walvoord, "The New …," p. 188.

2Matthew Henry, p. 11.
112 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"This may well be at once the most astounding, the most

profound, and the most exuberant thing the man ever did."1

Adam's wife's first name, "Woman" (2:23), looked back on her origin,
whereas her second name, "Eve," anticipated her destiny. "Eve" is related
to the Hebrew verb that means "to live."

"How astonishing the grace which at this moment gave

promise of a Saviour and conferred on her who had the
disgrace of introducing sin the future honor of introducing that
Deliverer (I Tim. 2:15)."2

1. Note that before God sent Adam and Eve out into a new
environment, He provided them with "garments of skin" (v. 21) that
were adequate for their needs (cf. Rom. 3:21-26). Their own
provision of fig leaves (v. 7) was not adequate. He did for them what
they could not do for themselves. This is another indication of God's
loving care and grace for people.

"Clothing is now Divinely commanded; though despised

by pagan idolaters and modern worldlings."3

Though I would not say this was a divine command, God's

provision of clothing certainly suggests that God intended
Adam and Eve to wear clothing.

"… he [Adam] had to learn that sin could be covered

not by a bunch of leaves snatched from a bush as he
passed by and that would grow again next year, but only
by pain and blood."4

Gleason Archer thought it reasonable to assume that when

God provided animal skins for Adam and Eve to wear that He
also instructed them about the significance of the atoning
blood of the substitute sacrifice. He also believed that they

1Cocheran, p. 46.
2Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, Commentary Practical and Explanatory
on the Whole Bible, p. 20.
3Newell, p. 43.
4Marcus Dods, The Book of Genesis, p. 25.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 113

passed this understanding on to Cain and Abel.1 There is no

way to prove or disprove this theory.

2. Furthermore, God prevented Adam and Eve from living perpetually in

their fallen state (vv. 22-24).2

Expulsion from the garden 3:22-24

Verse 22 shows that man's happiness (good) does not consist in his being
like God as much as it depends on his being with God (cf. Ps. 16:11).3 "Like
one of Us" probably means like heavenly beings (God and the angels; cf.
1:26).4 This clause does not imply the existence of more than one God.5

"He [God] turned him [man] out, from the garden to the
common. … But man was only sent to till the ground out of
which he was taken. He was sent to a place of toil, not to a
place of torment. He was sent to the ground, not to the
grave—to the workhouse, not to the dungeon, not to the
prison-house—to hold the plough not to drag the chain."6

"Cherubim" (v. 24) in the Old Testament surround and symbolize God's
presence. They are equivalent to God's "bodyguards," "standing guards,"
or "sentries." Ancient oriental iconography pictured them as human-headed
winged lions guarding holy places.7 Moses pictured them here blocking
access to the tree of life with a "flaming sword." Evidently eating of "the
tree of life" would have caused Adam and Eve to stop aging (cf. Rev. 22:2).
Cherubim guarded the ark of the covenant later, just as they earlier guarded
the tree of life in the garden. The laws contained in the ark were a source
of life for the Israelites. The golden lampstand in the tabernacle
represented a tree of life and the presence of God.8

1Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 75-76.

2On other effects of the Fall, see Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 454-73.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 59.
4Wenham, p. 85; Waltke, Genesis, p. 95.
5See Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 74-75.
6Matthew Henry, p. 12.
7See James B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old

Testament, pp. 159-60, plates 456, 458. See also the discussion of cherubim in J. D.
Davis, pp. 78-84.
8Wenham, p. 86.
114 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

As people moved east from the Garden of Eden, they settled in Shinar and
built Babel (Gr. Babylon, 11:2). When Lot departed from Abraham, he
moved east to Sodom (13:11). When Abraham returned in victory from
the battle against the eastern kings (led by King Chedolaomer), he came
back to the Promised Land, and the city of Salem ("Peace," 14:17-20).
Thus God's presence continued to reside in the Garden (Promised Land?)
in a localized sense, and movement to the east, from there, typically
involved departing from Him.

"No matter how hard people try to do away with male

dominion, agonizing labor, painful childbearing, and death,
these evils will continue because sin is present. They are the
fruits of sin."1

Rebellion against God results in suffering and death, but confession secures
His gracious protective care. This section explains why human beings toil
and agonize all their lives and finally die. Sin is responsible, and only the
removal of sin will end this condition. This pericope (section of text, i.e.,
ch. 3) presents God as a Savior as well as a Judge. Moses introduced God's
required way for covering sin, namely, the death of an innocent substitute.
Consequently there is hope in the midst of tragedy.2

"The chapter simply does not support the concept that one
finds fulfillment and bliss in liberating oneself from
subordination to God's word, his permissions and his denials.
Man is not suddenly metamorphosed from a puppet to a free
and independent thinker. In fact, he never was an automaton.
If man had lacked the ability to choose, the prohibition from
God not to eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good
and evil would have been superfluous. One is not told to
abstain from something unless he has the capacity not to
abstain [or to abstain]."3

1Ross, "Genesis," p. 33.

2See M. Stephen Davis, "Stories of the Fall in the Ancient Near East," Biblical Illustrator
13:1 (Fall 1986):37-40. On the larger issue of sin's origin, see William K. Harrison, "The
Origin of Sin," Bibliotheca Sacra 130:517 (January-March 1973):58-61.
3Hamilton, p. 211.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 115

Thus Genesis 3 introduces us to the fact of human freedom, as well as

reminding us of divine sovereignty.1

Why did God permit the serpent to tempt Adam and Eve? Before their
temptation, Adam and Eve were innocent; they had not known sin or
temptation. But they were not righteous; their innocence had not been
maintained in the presence of temptation to sin. God's will for Adam and
Eve was that they be righteous, not just innocent.

"Character must be developed, and it can only be developed in

the presence of temptation."2

"Sin, … according [to] the Scriptures, is permitted, that the

justice of God may be known in its punishment, and his grace
in its forgiveness."3

"Take away the first three chapters of Genesis, and you cannot
maintain a true Christian position nor give Christianity's
answers [to the "big" questions that people are asking
today]."4

2. The murder of Abel 4:1-16

Chapter 4 shows the spread of sin from Adam's family to the larger society
that his descendants produced. Cain became the first murderer and Abel
the first martyr. Chapter 3 records the root of sin, and chapter 4 the fruit
of sin. Not only did sin affect everyone, but people became increasingly
more wicked as time passed. Human self-assertion leads to violence. Verses
1-16 show that the Fall affected Adam and Eve's children as well as
themselves. Verses 17-26 trace what became of Cain and Seth and their
descendants. Note that the chapter begins and ends with the subject of
worship.

God had warned Adam and Eve about sin. Even so, Cain murdered his
brother, the beginning of sibling rivalry, because God accepted Abel's
offering but not his own. Sibling rivalry plagued each of the godly families

1See Sidney Greidanus, "Preaching Christ from the Narrative of the Fall," Bibliotheca Sacra
161:643 (July-September 2004):259-73.
2McGee, 1:23.
3Hodge, 1:435.
4Francis A. Schaeffer, The God Who Is There, p. 104.
116 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

in Genesis. Cain denied responsibility for his sin and objected to the severity
of God's punishment. God graciously provided protection for Cain in
response to his complaint. Chapter 3 gives the cause, and chapter 4 the
effect.

There are structural and conceptual parallels between this pericope and the
previous one (2:4—3:24).1

A Scene 1 (narrative): Cain and Abel are active, Yahweh passive (vv.
2b-5).

B Scene 2 (dialogue): Yahweh questions Cain (vv. 6-7).

C Scene 3 (dialogue and narrative): Cain and Abel are alone (v.
8).

B' Scene 4 (dialogue): Yahweh confronts Cain (vv. 9-14).

A' Scene 5 (narrative): Yahweh is active, Cain passive (vv. 15-16).

Both stories, this one and 2:4—3:24, conclude with the sinners leaving
God's presence and going to live east of Eden (3:24; 4:16).

"Cain's sin, jealousy of his brother, is the replica of Adam's—

jealousy of Yahweh's privilege."2

"… though the writer of Genesis wants to highlight the

parallels between the two stories, he does not regard the
murder of Abel simply as a rerun of the fall. There is
development: sin is more firmly entrenched and humanity is
further alienated from God."3

4:1-8 Was Eve thanking God for helping her bear a son (Cain),4 or
was she boasting that she had created a man (Cain) as God
had created a man (Adam, v. 1)?5 The former alternative
seems preferable to me (cf. v. 25). The name "Cain" sounds
like the Hebrew word translated "I have acquired" and means

1Wenham, p. 99.
2Jacob, p. 284.
3Wenham, p. 100.
4Mathews, p. 265; Wenham, pp. 101-2.
5Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, pp. 111-12; Waltke, Genesis, p. 96.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 117

"possession" or "acquisition," a portent of his own primary

proclivity. His name is related to a Hebrew word meaning
"craftsman" or "metalworker." Abel, from the Hebrew hebel,
means "breath," "vapor," "exhalation," or "what ascends." As
things turned out, his life was short, like a vapor. Perhaps his
parents gave him this name after his death, in view of the
comparative shortness of his life. Another possibility is that
"human existence marred by sin had impressed man with the
emptiness of it all."1 "Abel" also means "meadow" elsewhere
in the Old Testament.

"Nearly all Bible names were significant, and were

conferred with reference to some circumstance
connected with the birth of the child."2

Why did God have "regard" for Abel's offering and not Cain's
(v. 4)? It was because Abel had "faith" (Heb. 11:4). What did
Abel believe that Cain did not? The Bible does not say
specifically. The answer may lie in one or more of the following
explanations.3

1. Some commentators believed Abel's attitude reveals his

faith. Cain's improper attitude toward God is evident in
verse 5.4

2. Others say Abel's faith is evident in his bringing the best

("fat portions") of his flock (v. 4), whereas Moses did
not describe Cain's offering as his best (v. 3).

"He [the writer] characterizes Abel's

offerings from the flocks as 'from the
firstborn' and 'from their fat.' By offering
the firstborn Abel signified that he
recognized God as the Author and Owner of

1Leupold, 1:192.
2Thomson, 1:179.
3See Jack P. Lewis, "The Offering of Abel (Gen 4:4): A History of Interpretation," Journal

of the Evangelical Theological Society 37:4 (December 1994):481-96.

4Davis, Paradise to …, p. 99; Pentecost, p. 41; Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 97;

Brian N. Peterson, "Cain's Struggle: A Proposed Reason for the Rejection of Cain's
Sacrifice," Bibliotheca Sacra 177:706 (April-June 2020):154-71.
118 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Life. In common with the rest of the ancient

Near East, the Hebrews believed that the
deity, or lord of the manor, was entitled to
the first share of all produce. The firstfruits
of plants and the firstborn of animals and
man were his.

"Abel's offering conformed with this

theology; Cain's did not. In such a laconic
story the interpreter may not ignore that
whereas Abel's gift is qualified by
'firstborn,' the parallel 'firstfruits' does not
modify Cain's.

"Abel also offered the 'fat' which in the so-

called 'P' [Priestly] material belonged to the
Lord and was burned symbolically by the
priests. This tastiest and best burning part
of the offering represented the best. Abel's
sacrifice, the interlocutor aims to say,
passed the test with flying colors. Cain's
sacrifice, however, lacks a parallel to 'fat.'"1

"Every unprejudiced reader of the Bible

must feel that sacrifices constitute the
centre of the Old Testament."2

3. Possibly Cain's bad attitude ("became very angry and his

countenance fell") resulted in his not offering the best
to God. In other words, both options 1 and 2 could be
correct.3 I prefer this explanation. Evidently the sin that
led Cain to murder his brother was envy.4

"Abel went out of his way to please God

(which meant he had faith in God, Heb.

1Bruce K. Waltke, "Cain and His Offering," Westminster Theological Journal 48:2 (Fall
1986):368. Cf. idem, Genesis, p. 97; Keil and Delitzsch, 1:110; and Hamilton, p. 223.
2Edersheim, The Temple, p. 106.
3Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 76.
4See Whyte, 1:28-33.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 119

11:6), whereas Cain was simply discharging

a duty."1

"We think the absence of 'firstfruits' for

Cain in juxtaposition with Seth's [sic Abel's]
'firstborn' would not have been lost on the
Mosaic audience.

"Both giver and gift were under the scrutiny

of God. Cain's offering did not measure up
because he retained the best of his produce
for himself."2

"The issue was not just between what the

two sons brought to the Lord; there was
also a significant difference in their hearts.
… True worship happens only when both
heart and action are right before God. … As
for Cain, it seems things were even worse:
he was wrong in both his heart and his
actions. Abel, on the other hand, had both
heart and actions that were pleasurable to
God."3

4. Many believe that Abel realized the need for the death
of a living substitute to atone for his sins, but Cain did
not. If Abel understood this, he may have learned it by
divine revelation that Scripture did not record explicitly.4
Perhaps Cain and Abel learned that an animal sacrifice
satisfied God, whereas a vegetable sacrifice did not,
from the fact that the fig leaves that Adam and Eve used
to cover their nakedness were not satisfactory, but an
animal skin was (3:7, 21). Adam and Eve provided the
fig leaves, but God provided the animal skins. Thus the
contrast in the case of Cain and Abel may also have been

1Ross,"Genesis," p. 34.
2Mathews, p. 268. I prefer this view.
3Ronald B. Allen, The Wonder of Worship, pp. 84, 85. Paragraph divisions omitted.
4Thomas, Genesis, p. 34; Jamieson, et al., p. 21.
120 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

between what man provides (works) and what God

provides (grace).

"Faith always presupposes a Divine

revelation to which it is the response "1

"The general requisites of all sacrifices [in

the Old Testament] were—that they should
be brought of such things, in such place and
manner, and through such mediatorial
agency, as God had appointed."2

"Whatever the cause of God's rejection of Cain's

offering, the narrative itself focuses our attention
on Cain's response. It is there that the narrative
seeks to make its point."3

God graciously questioned Cain, as He had Adam and Eve (v.

6; cf. 3:9, 11), to elicit Cain's admission of sin with a view
toward repentance, not simply to scold him. Had Cain
corrected his attitude and repented, he would not have
proceeded to kill his brother. God gave him the opportunity
and the encouragement to "do well" (v. 7). Adam reluctantly
admitted his guilt, but Cain tried to cover it up by lying. Cain
was "much more hardened than were the first human pair."4
"Sin is lurking at the door" (v. 7) probably means that the
power and tragic consequences of sin could master the person
who opens the door to it (cf. 3:16).

"The consequences of his reaction to God's

correction are more far-reaching than the initial
sin itself, for if he pursues sin's anger, it will result
in sin's mastery over him. This is his decision. It is
possible for Cain to recover from sin quickly if he
chooses the right thing."5

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 55.

2Edersheim, The Temple, p. 109.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 112.
4von Rad, p. 106.
5Mathews, p. 270.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 121

The Apostle John revealed the reason that Cain killed Abel in
1 John 3:12: "… his own works were evil and his brother's
righteous." Abel's attitude of faith in God resulted in righteous
works that produced guilt in unrighteous Cain. This is pattern
of cause and effect that has continued forever. The
seriousness of Cain's sin is clear from God's repeated
references to Abel as Cain's "brother" (vv. 9, 10, 11). Jesus
spoke of Cain's murder of Abel as a historical fact (Matt.
23:35). This was the first case of religious persecution.

"If you want to find out Cain's condition of heart

you will find it after the service which he
pretended to render; you know a man best out of
church "1

Later, under the Mosaic Law, the fact that a killing took place
in a field, out of the range of help, was to be taken as proof of
premeditation (cf. Deut. 22:25-27).

"Cain and his unrighteous offspring served as a

reminder to Israel that its destiny was measured
in the scales of ethical behavior."2

Violence by Cain followed disobedience by Adam and Eve.

Violence in a culture often reflects and results from rebellion
against God and self-assertion.

4:9-16 As in chapter 3, God came investigating the crime with

questions (vv. 9-10).3 In the case of Adam and Eve, the result
was God cursing the ground and people generally, but here the
result is His cursing Cain, another evidence that wickedness
was worsening.

"As always, God does not ask ("Where is Abel your

brother?") in order to secure information. The

1Joseph Parker, The People's Bible, 1:147.

2Mathews, p. 269.
3See P. A. Riemann, "Am I My Brother's Keeper?" Interpretation 24 (1970):482-91.
122 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

question is pedagogic, in order to remind Cain that

God knows where Abel is."1

Cain's punishment consisted of his being banished from God's

presence ("I will be hidden from Your face," v. 14) and unable
to enjoy his family's company and the peacefulness of a
settled agrarian life ("I will be a wanderer and a drifter on the
earth," v. 14; cf. vv. 11-12). He would have to wander from
place to place seeking food, rather than living a sedentary life.
This punishment was appropriate and just, since he had
alienated himself from his brother and God by his horrible
crime.

"Cain is not being condemned to a Bedouin-like

existence; the terminology is too extreme to
describe such a life-style. Rather it seems likely
that the curse on Cain reflects the expulsion from
the family that was the fate in tribal societies of
those who murdered close relatives. 'To be driven
away from the land' (cf. v. 14) is to have all
relationships, particularly with the family, broken.
Moreover, it is to have one's relationship with the
LORD broken."2

"Nomadism according to the Sumerian flood story

is a plight from which the gods rescued man;
according to the Bible a nomadic existence was a
judgment imposed on the first murderer. This
contrast fits in with the overall optimism of
Mesopotamia which believes in human progress
over against the biblical picture of the inexorable
advance of sin. It would seem likely that the other
human achievements listed here—farming,
metalwork, and music—are also seen by Genesis
as somehow under the shadow of Cain's sin."3

1Leupold, 1:204.
2Wenham, p. 108.
3Ibid., pp. 98-99. For a discussion of the people-groups mentioned in the Pentateuch, see

Livingston, pp. 19-41.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 123

Cain's response to God's judgment was self-pity because of his

punishment, rather than repentance for his crime and an
expression of remorse over the extent of his iniquity.1 No one
would be his "keeper" (cf. "Am I my brother's keeper?" v. 9).

Cain's sin resulted in his being "driven" out (v. 14; cf. 3:23).
Note again that sin results in broken relationships and
alienation, and alienation from God leads to fear of other
people ("whoever finds me will kill me," v. 14; cf. Job 15:20-
25). The population had apparently increased by this time,
since Cain feared relation by any number of other people (cf.
5:4-5). God in grace allowed Cain and his family to continue to
live under His care, but apparently without salvation. Note also
that human immorality again impacted earth's ecology (v. 12;
cf. 3:17).

The commentators have interpreted Cain's "mark" (v. 15) in a

variety of ways. One view is that it was partial paralysis, based
on the meaning of the word used to translate the Hebrew word
in the Septuagint. An old Jewish interpretation understood it
to be the word "Yahweh," and another viewed it as a long horn
growing out of the middle of Cain's forehead. Some medieval
paintings represent Cain with a horn on his head following this
view. Another idea is that it was some other identifying mark
on Cain's body, in view of parallels with other marks that
identify and protect their bearers in Scripture (cf. Ezek. 9:4;
Rev. 7:3; 13:16-18; 14:1).2

Still other interpreters believe that the mark was a verification

of God's promise to Cain. This last view rests on the usual
meaning of "sign" in the Old Testament (cf. Judg. 6:36-40; 2
Kings 2:9-12; et al.), which the Hebrew construction supports
here.3

"The parallels with texts relating to the cities of

refuge … suggest that Cain's 'sign' may have
been the safety he found in the building of a city.

1See Waltke, Genesis, p. 98; Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 114. See ibid., "Genesis,"
revised ed., pp. 100-101, for the view that Cain was repentant.
2von Rad, p. 107; Mathews, p. 278; Wenham, p. 109; Waltke, Genesis, p. 99.
3See Bush, p. 104; Leupold, 1:211.
124 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

His city was a sign of his divine protection from

anyone 'who found him.'"1

The text does not identify the mark, but it was some
immediate indication that God gave Cain to assure him that he
would not die (cf. 21:13, 18; 27:37; 45:7, 9; 46:3 with 21:14;
44:21). Whatever it was, Cain's mark served to protect him,
as well as to remind him and others of his punishment by God.

"Nod" (lit. "homelessness," v. 16) is a wordplay on the Hebrew

term for "vagabond" or "wandering," so the very name of the
place, where Cain "settled" and "lived," also reminded him of
his sentence.

"The point is more theological than geographical;

to be apart from the presence of the Lord is to be
a vagabond in a 'vagabond-land.'"2

"The ungodly here are portrayed as living on in the

world (with a protective mark of grace) without
being saved. Their sense of guilt was eased by
their cultural development and their geographical
expansion."3

Cain was a man who did not care to please God. Because he did not, God
did not bless ("had no regard") for Cain (v. 5), as He did ("had regard for")
Abel (v. 4), who was righteous, a man of faith. Cain's anger and jealousy
over Abel's blessing brought disaster on himself. God has preserved his
example in order to help us avoid it. Those who worship God must have as
their goal to please Him, rather than letting envy and hatred ruin their lives
(cf. Col. 1:10).

"One of the greatest lessons of this narrative is that God is

concerned with sins committed by one man against another."4

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 102.

2The Nelson …, p. 12.
3Ross, "Genesis," p. 33.
4Pieters, p. 104.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 125

3. The spread of civilization and sin 4:17-26

Cain prospered even though he rebelled against God. This is another

indication of God's grace. Cain's descendants took the lead in building
cities, developing music, advancing agriculture, creating weapons, and
spreading civilization. However, the descendants of Seth made an even
more important advance: the worship of God.

The descendants of Cain 4:17-24

"By virtue of being Cain's descendants, the people named in

the genealogy all inherit his curse. Thus the Cainite genealogy
becomes part of the Yahwist's account of man's increasing
sin."1

Cain's "wife" (v. 17) was evidently one of his sisters or nieces, since Adam
continued to father "other sons and daughters" besides Cain, Abel, and
Seth (5:4).2 God did not prohibit marrying siblings and close relatives until
the Mosaic Law.

"As long as it pleased God to let the human race descend from
one pair, it must be conceded that for a time marriage between
brothers and sisters was a necessity."3

"Because harmful mutations so greatly outnumber any

supposed helpful ones, it's considered unwise nowadays (and
illegal in many states) to marry someone too closely related to
you. Why? Because you greatly increase the odds that bad
genes will show up. By the way, you also increase the odds of
bringing out really excellent trait combinations. But did you
ever hear anybody say, 'Don't marry your first cousin or you'll
have a genius for a child?' They don't usually say that, because
the odds of something bad happening are far, far, far, far, far
greater.

"That would not have been a problem, by the way, shortly after
creation (no problem for Cain and his wife, for example). Until

1R.R. Wilson, Genealogy and History in the Biblical World, p. 155.

2See Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 77.
3Leupold, 1:399.
126 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

mutations had a chance to accumulate in the human

population, no such risk of bad combinations existed."1

The "city" that Cain built (v. 17) must not have been very large, though
reference to it suggests that the population at this time was increasing
rapidly. It was probably no more than a few structures. "Lamech" (v. 19)
was the first bigamist. He deliberately subverted God's will that marriage
should consist of only one man and one woman (2:24). "Bigamy" (being
married to two spouses at the same time) was common in the ancient Near
East, but it was never God's desire (cf. Matt. 19:4-5). God permitted it,
however, as He did many other customs of which He disapproved (e.g.,
divorce, marrying concubines, polygamy, etc.). That is, He allowed people
who practiced them to continue to live.

"To be sure, no rebuke from God is directed at Lamech for his

violation of the marital arrangement. It is simply recorded. But
that is the case with most OT illustrations of polygamy.
Abraham is not condemned for cohabiting with Sarah and
Hagar, nor is Jacob for marrying simultaneously Leah and
Rachel. In fact, however, nearly every polygamous househould
[sic household] in the OT suffers most unpleasant and
shattering experiences precisely because of this ad hoc
relationship. The domestic struggles that ensue are
devastating."2

"Cain's family is a microcosm: its pattern of technical prowess

and moral failure is that of humanity."3

God shows the destructive consequences of sin (cf. 2:24) more often than
He states them in the Old Testament. Polygamy is one form of sin.

Polygamy is "… the symptom of an unbalanced view of

marriage, which regards it as an institution in which the wife's
ultimate raison d'etre [reason for being] is the production of
children. [This was the attitude in the ancient world, but there
are additional reasons why people practice polygamy.] Where

1Gary Parker, Creation: Facts of Life, p. 98. This is an excellent book that deals with the
evidence of creation, Darwin and biologic change, and the fossil evidence. See also Ham,
et al., pp. 17, 177-85.
2Hamilton, p. 238. Cf. Deut. 21:15-17.
3Kidner, p. 78.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 127

God had created the woman first and foremost for partnership,
society made her in effect a means to an end, even if a noble
end, and wrote its view into its marriage contracts."1

This is the first occurrence of "polygamy" (having more than one wife at
the same time) in Genesis. We shall find several cases of it throughout the
Old Testament. People practiced it widely in the ancient Near East, but it
was contrary to the will of God (2:24). Besides indulging the flesh,
polygamy was an attempt to ensure the survival of the family by providing
male successors.2 The presence of polygamy in Lamech's generation shows
how sin escalated in the marriage relationship following the Fall.

The reference to forging (lit. "sharpening"; also forming, shaping) "iron"

implements (v. 22) appears anachronistic since, as far as we know, the
smelting of iron was not common until the Iron Age, in the second
millennium B.C. Perhaps this is a reference to the cold forging of meteoric
iron, which was common earlier.3 Later workers with iron could look back
on Lamech as the father of metallurgy.

We could paraphrase the vengeance or retaliation idea in Lamech's mind,

as expressed in verses 23-24, more clearly as follows: "If I am threatened
again, I will retaliate again, much more forcefully than God retaliated for
Cain." God threatened His retaliation and vengeance against anyone who
retaliated against Cain for being a murderer: "whoever kills Cain, vengeance
will be taken on him seven times as much" (v. 15). Lamech may have been
claiming that he had killed in self-defense. Nevertheless he was boasting,
and shows himself thereby to be more vengeful in his self-defensive threat
than even God Himself (cf. "Vengeance is Mine, and retribution," Deut.
32:35). Jesus taught His disciples to forgive and not take revenge (Matt.
18:22), even as He did (cf. 1 Pet. 2:21-24).

The seven generations from Adam through Cain and Seth, ungodly Lamech
(vv. 19-24) and godly Enoch (5:24), stand in sharp contrast to each other.
The former man (Lamech) inflicts death, and the latter (Enoch) does not
die. Some scholars have called Lamech's poem the "Song of the Sword."

1Ibid.,
p. 36.
2For a good, brief introduction to polygamy, see M. Stephen Davis, "Polygamy in the
Ancient World," Biblical Illustrator 14:1 (Fall 1987):34-36.
3The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Mining and Metals," by A. Stuart, pp. 823-25. See also

Mathews, p. 287; Hamilton, p. 239.

128 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Lamech thought himself invincible with his newly acquired, state of the art,
weapons.

"Both Cain's antediluvian lineage and the postdiluvian Babel

cautioned later Israel that cities founded upon arrogance
resulted in violence and ultimately destruction."1

The family of Seth 4:25-26

Verse 25 recalls verse 1 of this chapter, and signals the conclusion of this
section of narrative. Seth's name, from the Hebrew verb translated
"granted," and meaning "substitute" or "to set" or "to place," expresses
Eve's faith that God would continue to provide seed despite death.2 Seth
was "set" or "appointed" to "take up the work and mission of Abel."3
Simplicity of life and devotion to God characterized the Sethites, generally
speaking. The Cainites, in contrast, became more aggressive and
determined to find happiness and fulfillment in their lives apart from God
(cf. Luke 16:8).

Many commentators regarded verse 26 as the first reference to prayer as

we know it in the Bible. Prayer is basic to man's relationship with God, which
is a major theme in Genesis. However, the phrase "call upon the name of
the LORD," in the Pentateuch, usually refers to proclamation (preaching)
rather than prayer.4 Here it probably refers to the beginning of public
worship of Yahweh.5

"Gen 4 concludes the story of mankind that was cut off in the
flood, a tale that opened with Gen 2:4, 'This is the history.'
With the aid of a genealogy from Adam to Lamek [sic Lamech],
the seventh generation, it traces the development of
technology and arts on the one hand and the growth of
violence on the other. Only in the last two verses introducing
the descendants of Seth do we have glimmers of hope, for
from him, as chap. 5 will describe, descended Noah, the

1Mathews, pp. 282-83.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 101.
3Yates, p. 11.
4Ross, Creation and …, p. 169.
5Pieters, p. 107.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 129

survivor of the flood, and it was in Enosh's day that the public
worship of God was reintroduced."1

Chapter 4 also teaches that it is important for the righteous to preserve

the knowledge of God when they live in an ungodly society. The Israelites
needed this encouragement as they anticipated entering the Promised
Land, as we do today. Jesus taught His disciples the same lesson (Matt.
5:14-15).

C. WHAT BECAME OF ADAM 5:1—6:8

The story of creation is an introduction to Genesis (1:1—2:3). The first

toledot section (2:4—4:26) explains what became of the creation. In this
second toledot section (5:1—6:8), we learn what happened to Adam. The
primary purpose of this section appears to be to link the generations of
Adam and Noah. The cursed human race continued to multiply and grow
worse, and human beings continued to die. Yet the record of Enoch gives
hope.

"Genealogies in this book of genealogies serve several

purposes, depending in part on the nature of the genealogy.
Broad genealogies present only the first generation of
descendants (e.g., "the sons of Leah … the sons of Rachel …"
in Gen. 35:23-26; cf. 6:9-10; 25:13-15). Deep genealogies list
sequential descendants, in this book usually numbering from
two to ten. (There are ten generations from Adam through
Seth to Noah. In the eleventh generation the genealogy
becomes segmented.) Linear genealogies display only depth
(e.g., "Cain … gave birth to Enoch. To Enoch was born Irad …"
4:17-18; cf. 5:1-31; 11:10-26; 36:31-39, 40). Segmented
genealogies display both depth and breadth (e.g., "This is the
account of Shem, Ham and Japheth. … The sons of Japheth:
Gomer … The sons of Gomer …" 10:1-29; cf. 11:27-29;
19:36-38; 25:19-26; 36:1-5, 10-30; 46:8-25). The

1Wenham, p. 116.
130 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

distinctions of broad, deep, linear, and segmented genealogies

help explain the various functions of genealogies."1

"Genesis begins the process of identifying the seed that will

rule the earth (Gen. 1:26-28) and crush the Serpent (3:15).
Book 2 [5:1—6:8] traces that lineage from Adam to Noah,
even as the matching ten-generation genealogy of Book 5
[11:10-26] traces it from Shem to Abraham. Book 2 concludes
with the progressive and rapid hardening of sin and the inability
of the godly seed of the woman on its own to reverse it. Sin,
like the Serpent, is too strong for them. Clearly, both God's
judgment and deliverance are needed."2

1. The effects of the curse on humanity ch. 5

There are at least three purposes for the inclusion of this genealogy, which
contains 10 paragraphs (vv. 1-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-24,
25-27, 28-31, and 32) and covers over 1,500 years of human history.

1. It shows the development of the human race from Adam to Noah,

and bridges the gap in time between these two major individuals. One
writer argued that the ages of these patriarchs were inflated to
glorify them.3 I think not, as this would seemingly undermine the
trustworthiness of Scripture.

"The genealogies [in chapters 5 and 11] are exclusionist

in function, indicating by linear descent the one through
whom the promissory blessing will be channeled."4

How was it possible for people to live so long at this time in history?

"At the time Adam and Eve were created, they were in
an ideal environment for the preservation of human life.
The Garden of Eden was ideally suited to maintaining

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 105. See also David M. Howard Jr., An Introduction to the Old
Testament Historical Books, pp. 249-50; M. D. Johnson, The Purpose of the Biblical
Genealogies, pp. 77-82.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 109.
3R.K. Harrison, "From Adam to Noah: A Reconsideration of the Antediluvian Patriarchs'
Ages," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 37:2 (June 1994):161-68.
4Mathews, p. 298.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 131

their health and vigor unimpaired. Even after they were

expelled from Eden, it would seem that conditions for
longevity were still far more favorable than they later
became after the Flood; and there may well have been a
virtual absence of disease. When these conditions
gradually changed for the worse, particularly after the
terrible judgment of the Flood, the life expectancy of
man became progressively shorter. By Moses' time a
lifetime of seventy years was considered normal, and
those who lived on to eighty or beyond were generally
beset with discomforts and weaknesses of various sorts,
until they finally passed off the scene (see Ps. 9:10
…)."1

2. This genealogy also demonstrates the veracity of God's (spoken)

word when He said that people would die as a result of sin (cf. 2:17).
Note the recurrence of the phrase "and he died" (vv. 5, 8, 11, 14,
17, 20, 27, and 31).

3. The genealogy contrasts the progress of the godly line of Seth

culminating in Enoch (lit. Dedicated One), who walked with God and
experienced "translation" (i.e., instant transformation and transport
into heaven, without dying; 5:6-24; cf. 3:8; 6:8), with the
development of the ungodly line of Cain. Cain's branch of the human
race culminated in Lamech, who was a brutal bigamist (4:16-24).

"The author's return to the theme of God's 'blessing'

man (cf. v. 2) is also a part of his overall scheme to cast
God's purposes for man in terms that will recall a father's
care for his children. Throughout the remainder of the
Book of Genesis, a recurring theme is that of the father's
blessing his children (9:26-27; 27:27; 48:15; 49:1-28).
In keeping with such a theme, the author shows at each
crucial turning point in the narrative that God himself
renewed his blessing to the next generation of sons
(1:28; 5:2; 9:1; 12:3; 24:11). Seen as a whole, the
picture that emerges is that of a loving father insuring
the future well-being of his children through the
provision of an inherited blessing. In this way the author

1Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 77.

132 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

has laid a theological foundation for the rest of

Scripture. God's original plan of blessing for all humanity,
though thwarted by human folly, will nevertheless be
restored through the seed of the woman (3:15), the
seed of Abraham (12:3), and the 'Lion of the tribe of
Judah' (49:8-12; cf. Rev 5:5-13). It is on this same
foundation that the apostle Paul built his view of Jesus
as the one through whom God has 'blessed us' (Eph 1:3)
and 'adopted us as his sons' (v. 5) so that 'we have
obtained an inheritance' (v. 11, KJV) from the one we
may call 'Abba, Father' (Rom 8:15)."1

Enoch's walking with God (v. 22) may have been the inspiration for
this sign that appeared on a church marquee: "Exercise daily. Walk
with God."

Some commentators have seen evidence in the text that this genealogy is
not complete.2

1. The word "father" can just as accurately be translated "ancestor" (v.

3, et al.). It does not require a literal father-son sequence.3 Likewise
"fathered" or "begat" (AV) can mean eventually begat, not
necessarily immediately begat.

2. The fact that Lamech, the sixth name in Cain's list (4:16-24),
corresponds to Enoch, the sixth name in Seth's list (5:6-24), is
suggestive: It indicates that God wanted to point out the contrast
between the generations of these two sons of Adam. One was
ungodly and the other godly. This purpose seems to some writers to
be more dominant, than that God wanted simply to preserve a
complete record of all the generations between Adam and Noah.
Lamech and Enoch were each the seventh generation, as recorded in
this list, from Adam (cf. Jude 14). Matthew 1:1-17 contains a similar

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," pp. 70-71.

2E.g.,Allis, The Five …, pp. 295-98; Mathews, p. 305; Andrew E. Steinmann, "Genesis
Genealogies and Messianic Promise," Bibliotheca Sacra 176:703 (July-September
2019):343-59; Lloyd T. Anderson, The Hidden Beauty of Hebrew Genealogies.
3See Kenneth A. Kitchen, The Bible In Its World, p. 33.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 133

genealogy, in which 14 men from each of three historical periods

appear, and it is not complete (cf. Matt. 1:8 with 1 Chron. 3:11-12).1

3. The writer did not list Noah's sons in the order of their birth (cf. 5:32
and 9:24).

4. The genealogy in chapter 11 is probably not complete.2

But the careful recording of the age of each man, when he fathered the
next man in the list, strongly suggests to some that this list is complete.3
Furthermore, the genealogies in 1 Chronicles 1:1-4 and Luke 3:36-38 are
identical to the one in Genesis 5. This fact is used to support the theory
that there are probably no missing generations in chapter 5's genealogy.4

"The genealogy of Seth in Genesis 5 is thus intended to take

up [continue] the creation story which had reached its first
climax in the creation, as we would now read it, of Adam. The
elemental orderliness of the genealogy continues the order
begun at creation; indeed, it reaffirms that order after the
threatened slide back into chaos narrated in the intervening
chapters. But the genealogy does more; it imparts movement
to creation. The Genesis 1 creation story is essentially static.
When God rests on the seventh day, all phyla of creation are
in their proper order and the earth is at rest. There is little
suggestion of movement or further development, no story to
be traced. The sole dynamic elements lie in God's command to

1Cf. Thomas, Through the …, p. 35.

2See my comments on 11:12. For defense of the view that the Scriptures do not fix and
were not intended to fix the dates of any events before the time of Abraham, see W. H.
Green, "Primeval Chronology," in Classical Evangelical Essays in Old Testament
Interpretation, pp. 13-28; B. B. Warfield, "On the Antiquity and the Unity of the Human
Race," Princeton Theological Review 9:1 (January 1911):1-25.
3See Leupold, 1:241; Jeremy Sexton, "Evangelicalism's Search for Chronological Gaps in

Genesis 5 and 11: A Historical, Hermeneutical, and Linguistic Critique," Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 61:1 (March 2018):5-25; J. Paul Tanner, "Old Testament
Chronology and Its Implications for the Creation and Flood Accounts," Bibliotheca Sacra
172:65 (January-March 2015):24-44. Appendix 3 at the end of these notes: Chronology
of Genesis 5 & 11, shows a closed genealogy.
4See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:120-27. Wenham, pp. 130-34, wrote an excursus on the ages

of the antediluvians that is one of the best discussions of this issue that I have found.
McGee gave a chart showing which of the patriarchs were contemporary with each other
on 1:35.
134 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

newly created humanity to 'be fruitful and multiply' and

'subdue the earth.' The genealogies document the fruitfulness
of humanity and thus become the expression of the fulfillment
of God's mandate, providing movement away from the steady
state of creation but at the same time preserving its
orderliness. Creation's order advanced through the genealogy.

"Connection of the genealogy to creation also exerts a

reciprocal influence on our understanding of this and
subsequent genealogies. The genealogies represent the
continuation of creation's fundamental order through time. As
a result, they assume theological significance. The organic and
orderly succession of generations is not an expression of
thematically empty biological necessity but of God's initial
creative activity. Birth awakens not neutral destiny but
enrollment in the continuing order of creation ordained by God.
The genealogies become bearers of the creation theme and,
by their elemental, organic nature, its fit expression."1

Assuming closed (or "tight") genealogies in chapters 5 and 11, J. Paul

Tanner calculated the Creation as having occurred about 4200 B.C., and
the Flood about 2550 B.C.2 Archbishop James Ussher (A.D. 1581-1656)
believed that the creation of Adam took place in 4004 B.C.3 Lloyd Anderson
believed that these genealogies are open, and he calculated the date of
the Flood at about 4000 B.C.4 Eusebius, the fourth-century A.D. church
historian, wrote that the time from the origin of man to the death of Moses
was "nearly three thousand years."5

Even though the death motif is strong in this chapter, there is even more
emphasis on God's grace. We see this in the references to life, fertility
(sons and daughters), Enoch's translation, and other blessings. The
enjoyment of God's blessings depends on walking with God. "Walk" is a

1Robert B. Robinson, "Literary Functions of the Genealogies of Genesis," Catholic Biblical

Quarterly 48 (October 1986):600-601. See also Gavin Ortlund, "Image of Adam, Son of
God: Genesis 5:3 and Luke 3:38 in Intercanonical Dialogue," Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 57:4 (December 2014):673-88.
2Tanner, p. 44.
3See Pieters, p. 111.
4L. Anderson, p. 6.
5Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus, 3:10:97.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 135

biblical figure for fellowship and obedience that results in divine blessing
(cf. 1 Sam. 15:25; Eph. 4:1; 1 John 1:7).

"Enoch is pictured as one who did not suffer the fate of Adam
('you shall surely die') because, unlike the others, he 'walked
with God.' The sense of the author is clear. Enoch is an example
of one who found life amid the curse of death. In Enoch the
author is able to show that the pronouncement of death is not
the last word that need be said about a person's life. One can
find life if one 'walks with God.'"1

"'Walked with God' is metaphorical and indicates that Enoch

had a lifestyle characterized by his devotion to God. The sense
of 'walk' (halak) in its verbal stem indicates a communion or
intimacy with God."2

"The double repetition of the phrase 'walked with God'

indicates Enoch was outstanding in this pious family."3

"Those whose conversation in the world is truly holy shall find

their removal out of it truly happy."4

Repetition usually reinforces and emphasizes in Scripture. The central

lesson of the section appears to be that the godly can experience victory
over the effects of the curse by walking with God.5 God will snatch some
away (cf. 1 Cor. 15:51-53; 1 Thess. 4:17), like Enoch, but most have to
endure physical death, though not necessarily spiritual death.

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 118. Paragraph division omitted. Cf. 3:8; 6:9; 15:6;
17:1; 24:40; 48:15; Deut. 30:15-16; Mic. 6:8; Mal. 2:6. See also Timothy J. Cole, "Enoch,
a Man Who Walked with God," Bibliotheca Sacra 148:591 (July-September 1991):288-97.
2Mathews, p. 313. Cf. 3:8; 6:9.
3Wenham, p. 127.
4Matthew Henry, p. 16.
5For additional study of the genealogies, see Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Old

Testament, pp. 36-39; Schaeffer, Genesis in …, pp. 122-124; The New Westminster
Dictionary of the Bible, s.v. "Chronology," pp. 162-75; International Standard Bible
Encyclopedia, s.v. "Antediluvian Patriarchs," by G. F. Wright, 1:139-43; James L. Hayward
and Donald E. Casebolt, "The Genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11: a statistical study," Origins
9:2 (1982):75-81; Frederick Cryer, "The Interrelationships of Gen. 5, 32; 11, 10-11 and
the Chronology of the Flood," Biblica 66:2 (1985):241-61; and Barr, pp. 584-85; L.
Anderson.
136 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"The finality of death caused by sin, and so powerfully

demonstrated in the genealogy of Genesis, is in fact not so
final. Man was not born to die; he was born to live, and that
life comes by walking with God. Walking with God is the key to
the chains of the curse."1

"Within the time-scale of Genesis, this chapter [5] covers the

longest period in world history."2

As the story of Cain and Abel (4:3-24) interrupted the genealogy of Adam
in 4:1-2 and 25-26, so the story of the Flood (6:1—9:27) interrupts the
genealogy of Noah in 5:32 and 9:28-29.

2. God's sorrow over man's wickedness 6:1-8

As wickedness increased on the earth, God determined to destroy the

human race—with the exception of those few people to whom He extended
grace.

"Stories of a great flood sent in primeval times by gods to

destroy mankind followed by some form of new creation are
so common to so many peoples in different parts of the world,
between whom no kind of historical contact seems possible,
that the notion seems almost to be a universal feature of the
human imagination."3

There were two major reasons for the flood: the sins of the sons of God
(vv. 1-4), and the sins of humankind generally (vv. 5-8).

The sins of the sons of God 6:1-4

6:1-2 There are three major views about the identity of "the sons of
God":

1Cole,p. 294.
2Wenham, p. 145.
3Whybray, p. 45. Josephus cited Berosus, a Chaldean historian, as one such writer, in

Against Apion, 1:19.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 137

1. They were fallen angels (demons) who married women.1

Arguments in favor of this view follow, with responses:

a. The term "sons of God," as it occurs here in

Hebrew, refers only to angels in the Old
Testament (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; et al.). Response:
Angels do not reproduce (Matt. 22:30). Also,
"sons of God" is a strange title for evil angels.

b. 2 Peter 2:4-5 and Jude 6-7 appear to identify

angels with this incident. Response: There are no
other references to angels in the context here in
Genesis. These New Testament passages probably
refer to the fall of Satan.

c. If God could impregnate Mary, spirit beings may

be able to do the same thing to human women.
Response: Spirit beings cannot do everything that
God can do.

2. They were godly Sethites who married ungodly women.2

I prefer this view. Arguments in favor of this view follow,
with responses:

a. The Old Testament often refers to the godly as

"God's sons" (e.g., Exod. 4:22; Deut. 32:5; Ps.
73:15; 80:17; Hos. 1:10). Response: This would
have to be an exception to the use of "sons of

1The Book of Enoch (a second century B.C. pseudepigrapha); Philo; Josephus; Justin
Martyr; Tertullian; Cyprian; Ambrose; Pember, pp. 206-8; Clarence Larkin, The Spirit World,
p. 23; Gaebelein, 1:1:29-30; von Rad, p. 114; Henry Morris, The Genesis Record; C. Fred
Dickason, Angels: Elect and Evil; M. R. DeHaan, 508 Answers to Bible Questions; Boice,
1:245-48; R. S. Hendel, "When the Sons of God Cavorted with the Daughters of Men,"
Bible Review 3:2 (Summer 1987):8-13, 37; Yates, p. 12; Merrill, "A Theology …," p. 23;
idem, in The Old …, p. 14; Wenham, pp. 140, 146; The Nelson …, p. 15; Newell, p. 58;
Lightner, pp. 94-98.
2Matthew Henry, p. 16; Jamieson, et al., p. 22; Morgan, An Exposition …, p. 13; Leupold,

1:250; Davis, Genesis and …, pp. 1-1-6; Free, p. 40; Thomas, Through the …, p. 36;
Payne, p. 206; Wiersbe, p. 42; René Pache, The Future Life, pp. 109-10; Enns, p. 46;
Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 79-80.
138 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

God" as a normal reference to "angels" in the Old

Testament.

b. Moses had already established the concept of a

godly line and an ungodly line in Genesis (4:16—
5:32). Response: This does not mean that godly
Sethites are in view here necessarily.

c. Sonship of humans based on election is common

in the Old Testament. Response: These "sons"
could be elect angels who fell.

d. Warnings against marriages between believers and

unbelievers are common in the Pentateuch and
throughout Scripture, and this seems to be in view
here. Response: The warning seems to be against
more abnormal forms of intermarriage than just
marriage between believers and unbelievers.

3. They were ungodly dynastic rulers who married women.1

That is, they were upper class men who married lower
class women. Fallen angels (demons) may have indwelt,
or at least controlled, these men.2 Arguments in favor
of this view, and responses, follow:

a. Ancient Near Eastern literature often called kings

"sons of gods." Response: This is not the usual
meaning of "sons of God" in the Old Testament.

b. The Old Testament refers to administrators (e.g.,

judges) as "gods." Response: Scripture never
regards them as "descendants" or "sons" of
deities, as pagan ancient Near Eastern literature
does.

c. This story is similar to Babylonian antediluvian

stories. Response: Similarity does not require

1Merediith G. Klein, "Divine Kingship and Genesis 6:1-4," Westminster Theological Journal
24 (1962):187-204; John Skinner, Genesis; Kitchen, "The Old …," p. 4. See also Watson
E. Mills, "Sons of God: The Roman View," Biblical Illustrator (Fall 1983):37-39.
2Ross, "Genesis," p. 36; Waltke, Genesis, pp. 116-17.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 139

identical meaning. Nor does it require that the

Babylonian explanation gave rise to the biblical
explanation. Rather the reverse seems to be true.1

Scholars have debated this passage heatedly. One writer

expressed his frustration as follows:

"What does he [Moses] mean? I do not know, and

I do not believe anyone knows. So far as I am
concerned, this passage is unintelligible."2

Context is very important in any interpretive problem, and I

believe it argues for view 2 in this case.3 If so, the purpose of
this segment appears to be to document the degradation of
even the godly, thus justifying the Flood. Evidently the godly
were selecting their wives on the basis of who looked best to
them, believers and unbelievers alike, rather than choosing
godly wives. In other words, the godly had adopted the values
of the world and were behaving like unbelievers. This
breakdown of godliness existed in the realm of the most
fundamental human institution: marriage (cf. Matt. 24:37-38;
Luke 17:26-27).

Some people who believe that the angelic conflict is a major

theme of Scripture have emphasized this passage. I do not
believe that the angelic conflict is a major theme of Scripture.
I believe the angels are important primarily because of their
function as God's messengers sent forth to minister to (help)
people (Heb. 1:14).

6:3 The "120 years" are evidently the number of years of grace
that God would give humankind to repent before the Flood.4
They probably do not indicate a reduction in the normal human

1See Robert T. Boyd, A Pictorial Guide to Biblical Archaeology, pp. 65-79.

2Pieters,p. 116.
3See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:131-34; Wolf, p. 99. Many conservative interpreters hold this

view.
4Keil and Delitzsch, 1:136; Leupold, 1:256.
140 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

lifespan to 120 years, though people who lived before the

Flood lived longer than those who lived after it.1

"The judgment is that God will not endlessly and

forever permit his life-giving spirit to enliven those
who disorder his world. The breath of life (Gen.
2:7; Ps. 104:29-30) remains his to give and to
recall."2

"The attempt by man to become more than he is

results in his becoming less."3

6:4 The "Nephilim" were on the earth both before and after the
marriages of the "sons of God" with the "daughters of
mankind." They were literally "fallen ones" or "tyrants." They
are described as "mighty men who were of old, men of
renown." That is, they were powerful individuals. The men that
Moses sent to spy out the land later described the "people of
great stature" in Canaan as "Nephilim." But this was not just
because of their height but also because of their powerful
appearance (cf. Num.13:31-33).

"The translation 'giants' (A.V.) is most

unfortunate. It originated with the Septuagint
(gigantes). It does not follow from Num. 13:33,
even if there the 'attackers' should also happen to
have been giants."4

The sins of humanity generally 6:5-8

The second reason for the Flood, beside the sins of the "sons of God," was
the sinfulness of humanity generally.

6:5 Men's and women's actions were very wicked, and their
thoughts and affections ("every intent of the thoughts of their
hearts," their mind-set, attitudes, and motives) were

1von Rad, p. 114. Mathews, p. 335; Westermann, Genesis 1—11, p. 376; Wenham, pp.
142, 146-47, defended the shortening of life view.
2Brueggemann, Genesis, p. 72.
3L. Eslinger, "A Contextual Identification of the bene ha'elohim and benoth ha'adam in

Genesis 6:1-4," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 13 (1979):72.
4Leupold, 1:259.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 141

completely ("continually") "evil" by this time (cf. vv. 11-12;

Rom. 1:18-32).

"Near the turn of the 19th century F. W. Farrar

wrote a book entitled Seekers After God. The
book was a popular seller and was in considerable
demand. A certain western bookseller had a
number of requests for the volume but had no
copies available. He sent a telegram to the dealers
in New York requesting them to ship him a number
of the books. After awhile [sic] a telegram came
back which read, 'No seekers after God in New
York. Try Philadelphia.'"1

6:6-7 God was "sorry" that He had "made" humankind, because

people generally did not want a relationship with Him. They
insisted on living life independent of God, and consequently
were destroying themselves in sin. He experienced "heart-
piercing sorrow"2 over what His special creation had become.
This is an anthropopathism: Moses was describing the LORD as
having human emotions (cf. 9:15, 16).

"God is no robot. We know him as a personal, living

God, not a static principle, who while having
transcendent purposes to be sure also engages
intimately with his creation. Our God is
incomparably affected by, even pained by, the
sinner's rebellion. Acknowledging the passibility
(emotions) of God does not diminish the
immutability of his promissory purposes. Rather,
his feelings and actions toward men, such as
judgment or forgiveness, are always inherently
consistent with his essential person and just and
gracious resolve (Jas 1:17)."3

1D.Edmond Hiebert, Working with God: Scriptural Studies in Intercession, pp. 100-101.
2Yates,
p. 12.
3Mathews, p. 344.
142 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"God repented that he had made man; but we

never find him repenting that he redeemed man."1

Verse 7 is another important early promise and prophecy. God

proceeded to fulfill it literally. His destruction of all the animals
in the Flood was not because they were sinful; it was an
inevitable consequence of His judgment on all humankind.

6:8 Noah was the one exception to the universal godlessness.

"Noah" may mean "grieved" (the Hebrew niphal form) or "rest"
or "comfort" (the piel form). "Favor" equals "grace." This is
the first mention of this word in the Old Testament, though we
have seen many examples of God's grace thus far. There is a
wordplay in the Hebrew text (an anagram). The same
consonants of Noah's name (nh) in the reverse order mean
"grace" (hn).

All of God's people can identify with Noah: they have all been recipients of
God's grace. It is only by God's grace that we can escape His judgment on
the wicked.

"Genesis is flatly contradicting the humanistic optimism of

Mesopotamia: humanity's situation in its view is hopeless
without divine mercy."2

This section—together with the next—shows that pagan idolatry and

immorality pain God and incur His judgment, and that man can only escape
by His provision of salvation.

D. WHAT BECAME OF NOAH 6:9—9:29

The LORD destroyed the corrupt, violent human race, and deluged its world.
But He used righteous Noah to preserve life, and to establish a new world
after the Flood.

"Noah's experience presents decisively the author's assertion

that the Lord judges human sin but provides a means for
perpetuating the creation blessing (1:26-28) and the salvation

1Matthew Henry, p. 17.

2Wenham, p. xlviii.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 143

hope for an elect seed (3:15). The recurring theme of blessing,

threatened by sin but preserved by divine mercy, is found in
the two narratives that make up the Noah toledot: the flood
story (6:9—9:17) and the account of the patriarch's
drunkenness (9:20-27). The former is worldwide in scope, and
the latter is its microcosm. A genealogical note binds the two
(9:18-19), and another concludes it (9:28-29).

"Also Noah's toledot contributes to the broader concerns of

early Genesis by preparing the reader for the postdiluvian
world. This 'new world' is the setting for understanding the
perpetuation of the 'blessing' by the patriarchs (11:27—
50:26), which is the main deliberation of Genesis."1

Noah is a very important person in biblical history. In addition to 34

occurrences of his name in Genesis, there are 13 more in 8 other books of
the Bible (1 Chron. 1:4; Isa. 54:9 [twice]; Ezek. 14:14, 20; Matt. 24:37,
38; Luke 3:36; 17:26, 27; Heb. 11:7; 1 Pet. 3:20; 2 Pet. 2:5).

1. The Flood 6:9—8:22

The "chiastic" (palistrophic, crossing) structure of this section shows that

Moses intended to emphasize God's grace to Noah, which occupies the
central part of the story.

"One mark of the coherence of the flood narrative is to be

found in its literary structure. The tale is cast in the form of an
extended palistrophe, that is a structure that turns back on
itself. In a palistrophe the first item matches the final item, the
second item matches the penultimate item, and so on. The
second half of the story is thus a mirror image of the first. This
kind of literary structure has been discovered in other parts of
Genesis, but nowhere else is it developed on such a large scale.
This may be partly due to the fact that a flood narrative is
peculiarly suited to this literary form.

"Particularly striking are the references to days (lines H, I, L,

O). (Only the references to days form part of the palistrophe;
the 40 days and nights [vii 4, 12] and the dates do not.) The

1Mathews, pp. 349-50.

144 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

periods of time form a symmetrical pattern, 7, 7, 40, 150,

150, 40, 7, 7. The turning point of the narrative is found in
viii:1 'God remembered Noah.'

"What then is the function of the palistrophe? Firstly, it gives

literary expression to the character of the flood event. The rise
and fall of the waters is mirrored in the rise and fall of the key
words in its description. Secondly, it draws attention to the
real turning point in the saga: viii 1, 'And God remembered
Noah.' From that moment the waters start to decline and the
earth to dry out. It was God's intervention that was decisive in
saving Noah, and the literary structure highlights this fact."1

The following diagram illustrates this palistrophe (chiasm) more simply:2

Introduction: Noah's righteousness and Noah's sons (6:9-10).

A God resolves to destroy the corrupt race (6:11-13).

B Noah builds an ark according to God's instructions (6:14-22).

C The LORD commands the remnant to enter the ark (7:1-9).

D The flood begins (7:10-16).

E The flood prevails 150 days and the water covers the
mountains (7:17-24).

F God remembers Noah (8:1a).

E' The flood recedes 150 days, and the mountains are
visible (8:1b-5).

D' The earth dries (8:6-14).

C' God commands the remnant to leave the ark (8:15-19).

1Gordon J. Wenham, "The Coherence of the Flood Narrative," Vetus Testamentum 28:3
(1978):337, 339-40. See also idem, Genesis 1—15, pp. 155-58. See the chart of the
chronology of the Flood in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, p. 39.
2Ross, Creation and …, p. 191. See also the charts in Mathews, p. 354; Waltke, Genesis,

p. 125.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 145

B' Noah builds an altar (8:20).

A' The LORD resolves not to destroy humankind (8:21-22).

Conditions and events before the Flood 6:9—7:10

6:9-12 This is the first time the important words "righteous" and
"blameless" appear in the Bible.

"The same explanation for Enoch's rescue from

death ('he walked with God') is made the basis for
Noah's rescue from death in the Flood: 'he walked
with God' (6:9). Thus in the story of Noah and the
Flood, the author is able to repeat the lesson of
Enoch: life comes through 'walking with God.'"1

"Most people know that Noah built an ark. What

they may not know is that he also built a godly
character and a godly family."2

"Noah is depicted as Adam redivivus (revived). He

is the sole survivor and successor to Adam; both
'walk' with God; both are the recipients of the
promissory blessing; both are caretakers of the
lower creatures; both father three sons; both are
workers of the soil; both sin through the fruit of a
tree; and both father a wicked son who is under a
curse."3

"The two words, 'corrupt' and 'violence,' give us

respectively the character and expression of the
sin, the cause and the effect [v. 11]. The
corruption has led to violence, for badness always
leads to cruelty in one form or another. A life that

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 119.

2Wiersbe, p. 45.
3Mathews, p. 351, cf. p. 359. See Waltke, Genesis, pp. 127-30; and Warren Gage, The
Gospel of Genesis, pp. 9-15, for striking parallels between Adam and Noah and between
the prediluvian and postdiluvian worlds.
146 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

is wrong with God necessarily becomes wrong with

its fellows."1

We already had an illustration of this corruption in verse 2.

"Whereas God has blessed the human family with

the power of procreation to fill the earth (1:28;
9:1), these culprits have 'filled the earth' by
procreating 'violence' (cf. v. 13; Ezek 8:17;
28:16)."2

God had created the earth and pronounced it "good" (1:31).

But now it was "corrupt" and "filled with violence" (vv. 11-13).

6:13-16 Notice again that "the earth" (i.e., the atmosphere, dry land,
bodies of water, all plant and animal life) had to suffer because
of human sin (cf. 3:17-19; 4:12; Rom. 8:20-21).

"There come times in the events of this world

when God's gracious dealings with men are
definitely terminated. Such times come only when
grace has been offered in richest measure. But
when the end is resolved upon, there is no recall.
Such a case is marked by the 'end' that God here
determines."3

Noah received detailed instructions that he was to follow in

building the "ark." Much later, Moses received detailed
instructions that he was to follow in building the tabernacle.
Both men followed their respective instructions and received
praise (v. 22; Exod. 39:42-43; Lev. 8:36; Num. 27:22; Deut.
34:9). Both men inaugurated a new epoch. In this respect,
Moses was another Noah.

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 71.

2Mathews, p. 359.
3Leupold, 1:268-69.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 147

"God must be obeyed in all his instructions if his

people expect to enjoy the fruit of life and
blessing (e.g., Deut 26:16-19; 28:1-14)."1

The ark was about 450 feet long (1 1/2 American football
fields), 75 feet wide (7 standard parking spaces), and 45 feet
high (a typical four-story building). It had three decks, and over
100,000 square feet of deck space. There were over 1 million
cubic feet of space in it. This is a volume capacity of
approximately 860 railroad boxcars. It had a floating capacity
(its buoyancy, the total weight it could float) of almost 14,000
gross tons.2

The ark probably looked more like a rectangular box than a

ship. After all, its purpose was to stay afloat, not transport its
contents from one destination to another. This design used
space very efficiently. The ark would have been very stable in
the water. Modern ocean-going tankers and aircraft carriers
have a similar scale of dimensions. The type of wood
("gopher") out of which Noah made the ark is unknown. The
Hebrew word occurs only here in the Old Testament, and is
transliterated "gopher" in English.

6:17-21 This is the first occurrence of the important word "covenant"

(Heb. berith) in the Old Testament (v. 18). The making of and
the details of this covenant follow in 9:9-17. There were two
basic kinds of covenants in the ancient Near East.3

1. The parity covenant was one that equals (peers) made,

for example: Abraham and Abimelech (21:22-32), Isaac
and Abimelech (26:26-33), and Jacob and Laban
(31:44-54).

2. The suzerainty covenant was one that a superior (e.g.,

a king) made with an inferior (e.g., a vassal). Examples
of this type of covenant are: the Noahic Covenant (Gen.

1Mathews, p. 363.
2See "Noah's Flood: Washing Away Millions of Years" DVD featuring Dr. Terry Mortenson.
3Livingston, pp. 153-54.
148 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

9:1-17), the Abrahamic Covenant (Gen. 15:18-21), and

the Mosaic Covenant (Exod. 19—Num. 10).

"The Noahic covenant is closer to the royal grant

known from the ancient Near East where a deity
bestows a benefit or gift upon a king. It has its
closest parallels to the Abrahamic and Davidic
covenants (Gen 15; 17; 2 Sam 7), which are
promissory charters made by God with the
individuals and their offspring, characteristically
forever. Unlike the Mosaic covenant, in the royal
grant form of covenant God alone is under
compulsion by oath to uphold his promise to the
favored party."1

6:22 We can see Noah's faith (Heb. 11:7) in his complete obedience
to God ("Noah did these things; according to everything that
God had commanded him"; cf. 7:5, 9, 16; 8:16-18)—even
though he faced many obstacles. In this, he was similar to
Abraham (cf. 12:4; 22:3).

"The author's purpose in drawing out the list of

specifications for the ark in chapter 6, as with the
details of the building of the tabernacle, is not
that readers might be able to see what the ark or
the tabernacle looked like, but rather that readers
might appreciate the meticulous care with which
these godly and exemplary individuals went about
their tasks of obedience to God's will. They
obeyed God with 'all their hearts.'"2

"What a splendid figure this man makes, a picture

of solitary goodness! He was the one saint of that
day. It is possible, therefore, to be good even
though we have to stand alone. It is possible to be
right with God even amidst surrounding iniquity.
God is the same today as He was to Noah, and if

1Mathews, p. 368.
2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 125.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 149

only we are willing to fulfill the conditions we too

shall walk with God and please Him."1

"God here makes Noah a great blessing to the

world, and herein makes him an eminent type of
the Messiah. 1. God made him a preacher to the
men of that generation. 2. God made him a saviour
to the inferior creatures, to keep the several kinds
of them from perishing and being lost in the
deluge, v. 19-21. (1) He was to provide shelter
for them, that they might not be drowned. (2) He
was to provide sustenance for them, that they
might not be starved, v. 21. Herein also he was a
type of Christ, to whom it is owing that the world
stands, by whom all things consist, and who
preserves mankind from being totally cut off and
ruined by sin. Noah saved those whom he was to
rule, so does Christ, Heb. v. 9."2

"A type is a divinely purposed anticipation which

illustrates its antitype."3

7:1-10 God, in His grace, invited Noah to enter the ark with his family
(v. 1; cf. 8:15). God took the initiative, as He later did in calling
Abram (cf. 12:1). This is the first occurrence of the offer
"Come" (v. 1, NET2, AV, NKJV) in the Bible.4 This invitation
continues throughout Scripture, the last offer being in
Revelation 22:17. God extends the invitation to people, He
urges them to take advantage of the perfect provision He has
made for their preservation, and He offers it in a time of
impending judgment and gloom.

"It is not that Noah's works of righteousness gains

[sic gain] him salvation, for none is cited. Rather,

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 74.

2Matthew Henry, p. 18. See The Theological Wordbook, s.v. "Types," by Donald K.
Campbell, pp. 363-65.
3Chafer, Systematic Theology, 1:xxx. See Baxter, 1:53-62; and Zuck, pp. 169-84; for

discussions of typology. Gaebelein's commentary is full of typology.

4Other translations have "Go" (NIV, TNIV, ESV) and "Enter" (NASB, HCSB).
150 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

his upright character is noted to condemn his

generation, which merits death."1

"Sinful men do not deserve to live on God's earth.

This is the basic message of the Genesis Flood."2

God did not reveal the basis for His distinction between "clean"
and "not clean" animals here (v. 2). Israel's pagan neighbors
also observed clean and unclean distinctions between animals,
though these distinctions varied from country to country. In
the Mosaic Law, God further distinguished between acceptable
and unacceptable foods—for the Israelites. Jesus Christ and
the Apostle Paul taught that now, in the Church Age, these
distinctions no longer need affect people as far as our
relationship to God goes (Mark 7:15, 18-19; cf. Acts 10:15;
11:9; Rom. 14:14).

"According to the scriptural use of numbers forty

[v. 4] regularly describes a period of trial
terminating in the victory of good and the
overthrow of evil; see Num. 14:33; Exod. 24:18; I
Kings 19:8; Jonah 3:4; Matt. 4:2; Acts 1:3."3

How did God cause all the animals to come to the ark (vv. 8-
9)? Perhaps all varieties of animals were in the immediate
neighborhood of the ark, or perhaps they came from far away
while the ark was being built. Moses did not explain this.

"… there is absolutely no way of telling [from the

Bible] how the various continents were formed
and shaped in days of old and whether they were
more intimately connected with one another prior
to the Flood and immediately thereafter."4

"The problem of providing food for so many

creatures for somewhat more than a year is
simplified by the very proper consideration that

1Mathews, p. 371.
2John C. Whitcomb, Esther: The Triumph of God's Sovereignty, p. 21.
3Leupold, 1:291.
4Ibid., 1:303.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 151

beasts are very shrewd about adapting their food

supply to their needs. When they have no physical
exercise, like brooding hens, they cut down
promptly on the amount of food consumed.
Likewise during the time of hibernating. A kind of
winter sleep may providentially have taken
possession of all inmates of the ark, materially
cutting down their needs and reducing them to a
very small minimum."1

The Flood proper 7:11-24

There are two views among evangelicals as to the extent of the Flood:

1. The flood was universal, in that it covered the entire earth. Here is a
summary of the evidence that supports this view:2

a. The purpose of the Flood (6:5-7, 11-13).

b. The need for an ark (6:14).

c. The size of the ark (6:15-16).

d. The universal terms used in the story (6:17-21; 7:19, 21-23).

Context must determine whether universal terms are truly
universal or limited (see Luke 2:1 and Matt. 28:19-20 for
examples of universal terms that are limited).

e. The amount of water involved (7:11, 20; 8:2).

f. The duration of the Flood: 371 days (7:11; 8:14).

g. The testimony of the psalmist (Ps. 104:5-9).

h. The testimony of Peter (2 Pet. 3:3-7).

i. The faithfulness of God (8:21).

This view has been the most popular with conservative interpreters
throughout history.

1Ibid., 1:278.
2See also Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 1-35.
152 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"By and large, the tradition of the Christian church is

that the context requires a universal flood, and many
Christian scholars have maintained this position knowing
well the geological difficulties it raises."1

"Water seeks its own level, so if 'all the high mountains'

were covered (7:19), the whole earth was under water
to that extent. Moreover, the insistence on the use of
'all' ('all mountains,' 7:19; 'all flesh,' 7:21; 'all in whose
nostrils,' 7:22); 'all that was on the dry land,' 7:22); and
so forth) can lead to no other view than a universal
deluge, modern scientific opinion notwithstanding."2

"The language is not consistent with the theory of a

partial deluge."3

"On the one hand the distribution of the saga (among

Indians, Persians, Africans, Melanesians, and Australians,
among the Eskimos, the Kamchatkans, Indians of the
Americas, etc.), on the other hand its remarkable
uniformity (flood caused by rain), require the
assumption of an actual cosmic experience and a
primitive recollection which, to be sure, is often clouded
and in part often brought to new life and revised only
later by local floods."4

2. The flood was local, and covered only part of the earth.5 It was, in
the words of J. Vernon McGee, "sort of a big swimming pool."6
(McGee believed in a universal flood.) The evidence is as follows:

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 124. See Leupold, 1:273, 301-6; Free, p. 42; Whitcomb and
Morris, pp. 1-2; Boice, 1:278-88; Ariel A. Roth, "Evidences for a worldwide flood," Ministry
(May 1984), pp. 12-14; Donald Patten, "The Biblical Flood: A Geographical Perspective,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 128:509 (January-March 1971):36-49; Wiersbe, pp. 46-47; Wolf, pp.
101-6; Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 82-84.
2Merrill, in The Old …, p. 15.
3Jamieson, et al., p. 22.
4von Rad, p. 124. See also pp. 128-30.
5See, for example, Ramm, pp. 305-43; Baxter, 1:41-42; Morgan, An Exposition …, p 14.
6McGee, 1:42.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 153

a. The main arguments rest on modern geology, and the

improbability of a universal flood in view of the consequential
global changes.

b. Advocates take the universal statements in the text as limited

to the area where Moses said the Flood took place.

c. Some advocates believe that Moses described the Flood as an

observer would have seen these events. An observer would
have seen no mountains that were not covered with water.1

This view has gained wide acceptance, ever since the modern science
of geology has called into question the credibility of the text.2

"The principle concern of those advocating a local flood

is to escape the geological implications of a universal
flood."3

"Since the distorted concept of special creation used by

the originator of the geologic column was never truly
Creationistic, and organic evolution has long since
become the conceptual basis for time-equivalence of
index fossils, modern Creationists can justifiably point
out that organic evolution is the basis for the geological
column."4

Basically, this controversy, like that involving the Creation account, involves
presuppositions about the credibility of Scripture or science, and the
possibility of supernatural occurrences. The scientific community seems to
be more open to catastrophism of some kind than it used to be.5

1Pieters, pp. 118-19.

2See Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 36-88, for refutation of the local flood view.
3Davis, Paradise to …, p. 124. See Ramm, pp. 229-40; and Kidner; who advocated a local

flood.
4John R. Woodmorappe, "A Diluviological Treatise on the Stratigraphic Separation of

Fossils," Creation Research Society Quarterly (December 1983):135.

5See Henry Morris, "Biblical Catastrophism and Modern Science," Bibliotheca Sacra

125:498 (April-June 1968):107-15. An interesting article on some ancient non-biblical

accounts of the Flood is Jack P. Lewis, "Noah and the Flood in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim
Tradition," Biblical Archaeologist 47:4 (December 1984):224-39. See also J. Randall
154 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"We believe that most of the difficulties associated with the

Biblical record of the Flood are basically religious, rather than
scientific. The concept of such a universal judgment on man's
sin and rebellion, warning as it does of another greater
judgment yet to come, is profoundly offensive to the
intellectual and moral pride of modern man and so he would
circumvent it if at all possible."1

Some interpreters have understood the opening of the "floodgates of the

sky" (v. 11) as a breaking up of a water vapor canopy that, some say,
covered the earth before the Flood. Advocates of this "canopy theory"
believe that it may account for longevity before the Flood.2 Other less
probable explanations of the longevity of the antediluvians are (1) that
"years" really means "lunar months," or (2) that the years refer not to the
age of individuals but to the age of a family, tribe, or dynasty.3

"The water for Noah's Flood came from the release of great
underground sources of water (the fountains of the great deep
which continued pouring forth for 150 days), and from the
collapse of the waters above (presumably a vast water vapor
blanket or canopy above the atmosphere), giving the 40 days
and nights of rain. Psalm 104 indicates that after the Flood,
the mountains were upthrust to their present positions, with
associated deepening of the ocean basins, which now hold the
waters of the Flood.

"These waters would not have been enough to cover today's

highest mountains. Genesis indicates no rain or rainbows
before the Flood, which is consistent with the absence of high
mountains that are important to the triggering of rainfall. Also,
the absence of large temperature differences between poles
and equator under such a greenhouse blanket of water vapor
would mean an absence of the vast winds which are also
necessary (now, but not before the Flood) for the rainfall

O'Brien, "Flood Stories of the Ancient Near East," Biblical Illustrator 13:1 (Fall 1986):60-
65.
1Whitcomb and Morris, p. xxii. See also pp. 439-41.
2See my comments on 2:5-6 for discussion of the canopy theory.
3See Pieters, p. 109, for advocates of these theories.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 155

cycle. Genesis describes how the earth before the Flood was
watered by mists and/or springs and geysers."1

A diagonal strip of marine limestone, which is the remains of the ancient

Tethys Sea, that mountain climbers refer to as the Yellow Band, is located
beneath Mt. Everest's just over 29,000-foot summit, between about
25,000 and 27,000 feet. This is evidence that water did indeed cover "all
the high mountains everywhere" (v. 19). However, Mt. Everest may not
have been as high before the Flood as it is now. Another less likely
possibility, I think, is that the few mountains that are higher than Mt. Ararat,
the present altitude of which is just under 17,000 feet, were unknown in
Noah's day and in Moses' day (cf. v. 19).2 The Flood may have, and
probably did, create major changes in the topography of the entire earth.

"… the effects caused by the waters of the great deep (1:2),
as they surged about on the earth in process of formation,
together with the effects brought about by this great Flood,
seem to us an entirely adequate explanation for geological
formations of every kind, as they are now to be observed."3

"We have shown earlier that the flood narrative points ahead
to Moses and the escape of the Hebrews through the Red Sea.
This is evidenced again by the term 'dry land' (haraba) in our
passage (v. 22) rather than the customary 'dry ground'
(yabasa). This infrequent term occurs eight times, only once
more in the Pentateuch at Exod 14:21, where it describes the
transformation of the sea into 'dry land' by a 'strong east
wind.' This exodus parallel is confirmed by 8:1b, which speaks
of God's sending a 'wind' upon the waters. Later Israel
identified itself with Noah and the tiny group of survivors who
escaped the wicked by the awesome deeds of God."4

The Lord Jesus affirmed the historicity of the "days of Noah" when He
likened them to the end days (Matt. 24:37; Luke 17:26, 27). Peter also
used the story of Noah as an illustration of what will happen in the end days
(1 Pet. 3:20; 2 Pet. 2:5; 3:5, 6).

1Ham, et al., p. 15. Cf. also pp. 117-29 for further discussion.
2Leupold, 1:302.
3Ibid.,1:296.
4Mathews, pp. 381-82.
156 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The aftermath of the Flood ch. 8

My wife and I took a tour of the Fossil Rim Wildlife Center near Glen Rose,
Texas. We discovered early in our tour that our guide was a Christian, and
she discovered that we were Christians. At one point in the tour, she
explained that the geological formations nearby were the result of millions
of years of evolution. She then, surprisingly, turned off the motor of the
jeep in which we were riding, and confessed that she didn't really believe
what she had just told us. She asked us what we believed. I told her that I
believe that the fossil record, and geological stratification, harmonize with
the Bible if one believes two things: (1) that God created things with the
appearance of age, and (2) that God sent a universal flood that covered
the whole earth.

8:1-5 When Moses wrote that "God remembered" someone (v. 1), in
this case Noah, he meant that God extended mercy to him or
her by delivering that person from death or destruction (here;
cf. 19:29) or from barrenness (30:22).1 God's rescue of Noah
foreshadows His deliverance of Israel in the Exodus (cf. 8:13-
14 and Exod. 2:24; 14:21).2

"'Ararat,' known as ancient Urartu in Assyrian

records, was an extensive territory and bordered
the northern Mesopotamian region. It reached its
political zenith in the ninth to sixth centuries B.C.
Urartu surrounded Lake Van with boundaries
taking in southeast Turkey, southern Russia, and
northwest Iran. Among the mountains of modern
Armenia is the impressive peak known today as
Mount Ararat, some seventeen thousand feet in
elevation, which the Turks call Byk Ari Da. 'Mount
Ararat' as a geographical designation comes from
later tradition. During the eleventh to twelfth
centuries A.D., it became the traditional site
known as the place of Noah's landing. Verse 4,
however, does not specify a peak and refers
generally to its location as the 'mountains of
Ararat.' The search for the ark's artifacts has been

1Hamilton, p. 299.
2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 127; idem, "Genesis," p. 89.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 157

both a medieval and a modern occupation; but to

the skeptic such evidence is not convincing, and
to the believer, while not irrelevant, it is not
necessary to faith."1

Modern "Mt. Ararat" lies on the border between Turkey and

Armenia, near the center of the ancient world. From this
general region, Noah's descendants spread out over the
earth.2

8:6-14 "The raven in seeking food settles upon every

carcass it sees, whereas the dove will only settle
on what is dry and clean."3

The "dove" (v. 8), which is a light-colored, clean animal (Lev.

1:14; 12:6; et al.), in contrast to dark-colored, unclean animals
(Lev. 11:15; Deut. 14:14), returns to its home when it finds
no place to land.

"The olive tree will put out leaves even under

water."4

8:15-19 There are many interesting thematic parallels between God

calling Noah out of the ark, and God later calling Abraham out
of Ur (cf. 8:15 and 12:1; 8:16 and 12:1; 8:18 and 12:4; 8:20
and 12:7; 9:1 and 12:2; 9:9 and 12:7).

"Both Noah and Abraham represent new

beginnings in the course of events recorded in
Genesis. Both are marked by God's promise of
blessing and his gift of the covenant."5

Verse 15 introduces the third dispensation, the dispensation

of Human Government. When Noah and his family stepped out
of the ark to begin life on earth anew, God laid down new rules

1Mathews, pp. 385-86.

2For a history of the evidence that Noah's ark is still on Mt. Ararat, see Boice, 1:263-65.
See also Tim LaHaye and John Morris, The Ark on Mt. Ararat, or Violet Cummings, Has
Anybody Really Seen Noah's Ark? Cf. Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:3:5; 20:2:2.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:149.
4Ibid.
5Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 91.
158 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

for humanity, including a new test. Previously, no one had the

right to take another human life (cf. 4:10-11, 14-15, 23-24).
Now, though man's direct moral responsibility to God
continued, God delegated to man certain areas of His
authority, such as capital punishment (the death penalty for a
crime). Man was now to express his obedience to God, not only
by obeying God directly, but also by obeying the human
authorities God would set over him, namely, human governors
(cf. Matt. 22:21; Rom. 13:1-2).

The highest function of human government is the protection

of human life. God now specified that human beings were not
to presently avenge murder—individually—but to do so as a
corporate group, and practice "capital punishment," in order
to safeguard the sanctity of human life. Human life is a gift
from God that people should not dispose of except as God
permits. Restraint on man in the preceding dispensation was
internal (6:3), God's Spirit working through moral
responsibility. But now a new external restraint was added: the
influence and power of civil government.

Unfortunately, mankind failed to rule his fellow man

righteously. Civil leaders have abused their function as God's
vice-regents, by ruling for themselves rather than for God.
Examples are the failures at Babel (11:9), in Israel's theocracy
(2 Chron. 36:15-21), and in "the times of the Gentiles" (Dan.
2:31-45). The glorious reign of Jesus Christ over the earth will
supersede man's rule, eventually. The dispensation of Human
Government ended, as a specific test of human obedience,
when God called Abraham to be His instrument of blessing to
the whole world (12:2). Nevertheless mankind's responsibility
for government did not end then, but will continue until Christ
sets up His kingdom on the earth.

Verses 18 and 19 may seem like needless repetition to the

modern reader, but they underline Noah's obedience to God's
words, which Moses stressed in the entire Flood narrative.

8:20-22 Noah's "altar" is the first altar mentioned in the Bible. His
"burnt offerings" were for worship. Some of the burnt
offerings in the Mosaic cultus (system of worship) were for the
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 159

same purpose. Specifically, a burnt offering made atonement

and expressed the offerer's complete personal devotion to
God (cf. Lev. 1; Rom. 12:1-2). As the head of the new
humanity, Noah, with his sacrifice, represented all humankind.

"To sacrifice seems as 'natural' to man as to pray;

the one indicates what he feels about himself, the
other what he feels about God. The one means a
felt need of propitiation; the other a felt sense of
dependence."1

God's promise in verse 22 guarantees a certain degree of

reliability in earth's climate system.

"There are good theological and scientific reasons

to think Earth's climate is stable and global
warming alarmism is unwarranted. Climate
alarmism is distracting people—both Christians
and non-Christians—from much weightier
issues."2

God will again judge the wicked catastrophically, and begin a new era of
existence with faithful believers: at the Second Coming of Christ and the
ensuing Millennium.

The non-biblical stories of the Flood are undoubtedly perversions of the

true account that God preserved in Scripture.3 God may have revealed the
true account directly to Moses, or He may have preserved a true oral or
written account that Moses used as his source of this information. Moses
may have written the Genesis account, under divine inspiration, to correct
the Mesopotamian versions (the maximalist view), or both the biblical and
Mesopotamian accounts may go back to a common tradition (the minimalist
view).4

"Biblical religion explained that the seasonal cycle was the

consequence of Yahweh's pronouncement and, moreover,

1Edersheim, The Temple, p. 107.

2Jake Hebert, The Climate Change Conflict, p. 44.
3See Finegan, pp. 27-36, for discussion of these.
4For a chart that compares the biblical account of the Flood with four other ancient Near
Eastern accounts of it, see Appendix 4 at the end of these notes.
160 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

evidence of a divine dominion that transcends the elements of

the earth. There is no place for Mother-earth in biblical
ideology. Earth owes its powers (not her powers!) to the divine
command."1

2. The Noahic Covenant 9:1-17

Following the Flood, God established human life anew on the earth, showing
His high regard for it. He promised to bless humanity with faithfulness, and
He prohibited murder. He also promised—with a sign (the rainbow)—that
He would not destroy His creation again "by the waters of a flood" (v. 11).

"The Noahic covenant's common allusions to 1:1—2:3 show

that Noah is the second Adam who heads the new family of
humanity, indicating that the blessing continues through the
progeny of the Sethite line. Also 8:20—9:17 possesses lexical
and thematic connections with the ratification of the Sinai
covenant by Moses and the elders (Exod 24:4-18)."2

9:1-7 At this new beginning of the human family, God again

commanded Noah and his sons to "fill the earth" with their
descendants (v. 1; cf. 1:28; 9:7).3 As with Adam, He also gave
them dominion over the animals, and permission to eat any
animal or "moving thing" (v. 3) for food, with only one
prohibition: the animal's blood (cf. 1:26, 28-29; 2:16-17). The
phrases "The fear of you" and "the terror of you" express the
same idea (v. 2). Evidently at this point animals began to have
a greater fear of human beings than they had previously (cf.
1:28). The exceeding sinfulness of mankind that resulted in
the Flood did not wipe out God's original commands regarding
human propagation and dominion.

God gave Noah permission to eat animals (v. 3). Until now,
evidently people had eaten only plants (cf. 1:29). Now

1Mathews, p. 397.
2Ibid.,p. 398. See also Kenneth Mulzac, "Genesis 9:1-7: Its Theological Connections with
the Creation Motif," Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 12:1 (Spring 2001):65-
77.
3See Bernhard W. Anderson, "Creation and Ecology," American Journal of Theology and

Philosophy 4:1 (January 1983):14-30; Waltke, Genesis, pp. 155-56.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 161

humanity received the power of life and death over the animal
kingdom ("I have given everything to you").

"God did not expressly prohibit the eating of meat

in the initial stipulation at creation, but by
inference 9:3's provision for flesh is used as a
dividing mark between the antediluvian and
postdiluvian periods. Whether or not early man
could eat meat by permission from the beginning,
now it is stated formally in the Noahic covenant."1

God did, however, prohibit the eating of animal "blood" in order

to instill respect for the sacredness of life, since blood is a
symbol of life and it is the life-giving fluid (cf. Lev. 3:17; 7:2-
27; 19:26; Deut. 12:1-24; 1 Sam. 14:32-34; Acts 15:20, 29).

"The implication [of New Testament references to

eating blood] seems very clear that we are still to
respect the sanctify of the blood, since God has
appointed it to be a symbol of the atoning blood
of Jesus Christ. Therefore it is not to be consumed
by any believer who wishes to be obedient to
Scripture."2

Until the Mosaic Law, God made no distinction between clean

and unclean animals with regard to human consumption. Under
the Mosaic Law, the Israelites could not eat certain foods.
Under the Law of Christ (Gal. 6:2), we may again eat any foods
(Rom. 14:14; 1 Tim. 4:3). These changes illustrate the fact
that God has changed some of the rules, for human conduct,
at various strategic times in history. These changes are
significant features that help us identify the various
dispensations (economies) by which God has ruled
historically.3

God not only reasserted the cultural mandate to reproduce,

and subdue the earth, and modified the food law, but He also

1Mathews, p. 401.
2Archer,Encyclopedia of …, p. 86.
3See Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism Today, pp. 22-64; or idem, Dispensationalism, pp.

23-59.
162 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

reasserted the sanctity of human life (cf. ch. 4). The reason
for capital punishment for murder (v. 6) is that God made man
in His own image. This is one reason, therefore, that murder is
so serious. A person extinguishes a revelation of God—which
God takes very personally (cf. Abel's blood "crying out to Me
[God] from the ground," 4:10)—when he or she murders
someone.1 Years later, the writing prophets announced that
God would judge certain foreign nations because they shed
human blood without divine authorization (e.g., Amos 1:3, 11,
13; 2:1). God has never countermanded this command, so it
is still in force. Before the Flood, the lack of capital punishment
led to bloody vendettas (cf. ch. 4).

The Mosaic Law prescribed the death penalty for several other
crimes, in addition to murder (Exod. 21:12; Num. 35:16-31):
working on the sabbath (Exod. 35:2), cursing father or mother
(Lev. 20:9), adultery (Lev. 20:10), incest (Lev. 20:11-12),
sodomy (Lev. 20:13, 15-16), false prophesying (Deut. 13:1-
10), Idolatry (Deut. 17:2-7), incorrigible juvenile delinquency
(Deut. 21:18-21), rape (Deut. 22:25), keeping an ox that had
killed a human being (Exod. 21:29), kidnapping (Exod. 21:16),
and intrusion of an alien into a sacred place or office (Num.
1:51; 3:10, 38; 17:7). These punishments ended with the end
of the Mosaic Law, but the punishment for murder continued,
since it antedated the Mosaic Law.2

"This command laid the foundation for all civil

government."3

1See Elmer L. Gray, "Capital Punishment in the Ancient Near East," Biblical Illustrator 13:1
(Fall 1986):65-67; Charles C. Ryrie, "The Doctrine of Capital Punishment," Bibliotheca
Sacra 129:515 (July-September 1972):211-17; Marshall Shelley, "The Death Penalty: Two
Sides of a Growing Issue," Christianity Today (March 2, 1984), pp. 14-17; James A. Stahr,
"The Death Penalty," Interest (March 1984), pp. 2-3; Duane C. Caylor, "Capital
Punishment, a different Christian perspective," Reformed Journal 36:7 (July 1986):10-12;
Bruce W. Ballard, "The Death Penalty: God's Timeless Standard for the Nations?" Journal
of the Evangelical Theological Society 43:3 (September 2000):471-87; Hamilton, p. 315;
Mathews, pp. 403-6.
2See Ryrie, Biblical Answers …, pp. 23-34.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:153. See Waltke, Genesis, pp. 157-58.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 163

"The human government and the governors that

existed previously—as in the city which Cain
established (4:17), or in the case of the mighty
men (6:4)—existed solely on human authority.
Now, however, divine authority was conferred on
human government to exercise oversight over
those who lived under its jurisdiction."1

"I sometimes feel that often the hue and cry

against capital punishment today does not so
much rest upon humanitarian interest or even an
interest in justice, but rather in a failure to
understand that man is unique. The simple fact is
that Genesis 9:6 is a sociological statement: The
reason that the punishment for murder can be so
severe is that man, being created in the image of
God, has a particular value—not just a theoretical
value at some time before the Fall, but such a
value yet today."2

"… the establishment of the divine sovereign right

over human life is expressed apodictically and
unconditionally. It is absolutely inviolable and,
moreover, not for man's sake because of some
law of humanity, or 'reverence for life,' but
because man is God's possession and was created
in God's image."3

Often, today, people who believe in capital punishment argue

for it on the basis of passages that commanded the Israelites
to take life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, etc. (Exod.
21:23-25; Lev. 24:19-20; Deut. 19:21; cf. Num. 35:33).
However, that was Mosaic legislation, and Christ ended the Law
when He died on the cross (cf. Rom. 10:4; et al.). A better
basis for capital punishment is this Noahic legislation.

1Pentecost, p. 46.
2Schaeffer, Genesis in …, pp. 50-51.
3von Rad, p. 132.
164 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"… capital punishment is divinely ordained. For the

proper safeguarding of the human race this basic
ordinance is laid down. When lawgivers attempt to
tamper with this regulation, they are trying to be
wiser than the Divine Lawgiver and overthrow the
pillars of safety that He Himself provided for the
welfare of mankind."1

Sometimes those who argue against capital punishment,

today, appeal to Jesus' statement in the Sermon on the Mount:
"You have heard that it was said, 'Eye for eye, and tooth for
tooth.' But I say to you, do not show opposition against an evil
person" (Matt. 5:38-39). Jesus was not cancelling God's
command to execute murderers when He said this, but was
teaching self-restraint and non-retaliation in interpersonal
conflicts, as is clear from the context.

Others sometimes appeal to Jesus' words to the woman taken

in adultery: "I do not condemn you, either. Go. From now on
do not sin any longer" (John 8:11). They believe that Jesus
was refusing to recommend the death penalty for a person
who had committed a capital offense under Israel's law,
because He disapproved of capital punishment. Besides the
fact that the inspiration of this passage is highly disputed,
Jesus, as the Judge of all mankind, had every right to waive or
postpone this woman's judgment.

Jesus, on the other hand also said, in the Sermon on the Mount,
"For in the way you judge [deal with people], you will be judged
[dealt with], and by your standard of measure, it will be
measured to you" (Matt. 7:2). And, "all those who take up the
sword will perish by the sword" (Matt. 26:52).

The Apostle Paul also taught Christians to submit to the

government: that "bear[s] the sword" and is "an avenger who
brings wrath on the one who practices evil" (Rom. 13:4).
These statements affirm judgment "in kind" for offenders.

1Leupold, 1:334.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 165

The fact that there have been and still are injustices in a legal
system does not justify doing away with capital punishment.
Rather, the system needs to be corrected so that innocent
people are not put to death and guilty people are.1

9:8-17 The Noahic Covenant was a suzerainty treaty that God made
with humankind through Noah.2 In it, He promised to "never
again" destroy all flesh with "the waters of a flood" (v. 11).

"A peculiar difficulty arises in v. 10 for those who

hold that the Flood was partial and not universal.
They must support the strange supposition that
God made a covenant with those creatures only
which went forth from the ark. Others that never
entered the ark must do without the benefits of
such a covenant."3

The sign God appointed to remind people of this promise, and

to guarantee its veracity, was the rainbow (v. 12-15; cf. 6:12).
There may have been rainbows before this pronouncement,
but now God attached significance to the rainbow.

"It is not impossible that with the Flood came

altered atmospheric and cloud conditions, for
geologic evidence points to an earlier age when a
climate uniformly tropical prevailed also in the
artic region."4

In later years, God gave other signs in connection with other

covenants: physical circumcision with the Abrahamic
Covenant, Sabbath observance with the Mosaic Covenant, and
the Lord's Supper with the New Covenant.

"Shining upon a dark ground … it [the rainbow]

represents the victory of the light of love over the
fiery darkness of wrath. Originating from the
effect of the sun upon a dark cloud, it typifies the

1See Anderson, ch. 7: "Capital Punishment," for further discussion.

2See note on 6:18.
3Leupold, 1:338.
4Ibid., 1:340.
166 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

willingness of the heavenly to penetrate the

earthly. Stretched between heaven and earth, it is
as a bond of peace between both, and, spanning
the horizon, it points to the all-embracing
universality of the Divine mercy."1

"The rainbow arcs like a battle bow hung against

the clouds. (The Hebrew word for rainbow, qeset,
is also the word for a battle bow.) … The bow is
now 'put away,' hung in place by the clouds,
suggesting that the 'battle,' the storm, is over.
Thus the rainbow speaks of peace."2

"A bow bespeaks terror, but this bow has neither

string nor arrow, and a bow alone will do little
execution. It is a bow, but it is directed upwards,
not towards the earth; for the seals of the
covenant were intended to comfort, not to
terrify."3

"God could certainly turn the bow of judgment

upon us, because we've broken His law and
deserve judgment. But He has turned the bow
toward heaven and taken the punishment for us
Himself!"4

This covenant would remain for "all future generations" (v.

12). People have no responsibility to guarantee the perpetuity
of this covenant; God will do all that He promised (v. 9).
Observe the recurrence of "I," "Myself," and "My" in these
verses. God was making His promise—to all living creatures for
all time going forward—very personal. Note that He said that
the rainbow would remind Him of His promise; it was primarily
a reminder to God and secondarily to human beings. Finally,

1Franz Delitzsch, A New Commentary on Genesis, 1:289-90.

2Ross,"Genesis," p. 40. Paragraph division omitted,
3Matthew Henry, p. 23.
4Wiersbe, p. 55.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 167

this covenant is unconditional (v. 9), universal (v. 11), and

everlasting (v. 12).1

"None of the regulations that follow is temporary

or ever to be abrogated as long as the present
world era continues."2

"What distinguishes the Noahic [Covenant] from

the patriarchal one and for that matter all others
recounted in the Old Testament is its truly
universal perspective. It is God's commitment to
the whole of humanity and all terrestrial
creation—including the surviving animal
population." 3

"The covenant with Noah [6:18; 9:9-16] is

entirely unconditional rather than a conditional
covenant, as in the Edenic situation. The certainty
of the fulfillment of the covenant with Noah
rested entirely with God and not with Noah. As
this point is somewhat obscured in current
discussion on the covenants of Scripture, it is
important to distinguish covenants that are
conditional from those that are unconditional.
Conditional covenants depend on the recipients
meeting the conditions imposed by God.
Unconditional covenants declare that God's
purpose will be fulfilled regardless of an
individual's response. The fact that the covenant
is one-sided—from God to humankind—does not
mean that there is no response on the part of
humankind. But the point is that the response is
anticipated and does not leave the fulfillment of
the covenant in doubt."4

1See Thomas, Genesis, pp. 89-93.

2Leupold,1:327.
3Mathews, p. 62.
4Walvoord, "The New …," pp. 188-89.
168 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The elements of the Noahic Covenant are the following: (1)

God held man responsible for protecting the sanctity of human
life by orderly governmental rule, even specifying the use of
capital punishment (9:5-6; cf. Rom. 13:1-7). (2) God promised
not to judge humanity again with a universal flood of water
(8:21; 9:11-16), and He confirmed the established order of
nature (8:22; 9:2). (3) God permitted people to eat animal
flesh, evidently for the first time (9:3-4). (4) God announced
that Canaan's descendants would be servants to their brethren
(9:25-26), Shem's descendants would enjoy a special
relationship to the LORD (9:26-27), and Japheth's descendants
would become enlarged races (9:27).

"… the author is intentionally drawing out the similarities

between God's covenant with Noah and the covenant at Sinai.
Why? The answer that best fits with the author's purposes is
that he wants to show that God's covenant at Sinai is not a
new act of God. The covenant is rather a return to God's
original promises. Once again at Sinai, as he had done in the
past, God is at work restoring his fellowship with man and
bringing man back to himself. The covenant with Noah plays
an important role in the author's development of God's
restoration of blessing. It lies midway between God's original
blessing of all mankind (1:28) and God's promise to bless 'all
peoples on the earth' through Abraham (12:1-3)."1

3. The curse on Canaan 9:18-29

This pericope presents the characteristics of the three branches of the

human family that grew out of Noah. Moses stressed the themes of blessing
and cursing. God "cursed" Canaan with slavery ("A servant of servants he
shall be to his brothers," v. 25), because Ham (Canaan's father) showed
disrespect toward Noah. The LORD blessed Shem and Japheth, because they
showed regard for their father's vulnerable condition ("Shem and Japheth
… covered the nakedness of their father," v. 23).

"The world seems all set for a new start. The slate has been
wiped clean, and we hope that the mistakes of the

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 93.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 169

antediluvians will not be repeated. But no sooner is the

blessing pronounced and the eternal covenant confirmed than
man lapses again."1

9:18-24 Evidently Noah became so "drunk" that he took off all his
clothes; he "uncovered himself" in his tent (v. 21). There is no
explicit indication that Ham disrobed his father or committed
some homosexual act.2 However, because the expression "saw
the nakedness" is sometimes used of sexual intercourse, it is
possible that some form of sexual immorality was involved.3
One writer argued that Ham's sin was that he failed to cover
his father's nakedness.4 Perhaps he failed to respect his
father's godliness.5 Shem and Japheth's act of covering their
father's nakedness was similar to God's act of covering Adam
and Eve's nakedness (3:20); it was a godly thing to do.

Noah's shame was not that he drank some "wine" (v. 20), but
that he drank to excess and thereby lost self-control, which
resulted in vulnerability (cf. Eph. 5:18). Certainly this incident
should warn the reader of the potential harm of drunkenness,
both for the drinker and for his or her family. The stumbling-
block for Adam and Eve had also been a piece of fruit, only in
their case, we do not know the kind of fruit that they ate.

"Whatever the actual nature of his [Noah's]

conduct might have been [in becoming drunk and
uncovering himself in his tent] , the author
presents his deed as one of disgrace and shame
('nakedness,' as in Ge 3), and he seems intent on
depicting the scene in such a way as to establish
parallels between Noah's disgrace (he took of the
fruit of his orchard and became naked) and that

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 206.

2See Mathews, pp. 417, 419.
3Wolf, pp. 106-7.
4Nicholas Odhiambo, "The Nature of Ham's Sin," Bibliotheca Sacra 170:678 (April-June

2013):154-65.
5Leupold, 1:346.
170 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

of Adam and Eve (who took of the fruit of the

Garden and saw that they were naked)."1

Ham's response to seeing Noah's nakedness (v. 22) represents

an early step in the abandonment of the moral code after the
Flood. Ham dishonored Noah, not by seeing him naked, but by
his apparent amusement or delight in his father's condition (cf.
Gen. 19:26; Exod. 33:20; Judg. 13:22; 1 Sam. 6:19). He
probably should have covered Noah up himself, rather than
drawing his brothers' attention to his father's nakedness and
thereby magnifying it.

"It is difficult for someone living in the modern

world to understand the modesty and discretion
of privacy called for in ancient morality.
Nakedness in the OT was from the beginning a
thing of shame for fallen man [3:7] … the state
of nakedness was both undignified and vulnerable.
To see someone uncovered was to bring dishonor
and to gain advantage for potential exploitation."2

"The sons of Noah are here shown to belong to

two groups of humankind, those who like Adam
and Eve hide the shame of their nakedness and
those who like Ham, or rather the Canaanites,
have no sense of their shame before God. The one
group, the line of Shem, will be blessed (9:26); but
the other, the Canaanites (not the Hamites), can
only be cursed (9:25)."3

"Shem, the father of Abraham, is the paradigm of

later Israel; and Ham of their archenemies, Egypt
and Canaan (10:6). Lying behind this is the
ancient concept of corporate personality. Because
of this unity of father-son, the character of the
father is anticipated in the deeds of the sons.
Hebrew theology recognized that due to parental

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 120. See also Mathews, p. 418.

2Allen P. Ross, "The Curse of Canaan," Bibliotheca Sacra 137:547 (July-September
1980):230.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 130.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 171

influence future generations usually committed

the same acts as their fathers whether for ill or
good. In this case the curse is directed at Ham's
son as Ham's just deserts for the disrespect he
had toward his own father, Noah."1

Ham's action may have also involved an attempt to take the

leadership of the family from Noah.2 Shem and Japheth's act
of covering their father's nakedness, however, imitated God—
who covered Adam and Eve's nakedness in the garden (3:21).

Brian Peterson discussed 17 instances of sexual aggression in

Genesis, apart from polygamy, that resulted from the Fall. Six
of these were men against women, three men against men,
three women against women, and five women against men.
Ham's sin against Noah is the first on his list.3

9:25-27 This oracle—the first time Moses recorded a human uttering a

curse—is a prophecy announcing divine judgment on Canaan's
descendants for their sin—that had its seed in Ham's act.
Noah, as a prophet, announced the future of this particular
grandson's descendants (cf. Gen. 49; Deut. 33; et al.).

"For his breach of the family, his [Ham's] own

family would falter."4

The Canaanites became known for their shameless depravity

in sexual matters.5 When Joshua invaded their land, he proved
to be God's instrument of punishment for the Canaanites.
Moses' mention of Noah's curse on Canaan would have
encouraged his original Israelite readers, by reminding them
that the people who occupied the land that they were about
to enter were cursed. Likewise, his mention of Noah's blessing

1Mathews, p. 421.
2See Jordan, pp. 47-52.
3See Brian N. Peterson, "Male and Female Sexual Exploitation in Light of the Book of

Genesis," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 62:4 (December 2019):693-703.

4Kidner, p. 104.
5See Charles Pfeiffer, Ras Shamra and the Bible.
172 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

of Shem, the ancestor of Abram and the Israelites, would have

encouraged them (v. 26).

There is no basis for the popular notion that this oracle

doomed the Hamites, who settled mainly in Africa, to a position
of inferiority or slavery among the other peoples of the world.
"Canaan," and only his branch of the family, are the subject of
this prophecy, not Ham and all his descendants. The curse on
Canaan was a prophecy of what God would do to Canaan's
branch of the human family, because the sinful attitude and
act of Ham would eventually come to full flower in his son
Canaan. Noah, as a prophet, looked down the corridors of time,
with God's revelation, and saw what would happen.

"There are no grounds in our passage for an ethnic

reading of the 'curse' as some have done,
supposing that some peoples are inferior to
others. Here Genesis looks only to the social and
religious life of Israel's ancient rival Canaan, whose
immorality defiled their land and threatened
Israel's religious fidelity (cf. Lev 18:28; Josh 23).
It was not an issue of ethnicity but of the wicked
practices that characterized Canaanite culture."1

The Canaanites are now extinct.

"With the defeat of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar in

572 B.C. the Canaanites/Phoenicians ceased to be
of importance in biblical history."2

"In dealing with the Canaanites and their religious

ideas we must never forget that Canaanites and

1Mathews, p. 423. See also Charles C. Ryrie, You Mean the Bible Teaches That …, p. 60;
Thomas Figart, A Biblical Perspective on the Race Problem, p. 55; and O. Palmer Robertson,
"Current Critical Questions Concerning the 'Curse of Ham' (Gen 9:20-27)," Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 41:2 (June 1998):177-88.
2The Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, s.v. "Canaan, Canaanite," by A. K. Helmbold, 1:297. See

also The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Canaan, Canaanites," by Kenneth A. Kitchen, pp. 183-
86; and Unger's Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Canaan, Canaanites," by Merrill F. Unger, pp. 170-
73.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 173

Phoenicians were one people, so far as language

and cultural tradition went."1

The prophecy about Japheth living in the tents of Shem (v.

27) may have been fulfilled when Alexander the Great defeated
the Persians and took control over Canaan.2

The general lesson of the passage is that God blesses those who behave
righteously, but curses those who abandon moral restraint. In view of what
studies on the effects of viewing pornography have taught us, it should be
no surprise that the root of the depraved Canaanite culture was looking at
someone's nakedness. We need to be very careful about viewing nudity. It
can lead to an addiction that results in complete corruption, and finally ends
in divine judgment.

"Instructively, the first three heroes of faith listed in Hebrews

are from Genesis 4—6: Abel, Enoch, and Noah. All believed
God, but their destinies were significantly different. Abel
believed God and died. Enoch believed God and did not die.
Noah believed God, and everyone else died in the Flood;
eventually he died a natural death at the good old age of 950
years. We cannot dictate where faith will lead. The human
tendency is to see only Enoch as the example of faith, but Abel
is also given as our example. What all three have in common is
that they walked by faith and pleased God. That faith is an
example to us."3

The husband of a former student of mine told me that his ancestors many
generations ago were mainly believers. Several generations back, 11 of 12
children became Christians. The head of his branch of the family was the
twelfth child, the only unbeliever in that generation of the family. As the
years passed, those 11 believing children produced many other Christian
descendants who became preachers, teachers, pastors, doctors,
missionaries, and other godly people who became a blessing to multitudes
of people. His unbelieving ancestor produced several alcoholics, criminals,
and blights on society. My student's husband was the first person in five
generations to become a Christian from that branch of his family. The family

1W.F. Albright, Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, p. 68.

2See Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 87.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 155.
174 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

tree of Jonathan Edwards, like the "godly branch" of the family just
described, also produced much good fruit.

There are many similarities between the Creation story and the Flood
story.1

The First Beginning: The Second Beginning:

Adam and Eve Noah and His Family

God's God created Adam and God saved Noah and his family from
Action Eve from the dust (2:7). destruction (7:23).

God's God planted the Garden God saved animal species along with
Provision and gave Adam and Eve Noah and gave Noah and his family
plants to eat (1:29-31; animals for food (6:17-22).
2:8).

God's Be fruitful and multiply; Be fruitful and multiply; all living

Blessing have dominion over all things will be filled with fear and
living things (1:28). dread of you (9:1, 2).

God's [You have great freedom, Never again will God destroy the
Covenant but if you disobey Me you earth with a flood; He will always
will die (2:17).] provide the annual seasons (8:21,
22; 9:11).

God's Do not eat of the tree of Do not shed the blood of any
Prohibition the knowledge of good person [without divine
and evil (2:16). authorization] (9:5, 6).

God's Those who eat of this Of those who shed blood God will
Warning tree will die (2:17). demand a reckoning (9:5).

God's It is very good (1:31). Humanity's heart is evil (8:21).

Evaluation

E. WHAT BECAME OF NOAH'S SONS 10:1—11:9

This section gives in some detail the distribution of Noah's descendants

over the earth after the Flood (cf. 9:18-19). Part of God's plan to bring

1The following chart is adapted from The Nelson …, p. 18.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 175

blessing to humankind involved dividing the human race by languages,

territories, and nations.

This fourth toledot section (10:1—11:9) brings the inspired record of

primeval events to a climax and provides a transition to the patriarchal
narratives. All the nations of the world, in their various lands, with their
different languages, descended from Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Of special
interest to the original Israelite readers were the Canaanites and the other
ancient Near Eastern powers.

"From this section we learn that the 'blessing' is for all peoples
because all nations have their source in the one man, Noah,
whom God favored. Moreover, the disunity among Noah's
offspring that resulted from the tower event [11:1-9] did not
prevent the blessing God had envisioned for humanity."1

"The Tower of Babel incident (11:1-9), though following the

table in the present literary arrangement, actually precedes
chronologically the dispersal of the nations. This interspersal
of narrative (11:1-9) separates the two genealogies of Shem
(10:21-31; 11:10-26), paving the way for the particular
linkage between the Terah (Abraham) clan and the Shemite
lineage (11:27). The story of the tower also looks ahead by
anticipating the role that Abram (12:1-3) will play in restoring
the blessing to the dispersed nations."2

1. The table of nations ch. 10

This table reinforces the fact that Yahweh created all peoples (cf. Deut.
32:8; Amos 9:7; Acts 17:26). Like the genealogy in chapter 5, this one
traces 10 main entities, and the last one named in each case had three
sons.

This chapter contains one of the oldest, if not the oldest, ethnological table
in the literature of the ancient world. It reveals a remarkable understanding
of the ethnic and linguistic situation following the Flood. Almost all the
names in this chapter have been found in archaeological discoveries in the

1Mathews, p. 427.
2Ibid., p. 428.
176 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

last century and a half. Many of them appear in subsequent books of the
Old Testament.

"… the names in chapter 10 are presented in a dissimilar

manner: the context may be that of an individual (e.g.,
Nimrod), a city (e.g., Asshur), a people (e.g., Jebusites) or a
nation (e.g., Elam).

"A failure to appreciate this mixed arrangement of Genesis 10

has led, we believe, to numerous unwarranted conclusions. For
example, it should not be assumed that all the descendants of
any one of Noah's sons lived in the same locality, spoke the
same language, or even belonged to a particular race."1

"The table of nations is a 'horizontal' genealogy rather than a

'vertical' one (those in chaps. 5 and 11 are vertical). Its
purpose is not primarily to trace ancestry; instead it shows
political, geographical, and ethnic affiliations among tribes for
various reasons, most notable being holy war. Tribes shown to
be 'kin' would be in league together. Thus this table aligns the
predominant tribes in and around the land promised to Israel.
These names include founders of tribes, clans, cities, and
territories."2

In contrast to the genealogy in chapter 5, this one lists no ages. It contains

place and group names, which are spoken of as the antecedents of other
places or groups, as well as the names of individuals. God built nations from
families. Thus it is quite clearly a selective list, not comprehensive. The
writer's choice of material shows that he had a particular interest in
presenting Israel's neighbors. Israel would deal with, displace, or subjugate
many of these peoples, as well as the Canaanites (ch. 9). They all had a
common origin. Evidently 70 nations descended from Shem, Ham, and
Japheth: 26 from Shem, 30 from Ham, and 14 from Japheth (cf. Deut.
32:8). Seventy became a traditional round number for a large group of
descendants.3 Jacob's family also comprised 70 people (46:27), which may
indicate that Moses viewed Israel as a microcosm of humanity, as he

1Barry J. Beitzel, The Moody Atlas of Bible Lands, p. 76. See pages 76-79 for discussion
of each name in chapter 10. See also Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. 216-32; or The NET2
Bible notes on these verses.
2Ross, "Genesis," p. 42.
3Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 213.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 177

presented it here. God set the microcosm (Israel) apart to bless the
macrocosm (all of humanity).

Japheth's descendants (vv. 2-5) settled north, east, and west of Ararat.1
Their distance from Israel probably explains the brief treatment that they
received in this list, compared with that of the Hamites and Shemites. The
"coastlands" (v. 5) are the inland areas and the northern Mediterranean
coastlands on the now European shore, from Turkey to Spain. The
dispersion of the nations "according to … language" (v. 5) took place after
Babel (ch. 11), all along these coasts, as well as elsewhere.

"The Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian dialects constitute

the older East Semitic branch of this family, while Hebrew,
Aramaic, Phoenician, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic are included
in the West Semitic."2

Ham's family (vv. 6-20) moved east, south, and southwest into
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Africa. Canaan's descendants (vv. 15-21) did not
migrate as far south, but settled in Palestine.3 ("Palestine" [land of the
"Philistines," who settled in "Philistia"] is a later name for the land of
Canaan.4) The length of these Hamite Canaanite lists indicates the
importance of these people and places in Israel's later history. Note the
absence of the common sevens in the structuring in Canaan's genealogy,
suggesting chaos.5

It is possible that Sargon of Agade, whom many secular historians regard

as the first ruler of Babylon, may be the "Nimrod" (meaning "We Shall
Rebel") of verses 8-10.6 Many people in ancient times had more than one
name. His description as "a mighty one" (v. 8, Heb. gibbor) means a
"tyrant" or "despot." He evidently was "a mighty hunter" (v. 9) of men,

1For helpful diagrams showing the generational relationships of the descendants of

Japheth, Ham, and Shem respectively, see Mathews, pp. 440, 444, and 459.
2Finegan, p. 46.
3For explanation of the locations the individuals, cities, tribes, and nations cited in this

table, see Allen P. Ross, "The Table of Nations in Genesis 10—Its Content," Bibliotheca
Sacra 138:549 (January-March 1981):23-31.
4See Finegan, p. 135.
5Waltke, Genesis, pp. 164-65.
6See Finegan, pp. 46-48; Oliver R. Blosser, "Was Nimrod-Sargon of Agade, the First King

of Babylon?" It's About Time (June 1987), pp. 10-13; Douglas Petrovich, "Identifying
Nimrod of Genesis 10 with Sargon of Akkad by Exegetical and Archaeological Means,"
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 56:2 (June 2013):273-305.
178 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

not beasts.1 Reference to him probably foreshadows 11:1-9, which

describes what took place in Babylon. The Greeks connected the
constellation Orion with Nimrod.2 A counterpart to Nimrod is the hero of
the Babylonian flood tale: Gilgamesh.3

"The influx of the Amorites in Canaan is disputed. It does not

necessarily follow that the original Amorites, attributed to
Hamite descent in Genesis 10, were a Semitic people since the
term 'Amorite' in ancient Near Eastern documents does not
serve as a definitive source for designating ethnicity.
Moreover, linguistic evidence does not always assure true
ethnic derivation."4

Shem's posterity (vv. 21-31) settled mainly to the northeast and

southeast of the Canaanites. This branch of the human family is also
important in the Genesis record of Israel's history.

"According to Gen. x. 22, Shem had five sons, Elam, Asshur,

Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram, whose descendants peopled and
gave name to the following countries:—The descendants of
Elam occupied the country called Elymais, between the Lower
Tigris and the mountains of Iran; of Asshur, Assyria, lying to
the north—the hilly country between the Tigris and the
mountain range of Iran; of Arphaxad, the country of
Arrapachitis on the Upper Tigris, on the eastern banks of that
river, where the highlands of Armenia begin to descend. Lud,
the father of the Lydians, is the representative of the Semites
who went westward to Asia Minor; and Aram of the Semites
who spread along the middle course of the Euphrates to the
Tigris in the east, and to Syria in the west."5

"When the two lines of Shem are compared (10:21-31; 11:10-

26), there is a striking divergence at the point of Eber's
descendants, Peleg and Joktan [v. 25]. In chap. 10 Peleg is
dropped altogether after his mention, while the nonelect line

1Leupold, 1:367.
2See Hislop, pp. 13, 57.
3See Davis, Genesis and …, pp. 135-39.
4Mathews, p. 456. See also The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Amorites," by A. R. Millard, pp.

31-32.
5C. F. Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, p. 75.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 179

of Joktan is detailed. It is left to the second lineage in chap.

11 to trace out Peleg's role as ancestral father of Abraham "1

"Eber" (v. 21) is probably the origin of the name "Hebrew," a racial term
by which the Israelites' neighbors referred to them. 2 "Israel" is a national
term. Later, these names were used as synonyms.3

"This Table of Nations, then, traces affiliation of tribes to show

relationships, based on some original physical connections. It
is clear that the writer is emphasizing the development of
these nations that were of primary importance to Israel (yalad
sections) within the overall structure of the Table (b'ne
arrangement)."4

"The three geographical arcs of the branches intersect at the

center—that is, Canaan, Israel's future homeland."5

This section reveals that it was God's plan to bless the human race by
dividing the family of man by languages, locations, and leaders. God
formerly blessed the earth by dividing the light from the darkness, the earth
from the heavens, and the land from the seas (ch. 1). Some creationists
believe that the division of the earth in Peleg's day (v. 25) refers to
continental drift, but many creationists do not hold this view.6

"By correlating the number of nations [in ch. 10, i.e., 70] with
the number of the seed of Abraham [in 46:27, i.e., 70], he
[the writer] holds Abraham's 'seed' before the reader as a new

1Mathews, p. 459.
2See Matthew Akers, "What's in a Name? An Examination of the Usage of the Term
'Hebrew' in the Old Testament," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 55:4
(December 2012):685-96.
3Yates, p. 15.
4Allen P. Ross, "The Table of Nations in Genesis 10—Its Structure," Bibliotheca Sacra

137:548 (October-December 1980):350. Paragraph division omitted. See also Eugene H.

Merrill, "The Peoples of the Old Testament according to Genesis 10," Bibliotheca Sacra
154:613 (January-March 1997):3-22.
5Mathews, p. 433. See Yohanan Aharoni and Michael Avi-Yonah, The Macmillan Bible Atlas,

map 15.
6For a creationist discussion of the subject of continental drift, see Ham, et al., pp. 11-

12, 41-63; David M. Fouts, "Peleg in Gen 10:25," Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 41:1 (March 1998):17-21.
180 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

humanity and Abraham himself as a kind of second Adam, the

'father of many nations' (Ge 17:5)."1

"… his intention is not to give an exhaustive list but rather a

representative list, one which, for him, is obtained in the
number seven."2

"The table's figure of 'seventy' for the world's nations is

alluded to by Jesus in the sending forth of the seventy
disciples, as recounted by Luke (10:1-16). Here the evangelist
emphasizes the mission of the church in its worldwide
evangelistic endeavors."3

2. The dispersion at Babel 11:1-9

This pericope is a flashback that explains the division of the earth in Peleg's
time ("in his days the earth was divided," 10:25). The main emphasis in
this section is not the building of the tower of Babel, but the dispersion of
the people. We can see this in the literary structure of the passage.4

A All the earth had one language (v. 1)

B there (v. 2)

C one to another (v. 3)

D Come, let's make bricks (v. 3)

E Let's make for ourselves (v. 4)

F a city and a tower

G And the LORD came down to see (v. 5; cf. 8:1)

F' the city and the tower (v. 5)

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 131.

2Ibid., p. 132.
3Mathews, p. 437. See also Umberto Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Part

II. From Noah to Abraham, pp. 175-80.

4Ross, Creation and …, p. 235. Cf. J. P. Fokkelman, Narrative Art in Genesis, p. 22;

Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. 234-38; Waltke, Genesis, pp. 176-77.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 181

E' that the humans built (v. 5)

D' Come, let's confuse (v. 7)

C' everyone the language of his neighbor (v. 7)

B' from there (v. 8)

A' (confused) the language of the whole earth (v. 9)

When the people of the world, united by a common language, attempted

to preserve their unity, and to make a name for themselves by building a
tower that would reach into heaven—hoping to achieve God-like power and
authority—Yahweh frustrated their plan and scattered everyone over the
face of the whole earth—by frustrating their ability to communicate in the
language that bound them together.

"The tower of Babel story is the last great judgment that befell
mankind in primeval times. Its place and function in Gen 1—11
may be compared to the fall in Gen 3 and the sons of God
episode in Gen 6:1-4, both of which triggered divine judgments
of great and enduring consequence."1

This story explains to God's people how God scattered the nations and why.
Sending judgment upon them for trying to establish a world order in
opposition to divine rule (human government run amuck), God struck the
thing that bound people together, namely, their common language.
Chronologically, the Babel incident preceded the dispersal that Moses
described with genealogies in chapter 10.

"By placing the Tower of Babel incident just prior to the

patriarchal stories, the biblical writer is suggesting, in the first
place, that post-Flood humanity is as iniquitous as pre-Flood
humanity. Rather than sending something as devastating as a
flood to annihilate mankind, however, God now places his hope
in a covenant with Abraham as a powerful solution to
humanity's sinfulness. Thus problem (ch. 11) and solution (ch.
12) are brought into immediate juxtaposition, and the

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 242.

182 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

forcefulness of this structural move would have been lost had

ch. 10 intervened between the two."1

"As it is presently situated in the text, the account of the

founding of Babylon falls at the end of the list of fourteen
names from the line of Joktan (10:26-29). At the end of the
list of the ten names of Peleg's line, however, is the account
of the call of Abraham (11:27—12:10). So two great lines of
the descendants of Shem divide in the two sons of Eber
(10:25). One ends in Babylon, the other in the Promised
Land."2

"By placing the narrative between two genealogies of 'Shem,'

the author establishes a relationship between the central point
of the narrative—'Let us make a name ['Shem'] for ourselves'
911:4)—and the central point of the patriarchal narratives—
'and God said, "I will make your name ["Shem"] great"'
(12:2a). Thus the genealogies of 'Shem' provide a narrative
link between the story of the fall of Babylon (11:1-9) and the
account of the call of Abraham (12:1-3)."3

One writer argued for the identification of the tower of Babel incident with
the demise and dispersion of the last great Sumerian dynasty centered at
Ur.4

"Although no record of the attempted building of the tower at

Babel and the confusion of tongues has been found in
cuneiform literature [as of 1894], a tradition of such an event
was current outside of Israel, and was ascribed by the
transmitters of it to Babylonia."5

1Hamilton, pp. 347-48. See J. Sasson, "The 'Tower of Babel' As a Clue to the Redactional
Structuring of the Primeval History [Gen 1—11:9]," in The Bible World: Essays in Honor of
Cyrus H. Gordon, pp. 218-19.
2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 134.
3Idem, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 25.
4Paul T. Penley, "A Historical Reading of Genesis 11:1-9: The Sumerian Demise and

Dispersion under the Ur III Dynasty," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 50:4
(December 2007):693-714.
5Davis, Genesis and …, pp. 142-43.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 183

11:1-2 Some of the Hamites migrated "east" (v. 2, specifically

southeast) to the plain of Shinar (cf. 10:10). This was in the
Mesopotamian basin (modern Iraq). (Some translations have
them going from the east (e.g., ESV, NKJV, ESV, HCSV), but
the Hebrew text reads literally "and he was as to move them
to east and they found …").

"The Hebrews used the name Shinar, originally a

region in northern Mesopotamia, to designate the
whole region of Mesopotamia."1

"In light of such intentional uses of the notion of

'eastward' within the Genesis narratives, we can
see that here too the author intentionally draws
the story of the founding of Babylon into the
larger scheme at work throughout the book. It is
a scheme that contrasts God's way of blessing
(e.g., Eden and the Promised Land) with man's
own attempt to find the 'good.' In the Genesis
narratives, when man goes 'east,' he leaves the
land of blessing (Eden and the Promised Land) and
goes to a land where the greatest of his hopes will
turn to ruin (Babylon and Sodom).2

"Following the Ararat departure, the people

migrated southeast to the lower Euphrates valley.
Genesis 1—11 then has come full circle from
'Eden' to 'Babel,' both remembered for the
expulsion of their residents."3

11:3-4 The motivation for building "a city" (cf. 4:17, Cain's "city")
with its "tower" was to make the builders "a name" (v. 4; i.e.,
to establish world domination, authority, and power in God's
place; cf. Ps. 14:1). However, history has not preserved the
name of a single one of Babel's builders.4 Later, God would
make a "name" for Abram (12:2-3). The object of this

1Yates,p. 15.
2Sailhamer,"Genesis," p. 104.
3Mathews, p. 467.
4Matthew Henry, p. 25.
184 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

endeavor was evidently to establish a center by which the

builders might maintain their unity, achieve God-like authority,
and gain world domination, with a one-world government.

"A defensive wall is the hallmark of a city (see

4:17). Cities in the ancient Near East were not
designed to be lived in but were intended for
religious and public purposes."1

God desired unity for humankind, but one that He created, not
one founded on a social state.2 The builders wanted to
"empower" themselves. Both motive and object were ungodly.
God had instructed man to fill the earth (1:28), to spread over
the whole planet.

The builders of the "tower" seem to have intended that it

serve as a memorial or landmark, among other things. It was
probably a ziggurat used for religious purposes.

"Mesopotamian religion claimed that their cities

were of divine parentage. A symbol of this
obsession with divinity among the Mesopotamians
was the ziggurat (Akk. ziqqurratu) that was
erected as early as the third millennium B.C. The
ziggurat was a step-ladder edifice, made up of
mud bricks, whose bottom was square or
rectangular. The precise meaning of the structure
is unknown, though it is widely agreed that it
formed a stairway between the gods and earth
(cf. Gen 28:12). At the foot of the ziggurat as
well as the pinnacle was a temple area serving as
a habitation for the god. Ziggurats may have been
considered an earthly imitation of the heavenly
residence of the gods."3

"A small pavement of rough limestone blocks at

Uruk [also known as Erech and Warka, on the
Euphrates River about midway between Babylon

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 179.

2Mathews, p. 473.
3Ibid., pp. 470-71. Cf. Waltke, Genesis, p. 179.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 185

and the Persian Gulf] is the oldest stone

construction in Mesopotamia, and here, too, is
found the first ziggurat. The Assyrian-Babylonian
word ziqquratu comes from the verb zaqaru
meaning 'to be high, or raised up,' and hence
signifies the top of a mountain, or a staged tower.
Such a tower provided a sort of artificial mountain
in the flat Mesopotamian plain as a high place for
a god whose shrine stood on its summit. From its
first appearance here at Uruk, it was ever
afterward the most characteristic feature of
temple architecture in Mesopotamia, and the
locations of more than two dozen such structures
are known today."1

"The ziggurat which stood at Babylon in the days

of Hammurabi and was known as Etemenanki, 'the
House of the Terrace-platform of Heaven and
Earth,' became more famous [than the ziggurat at
Ur] and was remembered in biblical tradition as the
Tower of Babel, but the zuiggurat [sic ziggurat]
at Ur is today the best preserved of all
monuments of this type and therefore the best
fitted to give a vivid impression of their character
(Fig. 19)."2

11:5-6 The builders undoubtedly expected to ascend to heaven to

meet God. Instead, God descended to earth to meet them
("The LORD came down to see the city and the tower"), another
anthropomorphism, here referring to God's omniscience. If God
had allowed this project to continue, the results would have
been even worse—and more serious—than they were at this
time. The sin of the builders was their refusal to obey God-
given directives.

"Depraved humanity are united in their spiritual

endeavor to find, through technology, existential
meaning apart from God and the means to

1Finegan, p. 23.
2Finegan, p. 50.
186 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

transgress its boundaries. Unless God intervenes

and divides them by confounding their speech,
nothing can stop human beings in their
overweening pride and their desire for
autonomy."1

The construction of cities by itself was not sinful. God chose

Jerusalem for His people, and He will create the New Jerusalem
for believers to inhabit. It is the pride and security that people
place in their cities—and their arrogant independence from
Himself, the Most High God—that God disapproves.

The movement of humanity in our day is again, or still, to unite

and so achieve security and independence apart from God. This
will culminate, the Book of Revelation reveals, in a one-world
government under the leadership of Antichrist. The present
breaking down of racial, linguistic, and geo-political distinctions
is evidence of this movement. From the human viewpoint, this
unity seems good, but from the divine perspective, it is further
evidence of rebellion against God. He will judge it one day,
when Jesus Christ returns to the earth to terminate Antichrist
and to rule for 1,000 years (Rev. 19:11—20:6).

11:7 God's soliloquy ("Come, let Us go down ") in this verse mimics
the language of the tower builders in verse 4 ("Come let's
build"; cf. 1:26). The confusion of language probably involved
more than just the introduction of new words, since the
original single language produced the thousands that we have
today.

"If language is the audible expression of emotions,

conceptions, and thoughts of the mind, the cause
of the confusion or division of the one human
language into different national dialects might be
sought in an effect produced upon the human
mind, by which the original unity of emotion,
conception, thought, and will was broken up. This
inward unity had no doubt been already disturbed

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 182.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 187

by sin, but the disturbance had not yet amounted

to a perfect breach."1

Some scholars believe that this judgment resulted in ethnic

and racial distinctions in humankind eventually. They believe
that the Table of Nations in chapter 10 may also imply this.2

"They [the rebellious builders] deserved death,

but are only banished or transported; for the
patience of God is very great towards a provoking
world."3

11:8 The resultant confusion led to a scattering of the people "over

the face of all the earth" (cf. v. 9). God did not allow human
rebellion to reach the level that it did before the Flood. He
forced people to do what they refused to do voluntarily,
namely, scatter over the face of the earth. This is the third
great judgment on sinful humanity in this first major section of
Genesis (chs. 1—11), the first two being Adam and Eve's
expulsion from Eden, and the second being the Flood.

Some interpreters take the confusion of languages to have

been a local phenomenon only. One writer believed that
lightning struck the tower of Babel, and the confusion of
speech that followed resulted from a scrambling of the
electrical circuits in the brains of those struck.4 This is an
interesting idea but impossible to prove or disprove. Most
interpreters, however, regard this event as the source of the
major language groups in the world today.

"It should be observed that the change of speech

is not asserted to have been sudden, though it
may have been; much less is it asserted that all
differences observable in languages the world
over, or even those characteristic differences
which distinguish the great families of language,

1Keiland Delitzsch, 1:174-75.

2See Merrill, "The Peoples …," p. 22.
3Matthew Henry, p. 25.
4James E. Strickling, "The Tower of Babel and the Confusion of Tongues," Kronos (Fall

1982), pp. 53-62.

188 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

owe their origin to the confusion at Babel. The

event at Babel must not be minimized, neither
must it be exaggerated."1

11:9 "Babel" sounds like the Hebrew word for "confuse" (balal), and
it means "the gate of gods" in Akkadian.

"… Gen 11:1-9, the tower of Babel story, is a

satire on the claims of Babylon to be the center
of civilization and its temple tower the gate of
heaven (E[numa]E[lish] 6:50-80): Babel does not
mean gate of God, but 'confusion' and 'folly.' Far
from its temple's top reaching up to heaven, it is
so low that God has to descend from heaven just
to see it! (11:4-9)."2

This was the original "Babylon" (the Greek form of "Babel"),

that forever afterward was the city most characterized in the
Bible by rebellion against God's authority, and the desire to
earn salvation by works, idolatry, and self-assertion. It stands
as a symbol of organized rebellion against God elsewhere in
Scripture, and God will eventually destroy it (Rev. 17 and 18).
The spirit of Babel is strong throughout the world today.3

"Man certainly did not expect his project to take

such a turn. He did not anticipate that the name
he wanted to make for himself would refer to a
place of noncommunication."4

The story of Babel is important for several reasons:

1. It explains the beginning of, and reason for, the various languages of
mankind.

2. It probably explains the origin of the "races" within humankind.

1Davis, Genesis and …, p. 149.

2Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. xlviii-xlix.
3See Everett H. Peterson, "Prehistory and the Tower of Babel," Creation Research Society
Quarterly 19:2 (September 1982):87-90.
4J. Ellul, The Meaning of the City, p. 18.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 189

"The separate language groups no longer could inter-

marry freely with the rest of mankind. As in-breeding and
lack of access to the larger pool of genes occurred,
ethnic characteristics developed. Furthermore, each
local environment tended to favor selection of certain
traits, and eliminate the others. Ethnic characteristics,
such as skin color, arose from loss of genetic variability,
not from origin of new genes through mutation as
suggested by evolution.

"The concept of race is an evolutionary idea (Acts

17:26). All humans possess the same color, just
different amounts of it. We all descended from Noah and
Adam."1

"The Bible doesn't tell us what skin color our first

parents had, but, from a design point of view, the
'middle [color]' makes a great beginning. Starting with
medium-skinned parents (AaBb), it would take only one
generation to produce all the variation we see in human
skin color today. In fact, this is the normal situation in
India today. Some Indians are as dark as the darkest
Africans, and some—perhaps a brother or sister in the
same family—as light as the lightest Europeans. I once
knew a family from India that included members with
every major skin color you could see anywhere in the
world.

"But now notice what happens if human groups were

isolated after creation. If those with very dark skins
(AABB) migrate into the same areas and/or marry only
those with very dark skins, then all their children will
have very dark skins. (AABB is the only possible
combination of AB egg and sperm cells, which are the
only types that can be produced by AABB parents.)
Similarly, parents with very light skins (aabb) can have
only very light-skinned children, since they don't have
any A or B genes to pass on. Even certain medium-

1A quotation for a plaque explaining an exhibit at the Institute for Creation Research
Museum, Santee, Calif., which I observed on May 21, 1997.
190 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

skinned parents (AAbb or aaBB) can get 'locked-in' to

having only medium-skinned children, like the Orientals,
Polynesians, and some of my ancestors, the Native
Americans.

"Where people with different skin colors get together

again (as they do in the West Indies, for example), you
find the full range of variation again—nothing less, but
nothing more either, than what we started with. Clearly,
all this is variation within kind.

"What happened as the descendants of medium-skinned

parents produced a variety of descendants? Evolution?
Not at all. Except for albinism (the mutational loss of
skin color), the human gene pool is no bigger and no
different now than the gene pool present at creation. As
people multiplied, the genetic variability built right into
the first created human beings came to visible
expression. The darkest Nigerian and the lightest
Norwegian, the tallest Watusi and the shortest Pygmy,
the highest soprano and the lowest bass could have
been present right from the beginning in two quite
average-looking people. Great variation in size, color,
form, function, etc., would also be present in the two
created ancestors of all the other kinds (plants and
animals) as well.

"Evolutionists assume that all life started from one or a

few chemically evolved life forms with an extremely
small gene pool. For evolutionists, enlargement of the
gene pool by selection of random mutations is a slow,
tedious process that burdens each type with a 'genetic
load' of harmful mutations and evolutionary leftovers.
Creationists assume each created kind began with a
large gene pool, designed to multiply and fill the earth
with all its tremendous ecologic and geographic variety.
(See Genesis, chapter 1.)"1

1G. Parker, pp. 111, 113-14. See also Ham, et al., pp. 15-16, 131-55. And see ibid., pp.
19, 197-207, for discussion of how animals could have reached remote parts of the earth.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 191

"Many thinkers labor under the illusion that evolution is

an empirical science when in fact it is a philosophy."1

"We can never have too big a conception of God, and

the more scientific knowledge (in whatever field)
advances, the greater becomes our idea of His vast and
complicated wisdom."2

3. The Babel story demonstrates the inclination of fallen man to rebel

against God, and to try to provide for his needs in his own way, rather
than by trusting and obeying God.

4. It also illustrates that rebellion against God results in: (a) broken
fellowship between God and man, and (b) failure to realize God's
intention for man in His creation, namely, that he rule the earth
effectively.

5. Additionally, it provides the historical background for what follows in

Genesis, since Abraham, the great patriarch and father of the
Hebrews, came from Mesopotamia.

"Irony is seen in the beginning and the ending of this passage.

The group at Babel began as the whole earth (11:1), but now
they were spread over the whole earth (11:9). By this time the
lesson is clarified: God's purpose will be accomplished in spite
of the arrogance and defiance of man's own purposes. He
brings down the proud, but exalts the faithful.

"The significance of this little story is great. It explains to God's

people how the nations were scattered abroad. Yet the import
goes much deeper. The fact that it was Babylon, the beginning
of kingdoms under Nimrod from Cush, adds a rather ominous
warning: Great nations cannot defy God and long survive. The
new nation of Israel need only survey the many nations around
her to perceive that God disperses and curses the rebellious,
bringing utter confusion and antagonism among them. If Israel

1Norman L. Geisler, "Beware of Philosophy: A Warning to Biblical Scholars," Journal of the

Evangelical Theological Society 42:1 (March 1999):7.
2J. B. Philips, Your God Is Too Small, p. 115.
192 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

would obey and submit to God's will, then she would be the
source of blessing to the world.

"Unfortunately, Israel also raised her head in pride and refused

to obey the Lord God. Thus she too was scattered across the
face of the earth."1

F. WHAT BECAME OF SHEM 11:10-26

"The Babel account (11:1-9) is not the end of early Genesis. If

it were, the story would conclude on the sad note of human
failure. But as with earlier events in Genesis 1—11, God's grace
once again supersedes human sin, insuring the continued
possibilities of the promissory blessings (1:28; 9:1). The
scaffolding of human pride would be dismantled by the
erection of the Shemite line that culminates in obedient
Abraham, who likewise is found in the region of Shinar.
Abraham would prove to be the nations' deliverance."2

"Without the blessing of God the situation of humanity is

without hope: that seems to be the chief thrust of the opening
chapters of Genesis."3

In contrast to the genealogy in chapter 5, this one emphasizes life and

expansion rather than death, even though longevity was declining.4 This
genealogy starts with Noah's son Shem, whom God blessed, and it
concludes with Abram, whom God purposed to bless. This is the line of
Israel's ancestors. It is a "vertical" list, of the type used in the ancient Near
East to document legitimate claims to thrones or inheritances.5 This
genealogy, like the one in chapter 5, appears to be complete. But since
other biblical genealogies have gaps in their lists, we may be suspicious

1Allen P. Ross, "The Dispersion of the Nations in Genesis 11:1-9," Bibliotheca Sacra
138:550 (April-June 1981):133. See also Sailhamer, "Genesis," pp. 103-4.
2Mathews, p. 487.
3Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. li.
4For short histories of the pre-patriarchal period of ancient Near Eastern history, see John

Bright, A History of Israel, pp. 17-37; Siegfried Schwantes, A Short History of the Ancient
Near East.
5Ross, Creation and …, p. 249.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 193

that this one may as well.1 Note that the pattern Moses followed in this list
is: X lived so many years and begat Y, and X lived so many more years and
begat other children. This is the same pattern we find in chapter 5, except
that there, the final notation is: X lived a total of so many years and died.
The purpose of this genealogy in chapter 11 is to connect Abram to Noah,
and to give background information essential for understanding the story
of Abram that follows.2

"… the author's aim is to show that God's promise concerning

the seed of the woman cannot be thwarted by the confusion
and scattering of the nations at Babylon."3

"If the message of Genesis is essentially one of redemption,

Gen 3—11 explains why man needs salvation and what he
needs to be saved from. Chaps. 1—2, in describing the original
state of the world, also describe the goal of redemption, to
which ultimately the world and humanity will return when the
patriarchal promises are completely fulfilled."4

"An extensive statistical analysis of the life-spans of the

patriarchs, as given in Genesis Chapter 5 and 11, shows that
statistically the life-span can be considered constant before
the Flood, while after the Flood the data can be fitted by an
asymptotic exponential decay curve. Also, it is concluded that
as for the life-spans reported in Genesis Chapter 11, the data
in the Masoretic text are the authentic ones; those in the
Septuagint have been tampered with. Moreover, it is
statistically unlikely that there are gaps in the genealogies in
Genesis Chapter 11."5

The genealogies in Genesis 11:10-26 and 1 Chronicles 1:17-27 are

identical, but the one in Luke 3:34-36 inserts the name "Cainan" between
Arpachshad and Shelah. The inclusion of "Cainan" may indicate that Luke
used the Septuagint to compose his genealogy, since this name appears in

1See Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 474-89, for discussion of Genesis 11 and the date of the
Flood. They did not believe that this genealogy is complete.
2Mathews, p. 488, included a helpful chart of the 20 generations from Adam to Abram.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 136.
4Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. lii.
5William L. Seaver, "A Statistical Analysis of the Genesis Life-Spans," Creation Research

Society Quarterly 20:2 (September 1983):80.

194 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

this Greek translation, but not in the Hebrew Bible genealogies. Cainan
appears elsewhere in Luke's list as Adam's great-grandson (Luke 3:37-38),
so this may be a scribal error.1

Adam, Noah, and Abram all fathered three named sons, linking them as
"saviors" of humanity. In Abram's case, these sons (descendants) were
Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph.

The genealogy of Shem (11:10-26), in this pericope, prefaces the story of

Abram (11:27—25:11). This structure serves as a prototype for the
narrative that follows in Genesis. Similarly, the genealogy of Ishmael
(25:12-18) introduces the story of Jacob and Esau (25:19—35:29), and
the genealogy of Esau (36:1-43) introduces the story of Joseph (37:2—
50:26).

"With 11:26 the scene has finally been set for the patriarchal
history to unfold. The opening chapters of Genesis have
provided us the fundamental insights for interpreting these
chapters properly. Gen 1 revealed the character of God and
the nature of the world man finds himself in. Gen 2 and 3
portrayed the relationship between man and woman, and the
effects man's disobedience has had on man-woman and divine-
human relations. Chap. 5 sketched the long years that passed
before the crisis of the great flood (chaps. 6—9), which almost
destroyed all humanity for its sinfulness. The table of the
nations (chap. 10) started the process of Israel's geographical
and political self-definition with respect to the other nations in
the world, but Gen 11:1-9 reminded us that the nations were
in confusion and that mankind's proudest achievements were
but folly in God's sight and under his judgment.

"However, according to 11:10-26, just five generations after

Peleg, whose lifetime according to 10:25 saw the confusion of
languages at Babel, Abram arrives. As 12:3 will declare, it is
through him that all the families of the earth will be blessed.
Man is not without hope. The brevity of this genealogy is a
reminder that God's grace constantly exceeds his wrath. He

1See M. S. Mills, "A Comparison of the Genesis and Lukan Genealogies (The Case for
Cainan)" (Th.M. thesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, 1978).
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 195

may punish to the third or fourth generation but he shows

mercy to thousands (Deut 5:9; 7:9)."1

"Four key concepts presented in Genesis 1 through 11 are

crucial for comprehending the rest of the Bible. First, the God
who entered the lives of Abram and Sarai is the same God who
created the entire universe. He is the only true and living God—
Yahweh, the Creator and the Savior of the world. Second, all
people have rebelled against God, their benevolent Creator,
and His good will for them. Humanity has inherited a state of
sinfulness from Adam and Eve's rebellion in the Garden of
Eden. Third, God judges and will judge the actions of all people.
God, by sending the Flood, made it clear to Noah and to
everyone that human wickedness is entirely unacceptable. God
cannot let evil reign free in His creation. Fourth, sin continues
to plague all of humanity—even after the Flood. Although the
Flood did not wash away sin, God, as the second half of Genesis
(chs. 12—50) reveals, has a plan to save humanity from its
own evil deeds."2

The chronological framework for the patriarchal stories (Abraham through

Joseph) rests on two important texts:

1. 1 Kings 6:1 states that the Exodus took place 480 years before the
fourth year of Solomon's reign (i.e., 967 B.C.). This makes the date
of the Exodus close to, if not exactly, 1446 B.C.

2. Exodus 12:40 records that "the sons of Israel had lived in Egypt"
430 years before the Exodus, or from about 1876 B.C. This is the
probable date when Jacob's family moved to Egypt (ch. 46).

From these two texts we can calculate other dates in the patriarchal
period.3

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. 253-54.

2The Nelson …, pp. 1-2.
3For a helpful survey of the recent history of scholarly opinion regarding the historical
reliability of the patriarchal narratives, see Kenneth L. Barker, "The Antiquity and
Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives," in A Tribute to Gleason Archer, pp. 131-39; Emil
C. Wcela, "The Abraham Stories, History and Faith," Biblical Theology Bulletin 10 (October
1970):176-81; Nahum M. Sarna, "Abraham in History," Biblical Archaeology Review 3
(December 1977):5-9.
196 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The historicity of the patriarchs continues to be a matter of scholarly

debate. The problem is the lack of explicit reference to the patriarchs in
nonbiblical literature and in archaeology ("the scientific study of the
material remains of the past"1). Scholars who reject the biblical testimony
as unauthentic have been labeled "minimalists," and those who believe that
the Hebrew Bible credibly supplements nonbiblical material are known as
"maximalists." I am one of the latter, believing that the biblical records
reliably testify to historical individuals and events recorded in this section
of Genesis.2 One liberal scholar made the following admission:

"It is not because scholars of to-day begin with more

conservative presuppositions than their predecessors that
they have a much greater respect for the patriarchal stories
than was formerly common, but because the evidence
warrants it."3

"It is beyond question that traditional and conservative views

of biblical history, especially of the patriarchal period, will
continue to be favored by whatever results accrue from
ongoing Ebla research."4

PATRIARCHAL CHRONOLOGICAL DATA5

2296 B.C. Birth of Terah Gen. 11:24

2166 Birth of Abram6 Gen. 11:27

2091 Abram’s departure from Haran Gen. 12:4

1Finegan, p. 3.
2For a good discussion of the historicity of the patriarchs and the authenticity of the
patriarchal accounts, see Kenneth A. Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 24-55; or Wolf,
pp. 113-17.
3H. H. Rowley, "Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age," in The Servant of the Lord and

Other Essays on the Old Testament, p. 318.

4Eugene H. Merrill, "Ebla and Biblical Historical Inerrancy," Bibliotheca Sacra 140:550

(October-December 1983):318. See also Peter C. Craigie, Ugarit and the Old Testament,
pp. 93-98; Giovanni Pettinato, "The Royal Archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla," Biblical
Archaeologist 39 (May 1976):44-52.
5From Eugene H. Merrill, "Fixed Dates in Patriarchal Chronology," Bibliotheca Sacra

137:547 (July-September 1980):248.

6See Leon J. Wood, A Survey of Israel's History, pp. 30-38.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 197

2081 Abram’s marriage to Hagar Gen. 16:3

2080 Birth of Ishmael Gen. 16:16

2067 Reaffirmation of covenant Gen. 17:1

2067-66 Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah Gen. 19:24

2066 Birth of Isaac Gen. 21:2-3; cf. 21:5

2029 Death of Sarah Gen. 23:2

2026 Marriage of Isaac Gen. 25:20

2006 Birth of Jacob and Esau Gen. 25:26

1991 Death of Abram Gen. 25:7

1966 Marriage of Esau Gen. 26:34

1943 Death of Ishmael Gen. 25:17

1930 Jacob’s journey to Haran Gen. 28:2

1923 Jacob’s marriages Gen. 29:23, 28; 30:4, 9

1918 Birth of Judah Gen. 29:35

1916 End of Jacob’s 14 year labor for his wives Gen. 29:30

1916 Birth of Joseph Gen. 30:23

1910 End of Jacob’s stay with Laban Gen. 31:41

1910 Jacob’s arrival at Shechem Gen. 33:18

1902 Rape of Dinah Gen. 34:1-2

1900 Marriage of Judah Gen. 38:1-2

1899 Selling of Joseph Gen. 37:2, 28

1888 Joseph imprisoned Gen. 39:20; cf. 41:1

1886 Joseph released Gen. 41:1, 46

1886 Death of Isaac Gen. 35:28

1879 Beginning of famine Gen. 41:54

198 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

1878 Brothers’ first visit to Egypt Gen. 42:1-3

1877 Judah’s incest with Tamar Gen. 38:18

1877 Brothers’ second visit to Egypt Gen. 43:1, 15; 45:6, 11

1876 Jacob’s descent to Egypt Gen. 46:6; cf. 47:9

1859 Death of Jacob Gen. 47:28

1806 Death of Joseph Gen. 50:22

II. PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES 11:27—50:26

One of the significant changes in the emphasis that occurs at this point in
Genesis, is from cursing, in the primeval record, to blessing, in the
patriarchal narratives. The Abrahamic Covenant is most important in this
respect. How Abram's family gained and provided these blessings unfolds.
Israel could, and we can, identify with their experiences.

"Chapters 1—11 are set in Babylonia; chs. 12—36 are set in

Palestine; chs. 37—50 are set in Egypt. (The same kind of
tripartite geographical focus emerges from Exodus: [1] 1:1—
12:36, in Egypt; [2] 12:37—18:27, to Sinai; [3] 19:1—40:38,
at Sinai.) In other words, each part of the Mediterranean world
is highlighted in some part of Genesis. The crucial center
section of Genesis (chs. 12—36) is bracketed geographically
by two sections of the Near Eastern world with whose history
that of Israel would be constantly interlocked.

"In chs. 1—11 we read of individuals who had land, but are
either losing it or being expelled from it. In chs. 12—50 the
emphasis is on individuals who do not have land, but are on the
way toward it. One group is losing; another group is expecting.

"Genesis is moving us progressively from generation (chs. 1—

2), to degeneration (chs. 3—11), to regeneration (chs. 12—
50)."1

1Hamilton, pp. 10, 11.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 199

Chapters 1—11 present a structural pattern that continues in the rest of

the Pentateuch.

"The importance of Genesis 1—11 for the rest of the

Pentateuch can be seen in the fact that its narrative structure
provides a pattern by which the author often shapes
subsequent pentateuchal narratives. Thus the order and
arrangement of the Creation accounts in Genesis 1—2 exhibit
the same pattern as the description of the building of the
tabernacle (Ex 25—31); the tabernacle is portrayed as a
return to the Garden of Eden. The instructions given to Noah
for building the ark foreshadow those given to Moses for
building the tabernacle. Furthermore, one can demonstrate
that whole sections of laws in the Pentateuch have been
grouped and arranged in patterns that parallel the narrative
structure of Genesis 1—11."1

"The ancient oriental background to Gen 1—11 shows it to be

concerned with rather different issues from those that tend to
preoccupy modern readers. It is affirming the unity of God in
the face of polytheism, his justice rather than his caprice, his
power as opposed to his impotence, his concern for mankind
rather than his exploitation. And whereas Mesopotamia clung
to the wisdom of primeval man, Genesis records his sinful
disobedience. Because as Christians we tend to assume these
points in our theology, we often fail to recognize the striking
originality of the message of Gen 1—11 and concentrate on
subsidiary points that may well be of less moment."2

Some notable changes take place in the second part of Genesis, though
both parts begin with a creation initiated by the spoken word of God (1:1;
12:1). Instead of the genealogies being prominent and the stories
secondary, as in chapters 1—11, the reverse becomes true now. God
retreats further into the background of the events recorded, than was the
case earlier, and there is corresponding emphasis on the personalities of
the patriarchs. The promises to the patriarchs form the central theme of
this section, especially those concerning descendants, land, and divine

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 39.

2Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. l.
200 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

blessing. There also seems to be increasing depth in the moral awareness

of the patriarchs as generation follows generation from Abram to Joseph.1

A. WHAT BECAME OF TERAH 11:27—25:11

This is the sixth and central (and consequently the most important) of the
11 toledot sections in Genesis.

A major theme of the Pentateuch is the partial fulfillment of the promises

to the patriarchs. The promises in Genesis 12:1-3 and 7 are the
fountainhead from which the rest of the Pentateuch flows.2 Walter Kaiser
labeled the three things promised Abram as "an heir, a heritage, and an
inheritance."3 David Clines called them "posterity, relationship with God,
and land."4 J. Dwight Pentecost and Robert L. Saucy referred to them as
"seed, blessing, and land."5

God progressively revealed more information about each of these promises.

He gave more information about the land promise in 13:15, 17; 15:7-8,
18; 17:8; 24:7; 26:3-4 (plural "lands"); 28:4, 13; 35:12; 48:4; and 50:24.

Repetition of the seed promise occurs in 13:15-16; 15:5; 17:2, 5-10, 13,
16, 19-20; 18:18; 21:12; 22:17-18; 26:3-4, 24; 28:13-14; 32:12; 35:11-
12; 46:3; and 48:4 and 16.

"A line of successive representative sons of the patriarchs who

were regarded as one with the whole group they represented
matched the seminal idea already advocated in Genesis 3:15.
Furthermore, in the concept of 'seed' were the two aspects of
the seed as a future benefit and the seed as the present
beneficiaries of God's temporal and spiritual gifts.
Consequently, 'seed' was always a collective singular noun;
never did it appear as a plural noun (e.g., as in 'sons'). Thereby
the 'seed' was marked as a unit, yet with a flexibility of
reference: now to the one person, now to the many

1Ibid.,
p. 258. See also Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 25
2See Gordon J. Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 169.
3Kaiser, Toward an …, pp. 35, 84-99.
4David Clines, The Theme of the Pentateuch, pp. 29, 45-60.
5J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come, p. 72; Robert L. Saucy, The Case for Progressive

Dispensationalism, p. 42.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 201

descendants of that family. This interchange of reference with

its implied corporate solidarity was more than a cultural
phenomena [sic phenomenon] or an accident of careless
editing; it was part and parcel of its doctrinal intention."1

The promise of universal blessing recurs in 18:18; 22:18 (to Abraham);

26:4 (to Isaac); and 28:14 (to Jacob). God reiterated His purpose with
additional detail to Abraham in 13:14-17; 17:1-21; and 22:15-18; to Isaac
in 26:3-5, 24; and to Jacob in 28:13-15; and 35:9-12 (cf. 46:1-4).

"While this promissory triad of blessing, seed, and land is the

thematic cord binding the Book of Genesis, we find that the
counterthemes of fratricide, violence, uncreation, and
expulsion are the literary-theological foil for the promissory
blessing."2

Genesis 12—50 focuses on the promise of posterity (an heir, seed), though
the other promises receive much attention. Exodus and Leviticus deal more
with the promise of worldwide influence (relationship with God, heritage,
blessing), and Numbers and Deuteronomy emphasize the promise of real
estate (land, inheritance, and rest).

To provide these blessings, God had to overcome many obstacles. Each

obstacle provided an opportunity for Abram to grow stronger in faith, and
each one tested his faith (cf. James 1:2-4). Each episode in the Abraham
narrative reveals something important about God's power and faithfulness.
It should also teach the reader something about responding to God's
promises in the midst of various difficulties. This is the plot of the Abraham
narrative.

In Genesis 12—25, the problems of possessing the land and obtaining an

heir dominate the story of Abram's life. How will Abram obtain the Promised
Land? Who will be Abram's promised heir? How will Abram become the
promised blessing of humanity? These are the great questions that the
thoughtful reader continually asks as he or she reads the story of Abram.
At least one of these questions is central in every incident in Abram's life

1Kaiser, Toward an …, pp. 88-89.

2Mathews, Genesis 1—11:26, p. 59.
202 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

that God has chosen to record in Genesis. These questions form the
unifying theme of the Abram narrative.1

One writer called the form in which Moses revealed Abram's story an
"obstacle story":

"Few literary techniques have enjoyed so universal and

perennial a vogue as the obstacle story. It is found in ancient
and modern literature from the Gilgamesh epic and the
Odyssey to the Perils of Pauline and the latest novel. Its
character is episodal in that it is not self-contained but finds
its raison d'etre in its relation to the larger story or narrative
of which it is a part. Its purpose is to arouse suspense and
sustain interest by recounting episodes which threaten or
retard the fulfillment of what the reader either suspects or
hopes or knows to be the ending of the story."2

Twelve crises arise as the story of Abram's life unfolds. Each of these must
be overcome—and is overcome by God—who eventually does provide
Abram's descendants. Each of these problems constituted a challenge to
Abram's faith. Is God faithful and powerful enough to provide what He
promised? In the end we can see that He is.

Each problem Abram encountered is typical of problems that every believer

has to deal with in seeking to live by faith. Consequently each episode in
Abram's life teaches us something about God's power and faithfulness—
and should enable us to live by faith more consistently. Moses originally
recorded these lessons for Israel's benefit, so that the Israelites would
emulate Abram's faith. Abram was not without his flaws, and his failings
prove as instructive as his successes, as is true of all biblical characters.

The following were the 12 obstacles that Abraham encountered in his faith
journey:

1See Larry Helyer, "The Separation of Abram and Lot: Its Significance in the Patriarchal
Narratives," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 26 (June 1983):77-88; The
Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Supplement vol., "Promises to the Patriarchs," by
Claus Westermann, pp. 690-93; Dixon Sutherland, "The Organization of the Abraham
Promise Narrative," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 95:3 (1983):337-
43; Whybray, p. 55; and Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 262.
2Peter E. Ellis, The Yahwist, the Bible's First Theologian, p. 136.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 203

1. Sarai was barren and incapable of producing an heir (11:30).

2. Abram had to leave the Promised Land, which God had told him he
would inherit (12:10).

3. Abram's life was in danger in Egypt (12:11-20).

4. Abram's nephew (heir?) Lot separated from Abram over a land

dispute (ch. 13).

5. Abram entered a war and could have died (14:1-16).

6. Abram's life was in danger from retaliation in the Promised Land

(15:1).

7. God ruled Eliezer out as Abram's heir (15:2-3).

8. Hagar, pregnant with Abram's son (heir?), departed (16:6).

9. Abimelech threatened Sarai's reputation and child (heir?) in Gerar

(ch. 20).

10. Abram had two heirs (21:8-11).

11. God commanded Abram to slay his heir (ch. 22).

12. Abram could not find a proper wife for his heir (24:5).

"… the narrator has skillfully woven this material together in

such a way as to involve the reader/listener in a drama of
increasing tension between, on the one hand, the promise of
Yahweh that Abram would have an heir and, indeed, would
become the father of many nations, and, on the other, the
threat to the fulfillment of this promise by a series of crises."1

1. Terah and Abram's obedience 11:27—12:9

All that Moses wrote in this pericope (11:27—12:9) deals with Abram and
his future in the Promised Land. Abram obeyed the LORD's command to
relocate to a land that God would give to him and his descendants with the

1Helyer, p. 80. See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 90, for a diagram of the chiastic
structure of the Abraham narrative.
204 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

promise that he would become a blessing to the rest of the world. Abram's
example of obedience is a model for all believers to forsake all else to obtain
the promised blessings of God and to serve Him by becoming a blessing to
others.

"Within the book of Genesis no section is more significant than

11:27—12:9."1

Abram's ancestors 11:27-32

"The function of this genealogy is not so much to connect

Abraham with the preceding events, as the previous
genealogies have done, but to provide the reader with the
necessary background for understanding the events in the life
of Abraham. The list includes eight names. All the individuals
named are relevant for understanding the events of the
following narrative except 'Iscah' (v. 29). The inclusion of this
otherwise insignificant name in the list suggests that the
author is seeking to achieve a specific number of names. Thus
far in the Book of Genesis, the author has followed a pattern
of listing ten names between important individuals in the
narrative. In this short list only eight names are given, hence if
we are expecting ten names, the number of individuals in this
list appears to be short by two names. By listing only eight
names, the author leaves the reader uncertain who the ninth
and, more importantly, the tenth name will be. It is only as the
narrative unfolds that the ninth and tenth names are shown to
be the two sons of Abraham, 'Ishmael' (16:15) and 'Isaac'
(21:3)."2

Abram evidently grew up in the city of "Ur [of the Chaldeans]." A few
scholars believe that the "Ur" in view was located just east of Haran, near
the top of the Fertile Crescent (cf. 24:4, 7, 10).3 However, most hold that
it was the Ur in southern Mesopotamia. Since the Chaldeans later lived in
southern Mesopotamia, this seems to be the correct site.

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 281.

2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 109.
3E.g., Beitzel, pp. 80-81. Cf. Finegan, pp. 70-71.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 205

"By recounting Abraham's call from 'Ur of the Chaldeans,' the

author aims to cast the patriarch as one who came out of
Babylon."1

Ur was an "ancient city of the early Sumerian kingdom, located

about 125 miles from the present mouth of the Euphrates,
100 miles southeast of Babylon, 830 miles from Damascus,
and 550 miles from Haran. It was the capital of Sumer."2

"Ur is well known as an important center in the land of Sumer;

it reached its zenith under the kings of the third dynasty of Ur,
who around 2060-1950 B.C. revived for the last time the
ancient cultural traditions of the Sumerians. [Abram was born
about 2166 B.C.] The names of several of Abram's relatives
are also the names of known cities: Terah Nahor Serug Haran
and Laban the Aramean, Jacob's father-in-law, was from the
city Haran in Paddan-aram. All these are places around the river
Balih in northern Mesopotamia. Haran and Nahor are often
mentioned in the Mari documents of the eighteenth century
B.C., and cities named Tell-terah and Serug are known from
later Assyrian sources."3

1Sailhamer,"Genesis," revised ed., p. 148.

2Yates,p. 16.
3The Macmillan Bible Atlas, p. 28. See also Finegan, pp. 56-57, 67-68, 200-201; Wood, A

Survey …, pp. 39-43..

206 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Haran

MITANNI
Tigris R.
Euphrates R.
Damascus
The MESOPOTAMIA
Promised Babylon
Land

Memphis (Noph) Ur

EGYPT

Nile R. ABRAHAM’S TRAVELS OUTSIDE

THE PROMISED LAND

"In the ruins of Ur at about this time [2070-2060 B.C.] there

are some twenty houses per acre. Assuming six to ten persons
per house, there were 120 to 200 people per acre, the average
figure of 160 being exactly the same as the population density
of modern Damascus [in 1959]. Ur covered 150 acres, and it
may therefore be estimated that the population was
approximately 24,000 inhabitants."1

"If Abraham did come from Mesopotamia sometime in the early

second millennium B.C., it is necessary to revise the picture
sometimes painted of him as a primitive nomad accustomed
only to open spaces of the desert, and to recognize that at
least to some extent he must have been the heir of a complex
and age-old civilization."2

A later writer may have added the reference to "the Chaldeans" in verse
28, since the Chaldeans did not enter Babylonia until about 1,000 B.C.3

1Finegan,p. 52.
2Ibid.,
p. 73.
3Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 272; Mathews, 11:27—50:26, p. 100.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 207

Another possibility is that there were some people knowns as Chaldeans

who lived in this region when Moses wrote Genesis.

"The movement between Ur and Haran becomes easy to

understand when we recall that Ur was the greatest
commercial capital that the world had yet seen …"1

"Numerous texts from archaeological research show that

travel of this kind was not uncommon for the time."2

"There was no serious language barrier anywhere in the Fertile

Crescent [in the time of the patriarchs], since West Semitic
was understood everywhere and the related Accadian of
Babylonia was the lingua franca, the tongue of diplomacy and
business. Moreover, political and cultural ties between Egypt
and Palestine continued to be close, and Egyptian was
understood in all important Palestinian centres, while West
Semitic was spoken in many parts of northern Egypt."3

God first called Abram to leave his home when the patriarch still lived in Ur
(12:1-3; cf. 15:7; Neh. 9:7; Acts 7:2). Abram left a cultured community in
Ur, not to better his life, but to obey God. Canaan at this time was what
could be called "uncivilized."

"Election is one of the central realities of the Old Testament;

even though it is less frequently mentioned than the covenant
it is however the initial act by which Yahweh comes into
relation with his people and the permanent reality which
assures the constancy of that bond. Every intervention by God
in history is an election: either when he chooses a place in
which to make more especial manifestation of his presence, or
when he chooses a people to carry out his intention, or when
he chooses a man to be his representative or his messenger,
the Old Testament God is the one who has universal

1W. F. Albright, "Abram the Hebrew: A New Archaeological Interpretation," Bulletin of the
American Schools of Oriental Research 163 (October 1961):44. See The Macmillan Bible
Atlas, map 25.
2Wood, A Survey …, p. 29.
3Albright, The Archaeology …, pp. 204-5.
208 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

sovereignty at his disposal, and shows it by the free use that

he makes of it."1

Abram's family members were polytheists (Josh. 24:2).

"Several of Abram's relations have names that suggest

adherence to lunar worship (cf. Sarah, Milcah, Laban), a cult
that was prominent in Ur and Harran [sic Haran]."2

Abram married his half-sister, Sarai, which was not contrary to God's will at
this early time in history (cf. Lev. 18:9; 20:17; Deut. 27:22). Indeed, the
marriage of brothers to sisters was a necessity for a time, since the human
race descended from one pair of individuals (cf. 4:17). Endogamy is the
practice of marrying within a family group. Abraham's wife was barren (v.
30).

"We find that in Abraham's society a husband could rather easily divorce
his wife—but not if the marriage had produced children. This last insight, in
light of Sarah's barrenness, adds another dimension to our appreciation of
Abraham's faithfulness."3

God's call was pure grace; there is no evidence in this text, or elsewhere in
Scripture, that God chose Abram because he merited favor. God was
beginning to form a family of faithful followers for Himself. He called Abram
to leave this urban center in trust and obedience. Abram's exodus from his
homeland, and Israel's Exodus from Egypt, were two key events in the
formation of national Israel.

"Likely the son [Abram] persuaded the father [Terah] to

accompany him, and the father, then, according to patriarchal
propriety, became the official leader of the party."4

"It appears that Terah, for his own reasons, decided to move
from Ur to Canaan. He began the journey with several members
of his family. However, they went to Haran, where Terah died.

1Jacob, p. 201.
2Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 252. Cf. Josh. 24:2. See also Livingston, pp. 103-34, for a
survey of religious practices in the ancient Near East.
3Alfred J. Hoerth, "Archaeology and the Christian Mind," in Interpreting the Word of God,

p. 42.
4Wood, A Survey …, p. 43.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 209

This was the first step of the journey of Abram and Sarai to
the land of promise."1

Abram's family stayed in Haran for some time (vv. 31-32), possibly
because Terah was very old and in poor health. Another explanation follows:

"The difference between Terah and Abraham was one thing

only: a response of faith to God's call."2

"It is thus that a father can muffle his son's call, impede his
progress in the work of God, or, by his caution and unbelief,
hold back the outworking of a divine plan in his son's life. Terah
seems, as we peer back through history, to have been a man
not without vision, not lacking a desire to abandon an
inadequate life, or a corrupt environment, but for lack of
bravery or conviction, to have fallen short of the best, and held
his family back with him."3

When the patriarch Terah died, being 205 years old (v. 32), Abram
continued his trek toward Canaan in obedience to God's call.

"Like Nuzi, Haran was also part of the Hurrian Mitanni Empire
whilst the Hurrians were at the height of their power, so that
the tablets discovered at Nuzi would also reflect the way of
life in Haran. In this manner, scholars have ascertained from a
careful study of the Nuzi tablets that they are very helpful in
explaining many of the Biblical episodes relating to the
Patriarchs, which had hitherto been somewhat puzzling.

"Although the Bible indicates that Abram eventually left Haran

(Genesis 12:4), the Patriarchs nevertheless kept in close
contact with that city. Abram sent his servant back to Aram-
naharaim, the region in which Haran was situated, in order to
find a wife for his son Isaac (Genesis 24:2-10). Isaac later told
his younger son Jacob to flee to his uncle Laban in Haran, in
order to escape the wrath of his brother Esau, whom he had
tricked out of his birthright blessing (Genesis 27:43). Jacob

1The Nelson …, p. 25.

2George Van Pelt Campbell, "Refusing God's Blessing: An Exposition of Genesis 11:27-32,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 165:659 (July-September 2008):282.
3E. M. Blaiklock, Today's Handbook of Bible Characters, p. 20.
210 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

indeed fled to Haran, subsequently marrying there his cousins

Leah and Rachel (Genesis 29:1-30).

"The influence of Hurrian society on the Patriarchs was

undoubtedly very strong, not only because of the origins of
Abram in Mesopotamia, but also because all the Patriarchs
maintained contact with the area. This is borne out by the fact
that many of the incidents in the Biblical narratives relating to
the Patriarchs in reality reflect Hurrian social and legal
customs, and prove beyond reasonable doubt that the
Patriarchal way of life had its roots in Hurrian society."1

Archaeologists have dated the Nuzi tablets four or five hundred years after
the patriarchs, but they reflect customs that had been prevalent for
centuries.2 We should be careful not to overemphasize the influence of
Hurrian civilization, however.3

"In this period (the first part of the Middle Bronze Age [ca.
2000-1750 B.C.]) Palestine was receiving an infusion of
population as semi-nomadic groups infiltrated the land …. That
these newcomers were 'Amorites,' of the same Northwest-
Semitic stock as those whom we have met in Mesopotamia,
can scarcely be doubted. Their names, so far as these are
known, point unanimously in that direction. Their mode of life
is splendidly illustrated by the Tale of Sinuhe, but especially by
the stories of Genesis—for it is difficult to escape the
conclusion that the migration of Israel's ancestors was a part
of this very movement. These people brought to Palestine no
fundamental ethnic change, for they were of the same general
Northwest-Semitic stock as were the Canaanites."4

1Stuart West, "The Nuzi Tablets," Bible and Spade 10:3-4 (Summer-Autumn 1981):66.
See also Albright, The Archaeology …, p. 184; Harrison, Introduction to …, pp. 106-111.
2See Finegan, p. 65-67; M. J. Selman, "The Social Environment of the Patriarchs," Tyndale

Bulletin 27 (1976):114-36.
3Ephraim Speiser did this in his commentary on Genesis.
4Bright, pp. 48-49. Paragraph division omitted. See also Finegan, pp. 139-50.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 211

MAJOR HISTORICAL PERIODS OF THE PROMISED LAND1

Stone (Neolithic) Age to ca. 4000 BC (?)

Copper (Chalcolithic) Age ca. 4000-3150 BC (?)

Early Bronze Age I 3150-2850 BC

Early Bronze Age II 2850-2650 BC

Early Bronze Age III 2650-2350 BC

Early Bronze Age IV 2350-2200 BC

Middle Bronze Age I 2200-2000 BC

Middle Bronze Age IIA 2000-1750 BC

Middle Bronze Age IIB 1750-1630 BC

Middle Bronze Age IIC 1630-1550 BC

Late Bronze Age I 1550-1400 BC

Late Bronze Age IIA 1400-1300 BC

Late Bronze Age IIB 1300-1200 BC

Iron Age I 1200-1000 BC

Iron Age II 1000-586 BC

Babylonian/Persian Period 586-332 BC

Hellenistic Period I (Ptolemaic and Seleucid) 332-152 BC

Hellenistic Period II (Hasmonean) 152-37 BC

Roman Period I (Herodian) 37 BC-AD 70

Roman Period II AD 70-180

Roman Period III AD 180-324

1See also the "Chronological Table" in Archaeology, 2 pages before p. 1; and Jerome
Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land, pp. 1-7 for descriptions of the major periods.
212 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Byzantine Period (Christian) AD 324-640

Arab Period (Moslem) AD 640-1099

Crusader Period (Christian) AD 1099-1291

Mameluke Period (Moslem) AD 1291-1517

Turkish Period (Moslem) AD 1517-1917

British Mandate Period (Christian) AD 1917-1948

State of Israel Period (Jewish) AD 1948-today

The divine promises 12:1-9

"These verses are of fundamental importance for the theology

of Genesis, for they serve to bind together the primeval history
and the later patriarchal history and look beyond it to the
subsequent history of the nation."1

"Whereas chapters 1—11 generally portray man's rebellion,

chapters 12—50 detail God's bringing man into a place of
blessing."2

"… this is the central passage of the Book of Genesis."3

God's revelation to Abram in these verses explains why his family left Ur
(11:31).

"… by placing the call of Abraham after the dispersion of the

nations at Babylon (11:1-9), the author intends to picture
Abraham's call as God's gift of salvation in the midst of
judgment."4

"The primeval history thus explains the significance of the

patriarchal story: though apparently of little consequence in
the world of their day, the patriarchs are in fact men through
whom the world will be redeemed. The God who revealed

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 274.

2Ross, "Genesis," p. 25.
3Ibid., p. 47.
4Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 139.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 213

himself to them was no mere tribal deity but the creator of the
whole universe."1

William Newell condensed God's revelations of Himself to Abram as follows:

"The progressive revelation of God to Abraham (Revised

Version best): (a) As the LORD (Jehovah, His name as in
covenant with His people), 12:1, 8; 13:4, 18. (b) God Most
High (El Elyon, Creator—God Over and Owning All), 14:18-22.
(c) Shield and Exceeding Great Reward, 15:1. (d) The Almighty
God (El Shaddai), 17:1. (e) The Righteous Judge, 18:25. (f)
The Everlasting God, 21:33. (g) The God of Providence
(Jehovah Jireh), 22:14."2

The fourth dispensation, the dispensation of Promise, extended from

Abram's call to the giving of the Mosaic Law at Mt. Sinai (Exod. 19—24).
Man's stewardship rested on God's promises to Abram, which appear first
in 12:1-3, but receive confirmation and enlargement in: 13:14-17; 15:1-7;
17:1-8, 15-19; 22:16-18; 26:2-5, 24; 28:13-15; 31:13; and 35:9-12.
Individual blessing depended on individual obedience (12:1; 22:18; 26:5).
God unconditionally promised blessing through Abram's descendants to the
nation of Israel (12:2; 15:18-21; 17:7-8), to the church through Christ
(Gal. 3:16, 28-29), and to the Gentile nations (12:3). Individuals (e.g.,
Pharaoh, 12:17; Abimelech, 20:3, 17) and nations (e.g., Egypt, chs. 47—
50; Exod. 1—15) that proved favorable toward Abram's seed would
experience divine blessing, but those that proved hostile would experience
divine cursing (12:3; cf. Matt. 25:31-46).

Christians are called upon to trust God as Abram did, and so enter into the
spiritual blessings of the Abrahamic Covenant—which covenant
inaugurated the dispensation of Promise (Rom. 4:11, 16, 23-25; Gal. 3:6-
9). God's promises to Abram and his descendants did not end with the
giving of the Mosaic Law (Gal. 3:17; cf. Exod. 32:13; 33:1-3; Lev. 23:10;
25:2; 26:6; Deut. 6:1-23; 8:1-18; Josh. 1:2, 11; 24:13; Acts 7:17; Rom.
9:4). However, as a test of Israel's stewardship of divine truth, the
dispensation of promise was superseded, not annulled, by the dispensation
of Law (Exod. 19:3-8). As the Apostle Paul put it, the Mosaic Law "was
added [to the promises given to Abram] on account of the violations [of

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. li-lii.

2Newell, p. 74.
214 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

God's holiness], having been ordered through angels at the hand of a

mediator [Moses], until the Seed would come to whom the promise had
been made [i.e. Christ]" (Gal. 3:19).

God's word 12:1-3

12:1 This section begins with a waw disjunctive in the Hebrew text,
translated "Now" in several English translations. It introduces
an independent circumstantial clause (cf. 1:2). Probably the
revelation in view happened in Ur. The NIV, TNIV, AV, and NKJV
capture this with the translation "The Lord had said to Abram."
So the beginning of chapter 12 flashes back to something that
happened in Ur, even though chapter 11 ends with Abram in
Haran. Stephen's statement in Acts 7:2 supports this
interpretation. Stephen quoted the Septuagint translation of
this verse in Acts 7:2-3: "The God of glory appeared to our
father Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived
in Haran, and He said to him, 'Go from your country and your
relatives, and come to the land which I will show you.'"

"The name Yahweh, translated as LORD, is not

explained until Ex. 3:14, 15. But the readers of
Genesis needed to know that the one who spoke
to Abram is the same Yahweh who later would
form the nation of Israel and who had created all
things (2:4) [and had called the Israelites out of
Egypt to a new land]."1

"Throughout the entire story one must always

remember that to leave home and to break
ancestral bonds was to expect of ancient men
almost the impossible."2

The focus of God's command was that Abram should uproot

himself, and follow His leading. God called him to leave three
things, which were progressively more difficult: his "country,"
his family ("relatives"), and his "father's house." His country
was his home region, his family was his clan, and his father's

1The Nelson …, p. 25.

2von Rad, p. 161.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 215

house was his branch of his clan. In Abram's world such a move
was unheard of.

"Only the poverty-stricken or the defeated would

wander; only the landless and the fugitive would
move about and leave their ancestral homes."1

"It has been well remarked that the very essence

of the history of Israel is in the words, 'Get thee
out!' [AV]"2

"One detail we do need to note here is the

conditional element in the covenant program with
Abram. It was not until after the death of his
father (Gen. 11:32) that Abram began to realize
anything of the promise God had given to him, for
only after his father's death did God take him into
the land (12:4) and there reaffirm the original
promise to him (12:7).

"It is important, therefore, to observe the

relationship of obedience to this covenant
program. Whether or not God would institute a
covenant program with Abram depended on
Abram's act of obedience in leaving the land. Once
this act was accomplished, however, and Abram
did obey God, God instituted an irrevocable,
unconditional program."3

"… in what sense is the Abrahamic covenant

unconditional? The point here, which has often
been misunderstood, is that while the fulfillment
of any particular generation of Israel depended on
obedience to God, the ultimate possession of the
land is promised unconditionally to Israel even
though she does not deserve it. Scripture
prophesies that a godly remnant of Israel will be

1The Nelson …, p. 25.

2WilliamBarclay, The Letters to the Corinthians, p. 246.
3Pentecost, Thy Kingdom …, p. 60. See also Robert B. Chisholm Jr., "Evidence from

Genesis," in A Case for Premillennialism: A New Consensus, p. 54.

216 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

the ultimate possessors of the land at the second

coming (Ezek. 20:33-38)."1

Since God does not normally speak audibly to people today,

how can we know that God is leading us to make a move?
Charles Swindoll offered these possibilities:

"God may be moving you to change if you have

been experiencing any of these things: An
increasing uneasiness with your current situation.
… A heightening curiosity regarding a new
challenge. … A decreasing attachment to creature
comforts and tangible securities. … A growing
desire to obey God at all costs, even when you
can't explain it. … An inability to turn the thought
off. …"2

12:2-3 Abram had only a promise from God, which was also a
prophecy. We see Abram's faith in his willingness to obey
God—based solely on the confidence that God would perform
what He had promised (Heb. 11:8). This divine promise, along
with the promise in verse 7, was the seed or heart of the
Abrahamic Covenant, which God made shortly thereafter with
Abram (ch. 15). The promise at this point included few details;
it was only a general promise of descendants (v. 2) and
influence (vv. 2-3). The Hebrew text says, "be a blessing" (v.
2), not "you shall be a blessing" (v. 2). This was a command,
as well as a prediction ("I will bless you," v. 2). Not only would
God bless Abram, but he would become a blessing to "all the
families of the earth" (v. 3). God would make his life more rich
and powerful, and he would enrich the lives of others.

"The missionary mandate of the church does not

begin with John 3:16 or Matthew 28:18-20. It
begins with God's covenant with Abraham. We are
blessed that we might be a blessing."3

1Walvoord, "The New …," p. 191.

2Charles R. Swindoll, The Swindoll Study Bible, p. 23. I have omitted his explanations
between his points and his italics.
3Wiersbe, p. 69.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 217

There are seven elements in this promise—seven—suggesting

fullness and completeness (cf. 2:2-3): (1) God promised to
create "a great nation" through Abram. (2) God promised to
"bless" Abram. (3) Abram's "name" would live on after his
lifetime ("I will make your name great"). (4) Abram was
(commanded) to "be a blessing" to others. (5) God would
"bless those who bless[ed]" Abram. (6) And God would "curse
those who curs[ed]" Abram. (7) "All the families of the earth
[would] be blessed" through Abram and his descendants.

"The promises that this glorious God gave to

Abram fall into three categories (Gen. 12:2-3).
First there were personal promises given to
Abram. God said, 'I will bless you; I will make your
name great.' Then there were national promises
given to this childless man. 'I will make you into a
great nation.' And finally there were universal
promises that were to come through Abram. 'You
will be a blessing and all peoples on earth will be
blessed through you.'"1

"Five times in vv 2-3 Abraham is said to be

'blessed' or a 'blessing' to others. This harks back
to the first great blessing of mankind at creation
(1:28) and its renewal after the flood (9:1).
Moreover, Abraham is to become 'a great nation,'
comparable presumably to the seventy nations
listed in Gen 10. His name will also be 'great,'
whereas the men of Babel who tried to make
themselves 'a name' were frustrated (11:4-9)."2

Three components of blessing include: prosperity (13:2, 5;

14:22-23; 24:35; 26:12-13; 30:43; 32:3-21), potency or
fertility (1:28; 13:16; 15:5; 22:17; 26:4; 28:3, 14; 35:11) and
victory (1:22; cf. 22:17).

1Pentecost, Thy Kingdom …, pp. 51-52. See Z. Weisman, "National Consciousness in the
Patriarchal Promises," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 31 (February 1985):55-
73.
2Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 282.
218 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The Hebrew words translated "curse" in verse 3 are significant.

The word qll in "the one who curses you" really means
"disdains," but the word 'rr in "I will curse" means "curse."
Even just disdain for Abraham would provoke God's judgment.

"Why is there suffering in the world? One answer

is that some people and nations have chosen not
to bless Abraham and his descendants."1

God's ultimate purpose was to bless "all the families of the

earth" through Abram and his seed.2 Abram's call and obedient
response form a foundation for all that follows concerning him,
his immediate descendants, and his later descendants. When
God called Abram, He took a new approach to blessing the
human race. These verses constitute a programmatic
statement, a statement that lays out God's program
concerning the future.

"Any promise God gives must be appropriated by

faith."3

"The remarkable thing about Abraham was his

deep, unwavering faith."4

The amillennial interpretation of this promise is that it "does

not pertain today to unbelieving, ethnic 'Israel' (see Rom. 9:6-
8; Gal. 3:15) but to Jesus Christ and his church (see 12:7;
13:16 and notes; Gal. 3:16, 26-29; 6:16)."5 This
interpretation applies the promise to the spiritual seed of
Abraham (Christians), but not to the physical seed (Jews).
However, there is no reason for accepting this more obscure
explanation. Abraham understood the promise as applying to

1Bramer, p. 92.
2William J. Dumbrell, Covenant and Creation, p. 65, explained how the Hebrew construction
of verses 1-3 makes this evident. See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 72-80, for
proof that the theme of the patriarchal narratives is blessing. He listed as major motifs
(recurring key words or ideas) in these stories: sibling rivalry, deception, and
alienation/separation.
3Pentecost, Thy Kingdom …, pp. 51-52.
4Davis, Paradise to …, p. 168.
5Waltke, Genesis, p. 206.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 219

his physical descendants, and later revelation encourages us

to understand it this way too. This prophecy has been partially
fulfilled, and it will be entirely fulfilled, literally.

God repeated His promise to Abraham five times in Genesis:

12:2-3, 13:14-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-22; and 22:15-18.

REVELATIONS TO THE PATRIARCHS

Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph

Gen. 12:1-3 Gen. 26:2-5 Gen. 28:12-15 Gen. 37:5-7

Gen. 12:7 Gen. 26:24 Gen. 31:3 Gen. 37:9

Gen. 13:14-17 Gen. 31:11-13

Gen. 15 Gen. 32:24-29

Gen. 17:1-21 Gen. 35:1

Gen. 18 Gen. 35:9-12

Gen. 21:12-13 Gen. 46:2-4

Gen. 22:1-2

Gen. 22:15-18

Abram's response 12:4-9

12:4 Since Lot voluntarily chose to accompany Abram, he probably

believed the promises as well (cf. Ruth). Abram's call had been
to separate from his pagan relatives, so he was not disobedient
by allowing Lot to accompany him.1 Not only Lot, but Sarai and
"the people which they had acquired in Haran" went with
Abram (v. 5).

Probably Abram viewed Lot as his heir (cf. 11:27-32; 12:4-5;

13:1-2).

1See ibid., p. 207.

220 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Since Mesopotamian law-codes allowed for the

adoption of an heir in the case of childlessness,
this becomes an attractive hypothesis with
respect to Lot."1

Abram lived 75 years with his father, then 25 years without

his father or his son, and then 75 more years with his son,
Isaac.

12:5-6 Abram's first settlement was in Shechem, about 40 miles north

of Jerusalem.

"… towns on the main caravan route

southwestward from the Euphrates which figure
significantly in the Abram stories, are Shechem,
Bethel, Hebron, and Gerar."2

Shechem became sacred to the Israelites, because it was here

that God revealed Himself to Abram—for the first time—in the
Promised Land. This was God's second major revelation to
Abram. At Shechem, Jacob later bought land, set up his home,
and buried his idols in rededication to Yahweh—after returning
from his sojourn in Paddan-aram (33:18-20; 35:4). Here, too,
the Israelites assembled twice when they had taken possession
of Canaan under Joshua's leadership, to commemorate God's
faithfulness in giving them the land He had promised their
forefathers (Josh. 8; 24). Shechem was near the geographic
center of Canaan (cf. Josh. 20:7). It lay in the heart of the land
God now promised Abram.3 "Moreh" (v. 6) means "teacher,"
so "the oak of Moreh" may have been a pagan site for oracles.

"Here Abraham began symbolically taking

possession of the land that would one day be the
territory of the Great Teacher and His
instruction."4

1Helyer,p. 82.
2Albright,"Abram the …," p. 47.
3See Finegan, pp. 183-84.
4The Nelson …, p. 26.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 221

The reference to the Canaanites' presence in the land prepares

the reader for incidents of conflict, with these native
inhabitants, that followed in Israel's history (cf. 10:15-19). It
also denotes a barrier to the fulfillment, of God's promise, to
give Abram and his heirs the land (v. 7). Abram could not take
possession of the Promised Land immediately, because the
Canaanites occupied it.
222 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

ABRAHAM’S TRAVELS
WITHIN THE PROMISED LAND

Shechem

Bethel Ai
Salem and
Mt. Moriah
Hebron
(Mamre)

Gerar

Beersheba

Sodom?

12:7 In response to God's promise to give Abram the land where he

stood ("this land"), the patriarch "built an altar" and
worshipped Yahweh. This was Abram's characteristic response
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 223

to God's grace. Abram's altars were more permanent

structures than his tents. He continued living as a pilgrim and
stranger in a land that he did not yet possess (Heb. 11:9-10).

"They [the Jews] have never really occupied the

land God gave to them. At the zenith of their
power, they occupied 30,000 square miles, but
that is not all that God gave them. Actually, He
gave them 300,000 square miles. They have a
long way to go, but they will have to get it on
God's terms and in God's appointed time."1

Critics of the historicity of the patriarchal narratives have tried

to prove that the religion of the patriarchs differed greatly
from Mosaic orthodoxy—and even Christian norms. While there
was some difference, there is no solid evidence that the
patriarchs worshipped a different God than subsequent
Israelites worshipped.2 Of course, the Israelites also
worshipped idols.

12:8 Abram proceeded south, and encamped ("pitched his tent")

between Bethel and Ai (lit. "Ruin," probably "et Tell"3), about
10 miles north of Salem (Jerusalem). Again he "built an altar"
to worship Yahweh, and "called upon the name of the LORD" in
worship.

12:9 Abram next continued south "toward the Negev" (lit. "dry," a
transliteration of the Hebrew word for "south"), perhaps
because of a shortage of food for his grazing animals (v. 10).

Many years later the nation of Israel, in Moses' day, shared the same call
that God had extended to Abram. She was to leave her place of residence,
Egypt, and go to a Promised Land—to worship and serve God there with
the promise of blessing. This required faith. Believers today have a similar

1McGee, 1:57.
2For a fuller discussion of the religion of the patriarchs, see Mathews, Genesis 11:27—
50:26, pp. 55-71.
3Peter Briggs, "Testing the Factuality of the Conquest of Ai Narrative in the Book of

Joshua," a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society,
Colorado Springs, Col., Nov. 15, 2001.
224 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

calling. They who walk by faith will forsake much to become part of God's
program to bless the world.

"Departure from securities is the only way out of barrenness."1

2. Abram in Egypt 12:10-20

The second crisis Abram faced arose because of a famine in Canaan. Abram
chose to live temporarily in the Nile Valley until the famine ended. In this
incident, Abram misrepresented Sarai because he feared for his life ("they
will kill me," v. 12).2 By doing so, he jeopardized his blessing, for he lost his
wife temporarily to Pharaoh ("the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house,"
v. 15). However, Yahweh intervened to deliver Abram and Sarai from Egypt.

"God knows what kind of faith we have, but we don't know;

and the only way to advance in the 'school of faith' is to take
examinations. Like Abraham, as you progress in the 'school of
faith,' you will face three special tests: circumstances (Gen.
12:10), people (12:11-13:4), and things (13:5-18)."3

"The account of Abraham's 'sojourn' in Egypt bears the stamp

of having been intentionally shaped to parallel the later
account of God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt (Gen 41—
Exod 12). Both passages have a similar message as well. Thus,
here, at the beginning of the narratives dealing with Abraham
and his seed, we find an anticipation of the events that will
occur at the end. Behind the pattern stands a faithful, loving
God. What he has done with Abraham, he will do for his people
today and tomorrow."4

Though Bible students debate the point, I believe Abram rushed ahead of
God—by going to Egypt without a divine revelation that he should do so.5
God blessed Abram in Egypt, ironically mainly because of Sarai, in spite of
Abram's lack of faith, and then returned him to the Promised Land.

1Brueggemann, Genesis, p. 118.

2See Robert R. Gonzalez Jr., Where Sin Abounds: The Spread of Sin and the Curse in
Genesis with Special Focus on the Patriarchal Narratives.
3Wiersbe, p. 71. Paragraph division omitted.
4Sailhamer, "Genesis," pp. 116-17.
5See Waltke, Genesis, p. 213; McGee, 1:59; Wiersbe, pp. 72-73; Blaiklock, pp. 20-21. For

the view that Abram did not do wrong in going to Egypt, see Kidner, pp. 115-16.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 225

Nevertheless, what Abram acquired in Egypt (great wealth and Hagar)

proved to be problems later. Another severe famine (v. 10) even later
encouraged Jacob and his family to sojourn in Egypt (47:4), but God gave
Jacob permission to go (46:2-4). It was evidently fear rather than faith
that made Abram leave the Promised Land.

"Throughout Gen. 12—50 Egypt is a symbol of safety and

provision for the patriarchs and their families. If anything,
Egypt is the oppressed in Genesis. Note that it is Sarai who
'dealt harshly' with her Egyptian maidservant, forcing her 'to
flee' (16:6). Later she urges her husband to 'cast out' this
Egyptian."1

Some commentators have concluded that in dealing with Sarai as he did,

Abram was relying on a custom of the land from which he had come
(Babylonia) to protect him. They suggest that this custom was evidently
unknown in Egypt. Because he failed to perceive this, Abram got into
trouble.

"The thrice repeated story [involving Abraham in 12:10-20

and 20:1-18, and Isaac in 26:6-12] has been the subject of
much discussion by commentators through the ages, but only
with the discoveries at Nuzi has it become clear that Abraham
and Isaac were not involved in any trickery, but were
endeavoring to protect their respective wives from
molestation by invoking the Hurrian custom or law of wife-
sistership. According to the Nuzi tablets a woman having the
status of wife-sister rather than that of just an ordinary wife,
enjoyed superior privileges and was better protected. The
status was a purely legal one, a wife-sister being quite distinct
from the physical relationship usually understood by the word
'sister.' In order to create the status of wife-sistership two
documents were prepared—one for marriage and the other for
sistership. Thus, we find a Nuzi tablet, according to which a
person by the name of Akkuleni, son of Akiya, contracted with
one Hurazzi, son of Eggaya, to give to Hurazzi in marriage his
sister Beltakkadummi. Another tablet records that the same
Akkuleni sold his sister Beltakkadummi as sister to the same

1Hamilton, p. 386. See Peter D. Miscall, The Workings of Old Testament Narrative, pp. 42-
45.
226 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Hurazzi. If such a marriage was violated, the punishment was

much more severe than in the case of a straightforward
ordinary marriage. It would appear that the actions of Abraham
and Isaac reflect this custom."1

In the Hurrian culture from which Abram came (in Haran), people evidently
viewed the husband/wife-sister relationship as even more sacred than the
husband/wife relationship. According to this view, when Abram went to
Egypt, he assumed that the Egyptians also regarded the husband/wife-
sister relationship as more sacred than the husband/wife relationship.
Therefore he presented Sarai as his "wife-sister," and expected that the
Egyptians would not interfere with his relationship with Sarai.2 However,
proponents of this view assume the "husband/wife-sister" relationship was
foreign to Pharaoh, who "took" Sarai because he believed that she was just
Abram's physical sister. When Pharaoh discovered that Sarai was also
Abram's "wife," he returned Sarai to Abram, because Pharaoh regarded the
"husband/wife" relationship as sacred. He was angry with Abram, because
in Pharaoh's eyes, Abram had misrepresented his relationship with Sarai.

Those who hold this view see this incident as an example of failure to adjust
to a foreign culture and failure to trust God. They usually understand
Abram's motivation as having been confidence in a cultural custom from
his past, rather than faith in God.3

Most interpreters have concluded that Abram, on the other hand, was being
rather dishonest about his relationship with Sarai, and was telling a half-
truth to save his own life (cf. 20:12). Evidently it was possible for brothers
to fend off suitors of their sisters with promises of marriage—without really

1West, p. 67. See also Speiser, pp. 91-92.

2See Matthew Newkirk, "Pimps or Protectors? A Reexamination of the Wife-Sister
Deceptions," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 64:1 (March 2021):45-57.
3For refutation of this view, see C. J. Mullo Weir, "The Alleged Hurrian Wife-Sister Motif in

Genesis," Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society 2:22 (1967-68):14-25;

David Freedman, "A New Approach to the Nuzi Sistership Contract," Journal of the Ancient
Near Eastern Society of Columbia University 2:2 (1970):80; Samuel Greengus, "Sisterhood
Adoption at Nuzi and the 'Wife-Sister' in Genesis," Hebrew Union College Annual 46
(1975):5-31; "The Patriarchs' Wives as Sisters—Is the Anchor Bible Wrong?" Biblical
Archaeology Review 1:3 (September 1975):22-24, 26; Selman, pp. 119-23; Kitchen, The
Bible …, p. 70. For information on three social classes of Babylonian women 200 years
after Abraham, see J. M. Diakonoff, "Women in Old Babylonia Not Under Patriarchal
Authority," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 29:3 (October
1984):225-38.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 227

giving them away (cf. 24:55; 34:13-17). Archaeologists have discovered

"a papyrus document which tells that Pharaoh had a beautiful woman
brought to his court and caused her husband to be murdered."1

"When you find yourself scheming in order to escape problems

with people, beware; worse trouble is coming!"2

How would God fulfill His promises if Abram died now? His fears were
understandable; Pharaoh did take Sarai into his harem. Nevertheless, God
intervened supernaturally to reunite Abram with Sarai, and to return them
to the Promised Land (by deportation).3

Abram's fear for his physical safety in a strange land (v. 2) led him to take
an initiative that was not God's will. He should have told the truth and
continued to trust God. Yet even in his disobedience and lack of faith, God
blessed Abram (v. 16) and preserved him (v. 20), because of His promises
(12:1-3).

"One cannot miss the deliberate parallelism between this

sojourn of Abram in Egypt and the later event in the life of the
nation in bondage in Egypt. The motifs are remarkably similar:
the famine in the land (12:10; 47:13), the descent to Egypt
to sojourn (12:10; 47:27), the attempt to kill the males but
save the females (12:12; Ex. 1:22), the plagues on Egypt
(Gen. 12:17; Ex. 7:14—11:10), the spoiling of Egypt (Gen.
12:16; Ex. 12:35-36), the deliverance (Gen. 12:19; Ex. 15),
and the ascent to the Negev (Gen. 13:1; Num. 13:17, 22). The
great deliverance out of bondage that Israel experienced was
thus already accomplished in her ancestor, and probably was a
source of comfort and encouragement to them."4

We sometimes feel tempted to fear for our welfare, especially in a foreign

environment. This fear sometimes leads us to seize the initiative and

1Free, p. 55.
2Wiersbe, p. 72.
3For a helpful though not entirely accurate study, from my viewpoint, which compares the

three incidents in which the patriarchs claimed their wives were their sisters in Genesis 12,
20, and 26, see Robert Polzin, "'The Ancestress of Israel in Danger' in Danger," Semeia 3
(1975):81-98. See also Mathews' good explanation of the wife-sister episodes in Genesis,
in Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 124-26.
4Ross, "Genesis," p. 49. Cf. Waltke, Genesis, p. 217.
228 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

disobey God. But we can count on God to fulfill His promises to us, in spite
of threatening circumstances. We should therefore remain faithful and
honest.

"In times of testing, the important question is not, 'How can I

get out of this?' but, 'What can I get out of this?' (See James
1:1-12). God is at work to build your faith."1

"The integrity and honesty of a child of God are among his

most potent weapons in spreading the gospel."2

The Pharaoh (lit. "Great House") that Abram dealt with in Egypt was
probably Inyotef II (2117-2069 B.C.), a ruler of the eleventh dynasty,
Middle Kingdom period. His capital was in Memphis, very near modern Cairo.

IDENTIFICATIONS OF SIGNIFICANT PHARAOHS IN THE GENESIS PERIOD3

PREHISTORY (to ca. 3100 BC)

EARLY DYNASTIES (dynasties 1-2; ca. 3100-2686 BC)

Menes (first Pharaoh) united upper and lower Egypt.

OLD KINGDOM (dynasties 3-6; ca. 2686-2181 BC) Capital: Memphis

(Noph). Period of absolute power. Age of pyramid building
(archaeologists have identified almost 80).

Djoser (Zoser; 2nd Pharaoh of 3rd dynasty) built the first stepped
pyramid (south of Cairo).

Cheops (Khufu; 2nd Pharaoh of 4th dynasty) built the Great (largest)
Pyramid at Gizeh (near Cairo).

Chephren (Khafre; 4th Pharaoh of 4th dynasty) built the still capped
pyramid near the Sphinx (near Cairo).

1Wiersbe, p. 72.
2Davis,Paradise to …, p. 178.
3Based on the Cambridge Ancient History. All identifications are probable. See also

Finegan, ch. 2: "The Panorama of Egypt."

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 229

FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (dynasties 7-10; ca. 2181-2040 BC) Capital:

Thebes (No)

MIDDLE KINGDOM (dynasties 11-14; ca. 2033-1603 BC) Capital: Memphis

(Noph). Period of culture and civilization.

Inyotef II (2117-2069 BC; 3rd Pharaoh of 11th dynasty) entertained

Abram (Gen. 12:15).

Ammenemes II (1929-1895 BC; 3rd Pharaoh of 12th dynasty) ruled

when Joseph arrived in Egypt (Gen. 37:36).

Sesostris II (1897-1878 BC; 4th Pharaoh of 12th dynasty) had his

dreams interpreted by Joseph and exalted Joseph (Gen. 40:2; 41:1,
14-45).

Sesostris III (1878-1843 BC; 5th Pharaoh of 12th dynasty) ruled

when Jacob entered Egypt and received a blessing from Jacob (Gen.
46:31; 47:10).

Ammenemes III (1842-1797 BC; 6th Pharaoh of 12th dynasty) ruled

when Joseph died (Gen. 50:26).

SYNOPTIC CHRONOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST1

Dates Periods Ancient Near East Canaan Scripture

3150- Early Egypt: Old Kingdom No written records Genesis

2200 Bronze Age (pyramid builders). until the Ebla tablets. 5—11
B.C. Mesopotamia: Sumer Excavations show rich
(Early and Akkad. and powerful city-
Canaanite) states.

2200- Middle Egypt: Amorites and Hebrew Genesis

1500 Bronze Age patriarchs in Canaan 12—50
B.C. Middle Kingdom. and Egypt

1See Livingston, pp. 14-17, for discussion of the archaeological ages in the ancient Near
East.
230 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

(Middle Amorites (Hyksos)

Canaanite) control Egypt and
Canaan.

1500- Late Bronze Egypt expels the Egyptians, Canaanites Exodus—

1200 Age Amorites and controls (El Amarna Age). Judges
B.C. Canaan. Conquest by Joshua.
(Late Early Judges,
Canaanite) Philistines, Midianites,
Ammonites, Moabites,
etc.

1200- Iron Age I Egyptian influence Later Judges, Samuel, Judges—1

930 weakening. Syrian and Saul, David, Solomon. Kings
B.C. (Israelite I) Assyrian influence not
yet developed.

930- Iron Age II Egypt weak, but Divided Kingdom 1 Kings—

586 Shishak attacks Canaan 2 Kings
B.C. (Israelite II) after Solomon’s death.
Syria (Aram) develops
into serious rival for
Israel.

In Old Testament studies, some writers describe the "before Christ" (B.C.)
period as "B.C.E." This stands for "before the common era." These writers
also refer to the A.D. (Lat. ano domini, "year of our Lord") period as "C.E.,"
the "common era."

The first reference to camels in Scripture occurs in verse 16. For many
years, scholars believed that the ancients did not domesticate camels until
much later than the patriarchal period. They believed that references to
camels in Genesis indicated historical inaccuracies. However, the
archaeological evidence for the early domestication of camels has proven
these critics wrong.1 The Hebrew word does not distinguish whether these
were one- or two-humped camels.

1SeeJohn J. Davis, "The Camel in Biblical Narratives," in A Tribute to Gleason Archer, pp.
141-52.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 231

"They represented great wealth; to have a camel in this period

was like having an expensive limousine."1

God will protect His plan, even when His people complicate it with
deception. Consequently, believers should not try to deliver themselves
from threatening situations by deceptive schemes, but should continue to
trust and obey God.

"Here Abram's failure in the face of hostility, like Israel's

sinfulness in the wilderness, is surely recorded as a warning for
later generations (cf. 1 Cor 10:11) and as an illustration of the
invincibility of the divine promises (cf. Rom 11:29)."2

This is the first fulfillment of God's promise to bless those who blessed
Abram, and to curse those who cursed him (12:3).

3. Abram's separation from Lot ch. 13

Chapters 13 through 19 have been called "the Lot narratives."3

This chapter records how Abram, though challenged by a major conflict

with Lot due to strife between their herdsmen, magnanimously gave his
nephew a choice of whichever land he wanted. Lot took an area that was
very fertile, though inhabited by wicked people. In return, God blessed
Abram with a reaffirmation of His promise. This was the fourth crisis Abram
faced.

13:1-4 Abram returned from Egypt through the Negev, and settled
down near his former location between Bethel and Ai. Abram
had become "very rich" (v. 2).

"He was very heavy, so the Hebrew word signifies;

for riches are a burden. There is a burden of care
in getting them, fear in keeping them, temptation
in using them, guilt in abusing them, sorrow in

1The Nelson …, p. 28.

2Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 292.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 160.
232 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

losing them, and a burden to account, at last, to

be given up concerning them."1

"Of special interest is that in Genesis 12:10—13:4

Lot occupies the same position as that of the
'mixed multitude' (Ex 12:38) in the narrative of
Genesis 41—Exodus 12. In other words the author
apparently wants to draw the reader's attention
to the identification of Lot with the 'mixed
multitude.' It is as if Lot is seen in these narratives
as the prefiguration of the 'mixed multitude' that
comes out of Egypt with the Israelites."2

Note also Lot's similarity to Esau in that both men chose what
pleased them (v. 10; cf. 25:29-34).

13:5-7 When it became clear that there was not enough pasture to
sustain all the flocks of both Abram and Lot ("the land could
not support both of them … for their possessions were so
great," v. 6), Abram suggested that Lot separate from him,
because their herdsmen were striving with each another (v. 7).

"Riches are often an occasion of strife and

contention."3

Abram gave his nephew the choice of where he wanted to

settle. This was a magnanimous gesture on Abram's part. If he
was older than Lot, which seems probable, it shows even
greater graciousness. Furthermore, God had called Abram into
the Promised land and promised it to him, not Lot.

"… the Tale of Sinuhe of the twentieth century

[B.C.] depicts persons like Abraham moving freely
about in the Canaanite region with large flocks and
herds in a semi-nomadic type of existence."4

1Matthew Henry, p. 27.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 38.
3Matthew Henry, p. 28.
4Wood, A Survey …, p. 29.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 233

Lot would have been the most likely candidate for the role of
Abram's heir, since Sarai was barren. He was a part of Abram's
household and a blood relative: his nephew. Abram probably
regarded Lot, at that time, as the heir through whom God
would fulfill His promises.

13:8-10 In offering Lot either the "left" or the "right" (v. 9), Abram
was evidently suggesting that he and Lot partition the
Promised Land into two halves; he would take one half and his
nephew the other (cf. 22:3-10). Important to our appreciation
of Abram's offer is knowledge of the fact that the Hebrews, as
well as other ancient peoples, were eastern-oriented (as
contrasted with being northern-oriented, as we are). Abram
and Lot were probably looking east when Abram made his
suggestion (v. 9). Thus "Lot raised his eyes and saw all the
vacinity of the Jordan" (v. 10), which was to the east of where
they stood. Perhaps they were standing on Mt. Asor, the
highest point in that part of Canaan, and only a short walk from
both Bethel and Ai. So when Abram offered Lot what was on
his left, he was referring to northern Canaan, including the area
around Shechem (cf. 12:6; 33:18—34:31; 37:12-17), going
as far south as Bethel and Ai. The other choice was what was
on their right: southern Canaan, including Hebron and the
Negev (cf. 13:6, 9; 13:1, 18; 20:1; et al.). Both men had
previously lived in both regions.

Moses' description of the Jordan Valley as being similar to

Egypt ("like the garden of the LORD, like the land of Egypt," v.
10) should have warned the Israelite readers of Genesis
against desiring to return to Egypt (cf. Exod. 16:3; Num. 11:5;
14:2-3).

13:11-13 Lot, however, chose neither of the options Abram offered:

north ("left") or south ("right"). Instead, he decided to move
"east" into the Jordan Valley (v. 11). Earlier we read that
Adam, Eve, and Cain traveled east after they sinned (3:24;
4:16), and that the people of Babel went east and rebelled
against God (11:2). Thus Lot's move east makes us a bit
uneasy (cf. 12:3). Was this a bad choice? As things turned
out, it was.
234 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

At that time, the Jordan River was the eastern border of

Canaan, and the border continued going south from the
southeastern end of the "Salt Sea" (what we call the Dead
Sea) and southwest toward Kadesh (lit. "cultic shrine") Barnea
(10:19). It then proceeded to the "Great Sea" (which we call
the Mediterranean Sea) along the Wadi el Arish ("Brook of
Egypt"; cf. Num. 34:1-12; Josh. 15:1-12).

The text contrasts "the land of Canaan" where Abram settled,

with "the cities of the vicinity of the Jordan," where Lot settled
(v. 12). The place Lot chose to settle was on the eastern
frontier, along the edges of the border of the Promised Land
(v. 11). The location of Sodom is still uncertain. There are
three primary possibilities: northeast of the Dead Sea,1
southeast of the Dead Sea, or under the southeastern portion
of the Dead Sea. The second option seems most probable.

"… this choice by Lot made rather final the

rupture between him and Abram."2

Lot's choice erected another hurdle for Abram's faith in the

promises of God, and precipitated another crisis in the
"obstacle story" of how God would fulfill His promises to
Abram: Lot chose the Jordan Valley.

"Due to the combination of water (emerging from

underground springs fed by the limestone hills
farther west [of Jericho]), soil (deposited on the
plain from the same hills) and climate (warm and
sunny during most of the year), the region is
known for all types of agricultural products,
especially dates and balsam (used in ancient
ointments). … It is not surprising that Lot, who
with Abraham had lived for a short time in the lush
Nile Valley of Egypt [chose as he did] … His choice
appears to have been made from the mountains

1See Steven Collins, "Where Is Sodom? The Case for Tall el-Hammam," Biblical Archaeology
Review 39:2 (March/April 2013):32-41, 70.
2Harold Stigers, Commentary on Genesis, p. 146.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 235

northeast of Bethel, with a view of the Jericho

oasis or the Plains of Moab."1

Lot's choice seems to have been influenced, to some extent,

by a desire to ally himself with the native inhabitants (cf. 13:7,
12; 19:1-26), as well as by the natural fruitfulness of the
Jordan Valley.

"In any given situation, what you are determines

what you see, and what you see determines what
you do."2

"The eyes see what the heart loves."3

"The close parallels between the two [cities, i.e.,

Babylon and Sodom] which are created in the
narrative of chapter 13 suggest that the author
intends both cities to tell the same story. As in
the case of parallels and repetitions throughout
the book, the double account of God's destruction
of the 'city in the east' is intended to drive home
the point that God's judgment of the wicked is
certain and imminent (cf. 41:32)."4

13:14-17 Abram was now without an heir. However, Yahweh appeared

to him at this crucial time (v. 14), and reconfirmed the promise
of land that, He said, He would give to Abram's offspring (v.
15).

Abram "raised his eyes" (v. 10) too (v. 14), but he saw the
whole land—as far as he could see in every direction
("northward and southward and eastward and westward," v.
14). God repeated His promise to give him and his descendants
all the land he saw. This promise was more specific than God's
previous promises regarding the seed and the land (12:2, 7).

1James Monson, The Land Between, pp. 163-64.

2Haddon Robinson, Leadership 3:1 (Winter 1982):104.
3Wiersbe, p. 74. Italics omitted.
4Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 144.
236 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

This was God's third revelation to Abram. It contained three

specifics:

1. Abram's heir would be his own seed (offspring; vv. 15-

16).

2. God would give the land to Abram and his descendants

forever (v. 15). Interpreters who believe that the Jews
permanently forfeited the land by rejecting their Messiah
sometimes translate "forever" (Heb. 'adh 'olam) "a long
time."1

3. Abram's descendants would be innumerable (v. 16).

The figure of "dust" suggests physical seed, and is hyperbole

(v. 16; cf. 2:7), meaning "innumerable." The "stars" figure
given later (15:5) suggests heavenly or spiritual seed, in
addition to physical seed, and is also hyperbole.

God's encouragement to walk through the land (v. 17) implied

that Abram should claim the promise by treading the land
under his feet. In the ancient Near East, victorious armies
claimed defeated territory by marching through it and literally
treading it under their feet.

"The divine promise of land and other blessings

(Gen. 12:1-3; 15:18-21; 17:1-8) is in the form of
a covenant known technically in ancient Near
Eastern studies as a 'covenant of grant.' It was
made at the initiative of the granter and often
with no preconditions or qualifications."2

13:18 Abram later relocated near Hebron, where he built another

altar and worshipped again (v. 18). Hebron is the highest town
in the Promised Land, with an elevation of about 3,000 feet.
Its site is strategic, lying midway between Jerusalem and
Beersheba—about 20 miles southwest of Jerusalem.

1E.g., Leupold, 1:441.

2Eugene H. Merrill, Kingdom of Priests, p. 36, n. 39.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 237

Many of the commentators have seen two types of believers in Abram and
Lot. One commits himself completely to trusting and obeying God, though
not without occasional lapses in his faith. The other wants both what God
and what the world can give him. These correspond to a spiritual and a
carnal believer, or a single-minded and a double-minded believer (James
1:8; 4:8). Sailhamer saw Lot as a prefiguration of the rabble that came out
of Egypt with the Israelites.1 When Abram gave Lot the choice of where he
wanted to live, Abram was giving up any claim to temporal advantages, and
was trusting God to bless him as God had promised He would. This step of
faith led to greater blessing by God (vv. 14-17). Abram's response to this
fresh revelation, again, was worship ("he built an altar to the LORD").

People who truly believe God's promises of provision can be generous with
their possessions, as Abram was.

4. Abram's military victory ch. 14

Sometime later, a powerful coalition of kings from Mesopotamia invaded

Canaan and, in the process, took Lot captive. Abram retaliated with a
surprise attack at night, and recovered Lot and the possessions those kings
had taken. Upon his return to his home, Abram received a blessing from
"Melchizedek," king of Salem, and he received an offer of reward by the
king of Sodom, "Bera" (v. 2). Abram declined to accept the reward,
because he did not want people to conclude that Bera, rather than Yahweh,
had blessed him. Abram's acknowledgment that victory and possessions
come from God alone, enabled him to avoid the danger of accepting gifts
from the wicked, and to wait for God to provide what He had promised. In
this chapter, we see a much different Abram from the coward who
endangered his wife in Egypt (ch. 12).

Abram's war with four kings 14:1-16

A major significance of this literary unit is that it describes two more

challenges to God's faithfulness and Abram's faith. So far Abram had to
contend with several barriers to God fulfilling His promises to him. His wife
was barren, he had to leave the land, his life was in danger, and his
anticipated heir showed no interest in the Promised Land. Now he became

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 37.

238 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

involved in a war and consequently became the target of retaliation by four

powerful kings.

14:1-12 The four kings mentioned in verse 1 resided in the eastern part
of the Fertile Crescent. They sought to dominate the land of
Canaan by subjugating five kings (v. 2) who lived there. They
probably wanted to keep the trade routes between
Mesopotamia and Egypt open and under their control. It is
interesting that people living around Babylon initiated this first
"war" mentioned in the Bible (v. 2).

"Inscriptions found in recent years have shown

that the names of the Mesopotamian kings may in
some cases be identified with names of persons
already known from the [archaeological]
discoveries, and that, in any case, they fit into the
pattern of Babylonian names."1

Scholars have debated the identity of the "Rephaim" (v. 5; cf.

15:20; literally "ghosts" or "spirits of the dead"). Some believe
they were gods, others that they were the deified dead, and
still others the promoters of fertility.2 Most likely they were
one of the early tribal groups that inhabited Canaan when
Abram entered the land. They appear to have been very
powerful, and apparently some of their neighbors regarded
them as super-human, before and/or after their heyday.3

The scene of the battle of the nine kings was the Valley of
Siddim (vv. 3, 8). This valley probably lay in the southern part
of the modern Dead Sea, south of the Lissan Peninsula. The
Old Testament calls this body of water the "Salt Sea," because
its average 32 percent saline content is about ten times more
than the oceans' 3 percent average. Josephus referred to it as
Lake Asphaltitis.4

1Free, p. 57.
2Conrad L'Heureux, "The Ugaritic and Biblical Rephaim," Harvard Theological Review 67
(1974):265-74.
3See The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Rephaim," by T. C. Mitchell, pp. 1084-85.
4Josephus, Antiquities of …, 9:1:2. See his description of it in The Wars of the Jews, 4:8:4.

See also Thomson, 1:336-37.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 239

14:13-16 Abram could have lost his possessions and his life by getting
involved in war with the Mesopotamian kings. He definitely set
himself up as a target for retaliation. Almost everyone in the
ancient Near East practiced retaliation, and it is still a major
factor in the continuing political turmoil that characterizes the
Middle East to this day. (The "ancient Near East" is a term that
applies to the whole eastern Mediterranean world in ancient
times. The "Middle East" is a term that refers to the area at
the confluence of Africa, Europe, and Asia in modern times.)
People did not forgive and forget; they harbored resentment
for acts committed against their ancestors or themselves—for
generations—and took revenge when they thought they could
succeed.

Why was Abram willing to take such risks? He probably thought

he could win. His love for Lot may have been the primary
factor. His attitude was not: "He's made his own bed; let him
lie in it." Perhaps Abram hoped that Lot had learned his lesson,
living like a stranger in Sodom, and that he would return to
him. Unfortunately, Lot had not learned his lesson, but
returned to Sodom soon after his release as a prisoner of war.
Undoubtedly, Abram also went to war because he had
confidence in God's promises to him (12:2-3, 7).

"We have here a prelude of the future assault of

the worldly power upon the kingdom of God
established in Canaan; and the importance of this
event to sacred history consists in the fact, that
the kings of the valley of Jordan and the
surrounding country submitted to the worldly
power, whilst Abram, on the contrary, with his
home-born servants, smote the conquerors and
rescued their booty,—a prophetic sign that in the
conflict with the power of the world the seed of
Abram would not only not be subdued, but would
be able to rescue from destruction those who
appealed to it for aid."1

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:202.

240 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Some scholars have suggested that Abram's designation as

"the Hebrew" (v. 13) marked him as a resident alien, rather
than a semi-nomad. As such he would have taken steps to take
possession of the land God had promised him.1 He could have
been both a resident alien and a semi-nomad.2 Albright argued
that he was a "donkeyman, donkey driver, caravaneer."3

"In the eighteenth century B.C. the ass was the

chief beast of burden."4

However, most conservative interpreters have concluded that

Abram was a semi-nomadic shepherd.5 The term "Hebrew,"
occurring here for the first time in the Bible, is primarily an
ethnic designation in the Old Testament.6 Usually people other
than Hebrews used this term to describe Abram's ethnic
group. "Hebrew" comes from the name "Eber" (cf. 10:21), and
is related to a verb meaning "cross over" or "pass through."
Abram "crossed over" or "passed through" from another place
in order to obey the LORD's command.7

"The appearance of the later name 'Dan' [v. 14]

is a post-Mosaic updating of the place name for
later readers."8

Another explanation is that the "Dan" referred to here was

"Dan-jaan" (2 Sam. 24:6, and possibly Deut. 34:1) in Gilead.9

The situation that Abram faced, taking his 318 men and going
into battle against an alliance of four armies, was similar to the
one Gideon faced in leading 300 men against 135,000

1See Donald J. Wiseman, "Abraham in History and Tradition. Part I: Abraham the Hebrew,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 134:534 (April-June 1977):123-30.
2See Yochanan Muffs, "Abraham the Noble Warrior: Patriarchal Politics and Laws of War in
Ancient Israel," Journal of Jewish Studies 33:1-2 (Spring-Autumn 1982):81-107.
3Albright, "Abram the …," p. 34.
4Idem, The Archaeology …, p. 206.
5E.g., Kitchen, The Bible …, p. 57. Cf. 46:32, 34; 47:3.
6Hamilton, p. 405. See Finegan, pp. 68-70, for discussion of the Habiru people, and

Kathleen Kenyon, The Bible and Recent Archaeology, pp. 19, 31.
7The Nelson …, p. 30.
8Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 147.
9Wood, A Survey …, p. 53; Leupold, 1:459.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 241

Midianites (Judg. 7:6; 8:10). The lesson of both passages is

the same: God is able to give a trusting and obedient minority
victory over ungodly forces that are overwhelmingly superior
in numbers.

Abram's meeting with two kings 14:17-24

This section records an important decision Abram had to make after he

returned victoriously from his battle with the Mesopotamian kings.

14:17 The "valley of Shaveh" was near the city that later became
Jerusalem (the "Salem" of verse 18). It may have been the
Kidron (or "Black") Valley, immediately east of the city, or
some other valley not far away.1

14:18 "Melchizedek" was probably a title rather than a proper name.

It means "King of Righteousness" or "My King is Righteous."
Compare "Adonizedek" ("Lord of Righteousness") in Joshua
10:1 and 3. However, theophoric names (names bearing the
name of a god) were common in the ancient Near East. So his
name may have meant "My King is Sedeq" or "Milku is
Righteous"—Sedeq and Milku presumably being the names of
gods.2 The names of both the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah
(v. 2) are compounds of a Hebrew word translated "evil" (cf.
13:13).

"The Rabbis have a curious conceit about the

origin of the name Jerusalem, which is commonly
taken to mean, 'the foundation,' 'the abode,' or
'the inheritance of peace.' They make it a
compound of Jireh and Shalem, and say that
Abraham called it 'Jehovah-Jireh,' while Shem had
named it Shalem, but that God combined the two
into Jireh-Shalem, Jerushalaim, or Jerusalem.
(Ber[akot]. R[abbah].)"3

Bread and wine were the royal food and drink of the day. Many
writers have commented on their typical significance, though

1See ibid., 1:462.

2Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 316.
3Edersheim, The Temple, p. 25.
242 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

there is no basis for connecting them directly with the

elements used in the Lord's Supper. Many ancient Near
Easterners used bread and wine in making covenants.1
Melchizedek, the first priest mentioned in the Bible, evidently
gave a royal banquet in Abram's honor. In view of their
characters and geographical proximity, Abram and Melchizedek
may have been friends before this meeting. Melchizedek may
have been Abram's king to whom the patriarch was paying an
expected obligation.2

14:19 Melchizedek "blessed" Abram, and so set himself up for God's

blessing (cf. 12:3). The "God" whom Melchizedek worshipped
as a priest was the true God, known to him as "El Elyon,"
meaning "God Most High, Possessor of heaven and earth" (i.e.,
the Creator). This title reveals the sovereign power of God over
the nations. Both Melchizedek and Abram regarded Abram's
recent victory in battle as due to the blessing of El Elyon (cf.
v. 22). This shows that both of them worshipped the true,
living God.

14:20 People commonly practiced tithing as an act of worship in the

ancient Near East at this time (cf. 28:22).3 It was also a
common tax. This is still true in some modern countries. For
example, in England part of every person's taxes goes to
maintain the Church of England. Some residents regard this
part of their tax as their contribution to the church or their
tithe. However, since Melchizedek gave Abram a priestly
blessing, it is likely that Abram reciprocated by giving
Melchizedek a gift with priestly connotations.4 In some cases,
people gave tithes to those whom they regarded as superiors,
as a sign of their respect.5 "Everything" probably refers to all
that Abram took in the battle rather than all that was in his
possession (cf. vv. 23-24; Heb. 7:4).

1Donald J. Wiseman, "Abraham in History and Tradition. Part II: Abraham the Prince,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 134:535 (July-September 1977):236.
2Loren Fisher, "Abraham and His Priest-King," Journal of Biblical Literature 81 (1962):268.
3See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:207.
4Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 316.
5A. Noordtzij, Leviticus, p. 279.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 243

14:21-24 Abram identified El Elyon with Yahweh (v. 22). His willingness
to take no spoil from the battle for himself demonstrates
Abram's desire that God would receive all the glory for his
prosperous victory. He also appears not to have wanted to be
indebted to the king of Sodom. This man may have, by his
command to Abram, been setting him up for demands later on
(cf. 23:15).

"The gifts of the ungodly are often attached to

deadly strings."1

Generally, the patriarchs believed that God would give them

what He had promised without their having to take it from
others.2 Abram was content with what God had given him (cf.
Phil. 4:11).3

"… just as in the previous episode where Abram

allowed Lot the pick of the land, so here he allows
the surly king of Sodom more than his due."4

"Christians are really so rich in their own

inheritance that it ill becomes them to crave the
possessions of others."5

This event is significant because it demonstrates Abram's trust in God to

provide what He had promised, which God soon rewarded with another
revelation and promise (15:1).

"Even without the explicit warning that 'he who disdains you I
shall curse,' the narrative suggests that it is dangerous to
despise those through whom God works.

"It is the demonstration of divine support for Abram that is the

clearest thrust of this story. …

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 182.

2See note on 48:22.
3See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 120-22, for an excursus on the patriarchs'

wealth.
4Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 318.
5Bush, 1:237.
244 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Within Genesis, however, Melchizedek is primarily an example

of a non-Jew who recognizes God's hand at work in Israel …
They are those who have discovered that in Abram all the
families of the earth find blessing."1

The writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews expounded the typical significance
of Melchizedek, and the events of this incident, in Hebrews 7 (cf. Ps.
110:4). A "type" is a divinely intended illustration given beforehand of
something else that follows: the antitype.2

The confidence that God will preserve and provide for His own, just as He
promised, should encourage believers to decline worldly benefits and wait
for God's blessings.

"We see in chapter 14 who has the real power, Lot the man
who compromised with the world, or Abraham the man who
lived in separation from it. You know they tell us, 'If you want
to have power and influence with the world, you must live
according to it, and, in a sense, be of it. If you want to win card
players, you must learn to play cards,' etc."3

5. The Abrahamic Covenant ch. 15

Abram virtually asked God to strengthen his faith (14:23-24). In response,

Yahweh promised to give the patriarch innumerable descendants. This led
Abram to request some further assurance that God would indeed do what
He promised: "What will You give me, since I am childless?" (v.2). God
graciously obliged him by formalizing the promises, and making a covenant.
In the giving of the covenant, God symbolically let Abram know that
enslavement would precede the fulfillment of the promise.

From chapters 12 through 14, issues involving God's promise to Abram

concerning land have predominated. However, from chapter 15 on,
tensions arising from the promise of descendants become central in the
narrative.

1Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. 321-22.

2See Paul L. Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy, pp. 166-74. And see Gerald R.
McDermott, "Typology in Creation," Bibliotheca Sacra 175:697 (January-March 2018):5-
16, for an argument for extensive typology.
3Newell, p. 79.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 245

Abram was legitimately concerned about God's provision of the Promised

Land, as well as his need for an heir. He had declined the gifts of the king
of Sodom, and had placed himself in danger of retaliation from four
powerful Mesopotamian kings. God had proven Himself to be Abram's
"shield" (v. 1; defender) in the battle just passed. Now He promised to be
the same in the future, and to give Abram a "great reward." This was God's
fourth revelation to Abram.

"Gen 15 not only stands at the center of the external structure

of the Abraham narratives, but also is regarded in the history
of exegesis right down to the present as the very heart of the
Abraham story."1

"Scene 5 [ch. 15] consists of two divine encounters (15:1-6

and 7-21) involving dialogue between the Lord and Abraham
and powerful images symbolizing God's presence and
promises. The first occurs at night (15:5) as a vision (15:1)
and pertains to the promised seed. The second occurs at
sundown (15:12), partially in a deep sleep (15:12), and
pertains to the promised land."2

Moses' declaration that "Abram believed the LORD " (v. 6) links the two
sections.

15:1 "'The word of the LORD came.' This is a phrase

typically introducing revelation to a prophet, e.g.,
1 Sam 15:10; Hos 1:1; but in Genesis it is found
only here and in v 4 of this chapter. Abraham is
actually called a prophet in 20:7. It prepares the
way for the prophecy of the Egyptian bondage in
vv 13-16."3

Only in 15:1, and 22:1, and 22:11 did God address Abram
directly. Visions were one of the three primary methods of
divine revelation in the Old Testament, along with dreams and
direct communications (cf. Num. 12:6-8).

1Westermann, Genesis 12—36, p. 230. See Pentecost, Things to …, pp. 65-94, for a
thorough discussion of the Abrahamic Covenant.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 238.
3Wenham, Genesis 1—15, p. 32
246 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"By his bold intervention and rescue of Lot, Abram

exposes himself to the endemic plague of that
region—wars of retaliation.1 This fear of
retaliation is the primary reason for the divine
oracle of 15.1 which could be translated: 'Stop
being afraid, Abram. I am a shield for you, your
very great reward.' Yahweh's providential care for
Abram is to be seen as preventing the
Mesopotamian coalition from returning and
settling the score."2

The promise of "reward" (Heb. shakar), coming just after

Abram's battle with the kings, resembles a royal grant to an
officer for faithful military service.3 God would compensate
Abram for conducting this military campaign, even though he
had passed up a reward from the king of Sodom. The
compensation in view consisted of land and descendants (cf.
Ps. 127:3).

This interpretation, that Abram feared retaliation, looks back

to the preceding context (ch. 14). Another view looks forward
to what follows in this chapter: the promise of numerous
descendants for Abram. Advocates of this second view see
Abram's fear as fear of remaining childless (cf. v. 2), not fear
of retaliation.4 Perhaps he feared both things. "After these
things" seems to me to separate the events of chapters 14
and 15, and that may support the second view.

In response to Abram's fear, God promised that He Himself

would be Abram's perfectly adequate safeguard and the only
reward that he would need.

15:2-3 Abram used a new title for God, calling Him "Master (Adonai)
Yahweh" (translated "Lord God," meaning "Sovereign
Master"). Abram had willingly placed himself under the

1"See Sarna, [Understanding Genesis, pp.] 116, 121, 122."

2Helyer, p. 83.
3M. G. Kline, Kingdom Prologue, p. 216.
4E.g., Leupold, 1:472; Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 169.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 247

sovereign authority and leadership of the Strong One, the Most

High God.

"A childless couple adopts a son, sometimes a

slave, to serve them in their lifetime and bury and
mourn them when they die. In return for this
service they designate the adopted son as the heir
presumptive. Should a natural son be born to the
couple after such action, this son becomes the
chief heir, demoting the adopted son to the
penultimate position."1

The wordplay between the Hebrew words mesheq ("heir") and

dammesek ("Damascus") suggests the incongruity that
Abram's presumed heir (Eliezer) would apparently be an alien
(cf. Jer. 49:1).

15:4 Abram assumed that since he was old and childless, and since
Lot had not returned to him, the heir God had promised him
would be his chief servant, Eliezer (v. 2; cf. Prov. 17:2).

"… under Hurrian law a man's heir would be either

his natural-born son—a direct heir—or, in the
absence of any natural-born son, an indirect heir,
who was an outsider adopted for the purpose. In
the latter case, the adopted heir was required to
attend to the physical needs of his 'parents'
during their lifetime."2

God assured Abram that the descendants He had promised

would come through a natural-born son, not an adopted heir
("one who will come from your own body"; cf. 12:7; 13:15-
16).

15:5 To the promise of "descendants as innumerable as the dust"

(physical descendants from the land? cf. 13:16), God added

1Hamilton, p. 420. See also Cyrus H. Gordon, "Biblical Customs and the Nuzu Tablets,"
Biblical Archaeologist 3:1 (February 1940):2-3; Wood, A Survey …, p. 28.
2West, pp. 68-69. See also Sarna, Understanding Genesis, pp. 116, 121-22; Anthony

Phillips, "Some Aspects of Family Law in Pre-Exilic Israel," Vetus Testamentum 23:3
(1973):360; Kitchen, The Bible …, p. 70.
248 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

another promise: that Abram's seed would be as countless as

"the stars." This is perhaps a promise of Abram's spiritual
"children" (all believers after Abram), those who would have
faith in God as he did. Abram may not have caught this
distinction, since he would have more naturally taken the
promise as a reference to physical children.

15:6-7 Moses did not reveal exactly what Abram "believed"

(confidently trusted, relied upon), for which God "credited it
to him as righteousness." In Hebrew, the preformative
conjunction waw, with the imperfect tense verb following,
indicates consecutive action, and best translates as "Then."
When waw occurs with the perfect tense verb following, as we
have here, with a hiphil perfect, it indicates disjunctive action,
and could read, "Now Abram had believed" (cf. 1:2). Many
English translations avoid the problem and read simply "And"
or "Abram believed."

Clearly, God justified Abram (declared him righteous) because

of Abram's faith. Abram's normal response to God's words to
him was to believe them. Abram had trusted the Person of God
previously (cf. Heb. 11:8), but he evidently had not realized
that God would give him an heir from his own body (v. 4). Now
he accepted this promise of God also (cf. Rom. 4:3; Gal. 3:6;
James 2:23). The Hebrew word translated "believed" literally
means "leaned fully."1

One writer suggested that Abram believed the "counting"

promises of 13:16 and 15:4-5, regarding numerous
descendants, and the result was that the LORD "counted" his
faith as righteousness.2 The Apostle Paul expounded verse 15
in Romans 4 and there wrote that the promise Abram believed
was "that he would be heir of the world" (Rom. 4:13). That is,
Abram believed that through his yet to be born son, Abram
would bless the whole world.

"In the middle of this chapter occurs what is

perhaps the most important verse in the entire

1Merrill, in The Old …, p. 20.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 167.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 249

Bible: Genesis 15:6. In it, the doctrine of

justification by faith is set forth for the first time.
This is the first verse in the Bible explicitly to
speak of (1) 'faith,' (2) 'righteousness,' and (3)
'justification.'"1

It is also the first reference to the word "believe."

"Religious conversion appears first in recorded

history in the Hebrew Bible."2

Trust in God's promise is what results in "justification"—in any

era. The promises of God (content of faith) vary, but the
object of faith does not. It is always God.3 Technically, Abram
trusted in a Person and believed His promise. To "justify"
someone means to declare that person righteous, not to make
him or her righteous in his or her conduct (cf. Deut. 25:1).
"Justification" expresses a legal verdict.

"We are not saved by making promises to God; we

are saved by believing God's promises to us. How
you respond to God's promises determines what
God will do in your life."4

Covenant theologians believe that the object of saving faith in

both Testaments is the same: Jesus Christ.5 However, there
does not seem to be enough specific revelation about Jesus
Christ early in the Old Testament to justify such a conclusion
(cf. Rom. 4:13).

Today, some preachers warn us about "easy believism," a term

that they use for the teaching that faith alone is all that is
necessary for salvation. But Genesis 15:6 presents faith as the

1Boice, 2:98.
2Albright, Archaeology and …, p. 24.
3See Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism Today, pp. 110-31; or idem, Dispensationalism,
pp. 105-22.
4Wiersbe, p. 69.
5See the Westminster Confession of Faith, in Creeds of Christendom, edited by Philip

Schaff, 3:7:3; Calvin, Institutes of …, 2:6:4; and Walter C. Kaiser Jr., "Is It the Case that
Christ is the Same Object of Faith in the Old Testament?" Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 55:2(June 2012):291-98.
250 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

only thing that resulted in Abram's justification. It sounds very

much as though Abram simply gave mental assent to what God
told him. Whereas it is possible for a person simply to
acknowledge certain facts as true (to give mental assent to
them), saving faith goes beyond that and rests one's hope for
the future on them—without adding anything else (cf. Heb.
11:1).

"He'emin, Hifil of 'aman, 'to confirm' and

'support,' means 'trust,' 'believe,' implying fiducia
[the Latin word for "trust"] rather than assensus
[or ascensus, the Latin word for "assent"]."1

Moses probably recorded Abram's faith, here, because it was

foundational for making the Abrahamic Covenant. God made
this covenant with a man who believed Him.

James 2:21 suggests that Abram was justified when he

offered Isaac (ch. 22). James meant that Abram's work of
willingly offering Isaac justified him (declared or showed him to
be righteous). That is, his work manifested his righteous
condition. In Genesis 15, God declared Abram righteous (in his
standing before God), but in Genesis 22, Abram's works
declared (testified, showed to others) that he was righteous.

"In the sacrifice of Isaac was shown the full

meaning of the word (Gen. 15:6) spoken 30 years
before in commendation of Abraham's belief in the
promise of a child. It was the willing surrender of
the child of promise, 'accounting that God was
able to raise him up from the dead,' which fully
proved his faith."2

"Righteousness is not an ideal, absolute norm

which is above men, but rather a term of
relationship. Thus, a man is called righteous who
conducts himself properly with reference to an
existing communal relationship, who, therefore,

1Leupold, 1:476.
2Joseph Mayor, The Epistle of Saint James, p. 104. Cf. Zane Hodges, The Gospel Under
Siege, pp. 28-31.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 251

does justice to the claims which this communal

relationship makes on him. This communal
relationship can be human. But the passages
where righteousness refers, as it does here, to the
relationship of communion between man and God
are more important."1

15:8 Abram requested a sign, a supernatural verification that God

would indeed fulfill the distant promise ("… how may I know
that I will possess it?"). His request shows that he was taking
God seriously.

"Requests for signs were not unusual in Old

Testament times. They were not so much to
discover God's will as to confirm it."2

15:9-10 God responded by making a covenant with Abram.

"Only after he had been counted righteous by his

faith could Abraham enter into God's covenant."3

"Four rites are mentioned [in the Old Testament]

as parts of the covenant making event. They are
the setting of a stone or a group of stones, the
taking of an oath, the sacrifice of animals, and/or
a communal meal."4

The sacrifice of animals in covenant making normally involved

two parties. They divided an animal into two equal parts,
joining hands, and walked between the two parts (cf. Jer.
34:18-19). On this occasion, however, God alone passed
between the parts, indicating that Abram had no obligations
to fulfill in order to receive the covenant promises (v. 17).

1von Rad, p. 185.

2Davis, Paradise to …, p. 186.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 152.
4Livingston, p. 157.
252 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The animals used were standard types of sacrificial animals,

and may have represented the nation of Israel, "a kingdom of
priests" (Exod. 19:6).

"The use of five different kinds of sacrificial

animals on this occasion underlines the solemnity
of the occasion."1

"We suggest that the animal cutting in Gen. 15:9-

10, 17 is designated a 'covenant ratification
sacrifice' … The killing and sectioning of the
animals by Abram is the sacrificial preparatio
[preparation] for the subsequent divine ratificatio
[ratification] of the covenant by Yahweh who in
passing between the pieces irrevocably pledges
the fulfillment of his covenant promise to the
patriarch. The initiative of Yahweh remains in the
foreground both in the instruction for the
'covenant ratification sacrifice' (Gen. 15:9-10)
and in the act of berit [covenant] ratification itself
(v. 17) .

"Gen. 15:7-21 contains covenant-making in which

Yahweh binds himself in promise to Abram in the
passing through the animals in the act of covenant
ratification. Abram had prepared the animals for
this ratification act through the 'covenant
ratification sacrifice' which involved both killing
and sectioning of the victims. Certain basic
features of this covenant ratification rite are most
closely paralleled only in aspects of the function
of animal rites of the extant early second
millennium treaty texts."2

1Gordon J. Wenham, "The Symbolism of the Animal Rite in Genesis 15: A Response to G.
F. Hasel, JSOT 19 (1981):61-78," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 22
(1981):135.
2Gerhard F. Hasel, "The Meaning of the Animal Rite in Genesis 15," Journal for the Study

of the Old Testament 19 (1981):70.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 253

To "ratify" means to give formal consent to either a treaty, a

contract, or an agreement, making it officially valid.

15:11 "The birds of prey are unclean (Lev. 11:13-19;

Deut. 14:12-18) and represent foreign nations
(Ezek. 17:3, 7; Zech. 5:9), most probably Egypt.
Thus Abram driving off the birds of prey from the
dismembered pieces portrays him defending his
descendants from the attacks of foreign nations.
Genesis itself tells of a number of attacks by
foreigners against the children of Abraham (e.g.
chs. 26, 34) and it already looks forward to the
sojourn in Egypt (chs. 37—50 [cf. Exod. 1:11-
12]). But in what sense can Abraham's actions be
said to protect his offspring? Genesis 22:16-18;
26:5 suggest it was Abraham's faithful obedience
to the covenant that guaranteed the blessing of
his descendants. Exodus 2:24 and Deuteronomy
9:5 also ground the exodus in the divine promises
made to the patriarchs. The bird scene therefore
portrays the security of Israel as the consequence
of Abraham's piety."1

15:12 Abram fell into the same type of "deep sleep" that God
brought on Adam when He took Adam's rib to make Eve (cf.
2:21). Abram's "terror" reflects his reaction to the "torch"
that passed between the parts, and to the revelation of the
character and holy presence of God that the flame represented
(cf. v. 17).

15:13-14 Moses gave more detail regarding the history of the seed here
than he had revealed previously (cf. vv. 14, 16). The "four
hundred years" of enslavement were evidently from 1845 B.C.
to 1446 B.C., the date of the Exodus.

1Wenham, "The Symbolism …," p. 135.

254 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

REFERENCES TO ISRAEL’S YEARS IN EGYPT

1875 1845 1446 1395

The 430 year sojourn in Egypt
(Exod. 12:40-41; Gal. 3:17)

The 400 years of bondage in Egypt

(Gen. 15:13, 16; Acts 7:6)

The “about” 400 years of bondage, wandering, and conquest

(Acts 13:19-20)
Jacob Israelites The Exodus The
moves enslaved and the Conquest
to Egypt giving of completed
the Mosaic
Covenant

This promise, read by the first readers of Genesis after the

Exodus, would have encouraged them greatly (cf. Exod. 12:40-
42). They experienced the fulfillment of this promise. That
generation did indeed come out from Egypt with "many
possessions," also promised here, having "plundered" the
Egyptians (cf. Exod. 12:31-36).

15:15 The ancients conceived of death as a time when they would

rejoin their departed ancestors ("you shall go to your fathers";
cf. 2 Sam. 12:23). This was more than just joining their
ancestors in their graves. It was confidence that they would
live together with them.1 There was evidently little
understanding of what lay beyond the grave at that time in
history.2

15:16 The Hebrew word translated "generation" generally refers to

an average person's lifetime, which at that time in history was
about 100 years.3 This seems a better explanation than that
four literal generations are in view. The writer mentioned four
literal generations in Exodus 6:16-20 and Numbers 26:58-59,
but there are quite evidently gaps in those genealogies.4 "The

1Leupold, 1:485-86.
2For a synopsis of Israel's view of life after death, see Bernhard Lang, "Afterlife: Ancient
Israel's Changing Vision of the World Beyond," Bible Review 4:1 (February 1988):12-23.
3See W. F. Albright, The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra, p. 9; and Theological

Workbook of the Old Testament, s.v., "dor," by Robert D. Culver, 1:186-87.

4See Kitchen, Ancient Orient …, p. 54.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 255

Amorite" serves as a synecdoche for the ten Canaanite nations

listed in verses 19 and 20. (A "synecdoche" is a figure of
speech in which one part of a whole represents the whole, as
here, or the whole represents a part.)

"The Amorites, we may suppose, became the

most numerous, powerful, and corrupt of all the
race, for they are frequently made to represent
the whole [cf. 1 Kings 21:26]."1

15:17 The "smoking oven" and "flaming torch" were evidently one
entity. This was an intensely bright, hot flame symbolizing God
in His holiness. The bright, hot, burning flame is a good symbol
of God in that it is pure, purges in judgment, and provides light
and warmth.

"This act is a promise that God will be with

Abraham's descendants (e.g. 26:3, 24; 28:15;
31:3; 46:4, etc.). Indeed the description of the
theophany as a furnace of smoke and 'a torch of
fire' invites comparison with the pillar of cloud and
fire that was a feature of the wilderness
wanderings, and especially with the smoke, fire
and torches (Exod. 19:18; 20:18) that marked
the law-giving at Sinai. These were visible tokens
of God's presence with his people, that he was
walking among them and that they were his
people (Lev. 26:12).

"In this episode then Abram's experience in a

sense foreshadows that of his descendants. He
sees them under attack from foreign powers but
protected and enjoying the immediate presence
of God. Elsewhere in the Abraham cycle, his life
prefigures episodes in the history of Israel. Famine
drove him to settle in Egypt (12:10; cf. chs. 42—
46). He escaped after God had plagued Pharaoh
(12:17; cf. Exod. 7—12), enriched by his stay in
Egypt (13:2; cf. Exod. 12:35-38) and journeyed

1Thomson, 1:240-41.
256 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

by stages (13:3; cf. Exod. 17:1; etc.) back to

Canaan. In Genesis 22 Abraham goes on a three-
day journey to a mountain, offers a sacrifice in
place of his only son, God appears to him and
reaffirms his promises. Sinai is of course a three-
day journey from Egypt (Exod. 8:27), where
Israel's first-born sons had been passed over
(Exod. 12). There too sacrifice was offered, God
appeared and reaffirmed his promises (Exod. 19—
24).

"Finally, it may be observed, the interpretation of

Gen. 15:9-11, 17, that I am proposing on the
basis of other ritual texts in the Pentateuch is
congruent with verses 13-16, which explain that
Abraham's descendants would be oppressed for
400 years in Egypt before they come out with
great possessions. Whether these verses are a
later addition to the narrative as is generally held,
or integral to it as van Seters asserts, they do
confirm that at a very early stage in the history of
the tradition this rite was interpreted as a
dramatic representation of the divine promises to
Abraham. It is not a dramatized curse that would
come into play should the covenant be broken,
but a solemn and visual reaffirmation of the
covenant that is essentially a promise …"1

Another writer argued that this verse does not picture a

covenant-making ritual for a unilateral, wholly unconditional
covenant (cf. 17:1-2, 9-14; 18:18-19; 22:16, 18; 26:5). He
believed the covenant is unconditional, but it did not become
unconditional until chapter 22.2

1Wenham, "The Symbolism …," p. 136.

2Gordon H. Johnston, "Torch and Brazier Passing between the Pieces (Gen 15:17): Does
It Really Symbolize an Unconditional Covenant?" and "God's Covenant with Abraham in
Genesis 15: A Contingently-Unconditional Royal Grant?" papers presented at the 56th
annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, San Antonio, Tex., November 18,
2004.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 257

15:18 This was the formal "cutting" of the Abrahamic Covenant. God
now formalized His earlier promises (12:1-3, 7) into a
suzerainty treaty, similar to a royal land grant, since Abram
now understood and believed what God had promised. God as
King bound Himself to do something for His servant Abram.
The fulfillment of the covenant did not depend on Abram's
obedience. It rested entirely on God's faithfulness.1

"Note that the conditional promise of Gen. 12:1-

3 becomes an unconditional covenant in Gen.
15:18. God declared His unconditional covenant
with Abraham after declaring him righteous
because of his belief (15:6)."2

"… it is fitting that in many respects the account

should foreshadow the making of the covenant at
Sinai. The opening statement in 15:7: 'I am the
LORD, who brought you up out of Ur of the
Chaldeans,' is virtually identical to the opening
statement of the Sinai covenant in Exodus 20:2:
'I am the LORD your God, who brought you up out
of the land of Egypt.' The expression 'Ur of the
Chaldeans' refers back to Genesis 11:28, 31 and
grounds the present covenant in a past act of
divine salvation from 'Babylon,' just as Exodus
20:2 grounds the Sinai covenant in an act of divine
salvation from Egypt. The coming of God's
presence in the awesome fire and darkness of
Mount Sinai (Ex 19:18; 20:18; Dt 4:11) appears
to be intentionally reflected in Abraham's
pyrotechnic vision (Ge 15:12, 17). In the Lord's
words to Abraham (15:13-16) the connection
between Abraham's covenant and the Sinai
covenant is explicitly made by means of the
reference to the four hundred years of bondage
of Abraham's seed and their subsequent 'exodus'
('and after this they will go out,' v. 14). Such
considerations lead to the conclusion that the

1Westermann, "Promises to …," p. 690.

2The Nelson …, p. 1885.
258 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

author intends to draw the reader's attention to

the events at Sinai in his depiction of the covenant
with Abraham.

"If we ask why the author has sought to bring the

picture of Sinai here, the answer lies in the
purpose of the book. It is part of the overall
strategy of the book to show that what God did
at Sinai was part of a larger plan which had already
been put into action with the patriarchs. Thus, the
exodus and the Sinai covenant serve as reminders
not only of God's power and grace but also of
God's faithfulness. What he sets out to
accomplish with his people, he will carry through
to the end."1

Moses revealed the general geographical borders of the

Promised Land, here for the first time. Some scholars interpret
the "river of Egypt" as the Nile River.

"The argument is usually based on the fact that

the Hebrew word nahar is consistently restricted
to large rivers. However, the Hebrew is more
frequently nahal (= Arabic wady) instead of the
nahar of Genesis 15:18 which may have been
influenced by the second nahar in the text.2 In the
Akkadian texts of Sargon II (716 B.C.) it appears
as nahal musar."3

God later specified the Wadi El 'Arish, "the geographical

boundary between Canaan and Egypt,"4 as the exact border

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 152.

2"J. Simons, The Geographical and Topographical Texts of the Old Testament, p. 96, sec.
272."
3"James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, p.

286; also Esarhaddon's Arzi(ni) or Arsa = Arish (?), (ibid., p. 290). See Bruce K. Waltke,
'River of Egypt,' Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, 5:121; and J. Dwight
Pentecost, Prophecy for Today, p. 65. An interesting case for the Nile is made by H. Bar-
Deroma in 'The River of Egypt (Nahal Mizraim),' Palestinian Exploration Quarterly 92
(1960):37-56." Walter C. Kaiser Jr., "The Promised Land: A Biblical-Historical View,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 138:552 (October-December 1981):311.
4Charles Pfeiffer and Howard Vos, Wycliffe Historical Geography of Bible Lands, p. 88.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 259

(Num. 34:5; Josh. 15:4, 47). That seems to be the "river" in

view here, too. The Euphrates River has never yet been Israel's
border.1 These borders appear to coincide roughly with those
of the Garden of Eden (cf. 2:10-14). Thus the Garden of Eden
may have occupied the same general area as the Promised
Land.

Some amillennialists take these boundaries as an ideal

expressing great blessing, and they believe God never intended
that Abram's seed should extend this far geographically.2
However, such a conclusion is subjective, and finds no support
in the text.3 Others take this promise as referring to heaven.
Still other amillennialists take it literally but believe that it was
conditional and will never be fulfilled.4

15:19-21 Moses named ten of the native tribes then inhabiting the
Promised Land. The longest of the 27 lists of pre-Israelite
nations that inhabited the Promised Land names 12 entities
(10:15-18a; 1 Chron. 1:13-18). Sometimes as few as two
receive mention. Most of these lists identify six.5

The Kenites (lit. "smiths," v. 19) were copper-workers, who

lived among the Midianites, southeast of the Gulf of Aqabah.6
The Kenizzites (v. 19) lived in the extreme south of the
Promised Land.7 The Kadmonites (v. 19) evidently lived near
the headwaters of the Jordan River, near Mount Hermon.8
These Hittites (v. 20) lived near Hebron (23:10). They are
probably not the same Hittites that lived in Anatolia (Asia
Minor, modern western Turkey; cf. 10:15).9 The Perizzites (v.
20) apparently lived in villages (Heb. peraza) scattered among

1Cf. Edersheim, Sketches of …, p. 8.

2E.g., Waltke, Genesis, p. 245.
3See Mal Couch, "When God Restores the Kingdom to Israel," in The Gathering Storm, pp.

258-76.
4See John F. Walvoord, Israel in Prophecy, ch. 4: "The Promise of the Land to Israel," pp.

63-79.
5Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 177.
6The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Kenites," by J. A. Motyer, pp. 688-89.
7Ibid., s.v. "Kenizzites," by J. P. U. Lilley, p. 689.
8Thomson, 1:242.
9See Finegan, pp. 198-200; Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 96-98.
260 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

the other Canaanites.1 The Rephaim (v. 20) were people of a

legendary stature who lived among the other Canaanites and
were also known by other names, such as Emim (Deut. 2:11)
and Zamzummim (Deut. 2:20-21).2 The Amorites (v. 21) lived
mainly in the hill country, on both sides of the Jordan River.3
"Canaanites" (v. 21) is both a general name for all these tribes
(a synecdoche) and, as used here, the name of one of them.
The tribal Canaanites lived mainly in the western part of
Canaan.4 Little is known of the Girgashites (v. 21), though they
were descendants of the patriarch Canaan (Gen. 10:16; 1
Chron. 1:14) and were a part of the mixed population of the
Promised Land. The Jebusites (v. 21) lived mainly in the hills
around Jerusalem (Num. 13:29; Josh. 11:3; 15:8; 18:16).5

Again, the first readers of Genesis would have been greatly

encouraged to read this promise (cf. vv. 13-14). God repeated
the promises of this covenant frequently in Genesis (17:1-22;
18:1-15; 22:15-18; 26:23-24; 35:9-15; cf. 12:1-3, 7; 13:14-
17).

The Abrahamic Covenant is basic to the premillennial system of theology.

"How one understands the nature and function of this

covenant will largely determine one's overall theology and
most particularly his eschatology."6

This covenant has not yet been fulfilled exactly as God promised it would
be. Since God is faithful to His Word, we believe He will fulfill these promises
in the future. Consequently there must be a future for Israel as a nation
(cf. Rom. 11). Amillennialists interpret this covenant in a less literal way.
They say, for example, that the land promise was fulfilled during the reign
of Solomon (1 Kings 8:65) and again during the reign of Jeroboam II (2
Kings 14:25).7 The crucial issue is interpretation. If God fulfilled the seed

1The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Perizzites," by J. P. U. Lilley, p. 968.

2Ibid., s.v. "Rephaim," by T. C. Mitchell, pp. 1084-85.
3Ibid., s.v. "Amorites," by A. R. Millard, pp. 31-32.
4Ibid., s.v. "Canaan, Canaanites," by Kenneth A. Kitchen, pp. 183-86.
5Ibid., s.v. "Jebusites," by D. J. Wiseman, pp. 601-2.
6Eugene H. Merrill, "The Covenant with Abraham," Journal of Dispensational Theology

12:36 (August 2008):5.

7Leupold, 1:490.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 261

and blessings promises literally—and He did—should we not expect that He

will also fulfill the land promises literally as well?1

The Palestinian, Davidic, and New Covenants are outgrowths of the

Abrahamic Covenant. Each of these expands one major promise of the
Abrahamic Covenant: the land, seed, and blessing promises respectively.

Now that God had given Abram the covenant, the writer proceeded to show
how He would fulfill the promises. This is the reason for the selection of
material that follows. So far in the story of Abram, Moses stressed the
plans and purposes of God, culminating in the making of the covenant. Now
we learn how Abram and his seed would realize these plans and purposes.
This involves a revelation of God's ways and man's responsibilities.2

God's people can rely on His promises, even if they have to experience
suffering and death before they see the promises fulfilled.

6. The birth of Ishmael ch. 16

Sarai and Abram schemed to obtain the heir God had promised to give
them, by resorting to an albeit culturally acceptable custom of their day,
but which involved a failure to trust God. This fleshly act created serious
complications for Abram and his household, that included Hagar fleeing into
the wilderness. Nevertheless God proved faithful to His promises and
responded to Hagar's cries for help. He provided for her needs, and
promised her many descendants—through Ishmael, since he was Abram's
son.

"The account of Sarah's plan to have a son has not only been
connected with the list of nations in chapter 15, but also
appears to have been intentionally shaped with reference to
the account of the Fall in Genesis 3. Each of the main verbs

1See Jeffrey Townsend, "Fulfillment of the Land Promise in the Old Testament,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 142:568 (October-December 1985):320-37; Cleon L. Rogers Jr., "The
Covenant with Abraham and Its Historical Setting," Bibliotheca Sacra 127:507 (July-
September 1970):241-56; Daniel C. Lane, "The Meaning and Use of the Old Testament
Term for 'Covenant' (berit): with Some Implications for Dispensationalism and Covenant
Theology," a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society,
Toronto, Canada, November 20, 2002.
2See Darby, 1:54-55.
262 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

(wayyiqtol forms) and key expressions in 16:2-3 finds a parallel

in Genesis 3."1

Alluding to the Fall, which the above quotation points out, implies the
writer's disapproval of what Sarai did (cf. 3:17). He continued to focus
increasing attention on the problem of an heir. Sarai had borne Abram no
children (v. 1). She therefore concocted a plan to obtain an heir from his
"own body" (15:4). It looked as if everything would work out well, until a
conflict developed between Sarai and Hagar (v. 4). This conflict grew into
a major crisis when Hagar fled the family encampment pregnant with
Abram's unborn child (v. 6). Yahweh intervened again to resolve the crisis
(v. 7). He instructed Hagar to return to Sarai (v. 9). Thus Hagar bore
Ishmael in Abram's house, but later God revealed that he would not be the
promised heir.

Sarai and Hagar 16:1-6

Using a woman other than one's wife (v. 2) was a method—apart from
adoption—of providing an heir in the case of a childless marriage.2 The Code
of Hammurabi, which influenced life in the ancient Near East at this time,
gave the Babylonians permission to do what Sarai suggested.3 Hagar was
Sarai's personal servant ("slave woman"). Abram also had at least one
personal servant (24:2).

"It was a serious matter for a man to be childless in the ancient

world, for it left him without an heir. But it was even more
calamitous for a woman: to have a great brood of children was
the mark of success as a wife; to have none was ignominious
failure. So throughout the ancient East polygamy was resorted
to as a means of obviating childlessness. But wealthier wives
preferred the practice of surrogate motherhood, whereby they
allowed their husbands to 'go in to' their maids, a euphemism
for sexual intercourse (cf. 6:4; 30:3; 38:8, 9; 39:14). The
mistress could then feel that her maid's child was her own and

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 153. See this page for a chart of the parallels.
2Speiser, p. 130; T. Frymer-Kensky, "Patriarchal Family Relationships and Near Eastern
Law," Biblical Archaeologist 44 (1981):209-14.
3See Free, pp. 59-60.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 263

exert some control over it in a way that she could not if her
husband simply took a second wife."1

People in Abram's culture regarded a concubine as a "secondary wife" with

some, but not all, of the rights and privileges of the primary wife.2 In effect,
Hagar became Abram's concubine.

"… one Nuzi tablet reads: 'Kelim-ninu has been given in

marriage to Shennima. If Kelim-ninu does not bear children,
Kelim-ninu shall acquire a woman of the land of Lulu (i.e., a
slave girl) as wife for Shennima.'"3

Not only was using a concubine an option, but in Hurrian culture, husbands
sometimes required that if their wife could not bear children, it was then
her duty to provide a concubine for him.4

"… any child of the bond-slave would necessarily belong to the

mistress, not the mother."5

This custom helps explain why Abram was so willing to be part of Sarai's
plan, which seems very unusual to us in the West. Abram agreed to his
wife's faithless suggestion, just as Adam had followed Eve's lead. Abram's
passivity contrasts with his earlier valiant action to save Lot from his
captors (ch. 14). Like Eve, Sarai also blamed someone else for the results
of her act, namely, Abram ("May the wrong done me be upon you! … May
the LORD judge between you and me," v. 5). "If mama ain't happy, nobody's
happy!"

Did Sarai mean that she would obtain children through Hagar by adopting
them as her own, or by becoming fertile herself as a result of Hagar's
childbearing (v. 2)? Most interpreters have taken the first position, but
some have preferred the second.6 The basis of the second view is the not-

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 7. See also Wood, A Survey …, p. 28.

2Bush, 1:258.
3West, p. 69.
4Livingston, p. 152. Cf. Edwin M. Yamauchi, "Cultural Aspects of Marriage in the Ancient

World," Bibliotheca Sacra 135:539 (July-September 1978):245.

5Thomas, Genesis, p. 147. Cf. J. Cheryl Exum, "The Mothers of Israel: The Patriarchal

Narrative from a Feminist Perspective," Bible Review 2:1 (Spring 1986):64.

6E.g., Samson Kardimon, "Adoption As a Remedy For Infertility in the Period of the

Patriarchs," Journal of Semitic Studies 3:2 (April 1958):123-26. See John Van Seters,
264 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

infrequent phenomenon of a woman, who has had trouble conceiving,

becoming pregnant after she has adopted a child.

When Sarai gave Hagar to Abraham, Hagar became his "property;" she was
no longer Sarai's personal maid but his concubine. Hagar proceeded to
despise Sarai, because she (Hagar) had been elevated to the status of
Abram's (secondary) wife and because Sarai could not bear children. This
led Sarai to complain to Abram about Hagar's behavior. This in turn led
Abram to give Hagar back to Sarai as her "property;" she was no longer his
concubine.1

Though using a woman other than one's wife to bear one's children was a
custom of the day, it was never God's desire (2:24; Matt. 19:4-5). Abram
and Sarai here repeated the failure of Adam and Eve, namely, doubting
God's word. This episode ended in total disaster for everyone involved.
Hagar lost her home, Sarai lost her maid, Abram lost his concubine and his
wife's maid, and his child by Hagar as his heir.2

"A thousand volumes written against polygamy would not lead

to a clearer fuller conviction of the evils of that practice than
the story under review."3

Sarai tried to control the will of God by seizing the initiative from God (cf.
3:17). She and Abram chose fleshly means of obtaining the promised heir,
rather than waiting for God in faith (cf. 25:21).4 They let their culture guide
them rather than God.

"It's a shame that she [Sarai] hadn't comprehended the fact

that her infertility could be used by the Lord to put her in a
place of dependence on Him so that fruit could be born in her
life."5

"The Problem of Childlessness in Near Eastern Law and the Patriarchs of Israel," Journal of
Biblical Literature 87 (1968):401-8.
1von Rad, p. 192.
2See Charles R. Swindoll, Three Steps Forward, Two Steps Back, ch. 8: "Mistakes: Inevitable

Marks of Imperfection," pp. 105-16.

3Bush, 1:259. See also Waltke, Genesis, p. 339.
4See George Van Pelt Campbell, "Rushing Ahead of God: An Exposition of Genesis 16:1-

16," Bibliotheca Sacra 163:651 (July-September 2006):276-91.

5Don Anderson, Abraham: Delay Is Not Denial, p. 93.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 265

The Angel of the LORD and Hagar 16:7-14

This is the first of 48 references to "the angel of the LORD" in the Old
Testament. Sometimes "The angel of the LORD" is deity, and in other places,
he appears to be an angelic messenger from the LORD. Here He seems to
be the LORD.

"He is God himself in human form. … The figure of the angel

of the Lord has conspicuous Christological qualities."1

"The prophetic description of Ishmael as a 'wild ass of a man'

[v. 12] (RSV, NRSV) is rather intriguing. The animal referred to
is the wild and untamable onager, which roams the desert at
will. This figure of speech depicts very accurately the freedom-
loving Bedouin moving across vast stretches of land."2

"We should say, he will carry a chip on his shoulder and have
his finger on the trigger."3

This prophecy was not an insult or a curse. Ishmael would enjoy the freedom
that his mother sought. The LORD named Ishmael (v. 11), whose name
means "God Hears," and Hagar "named" the LORD (v. 13) "You are a God
who sees me." These two names constitute a major revelation of God: He
hears and He sees. This may be the only instance in Scripture of a human
being conferring a name on God.

Abram and Sarai's presumptuous and manipulative "solution" proved to be

a source of much difficulty for everyone involved (cf. Abram's error in going
to Egypt, 12:11-13). God, however, took care of and blessed Ishmael even
though he was the fruit of Abram's presumption. This was another occasion
when Abram did not trust God as he should have (cf. 12:10-20).

"Both Hagar and Mary [the mother of Jesus] stand as examples

of women who obediently accepted God's word and thereby
brought blessing to descendants too many to count."4

1von Rad, pp. 193, 194.

2Davis,Paradise to …, p. 189. Cf. Jer. 2:24; Hos. 8:9.
3Leupold, 1:505.
4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 13.
266 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The Apostle Paul used this story as an allegory (Gal. 4:24: "This is speaking
allegorically"). An "allegory" today means a story without factual basis.
Paul did not deny the factuality of Genesis 16, but he used this story as
the basis for a comparison. Perhaps "illustration" or "comparison" would be
better words to use to describe Paul's use of this story. He used Hagar to
represent the Mosaic Covenant, and Ishmael as its fruit (a slave). He used
Sarai to represent the Abrahamic Covenant, and Isaac as its fruit (a free
son). Children of the flesh, like Ishmael, persecute children of the promise,
like Isaac (Gal. 4:29).

There is much irony in this story: Barren Sarai lived in a fertile land, whereas
fertile Hagar ended up living in a barren land. Furthermore the Egyptians,
to whom the persecuted Hagar fled for freedom, later enslaved the
persecutor, represented by Sarai's descendants.

Resorting to fleshly means, rather than waiting for God to provide what He
has promised, always creates problems. This story also shows that human
failure does not frustrate God's plans ultimately.

"If we have made mistakes which have led us into sin, the
primary condition of restoration is complete submission to the
will of God, whatever that may involve."1

When in great or in any kind of distress, people should always pray, because
God is aware of their needs—and will fulfill His promises to them.

The birth of Ishmael 16:15-16

When Ishmael was finally born, Abram named him as God had directed (v.
11). Ishmael was born 12 years after God had first promised that Abram
would have descendants (12:2, 7). At that time, Abram was "eighty-six
years old." Now it appeared that Ishmael would be the promised heir, but
God had someone else in mind for Abram.

7. The sign of circumcision ch. 17

The LORD confirmed His covenant with Abram, 13 years after Ishmael's
birth, by reiterating the promises of descendants and land—and by
commanding Abram to circumcise all the males in his household.

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 149.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 267

Circumcision thereby became the physical demonstration (sign) of the

obedient faith of Abram and his descendants. There is archaeological
evidence from tombs and mummies that the Egyptians practiced
circumcision at this time.1

There are three types of signs in the Old Testament. Some signs were
proofs that convinced observers of something (e.g., the Egyptian plagues).
Others were certain acts that resembled an announced situation (e.g.,
acted prophecies). Still others were reminders of something (e.g., the
rainbow, circumcision).

God further encouraged the patriarch's faith by changing Abram's name to

"Abraham," and Sarai's to "Sarah." This was an added confirmation that
God would indeed give them innumerable seed (descendants), as He had
promised.

"The change was significant, as it placed emphasis not upon

the importance of the man, but upon the purpose of God
through him."2

"This chapter is a watershed in the Abraham story. The

promises to him have been unfolded bit by bit, gradually
building up and becoming more detailed and precise, until here
they are repeated and filled out in a glorious crescendo in a
long and elaborate divine speech. From this point in Genesis,
divine speeches become rarer and little new content is added
to the promises, but the fulfillment of these promises becomes
more visible."3

There are in fact five divine speeches in this section: verses 1b-2, 4-8, 9-
14, 15-16, and 19-21. The third speech comprises the center of the
chiastic structure of this chapter, which may also be read as two parallel
panels, namely, 1-14 and 15-27.

"The chapter is more of a theological treatise than the typical

Abraham story "4

1See Free, p. 60.

2Morgan,An Exposition …, p. 19.
3Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 16.
4Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 199.
268 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Abram undoubtedly assumed that Ishmael would be the promised heir—

until God told him that Sarai would bear his heir "herself" ("a son by her,"
emphasis added, v. 16). That revelation is the most important feature of
this chapter. God gave the name changes and circumcision, both to confirm
the covenant promise of an heir and to strengthen Abram's faith.

17:1-8 Thirteen years after the birth of Ishmael (16:16), God spoke
to Abram again (the fifth revelation; v. 1). God called Himself
by a new name: El Shaddai (the "Almighty God"). This was
appropriate, in view of the thing God proceeded to reveal to
Abram that He would do. It would require supernatural power.

"Blameless" (v. 1) does not mean sinless, but "with integrity,"

or "wholeness of relationship" (with God; cf. 6:9). God requires
a sanctified life of those who would enjoy His promised
blessings.

The references to the "covenant" in this chapter have caused

some confusion. The Abrahamic Covenant (ch. 15) is in view
(vv. 4, 7, 11, 19, 21), but also the outward sign of that
covenant, which was the Covenant of Circumcision (vv. 2, 9,
10, 13, 14; cf. Acts 7:8). Thus Moses used the word
"covenant" with two different references here, though
throughout, the Abrahamic Covenant is in view.1 Visualizing
the Covenant of Circumcision as a smaller circle, within the
larger circle of the Abrahamic Covenant, will help us
understand the relationship of these two covenants to one
another. Whereas the Abrahamic Covenant was unconditional,
the Covenant of Circumcision depended on Abram's obedience
(vv. 1-2). God would bless Abram as Abram obeyed God by
circumcising his household. This blessing would be in the form
of multiplying Abram's descendants "exceedingly" (v. 2)—
even more than God had already promised. The rite of
circumcision was to be a continuing sign of the Abrahamic
Covenant to all of Abram's descendants.

1For refutation of the view that God made more than one covenant with Abraham, see
Jeffrey J. Niehaus, "God's Covenant with Abraham," Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 56:2 (June 2013):249-71.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 269

God also gave Abram and Sarai the added assurance, that they
would have a multitude of descendants, by changing their
names.1 He changed the name "Abram" ("High" or "Exalted
Father") to "Abraham" ("Father of a Multitude"), and he
changed the name "Sarai" ("My Princess" [perhaps a reference
to her noble descent]) to "Sarah" ("Royal Princess" [from
whom kings would come; cf. v. 16]). Abraham's name
emphasized the number or vastness of his seed. Sarah's
evidently stressed the royal nature of their line (vv. 6, 16, 20;
cf. 12:2).

"The choice of the word be fruitful in verse 6 and

multiply in verse 2 seems intended to recall the
blessing of all humankind in 1:29: 'Be fruitful and
multiply and fill the land,' and its reiteration in 9:1:
'Be fruitful and multiply and fill the land.' Thus the
covenant with Abraham was the means through
which God's original blessing would again be
channeled to all humankind."2

Circumcision was "an everlasting covenant" (v. 7) because it

marked the eternal salvation of the person who believed God
as Abraham did, not because God wanted people to practice it
for all of human history.3 God, for instance, has not
commanded circumcision of the flesh for Christians (cf. Gal.
5:6).

Some Christians in the reformed traditions of Protestantism

regard baptism as what God requires of us, today, in place of
circumcision. They practice infant baptism, believing that this
rite brings the infant into the "covenant community" (i.e., the
church), and under God's care in a special sense. Some believe
baptism saves the infant. Others believe it only makes the
infant a recipient of special grace.

The Bible is quite clear, however, that baptism is a rite that

believers should practice—after they trust Christ as their

1See my comment on 1:4.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 157.
3Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 203.
270 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Savior—as a testimony to their faith. Undoubtedly there are

some parallels between circumcision and baptism,
nevertheless God did not intend baptism to replace
circumcision. God did command circumcision of the Israelites
in the Mosaic Law, but He has not commanded circumcision of
Christians. We do not live under the Mosaic Law (Rom. 4:10-
13; 6:14-15; 7:1-4; 10:4).

17:9-14 God wanted Abraham to circumcise all his of male servants,

including slaves he had bought from a foreigner, as well as his
children and grandchildren (vv. 12-13). The reason for this was
that the Abrahamic Covenant would affect all who had a
relationship with Abraham. Consequently they needed to bear
the sign of that covenant. The person who refused
circumcision was "cut off from his people," because, by
refusing it, he was repudiating God's promises to Abraham ("he
has broken My covenant," v. 14).

"This expression ["cut off from his people"]

undoubtedly involves a wordplay on cut. He that
is not himself cut (i.e., circumcised) will be cut off
(i.e., ostracized). Here is the choice: be cut or be
cut off."1

There are two main views as to the meaning of being "cut off
from his people." Some scholars hold that it means
excommunication from the covenant community (in this case
Abraham's family) and its benefits.2 However, there is also
later evidence in Scripture that points to execution as the
meaning—sometimes by the Israelites, but usually by God, in
the form of premature death.3 The threat of being "cut off"
hung over the Israelite offender, like the threat of contracting

1Hamilton, p. 473.
2J.Morganstern, "The Book of the Covenant, Part III—The Huqqim," Hebrew Union College
Annual 8-9 (1931-32):1-150; Anthony Phillips, Ancient Israel's Criminal Law, pp. 28-32.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:224; Hamilton, p. 474; M. Tsevat, "Studies in the Book of Samuel,"

Hebrew Union College Annual 32 (1961):195-201; M. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the

Deuteronomic School, pp. 241-43; W. Horbury, "Extirpation and excommunication," Vetus
Testamentum 35 (1985):16-18, 31-34; and Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 25.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 271

a terminal disease, that might end one's life at any time, does
today.

The person who refused to participate in circumcision

demonstrated his lack of faith in God by his refusal. Thus he
broke the Covenant of Circumcision (v. 14).

Only males underwent circumcision; females did not. In the

patriarchal society of the ancient Near East, people considered
that a girl or woman shared the circumcised condition of her
father, if she was single, or her husband, if she was married.

Circumcision was a fitting symbol of belief in God's promises

to Abraham for several reasons:1

1. It would have been a frequent reminder to every

circumcised male of God's promises involving seed
(descendants), since circumcision was a medical
procedure on the penis.

2. It involved the cutting off of flesh. The circumcised male

was one who repudiated "the flesh" (i.e., the simply
physical and natural aspects of life) in favor of trust in
Yahweh and His spiritual promises. Thus the "flesh" was
involved in circumcision both literally and figuratively.

3. It resulted in greater cleanliness of life and freedom from

the effects of sin (i.e., disease and death). Literal
circumcision is still performed today for hygienic
reasons.

"Research indicates that other Middle Eastern

cultures practiced circumcision However, the
Hebrews were unique in that they practiced infant
circumcision, which, though medically risky if not
properly performed, is less physically and

1See also Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 93-94.

272 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

psychologically traumatic than circumcisions

performed at an older age."1

Designating the eighth day after birth as the day of

circumcision is one of the most amazing specifications in the
Bible, from a medical standpoint. Why the eighth day?

"At birth, a baby has nutrients, antibodies, and

other substances from his mother's blood,
including her blood-clotting factors, one of them
being prothrombin. Prothrombin is dependent on
vitamin K for its production. Vitamin K is produced
by intestinal bacteria, which are not present in a
newborn baby. After birth prothrombin decreases
so that by the third day it is only 30 percent of
normal. Circumcision on the third day could result
in a devastating hemorrhage.

"The intestinal bacteria finally start their task of

manufacturing vitamin K, and the prothrombin
subsequently begins to climb. On day eight, it
actually overshoots to 110 percent of normal,
leveling off to 100 percent on day nine and
remaining there for the rest of a person's healthy
life. Therefore the eighth day was the safest of all
days for circumcision to be performed. On that
one day, a person's clotting factor is at 110
percent, the highest ever, and that is the day God
prescribed for the surgical process of
circumcision.

"Today vitamin K (Aqua Mephyton) is routinely

administered to newborns shortly after their
delivery, and this eliminates the clotting problem.
However, before the days of vitamin K injections,
a 1953 pediatrics textbook recommended that

1Jay D. Fawver and R. Larry Overstreet, "Moses and Preventive Medicine," Bibliotheca
Sacra 147:587 (July-September 1990):277. See also von Rad, p. 201; Davis, Paradise to
…, p. 192; Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 23-24; J. Sasson, "Circumcision in the Ancient
Near East," Journal of Biblical Literature 85 (1966):473-76; Kidner, p. 174.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 273

the best day to circumcise a newborn was the

eighth day of life.1

Another writer saw the eighth day as symbolic of completing

a cycle of time corresponding to the Creation.2

17:15-21 "Sarai [v. 15] signifies my princess, as if her

honour were confined to one family only. Sarah
signifies a princess—namely, of multitudes."3

Abraham's laughter (v. 17) may have expressed his incredulity,

but it was probably an amazed and joyful response to God's
promise.4 Sarah's laughter (18:15) seems to have arisen from
a spirit of unbelief. God did not criticize Abraham for laughing
in delight, but He did rebuke Sarah when she laughed in doubt.

17:22-27 The writer's use of the phrase the "very same day" (v. 26)
points to a momentous day, one of the most important days
in human history (cf. Noah's entry into the ark, 7:13; and the
Exodus, Exod. 12:17, 41, 51).

This fifth revelation from God advanced God's promises in six particulars:

1. Part of God's blessing would depend on Abraham's maintaining the

Covenant of Circumcision, though the Abrahamic Covenant as a
whole did not depend on this (vv. 1-2).

2. Many nations would come from Abraham (vv. 4-6).

3. The Abrahamic Covenant would be "everlasting" (vv. 7-8).

4. God would be the God of Abraham's descendants in a special

relationship (vv. 7-8).

5. Sarah herself would give birth to the promised heir (v. 16).

1L.Holt Jr. and R. McIntosh, Holt Pediatrics, pp. 125-26.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 261.
3Matthew Henry, p. 34.
4Yates, p. 23. See Raymond L. Cox, "What Made Abraham Laugh?" Eternity (November

1975), pp. 19-20.

274 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

6. This is also the first time God identified the Promised Land as
"Canaan" by name (v. 8).

"Abraham's experiences should teach us that natural law

[barrenness] is no barrier to the purposes and plans for [sic]
God."1

"Thus Abraham and Noah are presented as examples of those

who have lived in obedience to the covenant and are thus
'blameless' before God, because both obeyed God 'as he
commanded them' (17:23; cf. 6:22; 7:5, 9, 16)."2

8. Yahweh's visit to Abraham 18:1-15

Chapters 18 and 19 constitute one integrated story, but we shall consider

this episode in the Abraham narrative section by section. Like the Flood
story, it has a chiastic structure, this time focusing on the announcement
of the destruction of Sodom (19:12-13).3 Again there is a mass
destruction, with only one man and his family escaping. Both stories end
with the father's intoxication, and shameful treatment of the father by his
children, that have consequences for future generations.4

We can perceive the LORD's gracious initiative, that He extended toward

Abraham, in His visit, namely, to eat and commune with the patriarch under
the tree outside his tent. This was an evidence of intimate fellowship in
Abraham's culture. On the basis of that close relationship, God guaranteed
the soon arrival of the promised heir. In response to Sarah's "laugh" of
unbelief, the LORD declared that nothing would be "too difficult" for Him.

This chapter and the next may seem at first reading to be extraneous to
the purpose of the Abraham narrative, which is to demonstrate God's
faithfulness to His promises to the patriarch, but they are not. Chapter 18
contributes the following:

1. It records another "promised heir" revelation (the sixth), this one in

which God identified, for the first time, exactly when the heir would

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 193.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 160.
3See Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 41, for a diagram of the chiasm.
4See ibid., pp. 43-44; and Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 212-13; for more parallels.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 275

appear (vv. 10, 14). With this revelation God strengthened

Abraham's, and especially Sarah's, faith.

2. It fortifies Moses' emphasis on God's supernatural power at work to

fulfill His divine promises—in spite of apparently impossible
circumstances (vv. 9-15).

3. As a literary device, this chapter provides an interlude in the story

line, and heightens suspense by prolonging the climax. We anticipate
the arrival of the heir with mounting interest.

4. It presents Abraham as an intercessor, one of the roles of the

prophets—of whom Abraham was one of the first (cf. 20:7).

5. It records God's announcement of judgment on Sodom and Gomorrah

(vv. 16-33), which follows in chapter 19.

"The noon encounter in this chapter and the night scene at

Sodom in the next are in every sense a contrast of light and
darkness. The former, quietly intimate and full of promise, is
crowned by the intercession in which Abraham's faith and love
show a new breadth of concern. The second scene is all
confusion and ruin, moral and physical, ending in a loveless
squalor which is even uglier than the great overthrow of the
cities."1

"There is also a blatant contrast between how Abraham hosted

his visitors (ch. 18) and how the Sodomites hosted the same
delegation (ch. 19)."2

18:1 Abraham was living near Hebron at this time ("the oaks of
Mamre"; cf. 13:18).

18:2 The three "men" were "the LORD" (the Angel of Yahweh, vv.
13, 17, 20, 33) and "two angels" (19:1; cf. 18:22), who later
visited Lot. If Abraham had previously met the Angel of the
LORD, it seems likely that he would have recognized Him at once

1Kidner, p. 131.
2Victor P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18—50, p. 5.
276 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

(cf. 17:1, 22). If he had not, Abraham definitely became aware

of who this Angel was during this interview (cf. v. 25).

"It is safe to assume that every visible

manifestation of God in bodily form in the Old
Testament is to be identified with the Lord Jesus
Christ."1

"It appears that in Old Testament times God came

in the form of a man, while in the incarnation He
actually became man."2

18:3-11 Abraham's hospitality reflects oriental custom as practiced in

his day and, in some respects, even as it is practiced today in
the Middle East.3 He was behaving more wisely than he
realized, since he did not yet know that his guests were divine
visitors (v. 8). "Where is your wife Sarah?" (v. 9) recalls God's
earlier questions about Adam (3:9) and Abel (4:9).

18:12 Sarah's laugh "to herself," which the LORD nevertheless heard,
sprang from a spirit of unbelief, due to long disappointment,
as is clear from the LORD's response to it ("Is anything too
difficult for the LORD?" v. 14). Abraham's laugh (17:17) did
not draw such a response.

18:13 The fact that the LORD knew Sarah had laughed, and knew her
thoughts, demonstrated His omniscience to Abraham and
Sarah. This would have strengthened their faith in what He told
them.

18:14 The LORD's rhetorical question, one of the great statements of

Scripture, reminded the elderly couple of His supernatural
power, and fortified their faith further (cf. Jer. 32:17, 27).

18:15 Sarah evidently "denied" that she had laughed, either from fear
of the LORD's power or from fear of offending Him. Again, God

1Walvoord, Jesus Christ …, p. 54.

2J. Oswald Sanders, The Incomparable Christ, p. 23.
3See Thomson, 2:161-62.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 277

built confidence in His word. If the LORD could read Sarah's

thoughts, could He not also open her womb?

Believers should never doubt God's promises, because nothing is impossible

for Him.

9. Abraham's intercession for Lot 18:16-33

After God reviewed the reasons for sharing His plans for the destruction of
Sodom with Abraham, He told the patriarch that He was about to
investigate the wicked condition of that city. This news moved Abraham to
ask God to be just in His dealings with the righteous there.

"A rhetorical question in each section—'Is anything too

demanding for Yahweh?' [v. 14]; 'Shall not he who judges all
the earth give right judgment?" [v. 25]—sounds the major
motif of each unit [vv. 1-15 and vv. 16-33]. In both units it is
some kind of noise that provokes Yahweh—Sarah's laugh and
Sodom's groans."1

18:16-21 God chose to reveal His intention to destroy Sodom and

Gomorrah to Abraham. He did so because of His plans for
Abraham. He evidently wanted to challenge Abraham to act
wisely and nobly for justice. "Righteousness and justice" (v.
19) may be a hendiadys meaning "genuine righteousness" (cf.
Mic. 3:1; 4:8). "I will go down now and see" (v. 21) is another
anthropomorphism, this one emphasizing God's justice (cf. Ps.
113:4-6).

"In this section [vv. 1-21] we have an illustration

of fellowship with God and some of its essential
features. Fellowship is the crowning purpose of
God's revelation (1 John i: 3). There is nothing
higher than this, for man's life finds its complete
fulfillment in union and communion with God.
Notice the following elements:—

"1. Sacred Intimacy. …

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, pp. 16-17.

278 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"2. Genuine Humility. …

"3. Special Revelation.—Fellowship with God is always

associated with the knowledge of His will.
Servants do not know their master's purposes,
but friends and intimates do. …

"4. Unique Association.—The man who is in fellowship

with God does not merely know the Divine will, but
becomes associated with God in the carrying out
of that will. …"1

God always thoroughly investigates a situation before passing

judgment and sending calamity, because He is just.2

"The Lord would not arbitrarily destroy them [the

people of Sodom]. As a fair and just judge, He
would examine the evidence and then reward their
deeds appropriately. The anthropomorphic
language veils the ontological reality of God's
omniscience, but the Lord seems to have been
more concerned in this context with revealing
Himself as a fair judge, emphasizing the
importance of human responsibility and inviting
Abraham to assume the role of an intercessor."3

18:22-33 This is the first time in Scripture that a man initiated a

conversation with God. Abraham prayed—he interceded
directly to God—for all the people of Sodom, not just Lot.
Abraham's intercession raises several questions in the minds
of thoughtful Bible students. Did Abraham succeed in his
intercession, since, in the end, God destroyed Sodom and
Gomorrah? Some interpreters believe he did not succeed,
because he quit too soon:

1Thomas, Genesis, pp. 161-62.

2See Tozer, pp. 92-95, for discussion of the justice of God as one of His attributes.
3Robert B. Chisholm Jr., "Anatomy of an Anthropomorphism: Does God Discover Facts?"

Bibliotheca Sacra 164:653 (January-March 2007):9.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 279

"… Abraham ceased asking before God ceased

giving."1

This conclusion assumes that Abraham's primary purpose was

to get God to demonstrate mercy and to spare the cities for
the sake of their few righteous inhabitants (v. 24). While this
idea was obviously in Abraham's mind, his primary purpose
seems rather to have been to secure justice (i.e., deliverance)
for the righteous minority in their wicked city (vv. 23, 24).
Secondarily, he wanted God to spare the city. This
interpretation finds support in Abraham's appeal to the justice
of God rather than to His mercy (v. 25). This appeal was the
basis of his intercession. Abraham was jealous for the
reputation of Yahweh among his neighbors. If this was indeed
his primary purpose, Abraham succeeded in obtaining justice
for the righteous in Sodom.

A second question arises from Abraham's method of

interceding. Is his haggling with God an example we should
follow? Evidently Abraham was not trying to wear God down
by pressuring Him. Instead, he was seeking clarification from
God as to the extent of His mercy. He wanted to find out just
how merciful God would be in judging Sodom.

Why did Abraham stop with 10 righteous" people (v. 32)?

Perhaps he had learned that the LORD would be merciful
regardless of the number.2 Perhaps he thought there would be
at least 10 righteous in Sodom. If so, he underestimated the
wickedness of the Sodomites, and, perhaps, he overestimated
"righteous" Lot's influence over his neighbors (cf. 2 Pet. 2:7).

Will God spare a city or nation today because of the Christians

in it? This passage is helpful in answering this question,
because in it we can see that the presence of a godly minority
does play a role in influencing God's judgment. A godly minority
can delay judgment by promoting godliness.

1Ibid.,
p. 116. See also Chris Wright, "Intercession or Irritation?" Third Way 29 (February
1983):18-19.
2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 230.
280 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Here begins the docrine [sic doctrine] of the

Remnant, the 'salt of the earth,' which from then
till now has preserved corrupt societies from final
disintegration."1

However, a godly minority may not prevent God's judgment if

"sin is exceedingly grave" (v. 20). God does not always choose
to remove the righteous from the wicked before He judges the
wicked, as He did in Lot's case. Nevertheless, "the Judge of all
the earth" (v. 25) does "deal justly." We can see this when we
take the long view. People alive now have yet to receive their
final judgment from the divine Judge (cf. Rom. 2:4; 9:22; 1
Pet. 3:20; 2 Pet. 3:9, 15).

Abraham's shameless, bold persistence with God illustrates

what Jesus had in mind when he taught the importance of
these qualities in prayer (e.g., Luke 11:5-10; 18:1-8). Three-
fold repetition is common in Scripture, but Abraham's doubling
of it—six-fold—gives his request even more solemnity and
weight.

This chapter illustrates a progression in Abraham's relationship with God,

which is normal for those who have a trusting relationship with Him.

1. God revealed Himself to Abraham (v. 1).

2. Abraham welcomed God's revelation (vv. 2-3).

3. Fellowship resulted (vv. 4-8). They ate together.

4. This fellowship led to further revelation and greater understanding of

God's will (vv. 9-22).

5. Having learned of God's purpose to judge the sinners, Abraham's

response was to intercede for those under God's judgment (vv. 23-
33).

1Blaiklock, p. 29.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 281

"It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to pray effectively

for lost souls if one is not convinced that lostness will
ultimately result in literal, eternal punishment."1

The outstanding lesson of this section is, most likely, that since God is a
righteous Judge, He will not destroy the righteous with the wicked.2

10. The destruction of Sodom ch. 19

Chapters 18 and 19 "paint a vivid contrast between the

respective patriarchal ancestors, Abraham and Lot, with an
obvious moralistic intent (i.e., a demonstration that human
initiatives—Lot's choice—always lead to catastrophe)."3

"In the development of the story two of the themes in

counterpoint with Abraham and the Promise—the theme of
Lot, the righteous man without the pilgrim spirit, and of
Sodom, the standing example of worldly promise, insecurity
(chapter 14) and decay—are now heard out to their
conclusion. By a master-stroke of narrative, Abraham, who will
outlive all such time-servers, is shown standing at his place of
intercession (27), a silent witness of the catastrophe he has
striven to avert. It is a superb study of the two aspects of
judgment: the cataclysmic, as the cities disappear in brimstone
and fire, and the gradual, as Lot and his family reach the last
stages of disintegration, breaking up in the very hands of their
rescuers."4

"Lot's move from a tent pitched near Sodom (13:12, 13) to a

permanent residence in the city showed his willingness to exist
with unbridled wickedness."5

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 199.

2See Joseph Blenkinsopp, "Abraham and the Righteous of Sodom," Journal of Jewish
Studies 33:1-2 (Spring-Autumn 1982):119-32; T. J. Mafico, "The Crucial Question
Concerning the Justice of God," Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 42 (March
1983):11-16.
3Helyer, p. 84.
4Kidner, pp. 133-34.
5Davis, Paradise to …, p. 200.
282 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The traditional site of Sodom is near the south bay of the Dead Sea. Many
scholars still support this location.1

19:1-11 Lot was "sitting at the gate of Sodom" when the angels found
him (v. 1). Sitting in the gate of a town was the equivalent of
having an official position at city hall (2 Sam. 15:2-6; 1 Kings
22:10; Amos 5:10, 12, 15).2 This was an indication that Lot
had been recognized as a leader in Sodom (cf. v. 9).

"Archaeological excavations show that the gates

of Palestinian cities often had stone benches or
seats as a built-in part of the structure, so that
people might sit there and wait for their friends,
or engage in conversation with those whom they
had agreed to meet at the gate."3

The men of Sodom wanted to have homosexual relations with

Lot's visitors (v. 5).4 The Mosaic Law later regarded all
homosexual behavior as a capital offense (Lev. 18:22; 20:13;
cf. Rom. 1:26-27).5 Their lack of hospitality contrasts with
Abraham's hospitality (18:1-8), and reflects their respective
moral states.

"With the growing prominence of the homosexual

movement, it is now being said that the sin was

1E.g.,David Howard Jr., "Sodom and Gomorrah Revisited," Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 27:4 (December 1984):385-400. On the location of Sodom and
Gomorrah, see "Cities of the Dead Sea Plain," Buried History 18:3 (September 1982), pp.
35-48; R. Thomas Schaub and Walter E. Rast, "Preliminary Report of the 1981 Expedition
to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 254
(Spring 1984):35-60.
2See The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "City," by J. A. Thompson and J. N. Birdsall, p. 236.
3Free, pp. 61-62.
4See Brian N. Peterson, "The Sin of Sodom Revisited: Reading Genesis 19 in Light of

Torah," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 59:1 (March 2016):17-31; Glenn R.
Kreider and Thomas M. Mitchell, "Kindness and Repentance: Romans 2:4 and Ministry to
People with Same-Sex Attraction," Bibliotheca Sacra 173:689 (January-March 2016):57-
79.
5For a refutation of denials of this view, see P. Michael Ukleja, "Homosexuality and the Old

Testament," Bibliotheca Sacra 140:559 (July-September 1983):259-66. On the modern

resurgence of homosexuality and its connection with ancient religious paganism, see Peter
Jones, "Androgyny: The Pagan Sexual Ideal," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
43:3 (September 2000):443-69.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 283

not homosexuality but inhospitality and gang

rape.

"The claim goes that when Lot received the two

angels (who appeared as men and were strangers
to the residents of Sodom), he angered the locals
because no one had examined their credentials. So
when the locals demanded to 'know' them (v. 5),
they only wanted to get acquainted with them.
Lot, however, was bound to be hospitable to the
strangers and to protect his guests, so he offered
to sacrifice his daughters to the crowd. And had
not the angels blinded the men of the city, then
gang rape would have occurred. But, the
argument concludes, homosexual relations were
never the intent of the men of Sodom. This view
gained initial prominence in 1955 and has been
restated often.

"Exegetically, the word know can mean 'get

acquainted with.' But it also means 'to have
intercourse with' and is used with that meaning
about nineteen times in Genesis. But statistics do
not decide the matter. What decides it is the use
in verse 8, where it obviously means that Lot's
daughters had not had intercourse with a man. It
certainly cannot mean they had never been
acquainted with a man. If intercourse is the clear
meaning in verse 8, then the same verb in verse 5
evidently has the same meaning (though in
relation to homosexual relations in that verse).
The men of Sodom lusted after the two men
(angels), desiring homosexual relations with
them."1

Hospitality was more sacred than sexual morality to Lot (v. 8;

cf. Judg. 19:23-25). Compromise with sinners distorts values.
Lot considered his duty to his guests (hospitality) of greater
importance than his duty to his children (protection). Lot

1Ryrie, Biblical Answers …, pp. 144-45.

284 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

offered his daughters to these men, but Abraham later offered

his son to the LORD (ch. 22).

"When a man took in a stranger, he was bound to

protect him, even at the expense of the host's
life."1

Archaeologists have found evidence that, at this time, it was

not uncommon for houses to have very strong walls and heavy
stone doors.2 This may explain, in part, why the men of Sodom
could not enter Lot's dwelling.

The moral blindness of the Sodomites led to their spiritual

blindness, and even to physical "blindness" (v. 11; cf. 2 Kings
6:18).

"Apparently there was no attempt made in the

city of Sodom to have a church for this crowd and
to tell them that they were all right in spite of the
fact that they practiced this thing."3

19:12-22 "In order to show that the rescue of Lot was in

response to the prayer of Abraham, the narrative
reads so that the words of the messengers
["swept away," vv. 15, 17] recall explicitly the
words of Abraham's prayer in behalf of the
righteous in the previous chapter ["sweep away,"
18:23]."4

The rescue of Lot and his family was due ultimately to the
LORD's mercy ("compassion," v. 16).

"This is the whole point of the story. God could

have destroyed the city of Sodom with no word
to Lot or Abraham (18:17). But because of God's

1Davis,Paradise to …, p. 201. See Desmond Alexander, "Lot's Hospitality: A Clue to His

Righteousness," Journal of Biblical Literature 104:2 (June 1985):289-91.
2Free, p. 62.
3McGee, 1:81.
4Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 170.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 285

mercy, His angels grabbed Lot and his family and

brought them forcefully to safety."1

"Zoar" (v. 22) means "insignificant" (in size at least) (cf. v.

20).

19:23-26 Josephus wrote that God sent a thunderbolt to set the city on
fire (v. 24).2 Probably the burning sodium sulfate ("brimstone
and fire") that was raining down was what covered Lot's wife
while she was lingering behind, and which turned her into a
"pillar of salt" (v. 26).3

"The heaven's rain cannot be explained solely as a

natural phenomenon, such as earthquake; it was
exceptional, never again repeated, providing the
parade illustration of the fiery eschatological
judgment against the wicked (e.g., 2 Pet 2:6-9).
The twin calamities of Noah and Lot illustrate
Jesus' teaching on the suddenness of the coming
of the Son of Man (Luke 17:26-30)."4

"… something tragic occurs in us when we fan the

flames of an old lust and linger over the
pleasurable scenes of a lifestyle that was ruining
us. If, by the grace of God, He leads you out of a
lifestyle of wrong, you will only hinder your
recovery by looking back in longing. There's
something about a second glance—about
lingering over a selective memory—that makes us
weak against the pull of what we left behind."5

All that Lot had gained by living in Sodom burned up like

"wood, hay, and stubble" (cf. 1 Cor. 3:10-15). The Apostle
Peter cited Lot as an example of the LORD's deliverance of the
godly from the very trials that He uses to punish the ungodly

1The Nelson …, p. 40.

2Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:11:4.
3Kidner,p. 135. See Deborah Aufenson-Vance, "Lot's Wife Remembers," Adventist Review
163:8 (Feb. 20, 1986), p. 5.
4Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 241.
5Swindoll, The Swindoll …, p. 36.
286 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

(2 Pet. 2:6-10). John called believers to not love the world, or

the things in the world—because they will pass away (1 John
2:15-17).

19:27-29 As in the Flood story, the writer focused the reader's attention
on the response of individuals to the judgment, rather than on
the destruction itself. Here those individuals are Lot's wife and
Abraham. Later they will be Lot and his daughters. The picture
of Abraham, in verses 27-28, standing on a mountain, and
looking down toward Sodom and Gomorrah, is similar to that
of Moses, interceding for Israel in the battle with the
Amalekites (Exod. 17:11-12).1 Lot's "prayer request" of the
two angels, concerning Zoar (vv. 18-20), contrasts sharply
with Abraham's prayer for Sodom (18:23-32).

"It is possible that God did see fit miraculously to

time an earthquake at this precise moment, which
could have released great quantities of gas, mixed
sulphur with various salts found in abundance, and
measurably increased the flow of asphalt seepage.
Lightning could have ignited all, and the entire
country been consumed as indicated. The Bible is
clear that God does use natural means to
accomplish His purpose when and to the extent
that they are available. He may have done so
here."2

"The substitution of Abraham for Lot in this

sentence ["God remembered Abraham," v. 29; cf.
8:1] makes an important theological point. Lot
was not saved on his own merits but through
Abraham's intercession."3

Abraham rescued Lot twice: from the Mesopotamian kings (ch.

14) and from Sodom. "God remembered Abraham, and sent
Lot out of the midst of the destruction" (v. 29).

1Sailhamer,
The Pentateuch …, p. 173.
2Wood,A Survey …, p. 56.
3Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 59.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 287

19:30-38 Moses evidently included this account of Lot's incest for at

least two reasons:

1. This story explains the origin of the Moabite and

Ammonite nations, which played major roles in the later
history of Israel as her inveterate enemies. "Moab"
sounds like the words translated "from the father," and
"Ammon" means "son of my kin."

"His [Lot's] legacy, Moab and Ammon (37f.), was

destined to provide the worst carnal seduction in
the history of Israel (that of Baal-Peor, Nu. 25)
and the cruelest religious perversion (that of
Molech, Lv. 18:21)."1

2. This story also illuminates the degrading effect that

living in Sodom had on Lot's daughters. The writer
censured Lot's daughters by not naming them (cf. Ruth
4:1). Lot's older daughter was so desperate to marry,
that she exaggerated the effects of the recent
catastrophe, in order to—at least according to her way
of thinking—"keep our family [line] alive through our
father" (v. 31).

Previously Lot could not find room enough for himself and his
livestock in the whole land (13:4-5). Now he was confined to
a hole in a hill ("a cave," v. 30), where he hardly had room to
turn around. Instead of being surrounded by servants and self-
confident, he was alone and afraid.

"Lot was able to take his daughters out of Sodom,

but he was not able to take … Sodom out of his
daughters."2

"Throughout the ancient Near East, incest

between father and daughter was regarded as
wrong, and OT law punishes more remote forms
of incest with death (Lev 20:12). The fact that

1Kidner, p. 136. See also Henry O. Thompson, "The Biblical Ammonites," Bible and Spade
11:1 (Winter 1982):1-14.
2Davis, Paradise to …, p. 206.
288 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

his daughters had to make him drunk shows that

they were consciously flouting normal
conventions. Because of his readers' moral
assumptions, the narrator did not feel it necessary
to excoriate Lot's daughters' behavior. The facts
spoke for themselves."1

"The story of Lot and his family should provide a

sobering reminder that all of our decisions are
significant, even that of where we live. Our moral
environment significantly influences our lives. For
this and many other reasons the New Testament
constantly implores the believer to fellowship with
those of like precious faith."2

"There are lives recorded in the Bible which have

well been called beacons. There are men like
Balaam, Saul, and Solomon, who started well, with
every possible advantage, and then closed their
careers in failure and disaster. Such a life was that
of Lot, the nephew of Abraham. … There is
scarcely a life recorded in Scripture which is fuller
of serious and solemn instructions for every
believer."3

"The impact of the unit focuses more directly on

a characterization of the father. The one who
offered his daughters for the sexual gratification
of his wicked neighbors now becomes the object
of his daughters' incestuous relationship … To be
seduced by one's own daughters into an
incestuous relationship with pregnancy following
is bad enough. Not to know that the seduction had
occurred is worse. To fall prey to the whole plot a
second time is worse than ever."4

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 61-62.

2Davis,Paradise to …, p. 207.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 171. Paragraph division omitted.
4George W. Coats, Genesis, with an Introduction to Narrative Literature, p. 147.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 289

"In tragic irony, a drunk Lot carried out the very

act which he himself had suggested to the men of
Sodom (19:8)—he lay with his own daughters.

"The account is remarkably similar to the story of

the last days of Noah after his rescue from the
Flood (9:20-27). There, as here, the patriarch
became drunk with wine and uncovered himself in
the presence of his children. In both narratives,
the act had grave consequences. Thus at the
close of the two great narratives of divine
judgment, the Flood and the destruction of
Sodom, those who were saved from God's wrath
subsequently fell into a form of sin reminiscent of
those who died in the judgment. This is a common
theme in the prophetic literature (e.g., Isa 56—
66; Mal 1)."1

From 2 Peter 2:6-9, we know that Lot was a "righteous" man, though from
the record of him in Genesis, we might doubt that. He chose to live as,
what the New Testament calls, a "fleshly" (NASB, HCSB) or "carnal" (AV,
NKJV) or "worldly" (NIV, TNIV) believer (1 Cor. 3:3). First, he "raised his
eyes and saw all the vicinity of the Jordan" (13:10). Then, he "chose for
himself all the vicinity of the Jordan" (13:11). Then, he "settled in the cities
of the vicinity of the Jordan and moved his tents as far as Sodom" (13:12).
Then, he sat "at the gate of Sodom" and acted as one of its judges (19:1,
9). Then, "he hesitated"—as Sodom's destruction loomed (19:16). Finally,
he ended up committing incest with his daughters in a cave (19:30-38).
How far it is possible for a believer to depart from God's will when he or
she keeps making selfish decisions!

A major revelation of this chapter is that it is foolish for a believer to

become attached to the things of this world. They will corrupt him or her,
and God may destroy these things swiftly and suddenly.

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 174.

290 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"There is many a man today who may be a saved man, but due
to his life style or where he lives, he loses his family, his
influence, and his testimony."1

11. Abraham's sojourn at Gerar ch. 20

Chapters 20 and 21 place Abraham in Philistine territory. Abraham had not

yet obtained the Promised Land but had to live as a sojourner in a land not
his own. In between the incidents involving Abimelech in these chapters,
the writer has inserted the record of Isaac's birth, giving hope that the
promises of God will yet be fulfilled.

Righteous Abimelech in this chapter, who was not a part of Abraham's

family, contrasts with Lot who, in the previous chapter, behaved like a
pagan, even though he was a part of Abraham's family.

"The stories about the jeopardy of the ancestress in pagan

kings' harems form an inner frame around the Abraham cycle
before the transition to the next cycle in 22:20—25:11. After
Abraham's initial call to the Promised Land to become a great
nation, he immediately jeopardizes Sarah in Pharaoh's harem.
Now, immediately before the birth of the promised seed, he
jeopardizes the matriarch in Abimelech's harem."2

The writer composed chapter 20 as another chiasm, with the focal point
being Abimelech warning his servants (v. 8). Two dialogues constitute the
main parts of the story: the one between God and Abimelech (vv. 3-7), and
the one between Abimelech and Abraham (vv. 9-13).

"The focus of the narrative of chapters 20 and 21 is on the

relationship between Abraham and the nations. Abraham's role
is that of a prophetic intercessor, as in the promise 'all peoples
on earth will be blessed through you' (12:3). He prayed for the
Philistines (20:7), and God healed them (v. 17). In the
narrative Abimelech plays the role of a 'righteous Gentile' with
whom Abraham could live in peace and blessing. There is, then,
an implied contrast in the narratives between chapters 19

1McGee, 1:80.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 284.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 291

(Lot, the one who pictures the mixed multitude) and 20

(Abimelech, the righteous sojourner)."1

Abraham again misrepresented his relationship with Sarah, calling her his
"sister" (cf. ch. 12). This was misrepresentation, because, though Sarah
was indeed Abraham's half-sister (v. 12), she was also his wife. By
presenting her as his sister Abraham was implying that she was not his
wife.

"Abraham stopped asking 'What is right?' and began asking

'What is safe?' and this led to his downfall."2

"Abraham isn't the only one returning to the same sin again
and again. Look back in your own life at the past few days or
weeks. You and I return to the same patterns of sin. We bring
the same things before the Lord again and again, don't we? It
is easy to say, 'Abraham, you should have known better!' It is
more difficult, however, to learn these basic lessons
ourselves."3

Abimelech took Sarah into his harem as a consequence of the patriarch's

deception. Although some women are still attractive at 90 years old,
Abimelech's motivation may have involved the desire to make a treaty with
Abraham through marriage.4 Nevertheless God intervened to preserve
Sarah's purity. He warned Abimelech in a dream about who Sarah was, and
instructed him: to restore Sarah to her husband, to make restitution to
Abraham, and to ask Abraham the "prophet" to intercede with God ("pray")
for him (v. 7).

This chapter records another crisis in the story of God providing an heir for
Abraham.

"Apparently, shortly after the announcement of a birth one

year hence, Sarah is again taken into another man's harem.
The reader is to infer that if there is an heir, he is in danger of
being reckoned as Abimelech's not Abraham's. But Yahweh

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 161.

2Wiersbe, p. 97.
3Swindoll, The Swindoll …, p. 37.
4Leupold, 2:583.
292 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

intervenes once again and preserves Sarah (20.6b) and

restores her to Abraham."1

"… the episode is chiefly one of suspense: on the brink of

Isaac's birth-story here is the very Promise put in jeopardy,
traded away for personal safety. If it is ever to be fulfilled, it
will owe very little to man. Morally as well as physically, it will
clearly have to be achieved by the grace of God."2

Abraham, naturally, moved frequently since he had to find pasture for his
flocks and herds (v. 1). He lived a semi-nomadic life.

"… his house and family remained at Gerar while he was down
in Sinai "3

"Abimelech" was a title rather than a proper name (cf. 26:1; Judg. 8:31; 2
Sam. 11:21; Ps. 34 title). It meant "royal father" or "the king [Milku, a
Canaanite deity mentioned in the Amarna letters] is my father."4

Dreams were one of the primary means by which God revealed Himself to
individuals in Old Testament times, along with visions and personal
encounters (cf. 15:1; Num. 12:6-8).

Adultery commonly drew the death penalty in the ancient Near East, which
the Mosaic Code later specified (Lev. 20:10; Deut. 22:22). Other ancient
Near Eastern texts refer to adultery as a "great sin" and a "great crime,"
reflecting the seriousness of this offense in the eyes of society.5

Abimelech claimed to head a "blameless" nation (v. 4), so we expect God

to be gracious, since Abraham had prayed that the LORD would not destroy
the righteous with the wicked (18:23-32). God was gracious with
Abimelech and his people (v. 6; cf. v. 17). In contrast to the Sodomites,
this community responded to God's warnings.

1Helyer, p. 84.
2Kidner, p. 137.
3Albright, "Abram the …," p. 48.
4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 70. For an explanation of Abraham's behavior here, see my

notes on 12:10-20. D. Garrett, Rethinking Genesis, p. 30, noted several parallels between
the three similar events in 12:10-20; 20:1-18; and 26:1, 7-17.
5See The Anchor Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Adultery," by E. A. Goodfriend, 1:82-86.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 293

"In king Abimelech we meet with a totally different character

from that of Pharaoh [ch. 12]. We see in him a heathen imbued
with a moral consciousness of right, and open to receive divine
revelation, of which there is not the slightest trace in the king
of Egypt."1

"Like the sailors and the king of Nineveh in the book of Jonah
(1:16; 3:6-9), the Philistines responded quickly and decisively
to God's warning. Like Jonah, however, Abraham in this
narrative was a reluctant prophet."2

Moses identified Abraham as a "prophet" (v. 7). This is the first explicit
reference to a prophet in the Old Testament. Prophets received direct
revelations from God, spoke to others for God, and praised God (1 Chron.
25:1). Here the role of the prophet includes that of intercessor, as it does
elsewhere in Scripture.

"The term indicates more a relationship to God than an ability

to speak for Him. Abraham's relationship to God was the basis
for God's command that Sarah be restored to her husband."3

Fear for his safety evidently led Abraham to act as he did this second time,
even though his previous deception in Egypt had been unsuccessful. Even
the repeated promises of God did not drive out the fear of potential danger
from Abraham's heart. God used a "pagan" king to rebuke the righteous
prophet—who had just recently boldly pleaded for Sodom—when
Abraham's faith failed.

This incident shows and contrasts God's faithfulness to Abraham and

Abraham's unfaithfulness to God (cf. 2 Tim. 2:13). God's chosen ones
cannot destroy His ultimate plans for them by failing. Abraham learned that
Yahweh will maintain His covenant and fulfill His promises, in spite of the
opposition and interference of influential and powerful individuals.

God requires His people to maintain purity in marriage, and to look to Him
to provide what He has promised.

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:242.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 175.
3The Nelson …, p. 42.
294 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

12. The birth of Isaac 21:1-21

God proved faithful to His promise—to give Abraham a son from Sarah—by
providing Isaac. Abraham and Sarah responded with obedience and praise
to the fulfillment of this promise. Ishmael, however, became a threat to
Abraham's heir, Isaac, and consequently Abraham sent Ishmael away, into
the wilderness, where God continued to provide for him and his mother.

God's provision and Abraham and Sarah's response 21:1-7

The emphasis in this brief section is on God's faithfulness and power, both
in keeping His promise, and in miraculously providing an heir through Sarah,
in spite of Abraham's old age (v. 2; cf. 17:16; 18:14). Note the repetition:
"as He had promised," and "of which God had spoken" (vv. 1-2). The
tension of anticipating the birth of Abraham's heir finally subsides, but only
temporarily.

God "visited" Sarah (AV, NKJV, ESV, RSV), "came to" her (HCSB), "took
note" of her (NASB), "was gracious" to her (NIV, TNIV), and "showed favor"
to her (NEB, v. 1). The Hebrew word used here is a common metaphor that
describes God's intervention in nature and human affairs. It also appears
when God intervened to save the Israelites from Egyptian bondage (50:24-
25; Exod. 4:31), and when He ended a famine (Ruth 1:6). It also occurs
when He caused Hannah to conceive (1 Sam. 2:21), and when He brought
the Jewish exiles home from the Babylonian Captivity (Jer. 29:10). Thus
this word's presence here highlights the major significance of Isaac's birth.

McGee listed nine similarities between the birth of Isaac and the birth of
Jesus: (1) They had both been promised. (2) With both births there was a
long interval between the promise and the fulfillment. (3) The
announcements of the births seemed incredulous and impossible to Sarah
and to Mary. (4) Both Isaac and Jesus were named before their births. (5)
Both births occurred at God's appointed time. (6) Both births were
miraculous. (7) Both sons were a particular joy of their fathers. (8) Both
sons were obedient to their fathers, even unto death. (9) The miraculous
birth of Isaac is a picture of the resurrection of Christ.1 Also, both births
resulted in their mothers' rejoicing in God's goodness to them.

1McGee, 1:88.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 295

Abraham's obedience, in naming his son "Isaac" (17:19) and circumcising

him on the eighth day (cf. 17:12), was an expression of worship.

Isaac's name ("Laughter") was appropriate for two reasons:

1. Isaac would be a source of joy to his parents as the fulfillment of

God's promised seed.

2. Both Abraham and Sarah had "laughed"—in delight and disbelief

respectively—when told that God had chosen to bless them by giving
them a son so late in life (17:17; 18:12).1

The expulsion of Ishmael and God's care of him and Hagar 21:8-21

All was not well in Abraham's household, even though God had provided
the promised heir. Ishmael was a potential rival to Isaac's inheritance. This
section records another crisis in the story of Abraham's heir. This was the
second time that Sarah treated Hagar harshly and drove her from
Abraham's compound (cf. 16:6). Waltke pointed out six parallels between
Hagar and Ishmael's trek, and Abraham and Isaac's (ch. 22).2

Normally, in ancient Near Eastern culture, the son of a concubine became

the heir of his mother but not of his father (cf. Judg. 9:1-3). Now that
Abraham had a son by his wife, Sarah did not want Ishmael to share Isaac's
inheritance. Weaning would normally have occurred at age two or three (cf.
1 Sam. 1:22-24; Hos. 1:8; 2 Macc. 7:27-28). The Hebrew word translated
"mocking" (v. 9) comes from the same root as Isaac's name, and means
"laughing." However, this participle is in the intensive form in Hebrew here,
indicating that Ishmael was not simply "laughing," but cruelly ridiculing Isaac
(cf. Gal. 4:29, "persecuted" him). Ishmael disdained Isaac, like Hagar had
despised Sarai (16:4). Abraham, understandably, felt distressed by this
situation, since he loved both Ishmael and Isaac (cf. 17:18).

"… Abraham's insight into the deeper issues of the case was
in this instance blurred by the very strong affection he felt for
Ishmael."3

1On the alternate reading of verses 6-7 as "God has made a joke of me laugh at me …,"
see Isaac Rabinowitz, "Sarah's Wish (Gen. XXI 6-7)," Vetus Testamentum 29 (July
1979):362-63. This reading has not won support from most commentators.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 292.
3Leupold, 2:602.
296 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"… even in that culture it was reprehensible to send Ishmael

away. When a surrogate wife had borne a son to one's
husband, that mother and child could not be dismissed even if
the first wife subsequently gave birth to a son. This partly
explains Abraham's reluctance to do what Sarah demanded (v.
11)."1

God appeared to Abraham again (the seventh revelation), to assure him

that Sarah's desire was in harmony with His will (cf. 17:19-21). He
encouraged Abraham to divorce Hagar.

"But how could God ask Abraham to do evil if divorce is always

a sin? The answer must be that divorce in this case is either
not a sin or else is the lesser of two evils."2

For other instances where God apparently commanded divorce, see

Deuteronomy 21:10-14 and Ezra 9—10. Since God makes the rules, He
alone can also alter them according to His sovereign will.

"The key to Sarah's demand lies in a clause in the laws of Lipit-

Ishtar where it is stipulated that the father may grant freedom
to the slave woman and the children she has borne him, in
which case they forfeit their share of the paternal property."3

The "laws of Lipit-Ishtar" were laws that governed life in Mesopotamia that
antedated the Mosaic Law.

The focus of this revelation is a clarification of God's purposes for each of

the two sons. God would bless Abraham through Ishmael as well as through
Isaac.

"As Cain suffered both banishment from the divine and

protection by the divine, so Ishmael is both loser and winner,
cut off from what should be his but promised a significant
lineage."4

1The Nelson …, p. 43. See also Wood, A Survey …, p. 28.

2Joe M. Sprinkle, "Old Testament Perspectives on Divorce and Remarriage," Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 40:4 (December 1997):535.
3Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 147.
4Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 81.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 297

The concluding description of Ishmael's experiences (vv. 14-21) provides

essential information that is necessary to understand and appreciate later
references to him and his descendants in the text: "I will make a great
nation of him" (v. 18), and "he lived in the wilderness of Paran" (v. 21).
Ishmael became the father of 12 sons (25:13-16), as Jacob also did. From
Ishmael's sons came the Arab nations, that have ever since been the chief
antagonists of the Israelites. The term "Arab" (someone from Arabia) came
into use for the first time in the ninth century B.C.1 Hagar chose a wife for
her son from her homeland: Egypt (v. 21).

"In this respect she does not display the wisdom used by
Abraham in choosing, as he did, a god-fearing wife for his
son."2

"The picture of Ishmael as the rejected son is complete: he is

the son of a slave woman, married to an Egyptian, lives outside
normal social bounds, and is remembered for his hostilities."3

God not only makes promises, but He also makes provision. His provision of
what He has promised results in great joy, and should lead to separation
from whatever might hinder His program of blessing. (See Paul's use of this
account in Galatians 4:21-31.)

13. Abimelech's treaty with Abraham 21:22-34

"This scene occurs at the same time as the events of Scene 6

[21:1-21] but focuses on different characters and tensions.
This second conflict with Abimelech creates a bracket around
the Isaac birth narrative. Whereas the first conflict, Scene 5
(20:1-18), concerned jeopardy of the seed, the second
conflict, Scene 7 (21:22-34), concerns jeopardy of the land
(i.e., well rights)."4

God's blessing of Abraham resulted in his material prosperity, among other

things. In response to Abimelech's initiative, Abraham agreed to make a
covenant, or treaty of peaceful coexistence, with him. This treaty enabled

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 156.

2Leupold, 2:609.
3Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 274.
4Waltke, Genesis, p. 298.
298 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Abraham to live, serve, and worship God freely, without worry or threat
from his neighbors, in the Promised Land.

The writer may have included this incident in the text, partially because it
records the testimony of a Gentile king to God's faithfulness (v. 22), but
also to record Abraham's strong testimony to God's faithfulness (vv. 32-
33). Furthermore it sets the stage for Isaac's dealings with Abimelech (ch.
26).

Since Abraham had become a powerful individual in the land, as a result of

God's blessing, King Abimelech initiated a bilateral treaty with him for his
own protection. This was evidently the same "Abimelech" whom Abraham
had dealt with previously (ch. 20). They made a parity covenant (i.e.,
between equals, vv. 31-32). This is the first of several parity covenants in
Genesis (cf. 26:28; 31:43-45). This covenant treaty was a remarkable
admission of Abraham's standing and blessing by God, and an expression
of Abimelech's confidence in the future existence of the patriarch's family.

The birth of Isaac seems to have produced a much stronger faith in

Abraham (cf. v. 14). Note Abraham's immediate response, from then on,
to God's instructions to him (cf. 22:3).

"Phicol" (v. 22) seems to have been a title rather than a proper name,
probably of Anatolian origin.1

Wells were extremely important in the life of semi-nomads like Abraham (v.
25).2 Abraham, being a wealthy owner of large flocks and herds, especially
needed much water for his animals.

"Beersheba," one of the more important sites throughout Old Testament

times, meaning "Oath of Seven" or "Oath Well," became Abraham's
possession with the payment of "seven ewe lambs" (v. 28; cf. 26:33).3

Critics of the historicity of the patriarchal narratives have pointed out that
references of "the land of the Philistines" in Genesis (vv. 32, 34; cf. 26:1)
are evidence that the Bible contains errors. These critics believe that the

1See Thomson, 2:352. On the origin of Phicol, Abimelech's army commander, see J. D.
Ray, "Two Etymologies: Ziklag and Phicol," Vetus Testamentum 36:3 (July 1986):358-59;
Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 91-92. Cf. 26:26.
2See Clark Youngblood, "Wells," Biblical Illustrator (Fall 1986), pp. 41-49.
3See William G. Dever, "Beersheba," Biblical Illustrator (Spring 1983), pp. 56-62.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 299

Philistines did not enter Canaan until about 1200 B.C., whereas Abraham
evidently lived about 800 years earlier. They base this assumption on the
lack of archaeological evidence of Philistine occupation. But this is an
argument from silence. Perhaps one day archaeological evidence will be
discovered that validates the presence of Philistines in Canaan in Abraham's
day.1

One explanation of this reference to Philistines is that the Philistines of

Genesis were peaceful, and those of Judges and later were warlike. Perhaps
the same name describes an earlier but entirely different race of people.
They may have resembled the later thirteenth-century Philistines, who also
emigrated from the Aegean area into Palestine.2 Or, to consider another
possibility, perhaps the Philistines of 2000 B.C. were Minoan and thus
peaceful, whereas those of 1200 were Mycenean and thus warlike.3 Other
explanations follow:

"I hold that the Philistines came from the neighboring coast of
Africa, perhaps from Lower Egypt, though Josephus seems to
place Caphtor, their ancient home, higher up the valley of the
Nile."4

"I suggest that the Philistines of Genesis represent the first

wave of Sea Peoples from the Aegean, and that the later
Philistines represent the last wave (cf. 1200 B.C.)."5

"Biblical historical data are accurate to an extent far surpassing

the ideas of any modern critical students, who have
consistently tended to err on the side of hypercriticism."6

By planting a tree, Abraham indicated his determination to stay in that

region. Tamarisk trees (v. 33) were long-lived and evergreen.7 This tree

1See Free, pp. 65-66.

2Kitchen,Ancient Orient …, p. 80; Edward E. Hindson, The Philistines and the Old
Testament, pp. 94-95.
3Barker, p. 134. See also Vassos Karageorghis, "Exploring Philistine Origins on the Island
of Cyprus," Biblical Archaeology Review 10:2 (March-April 1984):16-28.
4Thomson, 2:288.
5Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 94. See also Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp.

94-96.
6Albright, The Archaeology …, p 229.
7Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 282.
300 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

was an appropriate symbol of the enduring grace of the faithful God, whom
Abraham now recognized as "the Everlasting God" (El Olam).

"The Hebrew word 'olam is often translated with 'eternal,'

'eternity,' but it does not contain the conception of
timelessness or otherworldly time but rather of time which
extends forward and backward without end."1

Abraham now owned the first, small part—like a first installment—of the
land God had promised him.

"By granting Abraham rights to a well, Abimelek [sic] had made

it possible for Abraham to live there permanently and had
acknowledged his legal right at least to water. In other words,
after so many delays the promises of land and descendants at
last seem on their way to fulfillment."2

In contrast to Abraham's earlier fear of Abimelech (ch. 20), we now see

him boldly standing up to this powerful king. His changed attitude evidently
resulted from God's grace in blessing the patriarch as He had promised.

"The reader is forced to ask why the author constantly draws

attention to the fact that Abraham was dwelling with the
Philistines during this time [cf. v. 34]. The purpose of such
reminders may be to portray Abraham as one who had yet to
experience the complete fulfillment of God's promises."3

Peaceful interpersonal relationships with those who acknowledge God

enable the believer to proclaim his or her faith freely (cf. 1 Tim. 2:1-4).

14. The sacrifice of Isaac 22:1-19

In obedience to God's command, Abraham took his promised heir to the

land of Moriah to sacrifice him to the LORD. Because Abraham was willing to
slay his "only begotten son," God graciously restrained him from killing
Isaac, and promised to bless him further for his obedience. Abraham
memorialized the place by calling it: "The LORD Will Provide."

1von Rad, p. 237.

2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 94.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 177.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 301

"At the age of 75, Abraham enrolled in the 'School of Faith.'

Now he was over 100, and he was still having soul-stretching
experiences. We are never too old to face new challenges, fight
new battles, and learn new truths. When we stop learning, we
stop growing; and when we stop growing, we stop living."1

Warren Wiersbe reviewed the tests that Abraham underwent: the family
test, when he had to leave his loved ones and step out to a new land; the
famine test, when he went down into Egypt; the fellowship test, when Lot
separated from him; the fight test, when he defeated the Mesopotamian
kings; the fortune test, when he said no to Sodom's wealth; the fatherhood
test, when Sarah got impatient with God; and the farewell test, when
Ishmael left him.2 We might call the sacrifice of Isaac Abraham's filial test,
because it tested his love for God and Isaac.

God called on Abraham to make five great sacrifices: his native country, his
extended family, his nephew Lot, his son Ishmael, and his son Isaac. Each
sacrifice involved something naturally dear to Abraham, but each resulted
in greater blessings from God. Previously, God had called Abraham to cut
himself off from his past (12:1); now He called him to cut himself off from
his future.

This story also demonstrates the strong confidence that Abraham had in
God at this time. "He considered that God is able to raise people even from
the dead" (Heb. 11:19). This is why Abraham was willing to slay Isaac.
Evidently Abraham concluded that if God could enable him and Sarah to
bear a son so late in life, God could raise Isaac from the dead (cf. Rom.
4:19-21).

Jewish tradition refers to this chapter as the Akedah, from the Hebrew
word wayya'aqod, translated "bound," in verse 9.3

"With this chapter we reach the climax of the faith life of

Abraham—the supreme test and the supreme victory."4

1Wiersbe, p. 103.
2Ibid.
3See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 300-306.
4Leupold, 2:616. Cf. Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 99, 112. This writer also noted
parallels between chapters 21 and 22 on pp. 99-100.
302 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"The seventh crisis [I believe it is the eleventh] comes at a

point in the narrative when we least expect it and is without
question the greatest crisis of all. After all obstacles have
seemingly been surmounted and all potential rivals eliminated,
God now asks for Abraham's only son whom he loves. The
gracious intervention of God and the reaffirmation of the basic
promise of 12.1-3 in 22.15-18 would seem to conclude the
Abraham cycle at the moment when faith triumphs over the
greatest obstacle of all, death."1

"Our faith is not really tested until God asks us to bear what
seems unbearable, do what seems unreasonable, and expect
what seems impossible."2

22:1-8 This incident took place some time after the events recorded
in the chapters immediately preceding this one, evidently
several years later.

God's revelation to Abraham (His eighth recorded in Scripture)

came to test Abraham's faith (i.e., to prove its character and
strength; cf. James 2:21-23).

"Life is a succession of tests, for character is only

possible through discipline."3

The Hebrew text says that "the God" tested Abraham (v. 1).
The presence of the definite article before "God" underlines
the fact that it was the true God, genuine Deity, who made
this request, not a false god or a demon (cf. 41:32). The true
God was testing Abraham's love for Himself, and not simply his
faith (v. 2). Such testing (Heb. nsh) shows what someone is
really like, and it usually involves difficulty or hardship (cf.
Exod. 15:25; 16:4; 20:20; Deut. 8:2, 16; 13:3; Judg. 2:22;
3:1, 4; 1 Kings 10:1; Job 1—2; Dan. 1:12, 14).

1Helyer,
pp. 84-85.
2Wiersbe,p. 104.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 195.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 303

"This scene presents the radical nature of true

faith: tremendous demands and incredible
blessings."1

"The … best approach to the passage is that God

commanded an actual human sacrifice and
Abraham intended to obey Him fully."2

"'How could God demand a human sacrifice, when

He is on principle unalterably opposed to such a
practice?' The answer must be given as follows:
What God actually wanted Abraham to give was
the spiritual sacrifice of his son. … But then the
problem arises, Why did God ask for the spiritual
sacrifice in the form of a material sacrifice? … God
asked for one thing only: the spiritual surrender,
the giving back to Him of this great gift which He
had granted to Abraham."3

The "land of Moriah" (v. 2; lit. "Where the LORD Provides" or

"Where the LORD Appears") was the mountainous country
around Jerusalem. This area was located about 45 miles north
of Beersheba, which would have been a two-day or a three-day
journey for Abraham and Isaac. During this time, Abraham
would have had many temptations and opportunities to turn
back. "Moriah" may have been the name the Israelites gave
this area after this event. On these mountains, God's angel
later appeared to David, who built an altar to the LORD (2 Sam.
24:16-25). Here also, Solomon built his temple (2 Chron. 3:1),
and Jesus Christ died. A mountain was a suitable place for
Abraham to meet God (cf. v. 14).4

Verses 1 and 2 refer to a second time God called Abraham,

that parallels the first call in 12:1-3, in which He told Abraham
to leave his home to go to another place.

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 301.

2Davis, Paradise to …, p. 217.
3Leupold, 2:617.
4See Appendix 5 at the end of these notes for an article about Jerusalem's Temple Mount.
304 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"The repetition of these motifs forms an inclusio

in the narrative structure of the Abrahamic
narrative, pointing out the complete cycle in the
patriarch's experience. The allusion to the former
call would also have prompted obedience to the
present one, in many ways a more difficult journey
in God's direction."1

The LORD was not asking Abraham to make any greater

sacrifices to Him, the true God, than his pagan neighbors were
willing to make to their false gods. Canaanite religion involved
child sacrifice, but we do not know for sure that the Canaanites
practiced it as early as Abraham's time.2

"The demand [to sacrifice Isaac] was indeed only

made to prove that Abraham was not behind the
heathen in the self-denying surrender of his
dearest to his God, and that when the demand had
been complied with in spirit, the external
fulfillment might be rejected."3

Matthew Henry suggested several questions that Abraham

must have asked himself as he and Isaac made their trek
northward: Am I not going to disobey God's command against
murder (9:6)? How can I do this to my own son? Why did God
not explain His reason for commanding me to do this? How will
God fulfill His promises to me if I kill Isaac? If I do this, how can
I ever look Sarah in the face again? Will this action not cause
the pagan people of the land to disrespect the LORD?4

Abraham may have told his servants to stay behind (v. 5) so

they would not try to restrain him from killing Isaac. The three
verbs that Abraham used in verse 5 are all intensive in Hebrew
(cf. 12:2): "We are determined to go," "We are determined to
worship," and "We are determined to return." The words used
to describe Isaac in this chapter, as well as what Moses said of

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 394. Cf. Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p, 283.

2See Everyday Life in Bible Times, p. 91; The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Canaan,
Canaanite," by K. A. Kitchen, pp. 183-86.
3Delitzsch, 2:91.
4Matthew Henry, p. 40.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 305

him, indicate that he was probably a young man at this time

(v. 6). Josephus, reflecting the belief of the Jews of his day,
wrote that he was 25 years old.1

"There are indications to suggest that the

meaning of Abba in Mark 14:36 is to be found in
the light of its whole context and Genesis 22.
Jesus' final trial in Gethsemane appears to be
modelled on the supreme trial of Abraham and
Isaac. Despite his horror and anguish before the
prospect of an imminent sacrificial death, Isaac
calls to Abraham his Abba and, as a faithful son,
obeys the voice of God speaking through his
father. Parallel to this, Jesus says Abba to God in
the same way that Isaac does to Abraham. In this
context, Abba has the meaning of 'father' in the
sense of a relationship to a devoted and obedient
son. In Jesus' supreme hour of trial, it is his trust
and obedience to God as Abba that carries him
through, even to the cross. This meaning of Abba
may prompt further study of the significance of
son in other NT texts to discover whether the
obediential aspect may be more prominent than
has been suspected. The father-son relationship in
Genesis 22 may be a far-reaching New Testament
model of that between Jesus and God."2

Abraham referred to the sacrifice he would offer, supposedly

Isaac—but in reality God's substitute for Isaac—as "the lamb."
This statement (v. 8), of course, proved prophetic of Jesus
Christ as well (John 1:29). Abraham spoke better than he
knew.

22:9-19 Isaac demonstrated his own faith clearly in this incident. He

must have known what his father intended to do to him, yet
he submitted willingly (v. 9). Josephus recorded a supposed
conversation between Abraham and Isaac at this point, in

1Josephus,Antiquities of …, 1:13:2.
2Joseph A. Grassi, "Abba, Father (Mark 14:36): Another Approach," Journal of the
American Academy of Religion 50:3 (September 1982):455.
306 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

which Abraham explained to his son what he was about to do

and why, and in which Isaac verbalized his willingness to die.1

"If Abraham displays faith that obeys, then Isaac

displays faith that cooperates. If Isaac was strong
and big enough to carry wood for a sacrifice,
maybe he was strong and big enough to resist or
subdue his father."2

The possibility of Isaac resisting may have been the reason why
Abraham bound him on the altar.

"The sacrifice was already accomplished in his

[Abraham's] heart, and he had fully satisfied the
requirements of God."3

"The test, instead of breaking him, brings him to

the summit of his lifelong walk with God."4

"The temptation does not aim to uncover the evil

in a saint of God but rather to make apparent what
good God has wrought in this faithful believer."5

God had previously told Abraham to offer Isaac as a sacrifice

(v. 2), but now He told him not to sacrifice him ("Do not reach
out your hand," v. 12). Sometimes, even today, we may
proceed on a course of action believing that God has called us
to it. Yet afterward, we may become equally convinced that
He wants us to do the very opposite. We should not necessarily
conclude that we were wrong in the first case. God may be
testing our faith, as He did Abraham's.

As a result of this incident, Abraham gained a greater

appreciation of God as the One who will provide or "look out
for" him (Yahweh-jireh, lit. "The LORD Sees," v. 14).

1Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:13:3-4.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 110.
3Keil
and Delitzsch, 1:250.
4Kidner,pp. 142-43. See Donald Campbell, "Passing the Test," Kindred Spirit 9:2 (Summer
1985):9-10.
5Leupold, 2:617.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 307

"… the whole issue in this narrative has

consistently turned on the question, not whether
Yahweh would 'appear' but whether He would
'provide.'"1

Also, the LORD acknowledged Abraham's faith ("I know that you
fear God," v. 12; cf. 18:21; Job 1:1, 8; 2:3).

"The story reaches its climax when Abraham

demonstrated his loyalty (22:12, 15-18) by
obeying God's command (cf. 26:5). God then
elevated the patriarch to the status of a favored
vassal who now possessed a ratified promise,
comparable to the royal grants attested in the
ancient Near East. God contextualized His self-
revelation to Abraham (and to the readers of the
narrative) within the relational, metaphorical
framework of a covenant lord. Thus one should
not be surprised to hear Him speak in ways that
reflect the relational role He assumed within this
metaphorical framework."2

"… where the phrases 'fear of God' and 'fearing

God' occur in the Old Testament [cf. v. 12], they
refer not to a particular form of strong emotions
but rather to their consequences, i.e., to
obedience (Gen. 20.11; 42.18; II Kings 4.1; Isa.
11.2; Prov. 1.7; Job 1.1, 8). It would be more
correct to interpret the phrase 'fear of God'
simply as a term for obedience to the divine
commands."3

Abraham's sacrifice of the ram (v. 13), like Noah's sacrifice

after he left the ark (8:18—9:17), expressed thanks and
devotion to God—and anticipated His benevolence toward
future generations. A "burnt offering" was most appropriate,
because it symbolized complete surrender to God (cf. Lev. 1).

1Ibid.,
2:632.
2Chisholm, "Anatomy of …," p. 13.
3von Rad, pp. 241-42.
308 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

This is the first explicit mention in the Bible of the

substitutionary sacrifice of one life for another.

The LORD appeared again ("The angel of the LORD called to

Abraham a second time from heaven," the ninth revelation) at
the end of his test (v. 15). God "swore" by Himself to confirm
His promises to Abraham (v. 16). God so swore ("By Myself I
have sworn") only this one time in His dealings with the
patriarchs. Moses referred to this oath later in Israel's history
(24:7; 26:3; 50:24; Exod. 13:5, 11; 33:1; et al.; cf. Heb. 6:13-
14).

"… the main point of Genesis 22:9-14 is not the

doctrine of the Atonement. It is portraying an
obedient servant worshipping God in faith at great
cost, and in the end receiving God's provision."1

One writer suggested that 22:15-18 really "… describes the

establishment of the covenant of circumcision first mentioned
in Genesis 17."2 However, the lack of reference to circumcision
in the immediate context makes this interpretation tenuous.

For the first and last time in Genesis, the LORD swore an oath
in His own name guaranteeing His promise (v. 16; cf. Heb.
6:13-14). God thus reinforced, reemphasized, and extended
the promise that He had given formerly (12:1-3), because
Abraham trusted and obeyed Him (vv. 17-18). "Greatly bless"
and "greatly multiply" (v. 17) translate a Hebrew idiom in
which the verb is doubled to stress the certainty of the action.

"Here again God promised Abraham that he would

become the recipient of the [Abrahamic]
covenant blessings. The covenant was not based
on obedience, nor was the perpetuity of the
covenant based on obedience—but rather the
reception of covenant blessings was conditioned

1Ross,"Genesis," p. 65.
2T.Desmond Alexander, "Genesis 22 and the Covenant of Circumcision," Journal for the
Study of the Old Testament 25 (February 1983):17.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 309

on obedience. Remember, an unconditional

covenant may have conditional blessings."1

Abraham's "seed" (v. 18) refers not only to Isaac but also to
Messiah (cf. Gal. 3:16). It is important to consider the context
of any reference to the seed of Abraham in Scripture, in order
to interpret which seed is in view.

The Four Seeds of Abraham in Scripture

NATURAL SEED
All physical descendants of Abraham
Genesis 12:1-3, 7; et al.

NATURAL-SPIRITUAL SEED
Believing physical descendants of Abraham
Romans 9:6, 8; Galatians 6:16

SPIRITUAL SEED
Believing non-physical descendants of Abraham
Galatians 3:6-9, 29

ULTIMATE SEED
Jesus Christ
Galatians 3:16

Having passed his test, Abraham then returned to the well he

had purchased at Beersheba and lived there (v. 19).

Moses probably preserved the details of this story because this test
involved the future of God's promised seed, Isaac, and, therefore, the
faithfulness of God. He probably did so also because this incident illustrates

1Pentecost, Thy Kingdom …, pp. 66-67.

310 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

God's feelings in giving His Son as the Lamb of God (cf. John 1:29; 3:16).
Other themes in this chapter include testing and obedience, the relationship
between God and man, and the relationship between father and son.1

Every time Abraham made a sacrifice for God, the LORD responded by giving
Abraham more.

1. Abraham left his homeland, and God gave him a new one.

2. Abraham left his extended family, and God gave him a much larger
family.

3. Abraham offered the best of the land to Lot, and God gave him more
land.

4. Abraham gave up the King of Sodom's reward, and God gave

Abraham more wealth.

5. Abraham gave up Ishmael, and God made Ishmael the father of a

multitude of Abraham's posterity.

6. Abraham was willing to give up Isaac, and God allowed Isaac to live,
and, through him, gave Abraham numerous seed.

In each case, God gave Abraham a deeper relationship with Himself, as well
as more material prosperity. Note the closeness of this fellowship in
Abraham's response to God's revelations: "Here I am" (vv. 1, 11).

God has not promised Christians great physical blessings (cf. 2 Tim. 3:2),
but whenever we make a sacrifice for Him, He at least gives us a deeper
relationship with Himself (cf. John 15:14). For this reason we should not
fear making any personal sacrifice for God.

Note, too, that what God called Abraham to give back to Him, each time,
was something that He had provided, or would provide, for Abraham
supernaturally—in faithfulness to His promise. Sometimes God tests our

1John Lawlor developed these other themes in "The Test of Abraham: Genesis 22:11-19,"
Grace Theological Journal 1:1 (Spring 1980):19-35. See also Abraham Kuruvilla, "The
Aqedah (Genesis 22): What is the Author Doing with What He is Saying? Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 55:3 (September 2012):489-508.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 311

faith by asking us to give back to Him what He has supernaturally and

faithfully provided, not just what He has provided through regular channels.

This test of Abraham's faith is the climax of his personal history. It is the
last major incident in the record of his life.

"… God does not demand a literal human sacrifice from His
worshippers, but the spiritual sacrifice of an unconditional
denial of the natural life, even to submission to death itself."1

The faithful believer will surrender to God whatever He may ask, all the
while trusting in God's promise of provision and blessing.

"Faith does not demand explanations; faith rests on

promises."2

15. The descendants of Nahor 22:20-24

The testing of Abraham's faith was complete with the sacrifice of Isaac.
The divine Author of Genesis (cf. 2 Tim. 3:16) therefore brought the
history of his life to a close, and began to set the scene for related events
in Isaac's life.

This section signals a change in the direction of the narrative. It moves

from Abraham to the next generation, and its genealogical connections
with the East. The record of Nahor's 12 sons prepares the way for the story
of Isaac's marriage. It also shows that Rebekah (meaning "Heifer," "Soft,"
or "Supple") was the daughter of Bethuel's wife (v. 23), not the daughter
of Bethuel's concubine (v. 24). Isaac's marriage was very important,
because Isaac was the heir of the promises (ch. 24). His wife would produce
the next generation of the promised "seed."

Only a few of the individuals named as descendants of Abraham's brother

Nahor appear elsewhere in Scripture. The most important individuals were
Rebekah and her father Bethuel. This is a "segmented" genealogy, designed
to establish family relationships—not a "linear" genealogy, which identifies
the final descendant as the legitimate successor of the first (cf. Ruth 4:18-
22).

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:252.

2Wiersbe, p. 104.
312 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

16. The purchase of Sarah's tomb ch. 23

Abraham's purchase of a burial site in the Promised Land demonstrated his

intention to remain in Canaan, rather than go back to his native homeland.
Since he was a "stranger and a foreign resident" in Canaan (v. 4), his friends
and relatives probably expected him to bury Sarah back in their home area,
namely, Mesopotamia.

The two major events contained in this chapter continue Moses' emphasis
on God's faithfulness. They do so by recording the death of Abraham's
wife, the mother of his heir, and by showing the beginning of the fulfillment
of the land promise that God had given Abraham.

23:1-2 Sarah is the only woman whose age at death ("127 years" old)
the Scriptures record (v. 1). She is also the only woman whose
name God changed (17:15). This notation of her age illustrates
her importance. Isaac was 37 years old when his mother died.
Abraham died at the age of 175 (25:8), 38 years after Sarah.

Abraham and Sarah had moved back near Hebron after having
lived at Beersheba for some time (v. 2; cf. 22:19). "Kiriath-
arba" means "Village of Four" (cf. Josh. 14:15). It was another,
perhaps older, name for Hebron.

"It should be stressed here that the world of the

patriarchs was that of a developed and organized
society and not what is usually regarded as a
simple pastoral-bedouin existence. Throughout
Genesis 12-50 there are connections to
Mesopotamia and to Egypt as well as negotiations
with local political centers (Shechem, Salem and
Hebron) as well as Gerar in the Western Negev on
a branch of the Coastal Highway.

"Much of the theological relevance of the

patriarchs is based upon the fact that there were
other more attractive lifestyles available to these
early Biblical figures. The option they chose gave
them few of the advantages they could have
enjoyed elsewhere, especially in Mesopotamia
where their family was established. In light of this
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 313

fact and the great promises made to Abraham

during his lifetime, his remark to the leaders of
Hebron after the death of his wife, Sarah, takes
on new meaning."1

Abraham mourned and wept for his wife (v. 2).

"Tears are a tribute due to our deceased friends.

When the body is sown, it must be watered."2

23:3-16 Typically, ancient Near Easterners buried family members in

their native land.3 Abraham's desire to bury Sarah in the
Promised Land shows that he had turned his back on
Mesopotamia forever (v. 4). Canaan was his adopted
homeland.

"The great safeguard against overmuch sorrow is

work."4

God had made Abraham a powerful person, which his neighbors

acknowledged (v. 6).5

"Abraham has put himself at the bottom of the

social ladder, and they put him at the top."6

"Their warm and generous reply apparently gave

Abraham all he wanted, but permission to bury
Sarah was only part of what he had requested. He
had asked for a burial plot, not simply for the use
of one of their graves. Despite the warmth of their
reply, the Hittites, by omitting any mention of this
point, probably indicate their reluctance to

1Monson, pp. 153-54. See also Thomson, 1:456.

2Matthew Henry, p. 41. For helpful guidelines for grieving over the death of someone dear
to you, see Swindoll, The Swindoll …, p. 43.
3Ross, "Genesis," p. 66.
4Thomas, Through the …, p. 50.
5On Abraham as a "mighty prince," see Wiseman, "Abraham Part II: Abraham the Prince,"

pp. 228-37.
6E. F. Roop, Genesis, p. 154.
314 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

transfer land to Abraham, for then he would no

longer be a landless sojourner."1

These "sons of Heth" (v. 3, Hethites) were native residents of

Canaan, not members of the mighty Hittite Empire, that later
flourished north of the Promised Land, in modern Turkey and
Syria—ancient Anatolia.2

Why did Ephron want to sell Abraham the entire field in which
the cave lay, rather than just the cave, as Abraham requested
(vv. 8-11)? The law specified that when a landowner sold only
part of his property to someone else, the original owner had
to continue to pay all taxes on the land and remained obligated
to the state for military service. However, if he sold the entire
tract, the new owner became responsible (cf. 1 Chron.
21:24).3 Consequently, Ephron held out for the entire tract of
land, knowing that Abraham needed to make his purchase
quickly, so he could bury Sarah without delay.4

Abraham's willingness to pay what appears to have been an

unusually large price for the land, further demonstrates his
faith (vv. 15-16). An average field cost four shekels per acre,
and garden land cost 40 shekels per acre.5 Abraham was willing
to pay 400 shekels! Of course, the text does not give the size
of the field.

"The piece of property was no bargain for

Abraham; 400 shekels would be more than a
hundred pounds of silver. David paid only one-
eighth that amount—50 shekels of silver—for the

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 127.

2See Bryant G. Wood, "Hittites and Hethites: A Proposed Solution to an Etymological
Conundrum," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 54:2 (June 2011):239-50;
von Rad, p. 247.
3See Wood, A Survey …, p. 62; Cyrus H. Gordon, "Abraham and the Merchants of Ura,"

Journal of Near Eastern Studies 17 (1958):29; Charles F. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age, pp.
115-16.
4Barker, p. 134.
5Francis D. Nichol, ed., The Seventy-Day Adventist Bible Commentary, 1:356.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 315

purchase of the temple site from Araunah (2 Sam.

24:24)."1

Coins were not minted until the seventh century B.C., so

Abraham would have paid for his land with weighed pieces of
silver. Ephron's responses to Abraham's requests sound very
generous, but he was really asking an exorbitant price, to serve
as a starting point for bargaining.2 Ephron's objective may
have been to get a present (favor; gratuity; exchange gift)
from Abraham, for having given him the field and cave, that
would compensate for the value of the land. Such a gift was
customary. On the other hand, he may have wanted to prevent
Abraham from offering to pay him less than his asking price (v.
15).3

"Did the patriarchs who forsook everything for the

sake of the promises go unrewarded? No, answers
our narrative. In death they were heirs and no
longer 'strangers.' A very small part of the
Promised Land—the grave—belonged to them;
therefore they did not have to rest in 'Hittite
earth' or in the grave of a Hittite (cf. v. 6), which
Israel would have considered a hardship difficult to
bear."4

"At a time when the children of Israel were on their

way to take possession of the land, Moses did well
to remind them how in faith their forefathers had
secured at least 'a grave which was his own
property,' and thus to arouse in them the desire
to finish the work of taking into full possession
what had so long ago been promised to them."5

23:17-18 Abraham's purchase of the cave in "Machpelah" (lit. "double

cave," or "split cave") indicates his continuing faith in God's
promise to give the land of Canaan to him and his descendants.

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 135.

2Leupold, 2:650.
3See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:255-56; G. C. Aalders, Genesis, 2:58-59.
4von Rad, p. 250.
5Leupold, 2:653.
316 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Similarly, Jeremiah purchased property in the Promised Land,

on the eve of the Babylonian Captivity, in order to express his
belief that God would eventually bring the Israelites back there
(cf. Jer. 32:6-15). One does not usually bury his family in a
place unless he considers it his home and plans to be there a
long time.

Acts 7:16 says that Abraham purchased a tomb from the sons
of Hamor in Shechem. Perhaps Abraham purchased two burial
sites, one in Shechem and one in Hebron.1 But Genesis 33:19
says that Jacob purchased a piece of land from the sons of
Hamor in Shechem. The Acts statement may be a case of
attributing to an ancestor what one of his descendants did (cf.
Heb. 7:9-10). In the ancient Near East, people regarded an
ancestor as in one sense participating in the actions of his
descendants (cf. 9:25; 25:23; Mal. 1:2-3; Rom. 9:11-13).

23:19-20 The writer noted twice that Hebron was within the "land of
Canaan" (vv. 2, 19), and stressed repeatedly that the
negotiations for the land were official (vv. 10, 13, 16, 18).
There was no doubt that this part of the land now justly
belonged to Abraham and his heirs.

"This verse [v. 20] is a conclusion to vv. 2-19. It

seems strange appearing after v. 19—which
would have been a reasonable note on which to
conclude. Its placement here points out that the
crucial element in this chapter is not Sarah's
death, but Abraham's acquisition of land from
outsiders. As such, it is a harbinger of things to
come."2

"The very fact that Abraham buried Sarah in the

land of Canaan is proof of his unwavering faith.
Knowing that his descendants would have to
endure four hundred years of bitter bondage in a

1Ibid., 2:654.
2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 136.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 317

foreign country (15:13), he looked beyond that

to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises."1

Isaac and Jacob, as well as Abraham, used this burial site.

Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, and Leah were all
buried here. Rachel's Tomb, on the other hand, was near
Bethlehem (lit. "House of Bread," i.e., "Granary").

The time of death should be the time when the godly proclaim their faith
most loudly, in view of their hope in God's promises.

17. The choice of a bride for Isaac ch. 24

Abraham's servant, who was evidently Eliezer, returned to Paddan-aram,

charged with the duty of finding a suitable bride for Isaac. He faithfully and
resolutely fulfilled his task, relying on God's faithfulness to prosper his
journey, and God's providence to guide him. God directed him to Rebekah.

The length of this story, and the amount of detail included, suggest that
this incident played an important part in the fulfillment of the divine
Author's purpose. This is the longest chapter in Genesis.2 The details show
how God provided a wife and seed-bearer for Isaac, and thereby remained
faithful to His promises to Abraham. God's working providentially through
the natural course of events to accomplish His purposes clarifies His ways
with humankind.

"The key idea in the passage is in the word hesed, 'loyal love'
or 'loyalty to the covenant'—from both God's perspective and
man's."3

"This … narrative is the most pleasant and charming of all the

patriarchal stories."4

The structure of the four sections (1-9, 10-28, 29-61, 62-67) is again
palistrophic (chiastic). The first and fourth sections take place in Abraham's

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 223.

2See Brian A. Bompiani, "Is Genesis 24 a Problem for Source Criticism?" Bibliotheca Sacra
164:656 (October-December 2007):403-15, for defense of the unity of this chapter.
3Ross, "Genesis," p. 67.
4von Rad, p. 253. Cf. 15:18-20.
318 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

household in Canaan, and the second and third sections record events in
Rebekah's household in Paddan-aram.

24:1-9 The "thigh" may be a euphemism for the genitals (v. 2).1 The
ancients considered the "thigh" to be the source of posterity
and the seat of power (cf. 47:29).

"By putting his hand under Abraham's thigh, the

servant was touching his genitals and thus giving
the oath a special solemnity. In the ancient Orient,
solemn oaths could be taken holding some sacred
object in one's hand, as it is still customary to take
an oath on the Bible before giving evidence in
court. Since the OT particularly associates God
with life (see the symbolism of the sacrificial law)
and Abraham had been circumcised as a mark of
the covenant, placing his hand under Abraham's
thigh made an intimate association with some
fundamental religious ideas. An oath by the seat
of procreation is particularly apt in this instance,
when it concerns the finding of a wife for Isaac."2

"Putting a hand under another's thigh was a

solemn way of signifying that if the oath were
violated, the children, yet unborn, would avenge
the act of disloyalty."3

"That act would be significantly symbolic in this

instance, for success of the mission would make
possible propagation of posterity and fulfillment
of the Abrahamic Covenant."4

Abraham's insistence on a non-Canaanite wife for Isaac (v. 3)

did not demonstrate racial preference as much as religious
preference. Marriage to an influential Canaanite would have
given Isaac land and powerful social connections, but

1Ibid.,
p. 254; cf. Waltke, Genesis, p. 327.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 141.
3Yates, p. 28.
4Howard F. Vos, Genesis, p. 90. See R. David Freedman, "'Put Your Hand Under My Thigh'—

The Patriarchal Oath," Biblical Archaeology Review 2:2 (June 1976):3-4, 42.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 319

Abraham's values lay elsewhere. The Canaanites worshipped

Baal and Asherah (cf. 15:16; Deut. 7:3), but Abraham's
extended family in Paddan-aram evidently worshipped the true
God (cf. v. 31; 11:27—12:4; Josh. 24:2).

"Isaac was not regarded as a merely pious

candidate for matrimony, but as the heir of the
promise, who must therefore be kept from any
alliance with the race whose possessions were to
come to his descendants, and which was ripening
for the judgment to be executed by those
descendants."1

Abraham's last recorded words reflect his continuing faith in

God's promises to him, as well as his concern for Isaac's future
(vv. 6-8). "He will send His angel ahead of you" (v. 7) means
that God would prepare the way for Abraham's servant's
arrival.

It is interesting that the name of Abraham's servant never

appears in this story. Some expositors have noted the parallel
between this fact and the fact that the Holy Spirit, who does
the same thing for Jesus Christ that Abraham's servant did for
Abraham, does not have an individual name as well. He is simply
referred to throughout Scripture as God's Spirit.

24:10-28 Camels were relatively rare at this time in Canaan, so the fact
that Abraham owned many them reflects his great wealth (v.
10; cf. Job 1:3).2

Paddan-aram lay within Mesopotamia, the region between and

surrounding the Tigris and Chaboras Rivers. Paddan-aram did
not extend all the way to the Tigris River, however.3

"In the East, where wells are scarce, and water

indispensable, the existence of a well or fountain
determines the site of the village. The people build

1E.W. Hengstenberg, Dissertations on the Genuineness of the Pentateuch, 1:350. Cf.

Esau's Canaanite wives, and Ishmael's Egyptian wife.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 142-43, 146.
3Leupold, 2:663.
320 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

near it, but prefer to have it outside the 'city,' to

avoid the noise, dust, and confusion always
occurring at it, and especially if the place is on the
public highway. About great cities men often carry
water, both on donkeys and on their own backs,
but in the country, among the unsophisticated
natives, women only go to the well or the
fountain; and often, when traveling, have I seen
long files of them going and returning with their
pitchers, 'at the time when women go out to draw
water.'"1

"The well itself must be imagined as a large, deep

hole in the earth with steps leading down to the
water (spring water); above is a watering
trough."2

The above comment seems to be based on the fact that some

wells discovered in Canaan were of this design, such as the well
at Gibeon. However, it is possible that this well was a typical
small-mouthed well (cf. 29:3; John 4:6-12).

Verse 12 is the first recorded instance of prayer for specific

guidance in Scripture. Notice that the servant did nothing but
pray; he took no other initiative but left the situation entirely
in God's hands to control. Since camels could drink 25 gallons,
the servant's sign showed his discernment (v. 14). It tested
Rebekah's kindness, hospitality, industry, and willingness to
help a stranger.

"Although the Lord elects both Abraham and

Rebekah, his mode of revelation to them is
strikingly different. To Abraham he speaks (12:7)
in visions and auditions, to Rebekah he
communicates through answered prayer and
providential acts (24:27, 48, 50)."3

1Thomson, 2:404-5.
2von Rad, p. 257.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 326.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 321

"Even the statement as to the manner of carrying

her pitcher, or rather jar, is exact—on her shoulder
[v. 15]. The Egyptian and the negro carry on the
head, the Syrian on the shoulder or the hip."1

Rebekah's name means "Ensnaring Beauty," and Moses

commented on her beauty (v. 16). It might seem strange that
he wrote, redundantly, that she was "a virgin" and that "no
man had had relations with her." But the Hebrew word
translated "virgin" generally means "young woman," and is
therefore not a precise term. It needed some clarification.

24:29-61 "Another striking feature of this story is that after

introducing the new characters of Laban and his
household, the writer allows the servant again to
retell the narrative (vv. 34-39). But as with most
repetitions in biblical narrative, the retelling is not
a mere repeating. It is rather a reassertion of the
central points of the first narrative. As we
overhear the servant recount more details, we see
that the miracle of God's provision was even more
grand than that suggested in the narrative
itself."2

"The following detailed speech, which tells the

reader nothing new, can be considered long only
by Western standards. The ancients had a quite
different feeling. To be able to speak worthily in
decisive situations was considered a sign of
special cultivation and training."3

Repeating an event confirmed its truthfulness in Scripture

usage (cf. 41:32). W. M. Thomson described marriage
negotiation customs as they existed for millennia in this part
of the world as follows:

1Thomson, 2:405.
2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 177.
3von Rad, p. 258.
322 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"The parents, or the elder brother if there are no

parents, make the bargain, and the poor bride has
nothing to do but to submit [v. 51]."1

It must have been customary in Hurrian society, however, to

consult the bride before completing the marriage plans (vv.
58-60), or perhaps this family was exceptional. Note that
Laban, Rebekah's brother, was the principal negotiator who
represented the family—rather than Bethuel, her father, or her
mother (vv. 53, 55; cf. 34:11-17; 42:1-3)—though Bethuel
was involved (v. 50). Perhaps Bethuel was simply too old,
infirm, or was under his wife's control, as Rebekah later
"organized" Isaac.2

The description of the family farewell also reflects Laban's

leadership (vv. 59-60).3 Rebekah demonstrated her faith in
Abraham's God, in her decisively choosing to leave her family
in order to marry Isaac (cf. the similar choices of Abram and
Ruth; Ruth 1:16).

24:62-67 Beer-lahai-roi, the place where Isaac lived and meditated (v.
62), was a place where God had previously answered prayer
(cf. 16:14). This suggests that Isaac may have been praying
for God's will to be done in the choice of his wife. Clearly, Isaac
was a man who prayed about important things (cf. 25:21).

Rebekah dismounted out of respect for her intended husband

(cf. Josh. 15:18; 1 Sam. 25:23). Her self-veiling hinted at her
soon becoming his bride, since it was customary to veil the
bride in a marriage ceremony. Normally Israelite women did not
wear veils (cf. 12:14; 38:14).

"The final remarks (v. 67) again show that God's

guidance in the mundane areas of life is good for
those who put their trust in him. When Isaac took
Rebekah as his wife, he loved her and was
comforted with her after the death of his mother.

1Thomson, 1:451.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 149.
3See West, pp. 67-68; Speiser, pp. 184-85.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 323

In other words, Rebekah had taken the place of

Sarah in the line of the descendants of Abraham."1

The significance of this long story in the larger context of special revelation
is fourfold at least:

1. Primarily it demonstrates God's faithfulness to His promise to provide

descendants for Abraham and, therefore, His trustworthiness. Along
with this is the assurance that, even though Abraham was soon to
die, God would fulfill His promises in the future.

2. It reveals that God guides people who are sincerely seeking His will
so that they discover it.

3. It illustrates God's later selection of a "bride," that He chose out of

the world for His Son, through the Holy Spirit's agency—as revealed
and taught in the New Testament—namely, the church.

4. It provides a good model, in the servant, of one who responded

properly to the work of God. Abraham's servant prayed before he
acted, praised when God answered his prayers, and believed that God
controls all the affairs of life.

"There are two themes, one more central, one more auxiliary,
which are highlighted by the example story [in Genesis 24]:
the faithful, prudent and selfless steward acting on behalf of
his master as messenger, and the good wife as a gift from the
LORD, the theme underlying much of the steward's action."2

18. Abraham's death 25:1-11

Before Abraham died, he made sure that God's covenantal blessing would
be Isaac's by sending his other sons away. After he died, God confirmed his
decision by blessing Isaac.

"It is only said of Isaac among Abraham's children that "God

['elohim] blessed" him (v. 11; cf. 24:1, 35); this language is

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 178.

2Wolfgang M. W. Roth, "The Wooing of Rebekah: A Tradition-Critical Study of Genesis 24,"
Catholic Biblical Quarterly 34 (1972):181.
324 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

used rarely in Scripture, appearing in creation narratives (1:22,

28; 2:3; 9:1)."1

Abraham's sons by Keturah 25:1-6

Keturah (lit. "Enveloped in Fragrant Smoke") was apparently Abraham's

concubine (v. 6; 1 Chron. 1:32). Jewish tradition identified Keturah as
Hagar.2 It is not possible to prove that Abraham married Keturah, and that
she bore him six sons after Sarah's death, though this was probably the
case.3 He may have married her earlier in his life, while Sarah was alive. Most
English translations read, "Abraham took another wife," or the equivalent,
and only a few read, "Abraham had taken another wife" (e.g., TNIV, NET2).

"There is little basis in the Hebrew text for the translation,

'Abraham had taken a wife' (NIV mg.), as though Keturah had
been a wife or 'concubine' of Abraham in his younger days at
the same time he was married to Sarah."4

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 348-49.

2Targum Pseudo-Jonathan; Targum Neofiti I (margin); Genesis Rabbah 61:4.
3Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:15:1. See Archer, Encyclopedia of …, p. 98.
4Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 221.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 325

Abraham’s Family Tree

TERAH

HARAN ABRAHAM NAHOR

TWO LOT ISHMAEL ISAAC MIDIAN FIVE BETHUEL

DAUGH- OTHER
TERS SONS

TWELVE FIVE
MOAB AMMON JACOB ESAU LABAN
SONS SONS

FOUR
TWELVE ELIPHAZ OTHER
SONS
SONS

FIVE
AMALEK OTHER
SONS

AMMONITES ISRAELITES EDOMITES

OTHER OTHER OTHER
SEMITES SEMITES SEMITES
MOABITES ISHMAELITES AMALEKITES MIDIANITES

The information revealed in these verses may appear, at this point in the
narrative, simply to introduce the Midianites, who come into prominence
later in Genesis. They were a group of tribes that inhabited the deserts
around the Israelites. Probably Moses also included this data, because this
passage confirms God's faithfulness in giving Abraham many descendants,
though Isaac and his branch of the family would be the recipients of God's
special blessings.

"It is related of this Ophren [translated "Epher," v. 4], that he

made war against Libya, and took it; and that his grandchildren,
when they inhabited it, called it (from his name) Africa; and
indeed Alexander Polyhistor gives his attestation to what I here
say "1

"The land of the East" (v. 6), to which Abraham sent his sons, other than
Ishmael and Isaac, was evidently Arabia. God's promise that "through Isaac

1Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:15:1.

326 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

your descendants shall be named" (21:12) undoubtedly led Abraham to

act as he did.

"In this case the sending away of the sons is to make Isaac's
position more secure."1

In this section and the following two (vv. 7-11 and 12-18), those
characters who play minor rolls in the drama take their curtain calls, making
way for the chief actors who follow.

Abraham's death and Isaac's blessing 25:7-11

Isaac would have been 75 years old, and Jacob 15, when Abraham died (v.
7; cf. 21:5; 25:26).2 Abraham lived 100 years in the Promised Land (cf.
12:4).

"It is one thing to live a long life. It is another thing to live a

long life that is also a happy life. This obituary notice about
Abraham draws attention to the fact that Abraham died not
only at an elderly age but in a frame of mind filled with inner
shalom and satisfaction. That is the thrust of the phrase full of
days or 'contented.'"3

The phrase "gathered to his people" (v. 8) implies reunion in Sheol, the
place of departed spirits, with ancestors who had died previously. It
presupposes continued personal existence after physical death (cf. 15:15;
Heb. 11:13). Abraham was buried in "the cave of Machpelah" near Mamre,
the old site that later became a part of Hebron (v. 9).

God's dealings now focus on Isaac, who then lived near Hagar's well at Beer-
lahai-roi (lit. "The Well of the One Who Lives and Who Sees Me," v. 11; cf.
16:14; 24:62). Archaeologists have yet to find this site. It was evidently
somewhere south of Beersheba in the Negev.

"The patriarch Isaac presents but a pale appearance as he

stands planted between two stately and so impressive

1Loren Fisher, "An Amarna Age Prodigal," Journal of Semitic Studies 3:2 (April 1958):119.
2Seethe chart "Patriarchal Chronological Data" earlier in these notes.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 167.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 327

personages as his father Abraham on the one hand, and his

son Jacob on the other hand."1

God's servants should do all in their power to ensure the continuation of

God's program to bless from one generation to the next.

B. WHAT BECAME OF ISHMAEL 25:12-18

"The last four toledot sections of the Book of Genesis follow a

definite pattern: the lines in each generation that are not
chosen lines are traced before the narrative returns to the
chosen line."2

This section records God's faithfulness to His promises to make Ishmael a

great nation, and to give him many descendants (16:10; 21:18). This is
another of the 10 family histories that Genesis records.3 There is probably
an intentional parallel with the 10 nations mentioned in the Table of Nations
(ch. 10), suggesting that God would bless all the families of the earth
through other special families.

These verses show that God fulfilled His promises regarding Ishmael
(16:10-12; 17:20). Ishmael, like Nahor and Jacob, fathered 12 sons. Moses
drew Ishmael's personal history to a conclusion before he moved on to
concentrate on his brother Isaac.

"As with other lists of names throughout Genesis, the number

twelve appears to be a deliberate attempt to set these
individuals off as founders of a new and separate people"4

The Ishmaelites lived in Arabia. Arabia lay to the southeast of Canaan, and
extended from the Euphrates River to the Red Sea.5 Probably the
Ishmaelites were once a confederation of tribes like the Israelites.

1Whyte, 1:93.
2Ross, Creation and …, p. 429.
3See the outline in the introduction to these notes.
4Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 223.
5Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:12:4.
328 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"The names of the twelve princes descending from Ishmael are

applied not only to tribal divisions but also to geographical
localities (cf. v. 16)."1

Ishmael died at 137 years of age, having lived 48 years after Abraham's
death. The writer probably included the fact that Ishmael lived "in defiance
of all his relatives" (v. 18), in order to show the fulfillment of God's
prediction to Hagar (cf. 16:12). The Bedouin-like Ishmaelites later had
many conflicts with their more settled Israelite relatives.

God is faithful to His promises to bless whom He has promised to bless.

C. WHAT BECAME OF ISAAC 25:19—35:29

A new toledot begins with 25:19. Its theme is "the acquisition of the
blessing and its development and protection by the Lord."2

Moses set up the whole Jacob narrative in a chiastic structure that

emphasizes the fulfillment of the promise of the seed and the seed's
prosperity.

"A Oracle sought; Rebekah struggles in childbirth; bekorah birthright;

birth; themes of strife, deception, fertility (25:19-34).

B Interlude: strife; deception; berakah blessing; covenant with

foreigner (26).

C Deception; berakah stolen; fear of Esau; flight from land (27:1-

28:9).

D Encounter (<paga') with the divine at sacred site near

border; berakah (28:10-22).

E Internal cycle opens: arrival; Laban at border; deception;

wages; Rachel barren; Leah fertile (29:1-30:21).

F Rachel fertile; Jacob increases the herds (30:22-43).

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 231.

2Ross, Creation and …, p. 433.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 329

E' Internal cycle closes: departure; Laban at border;

deception; wages (31).

D' Encounters (<paga') with divine beings at sacred sites near

border; berakah (32).

C' Deception planned; fear of Esau; berakah gift returned; return

to land (33).

B' Interlude: strife; deception; covenant with foreigner (34).

A' Oracle fulfilled; Rachel struggles in childbirth; berakah; death

resolutions (35:1-22)."1

The Flood story also has a palistrophic structure, and both stories have a
similar statement at the middle (turning point): "God remembered Noah"
(8:1) and "God remembered Rachel" (30:22). This emphasizes that God
controls events and saves His people.

"… the author of Genesis has deliberately split the Jacob-

Joseph story into two parts by putting the family history of
Esau 36:1—37:1 in the middle. This allows him to alternate the
genealogies of the non-elect lines of Ishmael (25:12-18) and
Esau (36:1—37:1) with the fuller family histories of the
chosen lines of Terah (Abraham) (11:27—25:11), Isaac
(Jacob) (25:19—35:29), and Jacob (Joseph) (37:2—50:26)
to produce a total of five patriarchal family histories. This
matches the five family histories of pre-patriarchal times "2

1. Isaac's twin sons 25:19-26

Verses 19-34 introduce the whole Jacob and Esau saga.

In the first pericope (25:19-26), we have the record of God answering

Isaac's prayers by making Rebekah fertile (blessing). He gave her two sons,
Esau and Jacob, and foretold that, from them, two nations would come,
with the elder serving the younger.

1Ibid., p. 85. Cf. Fishbane, p. 42; Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 169; Waltke, Genesis, p.
352.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 168.
330 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The emphasis of this section is on the divine oracle (v. 23), as is clear from
its chiastic structure:

"A Isaac was forty years old when he took to wife Rebekah (20).

B Rebekah was barren; prayer for children was answered (21a).

C His wife Rebekah conceived (21b). The children struggled

together within her (22a).

D Rebekah asks for an oracle (22b)

D' Yahweh grants her an oracle (23)

C' Her days to be delivered were fulfilled (24a). And behold, there
were twins in her womb (24b).

B' Jacob and Esau are contrasted in birth and appearance (25-26a).

A' Isaac was sixty years old when Rebekah bore the twins (26b)."1

The question of an heir continues to be primary in this section: "Who will

be Isaac's heir through whom God will fulfill His promises?" Rebekah, like
Sarah, was barren (v. 21). This is the first reference to a patriarch
interceding for someone in the usual sense, though compare 18:22-33.
After 20 years of waiting and praying (vv. 21-22), God gave Rebekah
children. Which of these two sons would be the blessed heir? God
intervened to announce His foreordained choice (v. 23). Jacob's reactions
to his election over Esau were quite different from Isaac's reactions to
God's choice of him as Abraham's heir, as this section begins to illustrate.

Scripture does not give the reason God chose Jacob over Esau. What we
do know, is that His choice did not rest on the superior merit of Jacob, but
on the sovereign prerogative of Yahweh (Rom. 9:10-13). In ancient Near
Eastern culture, the firstborn normally became his father's heir. So in
designating Jacob as Isaac's heir, God sovereignly overruled natural custom
by supernatural revelation. The responses of the members of Isaac's family
to this revelation demonstrated their faith, or lack of it. However, the main

1Ross,Creation and …, p. 436. Cf. Michael Fishbane, "Composition and Structure in the
Jacob Cycle (Gen. 25:19—35:22)," Journal of Jewish Studies 26:1-2 (Spring-Autumn
1975):15-38.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 331

point of the narrative is to trace God's faithfulness and power in bringing

to pass what He had promised.

"The revelation of the Divine will concerning the two brothers

(ver. 23) was evidently no secret. It is clear that both Esau
and Jacob knew of it. This fact is in some respects the key to
the true interpretation of this incident [i.e., vv. 29-34]."1

25:19-20 "Paddan-aram" means "The Flat (Land) of Aram." Aram was

the area near Haran. People from this region became known as
Arameans, and later the Greeks called them Syrians. Bethuel
was a semi-nomadic herdsman, like Abraham, and he probably
lived in the open fields at least part of the year.

25:21 Rebekah was unable to have children for 20 years after she
married Isaac (vv. 21, 26). God closed her womb for that time,
so that the chosen family would recognize her children as the
fruit of His grace, rather than simply the fruit of nature. Isaac
was apparently the only monogamous patriarch among the
first three: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

25:22-23 Rebekah's pregnancy was very painful ("the children struggled

together within her"), and she wondered why ("Why am I in
this condition?"). She expressed a similar thought when her
sons had grown up (27:46).

God's choice of the younger over the elder "was contrary to

ancient Near Eastern custom, but the elective purposes of God
transcend custom."2 The divine oracle announcing this choice
summarizes the careers of Jacob and Esau, and is similar to
12:1-3 in that both statements are programmatic. All of
Jacob's subsequent scheming to obtain the birthright and the
blessing was unnecessary, because God had already promised
that he would become the dominant nation.

25:24-26 Red (v. 25; Heb. 'admoni) is a wordplay with "Edomites,"

Esau's descendants. Esau means "Hairy One" (Heb. sa'ar,
similar to Seir, later the name of the Edomites' [probably]

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 230.

2Davis, Paradise to …, p. 232.
332 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

wooded homeland). Jacob means "El Will Protect."1 Hairiness

seems to have been a mark of incivility in the ancient world,
indicative of an animal-like nature.2 The Hebrew ya'aqob
("Jacob") is similar to 'aqeb ("heel"). From Jacob's grasping
Esau's heel at birth came the nickname "heel-holder" (i.e., one
who outwits by trickery) "just as in wrestling an attempt may
be made to throw the opponent by grasping the heel."3

The lesson to be learned is that those who owe their existence to God's
creation and election can acknowledge His hand at work in the affairs of
their lives.

2. The sale of the birthright 25:27-34

25:27-28 Abraham died when the twins were 15 years old (25:7), so
they grew up knowing their grandfather, and undoubtedly
hearing his stories of God's promises to their family. Esau
became a "skillful hunter, a man of the field," but Jacob "was
a civilized man, living in tents." The name "Esau" sounds like
the Hebrew word that means hairy. And "Jacob" sounds like
the Hebrew word that means heel. These twins could not have
been more different from each other.

"… they became the personification of the two

different ways of life which would have been
typical for Palestine at this period of history: that
of hunter and nomad (Esau) and that of shepherd
and semi-nomad (Jacob) Esau is described as a
'skilled hunter,' 'a man of the outdoors;' Jacob, on
the other hand, is portrayed as 'a simple man,' one
'remaining in his tents,' that is, a man of stable life
in contrast to the rootless life of the nomad."4

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 178.

2Bruce Vawter, On Genesis: A New Reading, p. 288. See also Waltke, Genesis, p. 356.
3Keil
and Delitzsch, 1:268.
4DonaldB. Sharp, "In Defense of Rebecca," Biblical Theology Bulletin 10:4 (October
1980):165.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 333

"The two characters are utter opposites, as the

two nations will eventually be."1

"This fellow Esau was a cunning hunter, the

outdoor boy, the athletic type. He is the one we
would call the all-American boy today. He went in
for sports. He went in for everything that was
physical, but he had no understanding or capacity
or desire for spiritual things. He was only
interested in that which was physical. He
represents the flesh.

"Jacob was a plain man. I think that you can make

of that anything you want to. He lived indoors. He
was a mama's boy and was tied to her apron
strings. You will notice that he did what she told
him to do. Jacob is really a mama's boy."2

The Hebrew word tam, translated "civilized" or "quiet" (NRSV,

ESV, HCSB), "plain" (AV, NIV), "mild" (NKJV), or "content"
(TNIV), probably means domesticated, a "homebody."3
Translators have rendered this Hebrew word "perfect" and
"blameless" elsewhere (Job 1:1, 8; 8:20; Ps. 37:37; Prov.
29:10). It may imply a quiet, self-contained, detached person,
complete in himself.4 The NET2 Bible translators translated it
"even-tempered," and the NEB has "Jacob led a settled life."

"Descriptions of Jacob's early life in the Scriptures

paint an interpersonal portrait of a highly
narcissistic individual who grew up in a family of
origin ripe for producing such pathology."5

1Kidner, p. 152.
2McGee, 1:106. See also Whyte, 1:99-101.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 181. Cf. Nichol, 1:369; Carl D. Evans, "The

Patriarch Jacob—An 'Innocent Man,'" Bible Review 2:1 (Spring 1985):32-37.

4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 177.
5Vance L. Shepperson, "Jacob's Journey: From Narcissism Toward Wholeness," Journal of

Psychology and Theology 12:3 (1984):180.

334 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"When one parent is partial to one child and the

other parent is partial to the other child, you have
trouble. That is exactly what took place here."1

Adam failed in eating, Noah in drinking, and Isaac in tasting.

Isaac became a "gourmand:" one who enjoys eating and often
eats too much.

"A marriage made in heaven (see 24:1-67) can

end in dysfunction when a spouse gives priority to
taste in the mouth over a voice in the heart (see
26:35)."2

25:29-30 The Hebrew word translated "stew" literally means "lentils."

Esau wanted to "gulp it down" (Heb. la'at), and he called the
stew "red stuff."

"The hunter, in contrast to the shepherd with his

much more economic and careful way of life, often
does not have enough to eat. If he takes no prey,
he goes hungry."3

25:31-34 The way Jacob stated his demand for Esau's birthright
suggests that he had long premeditated his act, and he
ruthlessly exploited his brother's weakness. His insistence that
Esau "swear" to him strengthens this impression. Jacob's lack
of compassion and hospitality contrasts with that of Abraham
(18:1-8) and Lot (19:1-8). It was right that Jacob valued the
birthright, but it was wrong that he obtained it the way he did.
Because Esau despised his birthright, Jacob obtained it—and
became what God had promised he would become: the
"stronger" son who would lead (be served, v. 23). Explicit
moral commentary is rare in the Bible, so the writer's inclusion
of it here marks something about Esau that he did not want
the reader to miss.

1McGee, 1:106-7.
2Waltke,Genesis, p. 363.
3von Rad, p. 266.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 335

"The cunning hunter fell into a better hunter's

trap, becoming prey to his own appetite."1

The writer showed that the natures of the two sons were very different:
they were not identical twins, obviously. Esau cared only for physical and
material things, whereas Jacob valued the spiritual. Esau gave priority to
the immediate satisfaction of his sensual desires, but Jacob was willing to
wait for something better that God had promised for the future (cf. Heb.
12:16).

"The frivolity with which he [Esau] sold his birthright rendered

him unfit to be the heir and possessor of the promised grace."2

"From one human perspective, Esau, who functions as a foil to

Jacob, is much more likeable than Jacob. From the divine
viewpoint, however, he is rejected because he rejects his right
to inherit the divinely given vision of his fathers."3

The "birthright" was the privilege of being chief of the tribe and head of
the family (27:29). In Isaac's family, it entitled the bearer to the blessing
of Yahweh's promises (27:4, 27-29), which included the possession of
Canaan and covenant fellowship with God (28:4). It also included a double
portion of the inheritance (Deut. 21:17), and the privilege of being the
priest (spiritual leader) of the family.4

Judah, Joseph, and Levi later received the privileges of the birthright. Judah
obtained leadership among the tribes (possession of Canaan and covenant
fellowship), eventually through David and Messiah. Joseph received the
double portion through his sons Ephraim and Manasseh. Levi became the
priestly tribe. In the New Testament, we learn that Christ is the Firstborn
among many brethren (Rom. 8:29; Col. 1:15, 18; Heb. 12:23). He is the
great Birthright-Bearer.

"It is quite apparent from the Nuzi tablets that instances of

the transference of birthright, such as occurred in the

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 449.

2Keil and Delitzsch, 1:269.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 352.
4See Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 185; Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and

Institutions, pp. 41-42, 53; I. Mendelsohn, "On the Preferential Status of the Eldest Son,"
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 156 (December 1959):38-40.
336 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Patriarchal narratives, were not uncommon in Hurrian society.

One example concerns a certain Zirteshup, whose father
disowned him but later restored his status. Another instance
of the transference of birthright from the Nuzi tablets is the
exchange by one Kurpazah of his birthright in consideration for
three sheep given to him by Tupkitilla, his brother. In the light
of this example, Esau's willingness to exchange his birthright
for Jacob's mess of pottage (Gen. 25:29-34) is perhaps more
understandable."1

Even though Esau was a cunning hunter, he placed little value on his
privilege as the firstborn son. He was willing to trade it to his cunning
brother for a meal of "red stuff," a fitting description of his own nature.2
Though Jacob later deceived Esau regarding his blessing, there was no
deception involved in this sale of the birthright. Esau knew precisely what
he was doing when he gave it up.

The structure of the narrative again identifies the writer's emphasis, this
time Esau's disdain for his birthright (v. 32):

"A Jacob was boiling pottage (29a).

B Esau came in from the field; he was tired (29b).

C wayyo'mer 'esaw: Let me eat some of that red pottage …, I

am so tired! (30)

D wayyo'mer ya'aqob: First sell me your bkrh (31).

E wayyo'mer 'esaw: I depart; I die! Of what use is a bkrh

to me? (32).

D' wayyo'mer ya'aqob: Swear to me first. So he swore to him

and sold his bkrh to Jacob (33).

C' Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils; he ate and he
drank (34aa).

1West, p. 71.
2See Richard D. Patterson, "The Old Testament Use of an Archetype: The Trickster,"
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 42:3 (September 1999):385-94, for a
helpful discussion of instances of trickery in the Old Testament.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 337

B' He rose and went his way (34ab).

A' Thus Esau despised his birthright (34b)."1

There are two important instances of firstborn sons relinquishing the rights
of primogeniture in Genesis: Esau and Reuben. Esau considered his
birthright of so little value, that he sold all his rights as firstborn to Jacob,
just to realize an immediate physical gratification. Reuben forfeited his
birthright through sexual promiscuity (Gen. 35:22; 49:3-4). In Esau's case,
his entire birthright went to Jacob. In Reuben's case, his birthright went to
three of his brothers: Judah obtained the regal right, Levi eventually
received the priestly right, and the blessing of the double portion went to
Joseph—who realized it through his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh.2

In reading this pericope, some have concluded that God chose Jacob over
Esau because He foresaw that Jacob would value the promises and the
birthright, whereas Esau would not. This is not correct. Jacob valued the
spiritual because God gave him the grace to do so. In the previous
generation, Isaac was the recipient of God's grace, while Lot and Ishmael
were not. Abraham was a recipient, too, whereas his brothers were not.

In this incident, Jacob manifested spiritual perception. Some writers have

suggested that he was impatient, and took fleshly initiative like his
grandfather (cf. 12:10-20; 16; 20). Note, however, that Moses blamed
Esau, not Jacob, in this event (v. 34).

"At the beginning he [Jacob] really did rather well as far as the
world would measure him. But there came a day when God sent
this man off to college, and Uncle Laban was the president of
the college. It was known as the college of hard knocks, and
Jacob was going to learn a few things in the college of hard
knocks. But here he is still operating on the principle that he is
clever enough to get what is coming to him."3

"How often do we put the question to ourselves, 'What is my

mess of pottage?' It is important to verbalize the question. We
are in constant danger of being tempted to give up something
very precious in order to indulge a sudden strong desire. The

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 446.

2See Arlen L. Chitwood, Judgment Seat of Christ, pp. 138-40.
3McGee, 1:108.
338 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

desire may involve greedy eating and drinking, lusting after

money or material things, letting loose our anger in
abandonment of reason, succumbing to depression without
check, cursing God in despair or disappointment without even
thinking of the trap Satan set for Job and is setting for us,
giving in to a sweeping sexual desire without waiting for the
right framework. The mess of pottage that is dangerous to you
and to me is any temptation to gratify the 'feelings' of the
immediate moment in a way that shows we 'despise' the
promises of the living God for our future."1

God has given Christians special promises as well (e.g., His presence,
strength, provisions, fruitfulness, glorification, rewards). How might we
"despise" these? By living primarily for the present rather than for the
future.

This section is a warning: that profane (secular, lit. "outside the temple,"
meaning "removed from the sacred") people, who live to satisfy their
fleshly appetites, will lose the more valuable things of lasting spiritual
worth. Christians who live for the present will not lose their eternal
salvation, but they will lose some of their eternal reward (cf. 1 Cor. 3:10-
15).

3. Isaac and Abimelech 26:1-11

God prevented Isaac from leaving the Promised Land (which included Gerar,
where some Philistines lived), and at this time renewed the covenant with
him. Soon afterward, the LORD protected Rebekah when Isaac lied to
Abimelech about his relationship with her.

"In the short span of one chapter, the writer shows how the
whole of the life of Isaac was a rehearsal of that which
happened to Abraham. Thus the lesson that is conveyed is that
God's faithfulness in the past can be counted on in the present
and the future. What he has done for the fathers, he will also
do for the sons."2

1Edith Schaeffer, "What Is My Mess of Pottage?" Christianity Today (March 14, 1975), p.
50.
2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 185.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 339

Whereas the events of Isaac's life repeated those of Abraham's on several

occasions, God dealt with Isaac differently, and in harmony with his
individual character. The many parallels between this chapter and the story
of Abraham (esp. chs. 12—14, as compared with chs. 20—21) show that
the writer wanted the reader to compare and contrast the two men.1

"The figure of even a great man may be dwarfed by

comparison with that of a distinguished father or of a famous
son. Thus the character of Isaac is overshadowed by the
majesty of Abraham and the dramatic interest of Jacob. There
was a third factor which diminished the importance of Isaac;
he was the husband of a clever and masterful wife. No matter
how exciting the scene in which he may appear, he is always
assigned to a minor part. At least, by contrast with these other
actors, his role in life was prosaic, uneventful, obscure."2

"The chapter before us is full of illustrations of how difficulties

should and should not be met."3

"This is a chapter that teaches patience."4

"All this was the calm persistence of faith."5

26:1-6 Isaac was evidently considering going to Egypt to escape the

famine. He was in Gerar, living close to Abimelech "king of the
Philistines" (vv. 8-9), when God spoke to him. This was God's
first recorded revelation to Isaac (cf. 25:23). Therefore, it
appears that Isaac may have previously moved north from
Beer-lahai-roi. Of course, constant relocating was common for
the nomadic patriarchs, and these places were not far from
one another.

1See Garrett, p. 136, or Waltke, Genesis, p. 366, for several striking parallels.
2CharlesR. Erdman, The Book of Genesis, p. 86.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 238.
4McGee, 1:108.
5Morgan, An Exposition …, p. 23.
340 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Bethel

Hebron

Gerar

Beersheba

NEGEV

ISAAC’S TRAVELS

The first major migration of the Philistines into Canaan took

place hundreds of years later, in the 12th century B.C.
However, there were some Philistines (perhaps an unrelated
ethnic group) already in Canaan in Abraham's and Isaac's time,
as is clear from this reference and others in Genesis (see the
notes in the section 21:22-34).

Another famine in the land of Canaan (cf. 12:10) created a

crisis for Isaac. God's will for Isaac to remain in the land was
definite, and He communicated it clearly to the patriarch.
Perhaps God wanted Isaac to stay in the land so he would learn
that God would "be with [him] and bless [him]" (v. 3). God
reiterated His promise given earlier to Abraham—now to
Isaac—in order to give Isaac a promise to believe and the
encouragement to obey Him. Promises of protection are also
prominent in the Jacob story (cf. 26:24; 28:15, 20; 31:3, 5,
42; 32:10).
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 341

The promise, specifically, was that God would protect ("be

with") and "bless" Isaac, "multiply" his "descendants," and
"give" them "all these lands" (i.e., the lands held by the various
Canaanite tribes, vv. 3-4).

"Palestinians today claim they should possess the

land, saying that God promised this to Ishmael.
This claim is without scriptural support, but it is
found in the Koran, on which Palestinian Muslims
base their faith. The Koran, however, was written
some six hundred years after Christ, in contrast to
the Book of Genesis, which was written fifteen
hundred years before Christ. There is no ancient
evidence anywhere that God promised the land to
Ishmael. The entire Old Testament contradicts
this Palestinian claim. The covenant of the land is
confirmed in Psalm 105:8-11 in unmistakable
terms. … The promises of the land were given to
the descendants of Jacob alone, not to the other
children of Abraham."1

One reason for God's blessing of Isaac was Abraham's

obedience to God (v. 5; cf. 22:18). Isaac became the spiritual
beneficiary of a godly parent, but he had the opportunity to
increase God's blessing on him, through his own obedience to
God (cf. John 15:14).

"The Abrahamic blessing will pass to Isaac.

Everything included in that blessing will now
belong to the son, and in turn will be passed on to
his sons. But there is a contingency involved: if
they are to enjoy the full blessings, they will have
to obey the word of the LORD. And so obedience
is enjoined here with the example of how well
Abraham obeyed."2

The quotation above should not be understood to mean that

God's promises made to Abraham, and now Jacob, were

1Walvoord, End Times, p. 78.

2The NET2 Bible note on 26:3.
342 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

conditioned on their obedience, as some claim. These promises

were prophecies of what God would do regardless of the
patriarchs' obedience or disobedience. Full blessing for them,
however, depended on their obedience.

Verse 5 reads as though Abraham kept the actual

"commandments," "statutes," and "laws" of the Mosaic
Covenant—before they were even in existence! This verse was
the basis upon which the Jews of Jesus' day believed that
Abraham kept the whole Law of Moses before it was given.1 It
also may seem to contradict 15:6, which says God justified
Abraham because of his faith.

"Ultimately, we should attempt to find the

meaning of this verse in the larger strategy and
purpose of the Pentateuch. Did the author of the
Pentateuch intend to depict Abraham as a model
of faith or as a model of obedience to the law?
Curiously enough, the overwhelming majority of
biblical scholars have read this passage as if the
verse intended to show Abraham's life as an
example of obedience to the law …

"It appears reasonable to conclude that the

importance of Gen 26:5 lies in what it tells us
about the meaning of the deuteronomic terms it
uses. It is as if the author of the Pentateuch has
seized on the Abrahamic narratives as a way to
explain his concept of 'keeping the law.' The
author uses the life of Abraham, not Moses, to
illustrate that one can fulfill the righteous
requirement of the law. In choosing Abraham and
not Moses, the author shows that 'keeping the
law' means 'believing in God,' just as Abraham
believed God and was counted righteous (Gen
15:6). In effect the author of the Pentateuch

1C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, p. 86. Cf. Kiddushin 4:14.
(Kiddushun is the last tractate of the third order of the Mishnah Nashim.)
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 343

says, 'Be like Abraham. Live a life of faith and it

can be said that you are keeping the law.'"1

"Israel would immediately see Torah (Law)

terminology in the record of Abraham, and would
be prompted to keep the Law."2

26:7-11 For an explanation of this strange incident, see the notes on

chapter 20. When endangered, Isaac, like Abraham, resorted
to a "situation ethic" in which the end justifies the means.
Isaac did not tell the truth, because Rebekah was not really his
"sister," but his cousin. Abraham's claim was only a half truth,
since Sarai actually was Abraham's sister—his half-sister. "Like
father, like son." Isaac and Rebekah must have been childless
at this time, because otherwise, any of their children would
have exposed their deception.

A period of between 70 and 97 years had elapsed between

Abraham's sojourn in Gerar and Isaac's. Abimelech could have
been the same man in both cases, since lifespans of 150 years
were not unknown at that time, but he may not have been.
Certainly in both cases, "Abimelech" demonstrated pious
conduct. In the first case, however, Abimelech took Sarah into
his harem, but in the second Abimelech wanted to protect
Rebekah from his people. "Abimelech" is a title rather than a
personal name, and means "royal father" (cf. 1 Sam. 21:10-
15; Ps. 34's superscription). In view of these facts, this
probably was a different ruler than the one Abraham dealt
with.

4. Isaac's wells 26:12-33

26:12-17 This section of verses shows God's faithfulness in blessing

Isaac as He had promised (cf. v. 3; 24:1; 25:11). Isaac "planted
crops (or "sowed seed," NRSV, HCSB; cf. NASB, AV, ESV,
NKJV) in that land and the same year reaped a hundredfold"
(v. 12, NIV, TNIV). As a semi-nomad, Isaac practice farming as

1John H. Sailhamer, "The Mosaic Law and the Theology of the Pentateuch," Westminster
Theological Journal 53 (Fall 1991):253, 254. Cf. John 6:29.
2Ross, "Genesis," p. 71.
344 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

well as ranching. "The man became rich, and continued to grow

richer until he became very wealthy," vv. 12-13. Even
Abimelech testified to Isaac's power ("you are too powerful
for us," v. 16), which was another testimony to God's
faithfulness.

26:18-22 Isaac reopened ("dug again") the wells that Abraham had dug,
which the native inhabitants had later filled with dirt.

"… to stop up wells was the most pernicious and

destructive species of vengeance, the surest way
to convert a flourishing country into a frightful
wilderness."1

Evidently the Philistines were trying to force Isaac to move

away from them by filling the wells with dirt, thus making it
difficult or impossible for him to water his extensive flocks.
Isaac also dug three new wells, which were named Esek, Sitnah,
and Rehoboth. In contrast with Abraham, Isaac "was called not
so much to pioneer as to consolidate."2

The "wells" incident shows God's blessing of Isaac, too. Water

in the wilderness is a symbol of God's supernatural blessing in
spite of nature.

The incident furthermore reveals the peaceful character of this

patriarch, who did not battle his neighbors for the wells, even
though he was stronger than they were (v. 16). His actions
expressed his trust in Yahweh.3

"Isaac is a pacifist in the best sense of the word.

Power is safe in his hands. He shows no inclination
to abuse it."4

Isaac's decision to sojourn in the town of Gerar (vv. 1, 6), and

then the valley of Gerar (v. 17), seems to have been unwise,
but was not sinful. Though he sinned in misrepresenting his

1Thomson, 2:351.
2Kidner,p. 154.
3See note on 48:22.
4Leupold, 2:725-26. "Peacemaker" might be a better word than "pacifist."
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 345

relationship to Rebekah out of fear (v. 7), his choice to live in

Philistine territory was not sinful. It did, however, open him to
temptation and trials that he probably would have avoided if
he had stayed away from Gerar.

26:23-25 Isaac returned to Beersheba, where Abraham had lived

occasionally. On the very night he arrived, God appeared to
him there (his second revelation), calming his fears and
reviewing the promises that He had given previously (vv. 2-5).
Isaac's response was to build an altar, worship Yahweh, and
settle down ("pitched his tent," v. 25) there. God's promise to
bless Isaac "for the sake of My servant Abraham" (v. 24)
means because of the promises God had made to Abraham,
not because of Abraham's merit or obedience.1

Settlers could only continue to live in an area where there was

a working, water-yielding well. Wells were vital to the life of
herdsmen, who, because of their flocks, had to move about.
While there was probably at least one well at Beersheba
already, Isaac dug another for his own use, or perhaps because
he needed more water for his great flocks and herds and large
household (family and servants). His ability to dig wells
indicates both his wealth and his intention to establish
permanent residence in the land.

These verses seem to confirm the fact that Isaac's decision to

move out of Philistine territory pleased God.

26:26-33 Abimelech again testified to God's blessing of Isaac and gave

God glory (vv. 28-29).

Isaac and Abimelech then made a parity covenant (treaty) of

mutual non-aggression. They sealed it by eating a meal
together, "a feast" that Isaac made for his treaty partners.
Eating together was often a sacred rite in the ancient Near
East that sealed an agreement (cf. 27:3, 4; 31:46, 54). This
covenant renewed the older one made between Abimelech and
Abraham (21:31). The exchange of oaths, and Isaac's official
renaming of the town "Beersheba" also strengthened this

1von Rad, p. 272.

346 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

agreement. They also dug a new well that they named "Shiba,"
after their new town: "Beersheba," (v. 33; cf. 21:31).

"… this account of Isaac's dealings with the Philistines portrays

Isaac as very much walking in his father's footsteps. He
receives similar promises, faces similar tests, fails similarly, but
eventually triumphs in like fashion. Indeed, in certain respects
he is given more in the promises and achieves more. He is
promised 'all these lands [v. 4],' and by the end of the story
he is securely settled in Beersheba and has a treaty with the
Philistines in which they acknowledge his superiority."1

God's people must maintain confident trust in God's promises of His

presence and provision, in spite of the envy and hostility of unbelievers
that His blessing sometimes provokes.

5. Jacob's deception for Isaac's blessing 26:34—28:9

Reacting to Isaac's disobedient plan to bless Esau, Jacob and Rebekah stole
the blessing by deception. Esau became so angry with Jacob over his
trickery, that Jacob had to flee for his life.

Two reports of Esau's marriages (26:34-35 and 28:6-9) frame the major
account (27:1—28:5), providing a prologue and epilogue. Esau's marriages
are significant, because Rebekah used them productively, as the incentive
to persuade Isaac to send Jacob away to get a wife (27:4b), and because
they were the reason Isaac did so (28:1).

The main account centers on Isaac giving the blessing.

"A Isaac and the son of the brkh/bkrh (=Esau) (27:1-5).

B Rebekah sends Jacob on the stage (27:6-17).

C Jacob appears before Isaac and receives blessing (27:18-29).

C' Esau appears before Isaac and receives antiblessing (27:30-

40).

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 196.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 347

B' Rebekah sends Jacob from the stage (27:41-45).

A' Isaac and the son of brkh/bkrh (=Jacob!) (27:46—28:5)."1

Esau's marriage 26:34-35

We can identify three purposes for this brief section:

1. Moses explained and justified the reason for Jacob's later departure
for Paddan-aram (27:46—28:2).

2. Moses identified the ancestors of the Edomites, who later played a

major role in Israel's history.

3. Moses revealed Esau's carnal character again, which proved him

unworthy of being the blessed heir of Isaac.

Esau showed no interest in the special calling of his family, but instead
sought to establish himself as a great man in the world by marrying
Canaanite women (cf. 11:4). These women were evidently the daughters
of Canaanite lords.2 They were probably members of the Hittite tribe that
lived in Canaan, rather than members of the mighty Hittite Empire in the
North (cf. 15:20). The Canaanites were, of course, under God's curse
(9:25-27). Contrast Esau's method of securing wives with Abraham's plan
to identify God's choice of a wife for Isaac.

"These preliminary notices [in verses 34 and 35] put into

perspective the cunning deed of Jacob and Rebekah. They
demonstrate that Esau was not fit to inherit the blessing."3

Isaac's blessing 27:1—28:5

Here we have the third round of Jacob's battle with Esau. The first was at
birth (25:21-28) and the second was over the birthright (25:29-34). In all
three incidents, Jacob manipulated his brother—unnecessarily, in view of
God's promise (25:23).

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 474. Cf. Fokkelman, p. 101.

2Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:18:4. See K. Luke, "Esau's Marriage," Indian Theological
Studies 25:2 (June 1988):171-90; Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 99-101.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 189.
348 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"This chapter [27] offers one of the most singular instances

of God's overruling providence controlling the affairs of sinful
men and so disposing of them that the interests of God's
kingdom are safeguarded. Usually the guilt of Jacob is
overemphasized, and Esau is regarded as relatively or entirely
the innocent party in the transaction. This traditional view
requires modification and correction."1

"This chapter portrays an entire family attempting to carry out

their responsibilities by their physical senses, without faith.2

"All the natural senses play a conspicuous part—especially the

sense of taste in which Isaac prided himself, but which gave
him the wrong answer. Reliance on one's senses for spiritual
discernment not only proves fallible, but often fouls up life
unduly. Most importantly, however, the story is about
deception."3

An oral blessing was as legally binding as a written will in the ancient Near
East.4 It finalized, and perhaps altered, the terms of the birthright.5 In the
case of Abraham's family, it was a prophecy regarding through whom and
how God would bless. When Jacob blessed his sons (49:1-28), each son
received part of his blessing.

"As in modern society, inheritance under Nuzi law was effected

by testamentary disposition, although the [Nuzi] tablets
indicate that such a testament was often made orally. One of
the tablets tells of a lawsuit between brothers concerning the
possession of their late father's slave girl, Sululi-Ishtar. The
youngest of three brothers, Tarmiya, was defending his elder
brothers' claim to Sululi-Ishtar and the tablet sets out his
testimony: 'My father, Huya, was sick and lay on a couch; then
my father seized my hand and spoke thus to me. "My other
sons, being older, have acquired a wife; so I give herewith
Sululi-Ishtar as your wife."' In the end result the Court found in

1Leupold, 2:735.
2Ross, "Genesis, p. 72.
3Ibid., p. 73. Paragraph division omitted.
4See Davis, Paradise to …, p. 239.
5See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 418-19, for clarification of the difference

between a birthright and a blessing.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 349

favour of Tarmiya, upholding his father's oral testamentary

disposition.

"It also appears from another Nuzi tablet that even an oral
testament commenced with an opening introductory
statement such as: 'Now that I am grown old .' which was the
legal phraseology to indicate that what was to follow
constituted a testamentary disposition. In similar manner,
Isaac indicated to his elder son Esau that he wished to bestow
upon him his testamentary blessing: 'Behold now, I am old, I
know not the day of my death' (Genesis 27:2)."1

27:1-4 Abraham's life ended with happiness, success, and a strong

character. In contrast, physical and spiritual decay marked
Isaac's old age.2

"In this the infirmity of his [Isaac's] flesh is

evident. At the same time, it was not merely
because of his partiality for Esau, but
unquestionably on account of the natural rights of
the firstborn, that he wished to impart the
blessing to him, just as the desire to do this before
his death arose from the consciousness of his
patriarchal call."3

"It seems psychologically most probable that

Isaac purposely forgot what God had determined;
and at the same time by clever little sophistries
he led himself to believe that if he bestowed the
blessing on Esau, the divine word uttered long
before would not be crossed. He that knows the
duplicity and treachery of the human heart will not
find it difficult to understand how a man will
circumvent a word of God, no matter how clear it

1West, p. 71. See also Ephraim Speiser, "'I Know Not the Day of My Death,'" Journal of
Biblical Literature 74 (1955):252-56.
2Meir Sternberg, Poetics of Biblical Narrative, p. 350. See Bruce K. Waltke, "Reflections on

Retirement from the Life of Isaac," Crux 32 (December 1996):4-14.

3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:274.
350 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

be, if his heat is really set on what is at variance

with that word."1

"… Isaac's sensuality is more powerful than his

theology."2

"Old Isaac, with his eyes so dim that he could not

see, is the father of all those men who make their
god their belly, who think too much and too often
of what they shall eat and what they shall drink,
who value their friends by the table they keep, and
who are never so happy as when they are sitting
over their venison and their wine."3

"We should make it our prayer to end well. To

know how to grow old is a task for wisdom, the
most difficult chapter in the book of living."4

27:5-17 It seems consistent with the character of Rebekah, as

presented elsewhere in Genesis, to interpret her actions here
as predictable, but not commendable. She was a woman who
made quick decisions (cf. 24:58). Her motivation for what she
did seems to have been a sincere desire to make sure that
Isaac's blessing went to the divinely chosen, more responsible
of her sons (cf. 25:23). While her motive seems to have been
good, her method evidenced lack of faith in God.5 In this she
reminds us of Sarai, who tried to obtain what God had promised
illegitimately (16:1-3). Rebekah tried to "pull the wool" over
Isaac's eyes.

"She prompts her son to lie and to deceive, and

the vast irony of the situation is that they secure
corruptly, and at infinite cost in suffering, what
they would have won in any case, had they waited

1Leupold, 2:736.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 206.
3Whyte, 1:98-99.
4Blaiklock, p. 38.
5See Sharp, pp. 164-68.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 351

for God's time, and the outworking of God's

plan."1

"Jacob is clearly less concerned with the

rightness, the morality, of his mother's suggestion
than he is with what happens to him if his disguise
is discovered and his impersonation revealed."2

"Rebekah must have had rare culinary gifts to

presume to make a mess of kid's meat taste like
game."3

People used the black, silk-like hair of the camel-goat of the

East ("young goats," v. 16) as a substitute for human hair as
late as the Roman period.4

27:18-29 The reference to Isaac's blessing in verse 23 is proleptic. It

refers to the blessing in verses 27-29, not some other blessing
that preceded that one.

Isaac uttered his blessing (vv. 27-29) in poetic language, and

God's Spirit doubtless inspired it, since it proved to be
prophetic (cf. 49:1-27; Deut. 33; et al.). It was a divine oracle,
a word from God.

The blessing involved material prosperity (v. 28), leadership

among the nations, including those of Jacob's brothers (v.
29a), and the cursing of Jacob's enemies and the blessing of
his friends and allies (v. 29b; cf. 12:3).

"Since the intention to give the blessing to Esau

the firstborn did not spring from proper feelings
toward Jehovah and His promises, the blessing
itself, as the use of the word Elohim instead of
Jehovah or El Shaddai (cf. xxviii. 3) clearly shows,
could not rise to the full height of the divine
blessings of salvation, but referred chiefly to the

1Blaiklock, p. 37.
2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 216.
3Leupold, 2:741.
4Keil and Delitzsch, 1:275, n. 1.
352 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

relation in which the two brothers and their

descendants would stand to one another, the
theme with which Isaac's soul was entirely filled. It
was only the painful discovery that, in blessing
against his will, he had been compelled to follow
the saving counsel of God, which awakened in him
the consciousness of his patriarchal vocation, and
gave him the spiritual power to impart the
'blessing of Abraham' to the son whom he had
kept back, but whom Jehovah had chosen, when
he was about to send him away to Haran (xxviii.
3, 4)."1

27:30-45 Isaac evidently knew that he had been resisting God's will and
finally accepted defeat submissively ("Yes, and he shall be
blessed," v. 33). Besides, in that culture, a paternal blessing,
such as the one Isaac had uttered, was irrevocable.

"A discovered court record [from Nuzi] contains

the blessing of a father for his sons which the
court held binding. This explains Isaac's refusal of
Esau's entreaty to change the blessing given to
Jacob even though deceit had been involved."2

"By showing that the blessing was irrevocable,

even by the father who gave the blessing, the
writer underscores an important feature of the
blessing—its fulfillment is out of human hands."3

Perhaps Isaac did not withdraw the blessing he had given

Jacob, because he realized that God had overruled his carnal
preference for Esau.

Esau's response: "he cried out with an exceedingly great and

bitter cry" (v. 34), prefigures the response of all who live for
the flesh when they eventually discover their fate.

1Ibid., 1:276-77.
2Wood, A Survey …, pp. 28-29. See also A. C. Thiselton, "The Supposed Power of Words
in the Biblical Writings," Journal of Theological Studies NS25:2 (October 1972):294.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 191.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 353

Isaac's prophecy to Esau (vv. 39-40) was no true "blessing";

in fact, it resembled more of a "curse." At best, he introduced
a disturbing element into the blessing he had given Jacob
("You will break his [Jacob's] yoke from your neck"), because
Jacob had used deception to obtain it.

The mountains of Edom (Esau's "dwelling") are some of the

most desolate and barren of any on earth today. They stand
to the southeast of the Dead Sea. Esau's descendants would
subsist by hunting people, just as Esau had subsisted by
hunting game (v. 40a).

The Edomites served, revolted from, and were conquered by

the Israelites repeatedly during their history. This is apparently
what Isaac predicted in verse 40b. Saul defeated the Edomites
after they enjoyed a long period of independence (1 Sam.
14:47). Then David made them his vassals (2 Sam. 8:14).
They tried to revolt under Solomon but were unsuccessful (1
Kings 9:14 ff.). The Edomites were subject to Judah until King
Joram's reign, when they rebelled successfully. In Amaziah's
reign, Judah again subjugated them (2 Kings 14:7). They
finally achieved permanent freedom from Judah during Ahaz's
reign (2 Kings 16:6).

Hundreds of years later, John Hyrcanus conquered Edom,

about 129 B.C., forced the Edomites to submit to circumcision,
and incorporated them into the Jewish nation. Later, through
Antipater and Herod, the Edomites established the Idumean
dynasty over Judah, that lasted until the destruction of
Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The writing prophets sometimes used
"the Edomites" as the epitome of Israel's enemies.

Rebekah feared the loss of both of her sons as a result of her

plot (v. 45). Esau might have killed Jacob, and Esau then might
have fled, or an avenger of Jacob's blood might have slain him
(cf. 9:6).
354 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

27:46—28:5 Rebekah used her dislike for Esau's wives as an excuse

to gain Isaac's permission for Jacob to go to Paddan-aram. As
previously noted, Paddan-aram was the area around Haran.1

Evidently Rebekah had kept Esau's hatred for Jacob from his
aged father, because she believed Isaac was near death (v.
41). Rebekah's deceit secured the blessing for Jacob, but it
resulted in his having to flee from his home. She thought he
would be gone only "a few days" (v. 44), but he stayed 20
years. As far as Genesis records, Rebekah never saw him again,
though she expected to (v. 45).

"… she greatly underestimated the range of the

mischief she had caused."2

"… her broaching the subject of Jacob's marriage

[v. 46] was a masterstroke: it played equally on
Isaac's self-interest and his principles. The
prospect of a third Hittite daughter-in-law and a
distracted wife would have unmanned even an
Abraham."3

"Rebekah's manipulative language to spare Jacob

again displays the poverty of Isaac and Rebekah's
relationship. As demonstrated by the previous
deception, Isaac and Rebekah do not seem able to
communicate honestly with one another on
important spiritual matters."4

Isaac evidently realized, by now, that his desire to give the blessing to Esau
was not God's will, so, having given it to Jacob (27:27-29), he blessed him
further (28:1-4).5

1See the map "Abraham's Travels Outside the Promised Land" under my comments on
11:27-32 for its location.
2von Rad, p. 279.
3Kidner, p. 157.
4Waltke, Genesis, p. 382.
5Concerning Isaac's desire that Jacob marry someone from outside the Promised Land,

see the note at 24:3-4.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 355

This whole story is another remarkable demonstration of God's ability to

use the sins of men and women to accomplish His purposes, and, at the
same time, punish the sinners for their sins.

"What man intends for evil God utilizes for good."1

Many years later, the aged Jacob blessed Joseph's younger son Ephraim
instead of his older brother Manasseh (48:14-19). He certainly must have
remembered then how he had deceived his father Isaac to get his blessing.
Joseph's approach to Jacob on that occasion was honorable by contrast,
and his life was free of the consequences of deceit. This was not true of
Jacob's life.

Jacob reaped what he sowed (Gal. 6:7). Laban later deceived him, and later
still, his own sons (in the case of the sale of Joseph) did so—even more
cruelly than he deceived Isaac.2

This great story of Jacob's deception teaches that when God's people know
His will, they should not resort to deceptive, manipulative schemes to attain
spiritual success, but should pursue God's will righteously. Every member
of Isaac's family behaved in a self-centered and unprincipled manner, yet
God graciously overcame their sins. This reminds us that His mercy is the
ultimate ground of salvation.

Esau's further marriages 28:6-9

Esau sought to obtain his parents' approval by marrying one of Abraham's

descendants (a granddaughter, who was Ishmael's daughter Mahalath). The
patriarch’s wives were key to God's promises concerning descendants.
Mahalath ("Dance," v. 9) is evidently another name for, and the same
woman as, Basemath, Ishmael's daughter (36:2).

However, "he [Esau] failed to consider that Ishmael had been

separated from the house of Abraham and family of promise
by the appointment of God; so that it only furnished another
proof that he had no thought of the religious interests of the

1Davis, Paradise to …, p. 238. Cf. Rom. 8:28.

2Forsome helpful insights into Jacob's character, see R. Paul Stevens, "Family Feud," His
42:3 (December 1981):18-20.
356 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

chosen family and was unfit to be the recipient of divine

revelation."1

"Growing up in a household where it was well known why

Abraham had taken pains to secure a non-Canaanite wife for
Isaac, Esau never seems to have understood why this was
done. The entire spiritual heritage and all spiritual traditions
had not as yet begun to mean anything to Esau."2

6. Jacob's vision at Bethel 28:10-22

"From a 'stone pillow' to a 'stone pillar,' this account tells how

Jacob's lodging place at Bethel became the most celebrated
place of worship among the patriarchal narratives."3

Yahweh appeared at the top of an angel-filled stairway, restating the

promise made to Abraham, and adding more promises of blessing and
protection for Jacob. Upon waking, Jacob acknowledged God's presence,
memorialized the place with a monument stone and a name (Bethel), and
vowed to worship the LORD there if He did bless and protect him.

1Keil
and Delitzsch, 1:281.
2Leupold,2:769.
3Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 442.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 357

JACOB’S
TRAVELS
IN THE
PROMISED
LAND

GALEED
(GILEAD)

Dothan Penuel
(Mahanaim) Jabbok R.
Shechem
Succoth
Bethel
(Luz) Jordan R.

Bethlehem
Dead
Sea
Hebron

Beersheba

NEGEV
EDOM
(SEIR)

"The two most significant events in the life of Jacob were

nocturnal theophanies. The first was this dream at Bethel when
358 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

he was fleeing from the land of Canaan, which ironically was his
by virtue of the blessing. The other was his fight at Peniel when
he was attempting to return to the land. Each divine encounter
was a life-changing event."1

Bethel receives more mention in the Old Testament than any other city but
Jerusalem. This indicates its importance in biblical history.

28:10-17 The "ladder" (v. 12, Heb. sullam) evidently resembled a broad
stairway or ramp. Some interpreters take it as an allusion to a
"ziggurat," while others believe it refers to the slope or ascent
of the mountain of Bethel.2 The NIV, TNIV, HCSB, and NET2
translators rendered this Hebrew word "stairway."

"The ladder was a visible symbol of the real and

uninterrupted fellowship between God in heaven
and His people upon earth. The angels upon it
carry up the wants of men to God, and bring down
the assistance and protection of God to men. The
ladder stood there upon the earth, just where
Jacob was lying in solitude, poor, helpless, and
forsaken by men. Above in heaven stood Jehovah,
and explained in words the symbol which he saw.
Proclaiming Himself to Jacob as the God of his
fathers, He not only confirmed to him all the
promises of the fathers in their fullest extent, but
promised him protection on his journey and a safe
return to his home (vers. 13-15). But as the
fulfillment of this promise to Jacob was still far
off, God added the firm assurance, 'I will not leave
thee till I have done (carried out) what I have told
thee.'"3

Other visions of God's heavenly throne-room appear in 1 Kings

22:19-22; Job 1:6-8; 2:1-3; Isa. 6; Ezek. 1; Zech. 1:10; 6:5;
Rev. 4—5; et al. This was God's first revelation to Jacob, and

1Allen P. Ross, "Jacob's Visions: The Founding of Bethel," Bibliotheca Sacra 142:567 (July-
September 1985):226.
2See C. Houtman, "What Did Jacob See In His Dream At Bethel?" Vetus Testamentum

27:3 (July 1977):337-51.

3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:281-82.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 359

it came in a dream (cf. John 1:51). Other passages contain

promises (prophecies) of the land (12:7; 13:14-16; 15:18;
17:8; 24:7), but this one (vv. 13-14) is closest in terminology
to the one in chapter 13, which also features a Bethel setting.

Jacob was the second person in the Bible to hear the assurance
"I am with you" (v. 15). Isaac was the first (cf. 26:3, 24). This
was a promise that God later repeated to Moses (Exod. 3:12),
Joshua (Josh. 1:5), Gideon (Judg. 6:16), regarding Immanuel
(Isa. 7:14; Matt. 1:23), and to all Christians (Matt. 28:20; Heb.
13:5).

Perhaps God's revelation surprised Jacob because he was

preparing to leave the Promised Land (vv. 16-17). Jacob may
have felt that God would abandon him, since he was leaving
the land that God had promised his forefathers.

"The term 'fear' [v. 17, "afraid"] is used in the

Bible to describe a mixture of terror and adoration,
a worshipful fear (cf. Exod. 19:16)."1

Bethel (lit. "house of God," v. 17) means "the place where God
dwells." To Jacob, this was "the gate of heaven," the place
where Jacob entered heaven (in his dream).

"As Abraham's vision anticipated narratives from

the latter part of the Pentateuch, so Jacob's
vision anticipated the events which were to come
in the next several chapters."2

28:18-22 Jacob set up the stone on which he had rested his head to
serve as a memorial of this revelation and God's promise (v.
18). Pouring oil on it constituted an act of consecration (cf.
Lev. 8:10-12). Jacob did not build an altar in response to God's
revelation, as his forefathers had done.

Jacob promised to make Yahweh his God "if" the LORD would
be with him, protect him on his journey, provide for his needs,
and bring him back to his father's house in safety. He also

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 491.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 193.
360 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

promised to make the stone on which he had slept into "God's

house" and to give Him a tenth of all that the LORD gave him
(vv. 20-22). He evidently meant that he would convert his
pillar into an altar and worship God there (cf. vv. 20-21; 31:13;
35:1-3, 7). This sounds like Jacob made a conditional vow—
conditioned on God faithfulness. He swore that Yahweh would
be his God if God proved faithful to him. This is how most of
the English translations of Jacob's vow read.

However, "if" (v. 20) can be translated "since." If "since" is

the correct translation, this was not a crass bargain, as it
appears to have been, though the record of Jacob's life shows
that he typically was keen on negotiating deals. In this case,
Jacob was promising that he would fulfill his vow when God did
these things for him, not if He would do them. His vow then
should be understood as a response to God's promises to him
(v. 15).1 I prefer the former, conditional vow, interpretation.

Jacob was apparently a believer in Yahweh already, but his

commitment to God at this time appears to have been
somewhat selfish and conditional. He had not yet fully
surrendered and dedicated himself to God.2

"The assurance of God's presence should bring

about in every believer the same response of
worship and confidence it prompted in Jacob. This
is the message from the beginning: God by grace
visits His people and promises them protection
and provision so that they might be a blessing to
others. They in turn were to respond in faith,
fearing Him, worshiping Him, offering to Him,
vowing to Him, and making memorials for future
worshipers at such places."3

Jacob's relationship with Yahweh was quite different from what Abraham's
or Isaac's relationship to Him had been. God tested Abraham, but Jacob
tested God. God told Abraham to leave his country before he entered into

1von Rad, p. 286; Leupold, 2:780.

2On tithing, see my note on 14:20.
3Ross, "Genesis," p. 75.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 361

blessing, but Jacob imposed conditions on God before he vowed to bless

God.1 Jacob was willing to accept God's promises, but he did not commit
himself to God until God proved Himself faithful to him personally. God
blessed Jacob because of His election of him, and because of Abraham's
and Isaac's faith, more than because of Jacob's faith, at this time.

Many believers bargain with God as Jacob did here. They agree to worship
Him on their terms, rather than because God has proven Himself faithful in
the past. God often accommodates such weak faith, but the fact that He
does so does not commend the practice of bargaining with God.

The personal revelation of God's presence and promised blessings inspires

genuine worship. This worship is the appropriate response to such
revelation.

7. Jacob's marriages and Laban's deception 29:1-30

The long account of Jacob's relationship with Laban (chs. 29—31) is the
centerpiece of the Jacob story (chs. 25—35). It is a story within a story,
and it too has a chiastic structure. At its center is the account of the birth
of Jacob's sons, who became the forefathers of the tribes of Israel (29:31-
35).

Jacob met Rachel at a community well, and watered her flock of sheep, in
spite of opposition against doing so. Jacob's love for Rachel (in the sense
that he strongly preferred and desired her for marriage) led him to serve
Laban for seven years to obtain her as his wife. But Laban deceived Jacob
into marrying Leah, the firstborn, so Jacob had to work an extra seven
years for Rachel.

"In Laban Jacob met his match and his means of discipline."2

"Jacob is now in the greatest of all schools, that of experience,

and there are many lessons to learn. These three chapters
(xxix-xxxi.) cover forty years [sic, probably twenty years] of
his life, and are the record of a large part of his training."3

1J.H. Walton, Genesis: The NIV Application Commentary, pp. 573-74.

2Kidner,p. 159.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 269. Cf. Exod. 2:16-21.
362 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

29:1-12 "More than any other book in the OT, Genesis

emphasizes the east (see 3:24; 4:16; 10:30;
11:2; 13:11; 25:6 [and 29:1]) as a direction of
some significance."1

Jacob had traveled about 450 miles from Beersheba to Haran

(v. 4). Notice the absence of prayer for divine guidance to the
woman of God's choosing, which dominates the story of
Abraham's servant's visit to the same area for the same
purpose (ch. 22). Also, Jacob traveled alone and on foot,
whereas Abraham's servant came with a well-laden camel
caravan.

"True to his character, Jacob proceeds arrogantly,

questioning the shepherds' carefree behavior (v.
7). For all the criticism one might level at Jacob's
conduct, he was no slacker in his labor ethic (31:6,
38-41)."2

Nahor was actually the grandfather of Laban, not his father (v.
5; cf. 22:20-23). The well was probably a cistern that had a
mouth with a large circumference (v. 8). A very large stone,
that required several men to remove it, evidently covered it.
After they moved the stone, water could be drawn for the
flocks to drink. The male shepherds may have been
unauthorized to roll the stone away because the well belonged
to Laban. Their inability may have been legal rather than
physical.3

Jacob wept—perhaps for joy and relief (v. 11)—but he did not
worship God (cf. 24:26). He had ended his journey, was now
in the right place, and had met the right person—he thought.
This is one of the few places in Scripture that we read of a man
kissing a woman. Jacob apparently acted solely on the basis of
Rachel's physical attractiveness (see v. 17). Her name means
"Ewe Lamb."

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 252.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 462.
3Bush, 2:116-17.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 363

"When Abraham's servant had discovered

Rebekah's identity, he worshiped the Lord (24:24,
26), but here Jacob flexed his muscle, proving his
capacity to serve Laban's house."1

"This scene [29:1-14] is chiefly about God's

providence versus Jacob's prayerlessness "2

The suggestion of some interpreters that Laban adopted

Jacob as his son is questionable.3 There is not adequate
information in the text to support it.

29:13-20 Leah's eyes were evidently dull (NEB) and lacking in luster
("didn't sparkle" CEV), rather than bright (v. 17). Fiery eyes
were, and still are, considered the height of beauty among Near
Eastern people.4 The Hebrew word translated "weak" (NASB,
NIV, TNIV, ESV) can also mean "delicate" (NKJV, HCSB) or
"lovely" (NRSV) or "tender (AV). Evidently Leah had unusual
eyes. Her name means "Wild Cow."

"Regarding marriage generally, the Nuzi tablets

provided that if a man worked over a period of
time for the father of a girl whom he wished to
marry, then he would have the right to take the
girl as his wife."5

"Seven years was a handsome offer: Jacob was

clearly not risking a refusal—a fact which Laban
would not fail to note and exploit, as Jacob had
exploited Esau's eagerness (25:32)."6

Casual laborers received between one-half and one shekel a

month in old Babylonia.7 Jacob gave seven years of wages for

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 463.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 402.
3See John Van Seters, "Jacob's Marriages and Ancient Near East Customs: A
Reexamination," Harvard Theological Review 62:4 (October 1969):377-95.
4Keil and Delitzsch, 1:285; von Rad, p. 291.
5West, p. 70.
6Kidner, p. 160.
7G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, eds. and trans., The Babylonian Laws, 1:470-71.
364 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Rachel's hand in marriage. Later, we learn that Laban changed

Jacob's wages several times (31:7), so it impossible to know
just how much Jacob paid Laban for Rachel.

The chiastic structure of verses 20-30 focuses attention on the

complication caused by deception:

"A Jacob's payment for his wife (20)

B Consummation of the marriage to Leah by deception (21-24)

C Jacob's accusation against Laban (25)

C' Laban's defense (26)

B' Consummation of the marriage to Rachel by negotiation (27-30a)

A' Jacob's payment for his wife (30b)."1

29:21-30 "This was about one of the meanest pranks ever

played on a man."2

Jacob had pretended to be Esau's older brother, and now Leah

pretended to be her younger sister—by going to bed with
Jacob. Laban and Leah deceived Jacob, as Jacob and Rebekah
had deceived Isaac. Perhaps Jacob's eating and drinking at the
feast had clouded his mind (v. 22). The darkness of his tent at
night, additionally, may have made it hard for him to see.3
Furthermore, in that culture a bride customarily entered her
husband's presence "veiled."4 Gerhard von Rad wrote "heavily
veiled," and Aalders "completely veiled."5

One year an Indian student of mine told me that his father did
not see his mother's face for three days after their wedding.

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 498.

2Leupold, 2:795.
3Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:19:6-7.
4S. R. Driver, Genesis, p. 271.
5von Rad, p. 291; Aalders, p. 115.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 365

It is still customary among some Indians for the bride to remain

veiled before and after the consummation of the marriage.1

It was customary for the bride's father to give her a large

present when she got married: a dowry. In the ancient world,
the gift normally consisted of clothing, furniture, and money,
and it served as security for the wife in case her husband died
or divorced her. Some dowries were exceptionally valuable,
such as slave-girls (24:61; 29:29) or a city (1 Kings 9:16).
Laban was being generous, giving away two of his servants.2

As Jacob had deceived Isaac by taking advantage of his

inability to see due to poor eyesight (27:36), so Laban
deceived Jacob by taking advantage of his inability to see in
the dark tent (29:25). Earlier Jacob had deceptively pretended
to be the older brother (ch. 27), and now Laban tricked him
by replacing the younger with the older sister. Laban was just
as deceitful as Jacob (v. 26)!

"For despicability Laban takes the prize in the Old

Testament."3

He should have told Jacob of this custom, of giving the older

daughter in marriage before the younger, earlier, if indeed it
was a custom, which seems questionable.

The bridal "week" was the week of feasting that followed a

marriage (v. 27; cf. Judg. 14:12, 17). Jacob received Rachel
seven days after he had consummated his marriage to Leah
(cf. vv. 28, 30). (Josephus wrote that after the second seven
years, Jacob took Rachel as his wife.4) As mentioned above,
the Hebrew name "Rachel" means "Ewe," and "Leah" means
"Cow." Ironically, Laban treated his own daughters like cattle
and sheep, and used them for bargaining and trading. "Zilpah"
means "Small Nose," and "Bilhah" means "Carefree."

1See also J. A. Diamond, "The Deception of Jacob: A New Perspective on an Ancient

Solution to the Problem," Vetus Testamentum 34:2 (April 1984):211-13.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 236. Cf. West, p. 70.
3Leupold, 2:798.
4Josephus, Antiquities of …, 1:1:7.
366 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Notice that Jacob was behaving like his parents, who each
favored one son above the other, by favoring one of his wives
above the other. In both cases, serious family problems
followed. The Mosaic Law later prohibited marrying two sisters
at the same time (Lev. 18:18). Bigamy and polygamy were
never God's will (2:24).1

"Jacob had planned to take Rachel as his wife, but

God intended him to have Leah."2

Evidence will follow that Leah was the more "spiritual" of the
two sisters; that is, she valued unseen things more than seen
things.

God remains faithful to His promises to bless His people, but in the process
He may discipline them for their previous unresolved sins, and often does
so in kind (i.e., with talionic judgment; cf. Prov. 3:12; Gal. 6:7; Heb. 12:5-
6).3

"Jacob was getting what he deserved. In this light the seven

extra years that Jacob had to serve Laban appear as a
repayment for his treatment of Esau. By calling such situations
to the attention of the reader, the writer begins to draw an
important lesson from these narratives. Jacob's deceptive
schemes for obtaining the blessing did not meet with divine
approval. Through Jacob's plans God's will had been
accomplished; but the writer is intent on pointing out, as well,
that the schemes and tricks were not of God's design."4

8. Jacob's mishandling of God's blessing 29:31—30:24

God formed Jacob's family, the ancestors of the tribes of Israel, as He had
promised Jacob at Bethel. Unfortunately, Jacob and his wives lived in envy
and friction over how God chose to bless them. The real issue of the two
sisters' struggle, in this pericope, is the same as that of the brothers',

1See Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 249.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 195.
3For a fascinating narration of this story in expanded form, see Thomas Mann, "Jacob

Takes a Bride," Bible Review (Spring 1986):53-59, which is an excerpt from Mann's Joseph
and His Brothers.
4Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 199.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 367

Esau's and Jacob's, struggle: "Who will take the lead and be first, and who
will have to serve?" When people refuse to let God control, they seek to
take control themselves.

"Jacob had planned to take Rachel as his wife, but God

intended him to have Leah. Thus in two major reversals in
Jacob's life, we can begin to see the writer's theme taking
shape. Jacob sought to marry Rachel, but Laban tricked him.
Then Jacob sought to build a family through Rachel, but she
was barren; and God opened Leah's womb."1

This record of Jacob's children, the center of the Jacob story structurally,
is important for at least three reasons:

1. It shows God's faithfulness in providing descendants as He had

promised.

"Now the account centers on the fulfillment of Yahweh's

promise to be with Jacob and to bless him [28:15]."2

2. It gives the origins and circumstances surrounding the births of the

tribal heads of Israel.

"The theme of the Pentateuch is not difficult to discern.

It is the story of the birth and adolescence of a nation."3

3. It explains the roots of much of the tribal rivalry that follows in

Israel's history.

The section culminates with the birth of Joseph (30:24), which proved to
be the cue for Jacob to return home (30:25).

29:31-35 Moses recorded the births of Leah's first four sons: Reuben,
Simeon, Levi, and Judah. When the clause "the LORD saw"
occurs (v. 31), His acting decisively, often for the weak and
oppressed, follows soon (cf. 6:5; 7:1; 18:21; 31:12; Exod.
2:25; 4:31).

1Ibid.,
p. 200.
2Leupold,2:800.
3Whybray, p. 9.
368 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

30:1-8 Rachel's reactions to her barrenness were anger and despair,

and Jacob's responses were anger and defensiveness. Both
Sarah and Rachel resorted to a custom acceptable in their
culture, though contrary to God's will, to secure an heir for
their husbands (cf. 16:1-2). Isaac had prayed that God would
open Rebekah's womb, and had waited (25:21).

The conflict between Rachel and Leah focuses on love and

motherhood. Rachel had Jacob's love, but she could not
become a mother. Conversely, Leah was the mother of Jacob's
children, but she could not win his love.1

"It seems that Jacob's love for Rachel savored too

much of infatuation growing out of purely physical
attraction."2

The account of the birth of Bilhah's sons, Dan and Naphtali,

follows (vv. 5-8).

30:9-13 Zilpah, Leah's maid, bore Jacob two sons: Gad and Asher.

"The terms wife and concubine are used more

loosely in the patriarchal period. Three women in
the patriarchal period are called both wife and
concubine: Hagar (Gen. 16:3; 25:6 indirectly),
Keturah (25:1; cf. 25:6; 1 Chron. 1:32), and
Bilhah (Gen. 30:4; 35:22). Each of these
concubines is an auxiliary wife to the patriarch, not
a slave, but subordinate to the wife who is her
mistress. After the patriarchal period, the term
wife is never used as a synonym for concubine.
Zilpah, though never called a concubine (cf. 30:9),
has the same social position as Bilhah (cf. 37:2)."3

30:14-21 The mandrake, a member of the potato and tomato family, is

a plant that bears bluish flowers in winter and yellowish plum-
size fruit in summer. The fruit has a strong, pleasant fragrance,

1See Samuel Dresner, "Rachel and Leah: Sibling Tragedy or the Triumph of Piety and
Compassion?" Bible Review 6:2 (April 1990):25.
2Leupold, 2:801.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 411.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 369

and was thought to help barren women conceive. Some Arabs

still use it as an aphrodisiac, and call it "devil's apple" (cf. Song
of Sol. 7:13).1

"The outcome was ironical, the mandrakes doing

nothing for Rachel, while Leah gained another son
by parting with them."2

"Just as Jacob had purchased the birthright for a

pot of stew (25:29-34), so also Leah purchased
the right to more children by Jacob with the
mandrakes of her son Reuben (30:14-16)."3

"'Sleep' (skb), as a euphemism for sex, is never

used for loving marital intercourse in this book,
only for illicit or forced sex: Lot's daughters with
Lot (19:32-35); the Philistines with Rebekah
(26:10); Shechem with Dinah (34:2, 7); Reuben
with Bilhah (35:22); Potiphar's wife with Joseph
(39:7, 10, 12, 14)."4

Leah received her other children, Issachar, Zebulun, and Dinah,

only because "God listened to Leah" (v. 17), not because of
some magic supposedly connected with the mandrakes.

Dinah's name is related to the Hebrew word that means

"judgment." She was evidently the only daughter of Jacob (cf.
46:15).

30:22-24 God eventually granted Rachel a son, Joseph. He was born at

the end of Jacob's fourteenth year in Laban's service.

The jealousy, bickering, superstition, and weak faith, demonstrated by

Jacob and his wives, stand out in this section. God's gift of children was
gracious; He gave them in spite of, rather than because of, the behavior of
the parents. Rachel acknowledged this finally (vv. 23-24), as did Jacob.

1von Rad, p. 295. See H. Moldenke and A. Moldenke, Plants of the Bible, pp. 137-39; M.
Zoary, Plants of the Bible, pp. 188-89.
2Kidner, p. 162.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 201.
4Waltke, Genesis, p. 413.
370 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The use of the names Elohim ("God," the mighty One) and Yahweh (LORD,"
the covenant keeping One), in each story, reflects the attitudes toward
God of the various characters, and shows their relationships with Him.

"On the human plane the story demonstrates the craving of

human beings for love and recognition, and the price of
thwarting it; on the divine level it shows once again the grace
of God choosing difficult and unpromising material."1

"Jacob's partiality and his general handling of his family led to

strife and mother groupings that were to affect the history of
Israel for centuries thereafter."2

Believers should not envy and strive, which leads to bitter conflicts, but
should obey God—trusting Him to dispense His blessings wisely, justly, and
compassionately.

The actions of Jacob, Rachel, and Leah in this chapter, and those of
Abraham and Sarah in chapter 16, raise questions about surrogate
parenting.

Today, husbands and wives who cannot have children naturally, sometimes
choose to secure the services of a third person, who can provide a needed
reproductive function, and thereby enable them to have children. For
example, if the wife cannot carry a baby in her womb for a full term
pregnancy, some doctors recommend that the couple use the services of
another woman. If acceptable, they implant the couple's fertilized egg in
her womb, that she agrees to "rent" for the nine-month gestation period.
Another example is the securing of sperm from a donor (artificial
insemination), if the husband is sterile. There are many ways in which
childless couples can now become parents with this kind of help, from a
third, and sometimes a fourth, party. These situations are somewhat similar
to what we find in Genesis 16 and 30. The common tie is that, in all these
cases, someone other than the husband and wife is essential to "service"
the conception of the child.

I do not believe that adoption is similar to "surrogate parenting," because

in adoption, a husband and wife simply agree to assume the responsibility
of raising someone else's child, as their own, who has already been or will

1Kidner, p. 161.
2H. Vos, p. 113.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 371

be born naturally. They do not require a third party for the conception of
the child, as in surrogate parenting.

9. Jacob's new contract with Laban 30:25-43

Jacob and Laban ("White") made an agreement, which both men felt they
could manipulate to their own advantage. However, God sovereignly
overruled to bless Jacob, as He had promised, in spite of Laban's deceit
and Jacob's deviousness (cf. Job 5:13; Ps. 7:15; 1 Cor. 3:19).

As the previous pericope shows how Yahweh provided descendants (seed)

for Jacob, as He had promised, this one demonstrates how He made Jacob
wealthy (blessing). In both cases, God acted in spite of, and independent
of, the bickering, superstition, deceit, and disobedience of Jacob and his
wives.

"By crossing the heterozygotes among themselves, Jacob

would produce, according to the laws of heredity, twenty-five
percent spotted sheep. Thus he multiplies his flock. Jacob has
displayed ingenuity; he has not practiced deception. … Jacob's
knowledge of zoology is far from primitive. But perhaps such
knowledge has been given him by God, just as his son's
capacity to interpret dreams was a gift from God."1

Another explanation is that Jacob did not really understand the laws of
heredity, but that he just did what he thought would work, and God blessed
him. Jacob was seemingly relying on a popular superstition, namely, that
certain experiences of the mother during pregnancy influenced the
condition of her offspring. He did what he did in order to mislead Laban (vv.
37-39). At least one writer thought that Jacob was mistakenly counting
on this custom to ensure fertility among his flocks:

"All marking of the offspring such as that which Jacob thought

he was accomplishing in Laban's flocks, is completely
impossible. In the placenta and umbilical cord, which
constitutes the only connection between the mother and the
fetus, there are no nerves. Thus, absolutely no mechanism

1Hamilton,The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 284. Paragraph division omitted. Cf. Sarna,
Understanding Genesis, p. 212; and Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 257.
372 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

exists whereby the mother can mark her offspring in the way
that Jacob thought he was accomplishing the marking."1

Whether Jacob was very smart or very superstitious, the success of Jacob's
plan was due to the grace of God ultimately (cf. 31:10-12).

"As with many of the tricks which Jacob attempts in these

narratives, God blessed Jacob in spite of them, not because of
or through them."2

The herdsmen believed the stronger members of the flock mated in the
summer, and the weaker ones in the fall (vv. 41-42).3 Jacob's ownership
of camels (v. 43) proves that he was very rich, since these animals were
rare and costly in Jacob's day.4

Jacob's behavior was devious (deceitful and taking unfair advantage), in

that he sought to prosper at the expense of his employer. The text records
that Jacob became very wealthy ("exceedingly prosperous," v. 43), but it
does not say that his wealth was "a blessing from God" here. God blessed
Jacob in spite of his actions, not because of them.

Many carnal Christians prosper materially for the same reason Jacob did.
Material prosperity is not necessarily a reward for godliness. Jacob made
his own fortune, but the text says that God made Abraham rich (24:35).
God allowed Jacob to become wealthy through his own toil and deception.
God probably would have done more for Jacob than he could have done for
himself, if Jacob had placed himself under God's authority. That is what God
usually does.

The lesson of this section is that people who experience God's material
blessing need to acknowledge that it comes from Him, rather than from
their own abilities.

1Frank L. Marsh, Studies in Creationism, pp. 368-69.

2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 196. Cf. Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 502.
3See Martha A. Morrison, "The Jacob and Laban Narrative in Light of Near Eastern

Sources," Biblical Archaeologist 46:3 (Summer 1983):155-64, which contains many

helpful explanations of herding practices, contracts involving herding, marriage customs,
and the significance of household gods.
4Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 503.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 373

10. Jacob's flight from Haran ch. 31

In this chapter, Jacob was motivated to return to Canaan, due to Laban's

hostility and encouragement from Leah and Rachel. When Laban overtook
Jacob in Gilead, Jacob not only defended his own actions of leaving with his
share of the livestock without giving notice, but he also accused Laban of
deceit. This silenced Laban and led him to request a peace treaty with
Jacob.

Jacob's departure for Canaan 31:1-21

God had been faithful in blessing Jacob, as He had promised Abraham and
Isaac. Moses recorded the testimony to that fact in this section. Jacob
acknowledged that God was responsible for his prosperity. God's goodness,
and His command to return to the Promised Land, as well as Laban's
growing hostility, motivated Jacob to leave Paddan-aram.

It is unclear, from what Jacob reported to his wives, exactly when the angel
of God appeared to him in the dream (v. 11). This may have occurred
before or at the same time as the revelation referred to earlier in this
passage (v. 3). It seems likely, however, that this was the same revelation,
and was God's second one to Jacob.

In this revelation, Jacob learned that God had been responsible for his
becoming richer (v. 12). Jacob credited God with this and with his own
survival (vv. 5, 7). This is the first time in the narrative that Jacob emerges
as a man of public faith. He finally takes the leadership in his home, and his
wives, for the first time, follow his lead.

"This is another case of the 'Ruth effect,' where the foreign

wife commits herself and future to the God of her adopted
family."1

31:1-16 The increasing antagonism of Laban's household ("Jacob has

taken away all that was our father's") encouraged Jacob to
obey God's command to return to the Promised Land (vv. 1-
2).

"The true character of Laban is clearly seen from

the fact that his daughters entirely sided with

1Ibid., p. 510.
374 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Jacob against their own father . They too had

experienced their father's selfishness and greed,
and were ready to approve of their husband's
project and to go with him."1

31:17-21 "Rachel's theft of her father's idols [teraphim]

reflects the Hurrian custom of keeping household
gods. Nevertheless, the real significance of what
she did, and perhaps the reason for the theft, lies
in the fact that according to the Nuzi tablets he
who possessed the household gods was the
legitimate heir."2

Evidently Rachel wanted Jacob to remain Laban's heir, even

though sons had been born to Laban after Jacob arrived in
Haran, presumably (cf. v. 1).

Other writers, however, dispute this significance of the

household gods at this time, as well as Rachel's motivation:

"The supposed role of the teraphim or 'household

gods' (Gen. 31:19, 30-35) as constituting the
title-deeds to inheritances seems also to be
fallacious; Rachel simply took them for her own
protection and blessing."3

These gods were usually small figurines two to three inches

long, sometimes carried on the body as charms, many of which
archaeologists have discovered. They may have represented
departed ancestors or gods that their makers venerated.4
Rachel may also have hoped that these "gods" would make her
a fruitful mother.5 Apparently Laban's family worshipped false
gods as well as the true God (cf. Josh. 24:1-3).

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 285.

2West, p. 70. See also Wood, A Survey …, p. 28; Free, p. 71.
3Kitchen, The Bible …, p. 70. Cf. Barker, p. 135.
4See Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 273; K. Van der Toorn, "The Nature of the Biblical

Teraphim in the Light of the Cuneiform Evidence," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 52

(1990):203-22.
5See M. Greenberg, "Another Look at Rachel's Theft of the Teraphim," Journal of Biblical

Literature 81 (1962):247; Harry A. Hoffner Jr., "The Linguistic Origins of Teraphim,"

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 375

"It is curious that Rachel, and not Leah should

have almost always turned out to be Jacob's
greatest hindrance in life."1

The writer identified Jacob's deception as such (i.e., "Jacob

deceived Laban," tricked him) when he fled from Paddan-aram
(v. 20).

Perhaps "Laban's nationality is mentioned [in

verses 20 and 24] because the Syrians were
known from of old as the trickiest people; here
one of this people in a kind of just retribution
meets one trickier than himself."2

Laban's confrontation with Jacob 31:22-55

God had promised to be with Jacob and to return him safely to Canaan
(28:15). We see God doing this, in spite of Laban's opposition, in this
section.

"It was only by divine prospering and protection (24) that

Jacob brought anything, even his life, back from exile."3

"Whatever wealth Abraham may have forfeited upon leaving

the family unit of Terah in Haran comes to his heirs in this most
unimaginable way."4

31:22-42 God revealed Himself to people other than the patriarchs in

those days (Laban, v. 29; cf. Abimelech in 20:3). Many
scholars believe that Job also lived in the patriarchal period.

"The behavior of Laban is true to life, and every

expression is familiar to my ear 'as household
words.' Laban says: The God of your father spake
unto me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that

Bibliotheca Sacra (July-September 1967):230-38; Gerhard Mehlman, "Genesis 31:19-39:

An Interpretation," Journal of Reform Judaism 29:3 (Summer 1982):33-36; Mathews,
Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 518-19.
1Thomas, Genesis, p. 285.
2Leupold,2:841.
3Kidner,
p. 165.
4Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 517.
376 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad [v.

29]. Now we should think that Laban was uttering
his own condemnation, and it appears strange
that Jacob did not retort upon him by asking,
Why, then, have you followed me? You have
disobeyed the command of God, according to your
own admission. Jacob, however, knew very well
that such a plea would avail nothing. Laban
believed that he fulfilled the intent of the divine
command merely by refraining to injure Jacob, and
so the latter understood it. The terms of the order
were most comprehensive and stringent; but the
real intention was to forbid violence, and this sort
of construction must be applied to Oriental
language in a thousand cases, or we shall push
simple narratives into absurdities, and make men,
and even the God of Truth, contradict himself."1

"Jacob and Rachel are again two of a kind. This

time both almost bring ruin on the family by their
risk taking: she by her rash theft, he by his rash
vow ([v. 32] cf. his sons' rash vow in 44:6-12)."2

The teraphim were already "nothing gods," but they became

unclean and suffered humiliation when Rachel, who claimed to
be unclean, sat on them while menstruating (vv. 34-35; cf.
Lev. 15:20).

"… it is still very common for Arabs to hide stolen

property under the padding of their saddles. I have
known many such thefts of modern teraphim
(pictures and images), and by women too. And
why not? It is surely not absurd to steal the god
whose aid you invoke to assist you to steal other
things."3

1Thomson, 2:23.
2Waltke,
Genesis, p. 430.
3Thomson, 2:24-25.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 377

Under traditional ancient Near Eastern law, a shepherd was not

held responsible for losses to his master's flocks due to
attacking wild beasts and, in some cases, thieves.1 Yet Jacob
had borne these losses. Laban had not only cheated Jacob, but
he demanded compensation from Jacob for dead animals that
Jacob was not personally responsible for (v. 39).

"God has corked the bottle of his [Laban's]

aggressiveness [with Jacob's comments]."2

"Each of the three patriarchs had to be

ingloriously extricated from some adventure."3

Note the similarity between Jacob's escape from Laban and his
descendants' escape from Egypt in the Exodus.

Jacob believed that he was innocent until proved guilty, but

Laban felt he was guilty until proved innocent. "The fear of
Isaac" (vv. 42, 53) refers to the God whom Isaac feared.
Jacob's words in verse 42 summarize his whole life in Paddan-
aram.

31:43-55 Jacob and Laban then made a parity covenant (peace treaty).
They set up a "memorial stone" (Heb. misbah, "standing
stone") to mark the spot, gathered stones in a "heap," and
ate a meal together as part of the rite involved in establishing
a covenant (vv. 44-48). They may have erected the "heap" of
stones (Heb. gal, "cairn," v. 46), both as a table for the meal
and as a memorial of the event. Standing stones (stone pillars)
sometimes marked supposed dwelling places of the gods (cf.
28:17-18), and cairns (stone heaps) often marked graves (cf.
Josh. 7:26; 8:29; 2 Sam. 18:17).

"Galeed" ("witness heap," v. 47) is the name from which

"Gilead" came. Gilead became a common name for this
mountainous area east of the Jordan River, between the Sea

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 277.

2Fokkelman, p. 166.
3Kidner, p. 165.
378 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

of Galilee (Cinnereth, Hebrew for "lyre" denoting the shape of

the lake) and the Dead (Salt) Sea (cf. vv. 21, 23, 25).

The so-called "Mizpah (lit. "watchtower" or "outlook point")

blessing" was not really a promise between friends, but a
warning between antagonists who did not trust each other (v.
49). They called on God to keep each other true to the terms
of the covenant they had just made: "May the LORD keep watch
between you and me when we are absent one from the other."
They could not check on each other themselves.

"This covenant also might be called a

nonaggression pact."1

"It is impossible to avoid noticing the curious

misconception of the term 'mizpah' which
characterizes its use today. As used for a motto
on rings, Christmas cards, and even as the title of
an organization, it is interpreted to mean union,
trust, fellowship; while its original meaning was
that of separation, distrust, and warning. Two
men, neither of whom trusted the other, said in
effect: 'I cannot trust you out of my sight. The
Lord must be the watchman between us if we and
our goods are to be kept safe from each other.'"2

Laban swore by the God of Abraham and the God of Nahor

(Abraham and Nahor were brothers) and the God of their
father (Terah; v. 53). Abraham was Jacob's ancestor, and
Nahor was Laban's ancestor. Jacob swore by the fear of his
father Isaac, (the God whom his father Isaac feared; v. 54).
Perhaps Jacob described God as he did in order to highlight the
difference between himself and Laban; they each had their own
designation of God.

This chapter teaches that those who are obediently following God's call and
are experiencing His blessing can be confident that He will protect them.

1H. Vos, p. 122.

2Thomas, Genesis, p. 287.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 379

11. Jacob's attempt to appease Esau 32:1-21

Chapters 32 and 33 can be viewed as one episode in the life of Jacob. They
describe his return to the Promised Land, including his meeting with Esau.
There are thematic parallels between these chapters and chapter 31.

In spite of the vision of God's angelic assisting messengers, Jacob divided

his people into two groups—as a precaution—when he heard that Esau was
coming to meet him with 400 men. Furthermore, in addition to praying for
God's deliverance, he sought to pacify Esau's anger with an expensive gift.

Jacob had been able to handle his problems himself "by hook or by crook"
until now. At this point in his experience, God brought him to the end of his
natural resources.

"As Jacob is at the precipice of receiving the promise of

Canaan, he is not yet morally ready to carry out the blessing.
Jacob must possess his own faith, obtaining the blessing
through personal encounter, not by heredity alone."1

"The events of this chapter are couched between two

accounts of Jacob's encounter with angels (vv. 1, 25). The
effect of these two brief pictures of Jacob's meeting with
angels on his return to the land is to align the present narrative
with the similar picture of the Promised Land in the early
chapters of Genesis. The land was guarded on its borders by
angels. The same picture was suggested early in the Book of
Genesis when Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden of
Eden and 'cherubim' were positioned on the east of the garden
to guard the way to the tree of life. It can hardly be accidental
that as Jacob returned from the east, he was met by angels at
the border of the Promised Land. This brief notice may also be
intended to alert the reader to the meaning of Jacob's later
wrestling with the 'man' at Peniel (vv. 25-30). The fact that
Jacob had met with angels here suggests that the man at the
end of the chapter is also an angel."2

32:1-2 These "angels" (messengers) must have resembled the angels

Jacob had seen at Bethel (28:12), in order for him to have

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 537.

2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 208.
380 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

recognized them as angels. They joined his own company of

travelers for Jacob's protection (cf. Ps. 34:7). This is the
reason for the name "Mahanaim" (i.e., "double host" or
"double camp").1 Jacob probably saw the "camp of angels"
(God's camp) as a source of comfort to his own camp as he
prepared to enter the Promised Land.

"Although outside the land of promise, he was not

outside the hand of promise."2

32:3-12 Why did Jacob initiate contact with "Esau in the land of Seir,
the country of Edom" (v. 3)?

"He knows that there can be no peace and quiet

until his relations with Esau are assured and put
on a proper footing. Not until that matter was
settled could Jacob feel certain of his future."3

Esau may have had a large army ("four hundred men," v. 6)

because he had needed to build one in order to subjugate the
Horite (Hurrian) population of Seir. His soldiers probably
included his own servants plus the Canaanite and Ishmaelite
relations of his wives.

Jacob's reaction to Esau's apparently hostile advance against

him was to try to protect himself (vv. 7-8). This was Jacob's
standard response to trouble.

"There is nothing generous in the whole matter;

nothing like saying, 'These are all my children; I
can not [sic] choose between them; come life,
come death, it shall come upon us all together.'
Far, far from this noble spirit. He [Jacob] in effect
says, 'You handmaids and our children go first; if
any are to be killed, let it be you. And Leah, go
you and your sons next." This story needs two
remarks to set certain matters in their proper
light. The first is, that Jacob, in this affair, is no

1Thomas, Through the …, p. 58.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 547.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 293. Cf. Matt. 5:23-25a.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 381

more than a type of every Arab emeer [emir] in

the country, and, indeed, of nearly every Oriental
household. Such favoritism is, and always has
been, the prevailing custom of the East. He
therefore did nothing but what the laws and
domestic regulations of his day and generation
sanctioned. The second remark is, that we have in
this conduct of the father an explanation of the
intense hatred to Joseph "1

This time Jacob knew that self-preservation would not be

enough. So, he called on God for help (vv. 9-12). We need to
be right with God before we can be right with our brothers.

Jacob's prayer (his first recorded prayer) reflects his deeply

felt need for God's help and his own humility (vv. 9-12). One
writer likened its form to the penitential psalms.2 He reminded
God of His past dealings with his forefathers and with himself
(v. 9). He confessed his personal unworthiness and lack of any
claim upon God's favor (v. 10). By calling himself "your
servant," Jacob was making himself ready to serve God. He
requested divine deliverance and acknowledged his own fear
(v. 11). Finally, he claimed God's promise of a continuing line
of descendants (v. 12). This is an excellent model prayer.

"He [Jacob] should not be sharply criticized for

taking precautionary measures first and praying
afterward. Many a man in the face of extreme
danger has lost his sense of proportion. Besides,
there are emergencies that call for action first and
prayer afterward."3

32:13-21 Though he hoped for God's help, Jacob did not fail to do all
that he himself could do to appease Esau (vv. 13-15); he
offered his magnanimous gifts diplomatically, in order to pacify
his offended brother. Jacob was a planner and schemer, and,
consequently, he struggled. He planned to take Esau's

1Thomson, 2:25-26.
2Waltke,Genesis, p. 443.
3Leupold, 2:866.
382 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

birthright and blessing, and he planned to get rich off of Laban.

Now he schemed to pacify Esau. Some interpreters have seen
this as evidence that Jacob was not trusting God.1

"As the narrative unfolds, however, it was not

Jacob's plan that succeeded but his prayer. When
he met with Esau, he found that Esau had had a
change of heart. Running to meet Jacob, Esau
embraced and kissed him and wept (33:4). All of
Jacob's plans and schemes had come to naught.
In spite of them all, God had prepared Jacob's
way."2

Jacob's ability to give Esau 580 animals proves that God had
made him enormously wealthy.

"Jacob's behavioral response was classically

narcissistic."3

In view of God's many promises of protection, believers can pray with

confidence for His deliverance, and do not need to give away His provisions
to appease their enemies.

12. Jacob at the Jabbok 32:22-32

"Hebrew narrative style often includes a summary statement

of the whole passage followed by a more detailed report of the
event. Here v. 22 is the summary statement, while v. 23
begins the detailed account."4

The site of this incident was probably just a few miles east of the Jordan
Valley (v. 22). The Jabbok River joins the Jordan River about midway
(north-to-south) between the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee) and the Salt
(Dead) Sea.5

1E.g.,McGee, 1:132.
2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 209.
3Shepperson, p. 183.
4The NET Bible note on 32:22.
5On the location and significance of the Jabbok River, see Bryant G. Wood, "Journey Down

the Jabbok," Bible and Spade (Spring 1978):57-64.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 383

It was when Jacob was "alone," after having done everything he could to
secure his own safety, that God came to him (v. 24). An unidentified man
assaulted ("wrestled with") Jacob, and he had to fight for his life. Though
not explicitly stated, this "man" appears to have been the angel of the
LORD: the pre-incarnate Christ (vv. 28-30; cf. Hos. 12:3-4).

Note that God took the initiative in wrestling with Jacob, not vice versa.
God was bringing Jacob to the end of himself. He was leading him to a
settled conviction that God was superior to him, and that he must submit
to God's leadership in his life (cf. Rom. 12:1-2). This event was the climax
of Jacob's spiritual development and similar to Abraham's experience of
offering Isaac on Moriah.1

"The great encounter with God came when Jacob knew himself
to be exposed to a situation wholly beyond him."2

This was not a vision or a dream, but a real event. The injury to Jacob's hip
joint proves this. It was God's third revelation to Jacob.

"Jacob was not looking for another fight. He has Uncle Laban
in back of him and Brother Esau ahead of him, and the last time
he saw both of them they were breathing out threatenings
against him. This man Jacob is not in a position to take on
someone else. Therefore, the 'man' took the initiative; He was
the aggressor."3

Jacob's refusal to release "the man" indicates the sincerity of his felt need
for God's help (v. 26; cf. John 15:5). Again Jacob demonstrated his strong
desire for blessing, as he had done previously when he obtained Esau's
birthright and blessing.

"Jacob completed, by his wrestling with God, what he had

already been engaged in even from his mother's womb, viz. his
striving for the birthright; in other words, for the possession
of the covenant promise and the covenant blessing … To save
him from the hand of his brother, it was necessary that God
should first meet him as an enemy, and show him that his real
opponent was God Himself, and that he must first of all

1Leupold,2:872-73.
2Kidner,p. 168.
3McGee, 1:135.
384 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

overcome Him before he could hope to overcome his brother.

And Jacob overcame God; not with the power of the flesh
however, with which he had hitherto wrestled for God against
man (God convinced him of that by touching his hip, so that it
was put out of joint), but by the power of faith and prayer,
reaching by firm hold of God even to the point of being
blessed, by which he proved himself to be a true wrestler of
God, who fought with God and with men, i.e., who by his
wrestling with God overcame men as well."1

With his wrestling with God, Jacob began a new stage in his life (v. 28); he
was a new man, because he now began to relate to God in a way that was
new for him. As a sign of this, God gave him a new name that indicated his
new relationship to God. "Israel" means "God's Warrior." Jacob's new name
introduced a new stage of his life. Thereafter he behaved either carnally or
spiritually. Note which of his names Moses used, in each event, from here
on. When Jacob behaved like the "old Jacob," Moses referred to him as
"Jacob," but when he behaved like the new "Israel" ("God's Warrior"),
Moses referred to him as "Israel."

"The acknowledgment of the old name, and its unfortunate

suitability [Jacob, v. 27], paves the way for the new name
[Israel, v. 28]."2

"… the name Israel denoted a spiritual state determined by

faith; and in Jacob's life the natural state, determined by flesh
and blood, still continued to stand side by side with this.
Jacob's new name was transmitted to his descendants,
however, who were called Israel as the covenant nation. For as
the blessing of their forefather's conflict came down to them
as a spiritual inheritance, so did they also enter upon the duty
of preserving this inheritance by continuing in a similar
conflict."3

I do not believe that Jacob was spiritually regenerated ("saved," or "born

again") at this time. There have been many evidences in the preceding
chapters that he already had saving faith in God. But this was the time that

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:305-6.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 333.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:307.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 385

Jacob yielded to God as his Master and submitted to His lordship (cf. Rom.
12:1).

"Elohim" ("Very Strong One") occurs here in order to bring out the contrast
between God and His creature. Jacob "prevailed" (v. 28) in the sense of
obtaining his request, by acknowledging his dependence and cleaving to
God as his Deliverer.

"The transformation pertains to the way in which Jacob

prevails. Heretofore he prevailed over people by trickery. Now
he prevails with God, and so with humans, by his words, not by
the physical gifts conferred on him at birth or acquired through
human effort."1

By asking Jacob "What is your name?" (v. 27), "the man" was forcing
Jacob to acknowledge his nature. By giving his name to "the man,"
Jacob ("Heel-holder") was admitting that he was a cheat (v. 27).

"One wonders if 'Why is it that you inquire about my name?'

[v. 29] is another way of asking, 'Jacob, don't you realize who
I am?'"2

Another view is that God withheld His name in order to heighten Jacob's
awe at this great moment in his life, and to impress the significance of the
event on Jacob all the more.

Jacob believed that he had seen God "face to face" (v. 30). Of course,
what he meant was that he had seen the angel of the LORD, since no one
has seen God without some physical manifestation of God, since God is a
spirit being (cf. John 1:18; 4:24). The ancients believed that anyone who
saw God face to face would die (cf. 16:13; Exod. 33:20; Judg. 13:21-22).
Jacob was probably grateful that the Angel had not dealt with him more
severely, as he deserved. "Peniel" sounds more like "face of God" in Hebrew
than the more common "Penuel," which means the same thing. Perhaps
Peniel was an older form of the place name and Penuel a newer form. Penuel
seems to have been more common (cf. Judg. 8:8). Or perhaps these names
describe two places located closely together, though this seems less likely.

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 446.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 336.
386 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The result of this spiritual crisis in Jacob's life was obvious to all who
observed him from then on (v. 31). It literally resulted in a change in his
walk—both physical and spiritual.1

"From this time on, Jacob is not seen again scheming or

deceiving."2

"When God touched the strongest sinew of Jacob, the

wrestler, it shriveled, and with it Jacob's persistent self-
confidence."3

Every Christian does not need to have this type of drastic experience.
Abraham and Isaac did not. God has told us that we can do nothing without
Him (John 15:5), and that we should believe and trust Him. It is only when
we do not believe and trust Him that He must teach us this hard lesson.
Sometimes He has to bring us very low to do it. Every Christian should yield
himself or herself to the Lordship of God (Christ; Rom. 6:13, 19; 12:1-2).

"If only the swimmer yields to the water, the water keeps him
up; but if he continues to struggle, the result is disastrous. Let
us learn to trust, just as we learn to float."4

To become strong in faith, the believer must forsake self-sufficiency.

"The narrative is presented in a deliberately enigmatic manner

to channel the reader's imagination in certain directions."5

13. Jacob's meeting with Esau and his return to Canaan ch.
33

Jacob was ready to sacrifice part of his family, expecting Esau to attack
him, and he approached his brother as though Esau was his "lord." In

1See Harry Foster, "Walking with a Limp," Toward the Mark (September-October
1982):97-100.
2Wood, A Survey …, p. 73.
3Allen P. Ross, "Jacob at the Jabbok, Israel at Peniel," Bibliotheca Sacra 142:568 (October-

December 1985):350.
4Thomas, Genesis, p. 298.
5Stephen Geller, "The Struggle at the Jabbok: The Uses of Enigma in a Biblical Narrative,"

Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 14 (1982):39. See also Edward M. Curtis,
"Structure, Style and Context as a Key to Interpreting Jacob's Encounter at Peniel,"
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 30:2 (June 1987):129-37.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 387

contrast, Esau welcomed Jacob magnanimously, reluctantly received his

gift, and offered to host him in Seir. Jacob declined Esau's offer, and
traveled instead to Succoth, four miles west of Peniel, where he settled
next.

"As Jacob had won God's blessing by capitulating to Him, so

now he was to win reconciliation to Esau by capitulating to him
…"1

33:1-17 Jacob arranged his family in a marching order that would

preserve those who were most precious to him, in case his
brother proved to be violently hostile (vv. 1-3).

"This kind of ranking according to favoritism no

doubt fed the jealousy over Joseph that later
becomes an important element in the narrative. It
must have been painful to the family to see that
they were expendable."2

Jacob leading his family to meet Esau (v. 3) shows the new
"Israel" overcoming the fear that had formerly dominated the
old "Jacob." His plan does not seem to me to reflect lack of
trust in God as much as carefulness and personal responsibility.
However, Jacob was obviously fearful and felt weak as he
anticipated meeting his brother. Faith does not mean trusting
God to work for us in spite of our irresponsibility; that is
presumption. Faith means trusting God to work for us when we
have acted responsibly, realizing that without His help we will
fail.

Esau's behavior, when meeting Jacob, was typical of how

people conducted themselves when happily reuniting in his day
(v. 4).3 Jacob gave God the glory for giving him his family; he
confessed that his family was a gift from God (v. 5). This
attitude is evidence of a basic change in Jacob's approach to
life. Whereas he had previously been dishonest and devious,

1H. Vos, p. 125.

2The NET2 Bible note on 33:2.
3For some interesting insights into eastern behavior, as reflected in verse 4, see Imad
Shehadeh, "Contrasts between Eastern and Western Cultures," Exegesis and Exposition
2:1 (Summer 1987):3-12.
388 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

now he was honest and forthright about his intentions (v. 10).
Jacob's gift to Esau recalls Abram's gift to Melchizedek
(14:20).

Jacob's insistence on giving presents to Esau may have been

an attempt to give back to Esau the blessing that should have
been his in the first place, in order to undo his sins of earlier
years.1

"Now that they are reunited, Esau desires a

fraternal relationship, but Jacob is unable to move
beyond a formal relationship.

"Only the restraining intervention of God kept

Laban from retaliation against Jacob (31:24, 29).
Esau is apparently in no need of a similar divine
check. His own good nature acts as a check on
him. Since his rage and hate of ch. 27, Esau
himself has undergone his own transformation. No
longer is he controlled by vile passions."2

"I see your face as one sees the face of God" (v. 10) means "I
see in your face, as expressive of your whole attitude toward
me, the friendliness of God. I see this friendliness
demonstrated in His making you friendly toward me" (cf. 1
Sam 29:9; 2 Sam. 14:17). Jacob had seen God's gracious
"face," and had been spared at Peniel, and he now saw Esau's
gracious "face," and was spared again.

Jacob's "language shows that he saw the two

encounters with his Lord and his brother, as two
levels of a single event: cf. 10b with 32:30."3

Previously, Jacob had taken Esau's blessing, but now he gave

Esau a blessing (v. 11). Jacob's reasons for declining Esau's
offer of an escort evidently did not spring from fear (vv. 14-
15). He gave a legitimate explanation of why it would be better

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 298-99.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 345.
3Kidner, p. 171. Cf. von Rad, pp. 327-28.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 389

for him to travel separately: the condition of his children and

animals.

"This, by the way, proves that Jacob's flight was

late in the autumn, when alone the flocks are in
this condition. The same is implied in his
immediately building booths at Succoth for their
protection during the winter [v. 17]."1

Jacob may have been counting on God's protection, and

therefore felt no need of Esau's men. Alternatively, Jacob may
have mistrusted Esau, having been both deceptive and
deceived himself.2 Still another view is that Jacob was
returning to the Promised Land on God's orders, and that did
not include going to Seir.3

His reference to visiting Esau "at Seir" (v. 14) does not mean
that Jacob planned to go directly to Seir, where he did not go
immediately—as far as the text records. He might have been
deceiving his brother again. Perhaps Jacob meant that he
would visit his brother in his own land in the future.4 Scripture
does not record whether Jacob ever made such a trip.

Jacob and his family settled first at Succoth ("Booths"), east

of the Jordan River (v. 17). Evidently he lived there for some
time, since he built a house and huts for his livestock.

This incident illustrates the truth of Proverbs 16:7, "When a

man's ways are pleasing to the LORD, He makes even his
enemies to be at peace with him."

"At almost every point in this story, Esau emerges

as the more appealing, more humane, and more
virtuous of the two brothers."5

1Thomson, 1:304.
2von Rad, p. 328.
3Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 299.
4Leupold, 2:892.
5Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 347.
390 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"This is only the second—and it is the last—

conversation between Esau and Jacob mentioned
in Genesis. On the first occasion (25:29-34) Esau
failed to perceive Jacob's capacity for
exploitation. On the second occasion he fails to
perceive Jacob's hesitancy and lack of excitement
about going to Seir. In both cases, Jacob succeeds
in deceiving Esau."1

What were Jacob's motivation and his relationship to God when he met
Esau? This question rises often in the study of this chapter. The answer is
not obvious. Some commentators have felt that Jacob completely backslid
and returned to his former lifestyle of self-reliance and deceit.2 Most
interpreters attribute good motives to Jacob.3 I believe the truth probably
lies somewhere between these extremes. It seems to me that Jacob's
experience at Peniel had a life-changing impact on him. Jacob seems to be
referring to it in 33:10: "I see your face as one sees the face of God."

Nevertheless, Jacob's former lifestyle had become so ingrained—Jacob was

over 90 years old at this time—that he could have easily slipped back into
his former habits. I believe we have a clue to this in the frequent use of his
name "Jacob" in the text from now on, rather than "Israel." In short, Jacob
seems to have had a genuine experience of coming to grips with himself
and yielding his life to God at Peniel. Nevertheless, from then on, his
motives and attitudes vacillated. At times he trusted God as he should
have, but at others, several others, he failed to trust God.

The divine Author's main concern in this section was not Jacob's
motivation, however; He could have clarified that for us. Rather, it seems
to have been the faithfulness of God, in sparing Jacob's life and returning
him to the Promised Land—as He had promised (28:13-15). The Jacob
narrative also contains evidence that God was faithful to bless others
through Abraham's descendants (12:3), including Laban (cf. 30:27) and
Esau (cf. 33:11).

33:18-20 After an unspecified length of time, Jacob crossed the Jordan

River with his family and moved into the land of Canaan. He

1Ibid.,p. 348.
2E.g., Thomas, Genesis, pp. 309-16.
3E.g., Keil and Delitzsch, 1:307-11; Aalders, pp. 148-53.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 391

chose Shechem ("Peaceful") as his home. By purchasing land

there, he showed that he regarded Canaan as his permanent
home and the home of his children and descendants. The
Israelites eventually buried Joseph at Shechem (Josh. 24:32).
Shechem was only about a mile from the Sychar of Jesus' day
(cf. John 4:5, 12).

God had granted Jacob's request by bringing him safely back

into the Promised Land (cf. 28:20-21). As he had vowed,
Jacob here and now worshipped the God of his father as "his
God" ("he erected there an altar," v. 20)). He called Yahweh
"El-Elohe-Israel" meaning, "The Mighty God is The God of
Israel." Jacob, in naming the altar, used his own new name,
Israel (32:28). This was Jacob's first altar, which he built to
worship God—just as Abraham had done at Shechem when he
had first entered Canaan (12:6-7). The altar would have served
the double purpose of both providing a table for Jacob's
sacrifice, and serving as a memorial for Jacob's descendants in
the years to come.

A major lesson of this chapter is, that those who have received God's grace
may trust in God's promise of protection when they seek reconciliation with
others.

14. The rape of Dinah and the revenge of Simeon and Levi
ch. 34

After Shechem the Canaanite raped Dinah, Simeon and Levi plotted and
took revenge by deceiving the Shechemites into getting circumcised as the
condition for Dinah's marriage. Then, to get their full revenge, they
murdered the incapacitated men of the city.

"The name of the Lord isn't mentioned once in this chapter,

and the wisdom of the Lord is surely absent as well.1

"Once again, as in the birth of his sons (29:31—30:24),

Jacob's household is dysfunctional because of his passivity. His

1Wiersbe, p. 135.
392 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

sons are rash and unbridled, and he is passive. No one in this

story escapes censure."1

Contrast Jacob's great distress, upon hearing that Joseph had apparently
been killed (37:34-35), with his lack of response upon hearing that Dinah
had been raped. He favored Rachel's children terribly.

"The story is a tangled skein of good and evil, as are all the
patriarchal narratives."2

Dinah must have been a teenager at this time. Keil and Delitzsch calculated
from other references in Genesis that she was between 13 and 15, Davis
wrote that she was 15 or 16, and Leupold believed that she was 14 or 15.3

34:1-17 Here is another instance of a man seeing a woman and taking

her for himself, like the "sons of God" took "the daughters of
mankind" (cf. 6:2).

"This occurrence serves to illustrate the low

standard of morals prevalent among the
Canaanites. Any unattended female could be
raped, and in the transactions that ensue neither
father nor son feel the need of apologizing for or
excusing what had been committed."4

Moses used the name "Israel" here for the first time as a
reference to God's chosen people (v. 7). The family of Jacob
had a special relationship to God by divine calling, reflected in
the name "Israel" ("Prince with God"). Therefore Shechem's
act was an especially "disgraceful thing," having been
committed against a member of the family with the unique
calling in the world (cf. Deut. 22:21; Josh. 7:15; Judg. 20:10;
2 Sam. 13:12; et al.).

"What had happened to Dinah was considered by

Jacob's family to be of the same nature as what

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 458.

2Ross, "Genesis," p. 83.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:311; Davis, Paradise to …, p. 256; Leupold, 2:897.
4Ibid., 2:898.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 393

later was known as 'a disgraceful thing in Israel'

[i.e., rape]."1

As was customary in their culture, Jacob's sons took an active

part in approving their sister's marriage (v. 13; cf. 24:50).2
They were correct in opposing the end in view: the mixing of
the chosen seed with the seed of the Canaanites. Yet they
were wrong in adopting the means they chose to achieve their
end. In their deception, they show themselves to be "chips off
the old block," Jacob. The Hivites negotiated in good faith, but
the Jacobites renegotiated treacherously (vv.13-17; cf. Prov.
3:29; Amos 1:9).

"… Jacob's sons are guilty of treating the sign of

the covenant [circumcision] lightly and of
dishonoring it."3

"Marriage was always preceded by betrothal, in

which the bridegroom's family paid a mhd
'marriage present' to the bride's family (1 Sam
18:25). In cases of premarital intercourse, this
still had to be paid to legitimize the union, and the
girl's father was allowed to fix the size of the
marriage present (Exod 22:15-16 [16-17];
limited by Deut 22:29 to a maximum of fifty
shekels). Here it seems likely that Shechem is
offering both a 'marriage present' to Jacob and 'a
gift' to Dinah."4

34:18-31 We can explain the agreement of "the people of their city,"

including both "Hamor" (meaning "donkey," a valued and
respected animal) and "Shechem" (v. 18), to undergo
circumcision. Other nations besides Jacob's family practiced
this rite, at this time in history, as an act of consecration.5
Jacob was not suggesting that these men convert from one

1Aalders, p. 156.
2Thomson, 1:451.
3Leupold, 2:904.
4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 312-13.
5Keil and Delitzsch, 1:313-14.
394 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

religion to another.1 Normally circumcision was practiced on

young adults, rather than on infants, though God told Abraham
to circumcise the infants born in his family (17:12-14).

It [circumcision] was "sometimes an initiation into

marriageable status."2

Dinah, Simeon, and Levi were the children of Jacob and Leah,
the "unloved wife." Simeon and Levi doubtless felt closer to
Dinah, being full brothers and sister, than some of their half-
brothers did. But Reuben, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun were
also Leah's children, and thus Dinah's full brothers. The fact
that only Simeon and Levi reacted as they did, against the men
of Shechem, suggests that they responded with excessive
recklessness (cf. 49:5-7).3 Perhaps Jacob's indifference to
Dinah's plight, evidenced by his lack of action, encouraged the
violent overreaction of her brothers.4

While Simeon and Levi took the lead in this atrocity, all of
Jacob's sons evidently participated with them in the looting of
the city (v. 27; cf. vv. 28-29). This was only the first of several
notorious incidents that took place at Shechem (cf. Judg.
9:30-49; Jer. 41:4-8; Hos. 6:9).

Jacob's distress arose because of two facts (v. 30). His sons
had committed murder and robbery, and his family had now
broken a covenant—a very serious act in their society.

"His [Jacob's] censure is more a peevish

complaint."5

"It is ironic to hear Jacob venting his disgust over

Simeon's and Levi's failure to honor their word,
especially in terms of its potential consequence

1J. Milgrom, "Religious Conversion and the Revolt Model for the Formation of Israel,"
Journal of Biblical Literature 101 (1982):173.
2Kidner, p. 174.
3Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 590.
4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 308-10.
5von Rad, p. 334.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 395

for Jacob, for he had done exactly that on more

than one occasion."1

"Jacob's complaint to Simeon and Levi was utterly

unworthy of a man of faith. It breathed the spirit
of selfish fear from first to last."2

Deception proceeded to murder and pillage. As a result of this

sin, Jacob later passed over Simeon and Levi when he gave his
final blessing to his sons (49:5-7). He favored Judah instead.

"The crafty character of Jacob degenerated into

malicious cunning in Simeon and Levi; and jealousy
for the exalted vocation of their family, into actual
sin."3

"Of course, fear is natural in such a situation, but

the reasons Jacob gives for damning his sons
betray him. He does not condemn them for the
massacre, for abusing the rite of circumcision, or
even for breach of contract. Rather, he protests
that the consequences of their action have made
him unpopular. Nor does he seem worried by his
daughter's rape or the prospect of intermarriage
with the Canaanites. He is only concerned for his
own skin."4

It is interesting that Simeon and Levi, when responding to

Jacob, referred to Dinah as "our sister" (v. 31), rather than as
"your daughter," which would have been more appropriate.
This implies that, since Jacob had not showed enough concern
for Dinah, her blood-brothers felt compelled to act in her
defense. This is an early indication that Jacob's family was
already dysfunctional and crumbling, which becomes obvious
when Joseph's brothers turn on him, sell him as a slave, and lie
to their father (37:12-36).

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 371.

2Morgan, An Exposition …, p. 27.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:315.
4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 316. Cf. 19:8.
396 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The significance of this chapter is fourfold at least:

1. It explains why Jacob passed over Simeon and Levi for special
blessing just before he died.

2. It shows the importance of keeping the chosen seed separate from

the Canaanites.1

"The law [of Moses] said that Israel was not to

intermarry with the Canaanites or make treaties with
them but was to destroy them because they posed such
a threat. This passage provides part of the rationale for
such laws, for it describes how immoral Canaanites
defiled Israel by sexual contact and attempted to marry
for the purpose of swallowing up Israel."2

Noah's curse on Canaan and his seed had warned the rest of
humanity that bad things would happen to people who mixed with
the Canaanites (cf. 9:25-27).

"People who live on the borderland between church and

world are like those who lived in the old days on the
borders between England and Scotland—they are never
safe."3

3. It gives a reason for the sanctification of Jacob's household that

follows (35:2-4).

4. It demonstrates the sovereign control of God.

"While the story in this chapter operates at a level of

family honor and the brothers' concern for their ravaged
sister, the story nevertheless also carries along the
theme that runs so clearly through the Jacob narratives,
namely, that God works through and often in spite of
the limited self-serving plans of human beings. The
writer's purpose is not to approve these human plans

1See Calum M. Carmichael, "Forbidden Mixtures," Vetus Testamentum 32:4 (1982):394-

415.
2Ross, Creation and …, p. 569.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 325.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 397

and schemes but to show how God, in his sovereign

grace, could still achieve his purpose through them."1

"What message does such a sordid episode have in the Jacob-

Joseph narratives? At this point forward, Genesis turns its
attention to Jacob's sons, the progenitors of Israel's twelve
tribes. After the tension of the Jacob-Esau struggle was
alleviated in chap. 33's account of the twin's pacification, the
author sets out to demonstrate the seedy character of Jacob's
descendants, raising the specter that the promises are again
in peril."2

Abraham had dealt honorably with the Hittites (ch. 23), and Isaac had
behaved peacefully with the Philistines (2612-33). But now, Jacob's sons
became the aggressors in a conflict with the Hivites. Simeon and Levi's
unrepentant treachery stands in stark contrast to Esau and Jacob's recent
moral transformations. In contrast to the Isaac incident in chapter 27
(Jacob's deception of Isaac), this chapter contains no prayer, no divine
revelation, no promised blessing, and no explicit mention of God.3

"Jacob's move to Shechem set the stage for a series of

setbacks. What should have been a period of blessing for Jacob
and his family in the land of promise (31:3, 13) turned into
one misfortune after another."4

Younger zealots, such as Simeon and Levi, can sometimes bring reproach
on God through their misguided zeal. This can happen when spiritual leaders
such as Jacob are indifferent to pagan defilement, and fail to act decisively
against it.5

"… this story shows Jacob's old nature reasserting itself, a

man whose moral principles are weak, who is fearful of standing
up for right when it may cost him dearly, who doubts God's

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 200; and idem, "Genesis," p. 214.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 576-77.
3Ibid.,
p. 578.
4BrianN. Peterson, "'Jacob's Trouble': The Shechem Fiasco and the Breaking of Covenant
in Genesis 34," Bibliotheca Sacra 176:703 (July-September 2019):285.
5For an interesting summary of post-biblical rabbinic traditions concerning the characters

and events in this chapter, see Jeffrey K. Salkin, "Dinah, The Torah's Forgotten Woman,"
Judaism 35:3 (Summer 1986):284-89.
398 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

power to protect, and who allows hatred to divide him from his
children just as it had divided him from his brother."1

Many believers bring the wrath of unbelievers on themselves and on other

believers by their ungodly behavior, as Jacob, Simeon, and Levi did.

15. Jacob's return to Bethel ch. 35

After God reminded Jacob of his previous commitment to Him (28:20-22),

the patriarch returned to Bethel to worship Yahweh, bringing closure to the
past. There the LORD reconfirmed the promises to him, and completed his
family with the birth of Benjamin. However, Jacob also experienced three
deaths, and rebellion against himself by Reuben. The deaths of Deborah,
Rachel, and Isaac signal the end of an era.

Jacob's renewed consecration to Yahweh 35:1-8

About 10 years had passed since Jacob had returned from Paddan-aram,
but he had not yet returned to Bethel to fulfill his vow there (28:20-22).
He should have gone there immediately after making peace with Esau,
rather than settling near Shechem. His negligence evidently was due in part
to the continuing presence of the idols that Rachel—and probably others—
had brought from Haran. Perhaps their allegiance to these gods had
restrained Jacob's total commitment to Yahweh (cf. 1 Kings 11:3-4).

God appeared to Jacob (the fourth time), and commanded him now to fulfill
his vow (v. 1). This revelation encouraged Jacob to stop procrastinating.
This is the first and only time God commanded a patriarch to build an altar.
This command constituted a test of Jacob's obedience, similar to
Abraham's test when God instructed him to offer up "a burnt offering" on
Mt. Moriah (22:2). In preparation for his trip to Bethel, Jacob purged his
household of idolatry—by literally burying Rachel's idols, along with all the
other objects associated with the worship of these gods. He also purified
them from the defilement of the blood his family had shed in Shechem (ch.
34).

"It is significant that Jacob called God the one 'who answered
me in the day of my distress and who has been with me
wherever I have gone' (v. 3). That epithet serves as a fitting

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 318.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 399

summary of the picture of God that has emerged from the

Jacob narratives. Jacob was in constant distress; yet in each
instance God remained faithful to his promise and delivered
him."1

The "oak" referred to here (v. 4) seems to have been "the oak of Moreh"
(lit. "teacher"), where God had appeared to Abraham shortly after he had
entered the land (12:6).

"At the same spot, possibly prompted by Jacob's example,

Joshua was one day to issue a very similar call to Israel (Josh.
24:23ff.)."2

God blessed Jacob for his commitment, expressed in his burying the idols
("foreign gods") and earrings ("rings which were in their ears")—perhaps
taken from the Shechemites—by placing the fear ("a great terror") of
Jacob's family in the hearts of the Canaanites, whom they passed on their
way to Bethel (vv. 5-8; cf. Prov. 16:7). Perhaps God used the memory of
Simeon and Levi's fierce treatment of the Shechemites to cause the
Canaanites to fear Jacob and his family.

"Throughout his life Jacob has had to contend with his own
fears—fear of God (28:17), fear of Laban (31:31), fear of Esau
(32:8, 12 [Eng. 7, 11]). Nobody had been in fear of him.
Angry, yes; fearful, no."3

Jacob faithfully fulfilled his vow to God at Luz, which he renamed "Bethel"
("House of God," v. 15). He named the place of his altar "El-Bethel" ("God
of Bethel," v. 7), in memory of God's first revelation to him there. This is
the first spiritual "revival" recorded in the Bible.

Deborah, Rebekah's nurse (cf. 24:59), must have been an important

member of Jacob's household to merit this notice of her death by the
writer. She may have left Beersheba with Jacob, or she may have joined
him later, after the death of Rebekah. The reference to Deborah is probably
a way of reminding the reader of Rebekah, and of alluding to her death in a

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 217.

2Kidner,p. 175.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 377.
400 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

veiled manner.1 This may have been appropriate in view of Rebekah's

deception of Isaac (ch. 27).2

Yahweh's reconfirmation of the covenant 35:9-15

God then appeared again to Jacob at Bethel (the fifth revelation), after
Jacob had fulfilled his vow to God and built an altar there. This revelation
came 30 years after the first one to Jacob at Bethel. In this case, God
appeared in visible (bodily) form ("God went up from him in the place," v.
13). In the former instance, Jacob had seen a vision.

God now confirmed Jacob's name change (cf. 32:28). This new name,
Israel, was a pledge from God that He would do what He now promised
Jacob: to give him numerous descendants and the whole land of Canaan.3
Here God summed up all the long-range promises that He had made to
Jacob at various times in his life.

"The purpose of the second renaming is to erase the original

negative connotation and to give the name Israel a more
neutral or even positive connotation—the connotation it is to
have for the remainder of the Torah. It does so by removing
the notion of struggle associated with the wordplay in 23:28
and letting it stand in a positive light "4

God's use of His name God Almighty (El Shaddai) is significant in view of
what God promised Jacob. It would take an omnipotent God to fulfill these
promises (cf. 17:1-2). God expanded the former promises, and added to
the significance of the name Israel (vv. 10-11; cf. 28:4, 13-15; 31:3, 13;
32:12, 28).

Jacob solemnized this occasion by setting up a second "memorial stone,"

which perpetuated the memory of God's faithfulness for the benefit of
Jacob's descendants (v. 14; cf. 28:18). He not only set the stone apart as
special (consecrated it) by pouring oil on it, as he had done 30 years earlier,

1Gary A. Rendsburg, "Notes on Genesis XXXV," Vetus Testamentum 34:3 (July

1984):361-65.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 473.
3See Chee-Chiew Lee, "[Goim] in Genesis 35:11 and the Abrahamic Promise of Blessings

for the Nations," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 52:3 (September
2009):467-82.
4Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 203. Cf. idem, "Genesis," pp. 217-18.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 401

but also made an a drink offering to God there, and renamed the place
Bethel. The drink offering probably consisted of pouring some wine on the
stone.1 It constituted a personal sacrifice to God.

"Bethel occupies something of the same focal place in Jacob's

career that the birth of Isaac occupied for Abraham, testing
his fluctuating obedience and his hold on the promise, for more
than twenty years."2

God's blessing of Jacob when his dedication was complete illustrates the
LORD's response to those who fully obey Him.

"The importance of God's words to Jacob in vv. 11-12 cannot

be overemphasized. First, God's words 'be fruitful and increase
in number' recalled clearly the primeval blessing of Creation
(1:28) and hence showed God to be still 'at work' in bringing
about the blessing to all mankind through Jacob. Second, for
the first time since 17:16 ('kings of peoples will come from
her'), the mention is made of royalty ('kings,' v. 11) in the
promised line. Third, the promise of the land, first given to
Abraham and then to Isaac, was renewed here with Jacob (v.
12). Thus within these brief words several major themes of the
book have come together. The primeval blessing of mankind
was renewed through the promise of a royal offspring and the
gift of the land."3

We can enjoy the fellowship with God that He created us to enjoy, only
when we commit ourselves wholeheartedly to Him and obey His Word.

"It is noteworthy that there are certain things in connection

with the spiritual life that must be entirely given up and
destroyed, for it is impossible to sanctify or consecrate them.
They must be buried and left behind, for they cannot possibly
be devoted to the service of God. There are things that have
to be cut off and cannot be consecrated. Books have to be
burned (note xix. 19). Evil habits have to be broken. Sin must

1The Nelson …, p. 68.

2Kidner, p. 174.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 218.
402 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

be put away. There are things that are beyond all

reclamation."1

"… if only we yield ourselves wholly and utterly to the hand of

God, our lives, whatever the past may have been, shall be
monuments, miracles, marvels of the grace of God."2

Still, all of Jacob's problems were not behind him.

"Just as Abraham had two sons and only one was the son of
promise, and just as Isaac had two sons and only one was the
son of the blessing, so now Jacob, though he has twelve sons,
has two wives (Leah and Rachel); and each has a son (Judah
and Joseph) that can rightfully contend for the blessing. In the
narratives that follow, the writer holds both sons, Joseph and
Judah, before the readers as rightful heirs of the promise. As
the Jacob narratives have already anticipated, in the end it was
Judah, the son of Leah, not Joseph, the son of Rachel, that
gained the blessing (49:8-12)."3

The birth of Benjamin, death of Rachel, and sin of Reuben 35:16-29

Was Jacob disobedient to God when he left Bethel? God had told him to go
to Bethel and "live there" ("dwell" [AV, NKJV, ESV] or "settle [NIV, TNIV,
NRSV, HCSB, NEB] or "make your home" there [CEV], v. 1). This may have
been a command to live there temporarily, while he fulfilled his vow. On the
other hand, God may have wanted Jacob to establish permanent residence,
to settle down there. This seems unlikely, however, since Jacob remained
a semi-nomad.

35:16-22a Ben-oni means "Son of My Pain" (v. 18). Oni in Hebrew can
mean either "trouble" or "wealth." In this case it means
trouble. For Rachel, Benjamin's birth was a fatally painful
experience. However, the birth of his twelfth son eased Jacob's
sorrow over Rachel's death. He named his son Benjamin,
meaning "Son of the Right Hand" or "Son of my Good

1Thomas, Genesis, pp. 331,

2Ibid., p. 336.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 218.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 403

Fortune."1 This is the only son that Jacob named, which

suggests his renewed leadership of the family, at least over
Rachel's sons. Benjamin was born on land that later became
part of his tribe's allotment.

Jacob buried Rachel "on the way to Ephrath (that is,

Bethlehem)." Later, Jacob said, "Rachel died … on the journey,
when there was still some distance to go to Ephrath. I buried
her there on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem)" (48:7).
This burial site was evidently somewhere between Bethel, and
"Ephrath," an older name for Bethlehem ("House of Bread," v.
19). Both Bethlehem and nearby Kiriath-jeraim ("City of
Forests") became known as Ephrath (or Ephratha), because
the clan of Ephrath settled in both towns (cf. 1 Chron. 2:50).

First Samuel 10:2 says that Rachel's tomb was "in the territory
of Benjamin at Zelzah," a site that is presently unknown but
was evidently south of Bethel.2 Jeremiah 31:15 says that
Rachel wept for her children near Ramah, which was near the
center of the territory of Benjamin, which was also south of
Bethel, and north of both Jerusalem and Bethlehem. This is not
a reference to where she died or was buried, however. Since
the fourth century B.C., another site, still covered with a
mausoleum a mile north of Bethlehem, in the territory of
Judah, has been venerated as the burial place of Rachel.

The record of Benjamin's birth and Rachel's death

demonstrates God's faithfulness in providing descendants. It
also gives the origin (etiology) of the tribe of Benjamin, and it
shows Rachel's important place in the growth of the chosen
family.

The opening section of the Isaac toledot (25:19-26) contained

the record of two births: Esau's and Jacob's. Its closing section
(35:16-29) documented two deaths: Deborah's and Rachel's.
Ironically Rachel, who had cried in desperation to Jacob, "Give

1See James Muilenberg, "The Birth of Benjamin," Journal of Biblical Literature 75

(1956):194-201.
2Carl G. Rasmussen, Zondervan Atlas of the Bible, pp. 113, 302.
404 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

me children, or else I die" (30:1), died giving birth to the child

that he gave her.

The Tower of Eder (v. 21, Migdal-eder) was simply a

watchtower, built to help shepherds protect their flocks from
robbers (v. 21; cf. 2 Kings 18:8; 2 Chron. 26:10; 27:4). Since
the time of Jerome, the early church father who lived for a
time in Bethlehem, tradition has held that this watchtower
stood very close to Bethlehem.

A concubine (v. 22) was sometimes a slave with whom her

owner had sexual relations. She enjoyed some of the privileges
of a wife, and people sometimes called her a wife in patriarchal
times, but she was not a wife in the full sense of the term.

Reuben may have wanted to prevent Rachel's maid from

succeeding Rachel as his father's favorite wife. He probably
resented the fact that Jacob did not honor his mother.1
Reuben's act constituted a claim against and challenge to his
father, as well as being an immoral act (cf. Deut. 22:30; 2 Sam.
16:21-22; 1 Kings 2:13-25). In the ancient Near East, a man
who wanted to assert his superiority over another man, might
do so by having sexual relations with that man's wife or
concubine (cf. 2 Sam. 16:21-22). Ancient Near Easterners
regarded this act of physical domination as an evidence of
personal superiority.

"Taking the concubine of one's predecessor was a

perverted way of claiming to be the new lord of
the bride."2

Reuben's act, therefore, demonstrated rebellion against

Jacob's authority, as well as unbridled lust. It resulted in his
losing his birthright as the firstborn of Jacob's sons. Judah and
his descendants later obtained the right to rule as head of the
Israelites, and Levi and his descendants eventually received the
priestly leadership. The double portion of his father Jacob's

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 327.

2Jordan, p. 65.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 405

inheritance went to Joseph, who realized it through his two

sons, Ephraim and Manasseh (cf. 1 Chron. 5:1-2).

"At an early stage in the narrative Reuben had

played some small part in the all too brief
restoration to his mother of her conjugal rights
(Gen. XXX. 14ff.), but now, at the end of the
Jacob narrative, it is by his agency that the
supplanter is well and truly supplanted."1

As at Shechem, Jacob appears to have reacted passively at

this time. Moses wrote that Jacob heard of Reuben's act, but
not that he did anything about it.

35:22b-27 This paragraph is important because it records the entrance of

Jacob into his father's inheritance. Jacob presumably visited
Isaac in Hebron on various occasions following his return from
Paddan-aram. However, on this occasion he moved his family
to his father's encampment, and evidently remained there as
Isaac's heir.

Jacob had left Beersheba with only a staff in his hand. Now he
returned with 12 sons, a large household, and much livestock.
The most important aspect of God's blessing was his 12 sons,
grouped here with their four mothers, through whom God
would proceed to fulfill His promises to the patriarchs.

Benjamin was not born in Paddan-aram, of course, but near

Bethlehem (vv. 16-18). Therefore, the statement that Jacob's
12 sons were born in Paddan-aram (v. 26) must be understood
as a general one, possibly a synecdoche.

35:28-29 With the record of Jacob entering into his father's inheritance,
the history of Isaac's life concludes. He died several years later,
and was buried in the cave of Machpelah near Hebron (49:29-
31). Isaac lived for 12 years after Jacob's relocation to
Hebron. He probably shared Jacob's grief over the apparent

1George G. Nicol, "Genesis XXIX. 32 and XXXV. 22a: Reuben's Reversal," Journal of
Theological Studies 31:2 (October 1980):538.
406 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

death of Joseph, but died shortly before Joseph's promotion

in Egypt.1

"The end of the Jacob narratives is marked by the

death of his father, Isaac. The purpose of this
notice is not simply to record Isaac's death but
rather to show the complete fulfillment of God's
promise to Jacob (28:21). According to Jacob's
vow, he had asked that God watch over him during
his sojourn and return him safely to the house of
his father. Thus the conclusion of the narrative
marks the final fulfillment of these words as Jacob
returned to the house of his father, Isaac, before
he died."2

This chapter teaches us that it is very important that God's people follow
through and keep the commitments they have made concerning
participation in His program. When they commit themselves to Him in purity
and worship, He commits Himself to blessing them.

D. WHAT BECAME OF ESAU 36:1—37:1

Moses included this relatively short, segmented genealogy (toledot) in the

sacred record to show God's faithfulness in multiplying Abraham's seed—
as He had promised. It also provides connections with the descendants of
Esau referred to later in the history of Israel. Among his descendants were
the Edomites (v. 8) and the Amalekites (v. 12). Lot, Ishmael, and Esau all
walked out of the line of promise. This list also includes earlier inhabitants,
of the area later known as Edom (lit. "Red"), whom Esau brought under his
control.3

We can divide this chapter as follows:

Esau's three wives and five sons (vv. 1-8)

Esau's five sons and 10 grandsons (vv. 9-14)

1See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:320, for a chronology of these events.

2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 220.
3The NET Bible note on 36:1.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 407

Chiefs (political or military leaders) descended from Esau (vv. 15-19)

Chiefs of the Horites, with whom the Edomites intermarried and

whom they dispossessed (vv. 20-30)

Kings of Edom (vv. 31-39)

A final list of chiefs (vv. 40-43)

Different names of Esau's wives appear here as compared with what Moses
recorded earlier (v. 2; cf. 26:34; 28:9). Women often received new names
when they married. Also, people added surnames to given names later in
life.1

Esau married a Hittite (v. 2), a Hivite (v. 2) who was a descendant of a
Horite (Hurrian, v. 20), and an Ishmaelite (v. 3). Some commentators
connected the Horites with cave dwellers, since the Hebrew word for cave
is hor.2

"Recent archaeological discoveries have shown that these

people were not to be explained as cave-dwellers but are to be
identified with an important group in the Near East in
Patriarchal times. The homeland of the Horites (Hurrians) was
apparently the region south of the Caucasus. From there they
swarmed into northern Mesopotamia after 2400 B.C., and in
the following years Hurrian names are found to be common in
the archaeological records even in southern Mesopotamia."3

"A man's choice in his marriage, more than anything else in this
life, makes it manifest what that man is, and where his heart
is."4

Esau's sons were born in Canaan and then moved out of the Promised Land
to Seir. Jacob's sons, except for Benjamin, were born outside Canaan in
Paddan-aram, and later moved into the Promised Land.

"That there are two toledot headings for Esau makes his
treatment in two consecutive sections exceptional in the book.

1Keiland Delitzsch, 1:321.

2E.g.,Speiser, p. 283; Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 223.
3Free, p. 72.
4Whyte, 1:101.
408 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The first section [36:1-8] focuses on family and homeland, and

the second [36:9—37:1] centers on his offspring as a
developing nation. These two sections are flanked by the major
narrative toledot sections of Isaac (25:19—35:29) and Jacob
(37:2—50:26)."1

The descendants of Kenaz (vv. 11, 15) later affiliated with the tribe of
Judah.2 The descendants of Amalek (v. 12) separated from the other
Edomites, and became an independent people early in their history.3 A
group of them settled in what later became southern Judah, as far as
Kadesh and the border of Egypt (14:7; Num. 13:29; 14:43, 45). Another
branch of the tribe settled in the hill country of Ephraim that was in central
Canaan (Judg. 12:15). The largest group of Amalekites lived in Arabia to
the southeast of Canaan and Edom. They united on occasion with their
neighbors, the Midianites (Judg. 6:3; 7:12) and the Ammonites (Judg.
3:13). Saul defeated the Amalekites (1 Sam. 14:48; 15:2), as David did
after him (1 Sam. 27:8; 30:1; 2 Sam 8:12). Some Simeonites finally
exterminated them during Hezekiah's reign (1 Chron. 4:42-43).

"What is most interesting about the king list [vv. 31-39] is

that it reflects an elective kingship rather than a dynastic
one."4

"These 'kings' may have indeed been charismatic individuals

who, like the judges, assumed their office without regard to
heredity."5

This list of Edomite kings (vv. 31-39) demonstrates the partial fulfillment
of God's promises that kings would come from Abraham's and Jacob's loins
(17:16; 35:11).

"It might seem unusual that such detail concerning the

descendants of Esau be included, but the relationship between

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 632.

2J. Milgrom, Numbers, pp. 391-92.
3See the chart illustrating their family relationship among my comments on 25:1-6.
4Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 400.
5Ibid.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 409

Esau and Jacob, and then between the nations of Edom and
Israel, is a theme of the entire Old Testament."1

"What Israelites did to Canaanites, Esauites did to Horites.

Thus Gen. 36 is moving backward from the conquerors (vv. 9-
19) to the conquered (vv. 20-30)."2

Verse 31 may be a post-Mosaic explanation, written after Israel had kings,

to show that the Edomites were also a powerful people with kings, even
before there were kings in Israel.3 On the other hand, Moses could have
written this statement, since he knew that kings would eventually arise in
Israel, because God had promised them. The presence of kings in Edom is
further proof of God's blessing on Esau, one of Abraham's descendants.

"We may suppose it was a great trial to the faith of God's Israel
to hear of the pomp and power of the kings of Edom, while
they were bond-slaves in Egypt [assuming that Moses wrote
Genesis before the Exodus]; but those that look for great
things from God must be content to wait for them; God's time
is the best time."4

Jacob was living at Hebron when Joseph's brothers sold him, and he may
have continued living there until he moved to Egypt ("the land where his
father had lived," 37:1; cf. 35:27).

"Verse 1 [of chapter 37] belongs structurally to the preceding

narrative as a conclusion to the Jacob story. It shows Jacob
back in the Land of Promise but still dwelling there as a
sojourner like his father before him. The writer's point is to
show that the promises of God had not yet been completely
fulfilled and that Jacob, as his fathers before him, was still
awaiting the fulfillment."5

1Davis,Paradise to …, p. 259. For archaeological discoveries relating to the Edomites, see

Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, "New Light on the Edomites," Biblical Archaeological Review 14:2
(March-April 1988):28-41.
2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 397.
3Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 656.
4Matthew Henry, p. 57.
5Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 225. Cf. Heb. 11:39.
410 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Theologically, the whole narrative cycle of Jacob and Esau

[chs. 25—36] is determined by the concept of blessing. The
object of the rivalry between the brothers is a blessing. Even
the interlude of Jacob and Laban deals with this blessing (the
consequences of the blessing in the fertility of Jacob's flock,
the effect of the blessing beyond the individual receiving it);
the central section of this interlude, which deals with the birth
and naming of Jacob's children, is concerned with the blessing
of children."1

Perhaps the major lesson of this genealogy is that secular greatness

develops faster than spiritual greatness. Consequently the godly must wait
patiently for the fulfillment of God's promises.

E. WHAT BECAME OF JACOB 37:2—50:26

Here begins the tenth and last toledot in Genesis. Jacob remains a major
character throughout Genesis. Moses recorded his death in chapter 49.
Nevertheless Joseph replaces him as the focus of the writer's attention at
this point.2 These chapters are not entirely about Joseph, however. The
writer showed interest in all the sons of Jacob, and among them, especially
Judah.3

"The emphasis now shifts from Jacob's personal struggles to

receive the blessing promised to Abraham and Isaac, to the
events in Jacob's life that lead up to the formation of Israel as
a nation."4

The story of Joseph also links the history of the patriarchs with their
settlement in Egypt.

"The Joseph story develops the theme of the Pentateuch by

showing the gradual fulfillment of the promises made to

1Westermann, The Promises …, p. 91.

2For some enriching insights into the similarities between the stories of Jacob and Joseph,
see Peter Miscall, "The Jacob and Joseph Stories As Analogies," Journal for the Study of
the Old Testament 6 (February 1978):28-40.
3See Bryan Smith, "The Central Role of Judah in Genesis 37—50," Bibliotheca Sacra

162:646 (April-June 2005):158-74.

4Aalders, 2:179.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 411

Abraham in 12:1-3. In particular, it shows how God blesses the

nations through the descendants of Abraham [cf. 50:20]."1

"The theme of the Joseph narrative concerns God's hidden and

decisive power which works in and through but also against
human forms of power. A 'soft' word for that reality is
providence. A harder word for the same reality is
predestination. Either way God is working out his purpose
through and in spite of Egypt, through and in spite of Joseph
and his brothers."2

"The story of Joseph and his brothers encourages us to

recognize the sovereignty of God in the affairs of life and to
trust His promises no matter how dark the day may be."3

Richard Patterson concluded that the genre of the Joseph story in chapters
37—50 is a "court narrative." He provided many observations on the
narrative features of the story.4

"The Joseph story, though different in style from that of the

patriarchs, continues the theme of the patriarchal narratives—
God overcomes obstacles to the fulfillment of the promise."5

Albright commented on the Joseph narrative from a literary point of view:

"Nothing in the ancient Near East can equal the dramatic

portrayal of Joseph's career—Jacob's grief, Joseph's purity
and generosity, the shame and remorse of his brethren."6

Herbert Wolf's observation was theological:

"Rarely has God's providence been so evident in such an

extended passage."7

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 344.

2Brueggemann, Genesis, p. 293.
3Wiersbe, pp. 158-59.
4Richard D. Patterson, "Joseph in Pharaoh's Court," Bibliotheca Sacra 164:654 (April-June
2007):148-64.
5Longman and Dillard, p. 60.
6Albright, Archaeology and …, p. 23.
7Wolf, p. 121.
412 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The books of Ruth and Esther also emphasize divine providence. Human
responsibility is as much a revelation of this section as divine sovereignty.

William Newell and Gaebelein stressed the typological significance of

Joseph's story:

"'The sufferings of Christ and the glories that should follow

them' [1 Pet. 1:11] is the theme which his story so wondrously
sets forth."1

"The Holy Spirit has devoted more space to the life of Joseph
than He devoted to Abraham. The reason for this must be
sought in the fact that the story of Joseph foreshadows the
story of Christ."2

This section of Genesis is so long because it illustrates so fully and

beautifully, in narrative form, the whole process of divine redemption that
the rest of Scripture unpacks.

1. God's choice of Joseph 37:2-11

Joseph faithfully served his father, even bringing back a bad report of his
brothers' behavior to him, for which Jacob expressed his love by giving
Joseph preferential treatment. However, his brothers envied and hated him.
God, through a dream, confirmed His choice of Joseph as leader—an event
that annoyed and perplexed Jacob and infuriated Joseph's brothers.

37:2-4 Joseph was tending his father's flock with his brothers, "the
sons of Bilhah and the sons of Zilpah." Why Moses did not also
mention the sons of Leah remains a mystery. Reuben and
Judah, who play important roles in this incident, were sons of
Leah.

This description prefigures Joseph's later shepherding role in

relation to his brothers, after they became dependent on him.
David also tended sheep in preparation for his role as a leader
of people.

1Newell, p. 95. See pp. 95-97 for 18 parallels between Joseph and Christ.
2Gaebelein, 1:1:76.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 413

Joseph's "bad report" (v. 2) implies that the brothers were

participating in serious wicked behavior. This is not hard to
believe, in view of their former treatment of the Shechemites,
and their later treatment of Joseph and Jacob.

The use of the name Israel (v. 3) suggests that Jacob's special
love for Joseph had a divine origin, and was part of God's plan
for the chosen family. However, Jacob's favoritism of Joseph
over his other sons was wrong, and fueled the brothers' hatred
of Joseph. Favoritism had a long history in Jacob's family
(Isaac's preference for Esau, Rebekah's for Jacob, and Jacob's
preference for Rachel). In every case, it created major
problems. Leah "was hated," and her sons "hated" (cf. 29:31,
33).

"Son of his old age" (v. 3) means "wise son," or "son of

wisdom." Joseph was "old" (mature) for his years; he had the
wisdom of age in his youth. Joseph was born when Jacob was
91 years old, but he was not Jacob's youngest son. One of
Joseph's brothers was younger than he: Benjamin.

The "multicolored tunic" (v. 3) was probably also a long robe.

The sons of nobles wore long robes with long sleeves and
ornamentation, like Joseph's, as did Tamar, King David's
daughter (2 Sam. 13:18).

"It was a mark of distinction that carried its own

meaning, for it implied that exemption from labor
which was the peculiar privilege of the heir or
prince of the Eastern clan."1

During a visit to Lebanon, I observed a gentleman with a very

long fingernail on his fifth finger. I later learned that it identified
him as a man who did not have to work with his hands, which
would have been impossible with such a long fingernail. This is
similar to what Joseph's "tunic" said about his status, though,
of course, Joseph did do manual labor.

Such a garment as Joseph wore identified the possessor of the

birthright. This sign of Jacob's love for Joseph constantly

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 356.

414 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

irritated the jealous brothers. Sibling rivalry continues to mark

Genesis, from Cain and Abel, to Jacob and Esau, to Joseph and
his brothers.

"Jacob's partiality for Rachel and for her two sons

doomed his family to the same strife he had
experienced in his father's household."1

"The story of Jacob features rocks; that of Joseph

features robes (37:3, 23; 39:12; 41:14). These
palpable objects symbolize something of the
characters' social and/or spiritual situations."2

37:5-11 Joseph's dreams were revelations from God (cf. 40:8; 41:16,
25, 28). Joseph, his brothers, and his father did not grasp their
significance fully until God brought them to pass. Joseph
regarded his dreams as important, however, and therefore did
not hesitate to make them known to his family.

"Joseph was more of a prophet than a politician,

else he would have kept this to himself, when he
could not but know that his brethren did already
hate him and that this would but the more
exasperate them."3

"This is the first dream in the Bible in which God

does not speak (cf. 20:3; 28:12-15; 31:11, 24).
It forms a transition in the dominant means of
God's revelation from theophany in Genesis 1—
11, to dreams and visions in Genesis 12—35, and
now to providence in Genesis 36—50. These three
stages resemble the three parts of TaNaK (i.e.,
the OT). In the Torah ('Law'), God speaks to
Moses in theophany; in the Nebiim ('Prophets'), he
speaks in dreams and visions; and in the Ketubim

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p, 689.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 499.
3Matthew Henry, p. 58.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 415

('Writings'), he works mostly through

providence."1

In the first dream (v. 7), God revealed that Joseph's brothers
would come to him for bread (food), symbolized by the
sheaves of grain. Note the agricultural motif in both the dream
and its fulfillment. His brothers did not fail to see Joseph's
position of superiority over them (v. 8), and they resented,
still more, humiliation from him.

In the second dream (v. 9), which was even grander than the
first, Joseph was himself supreme over the whole house of
Israel, symbolized by the sun and moon and eleven stars. The
repetition of the main point of the dream confirmed that what
God predicted would certainly happen (cf. 41:32). (Repetition
in biblical narratives is a literary device that usually emphasizes
certainty.) Jacob took note of these revelations, but resented
the possibility that his son might be in a position of authority
over him (vv. 10-11). Many people today, also, are offended
by God's election of some to special prominence and
usefulness, especially close family members.

Some interpreters of this incident have concluded that Joseph

should not have shared his vision with his family, and others
have believed that he should. Whether he should or should not
have done so, he did it.

"Joseph is depicted as morally good but immature

and bratty. His tattling, boasting, and robe
parading inflames his brother's hatred against
him."2

"God's future agent and mouthpiece in Egypt

could hardly make a worse impression on his first
appearance: spoiled brat, talebearer, braggart."3

Textual references cannot establish whether Joseph at this

time realized that his dreams were divine prophecies or not.

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 500.

2Ibid., p. 498.
3Sternberg, p. 98.
416 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

People often regarded dreams as divine revelations in the

ancient East.1 If Joseph did so, the fact that he related them
boldly to his family may indicate his faith.2

"More than likely, the dream, and its recounting,

is to be understood as an unsuspecting prophecy
uttered by Joseph. God has a plan for his life, a
destiny in his future, and Joseph spontaneously
shares the enthusiasm that revelation spawns."3

"A vision was for the ancients so important and

obligatory that a demand to keep it tactfully to
oneself would not have occurred to them."4

God chooses faithful, righteous individuals for positions of leadership, but

those chosen may experience the jealous hatred of their brethren. Note the
key word "hated" in this section (vv. 4, 5, 8).

"Divine sovereignty is not a rigid detailed blueprint that

manipulates and straitjackets human behavior."5

2. The sale of Joseph into Egypt 37:12-36

Joseph's brothers met his second recorded visit to them with great
hostility. They plotted to kill him, and thereby render his dreams impossible
to fulfill. For practical reasons, they decided to sell him, and to deceive
Jacob into thinking that a wild beast had killed him. In spite of their plan,
however, God kept Joseph alive and safe in Egypt. Ironically, by selling
Joseph into Egypt, his brothers actualized the dreams they sought to
subvert. The focus of this pericope is deceit, which is a recurring feature
of the Jacob and Joseph narratives.

37:12-17 It was not uncommon for shepherds to lead their flocks many
miles from home in search of pasture. Shechem was about 60

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 600.

2Cf. Erdman, p. 113.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 410.
4von Rad, pp. 351-52.
5Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 692.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 417

miles north of Hebron, where Jacob lived. Jacob owned land

there (33:19). Dothan was 17 miles farther north.

It may seem strange that Joseph's brothers would return to

Shechem after their family had become "repulsive" in the eyes
of the people who lived there (cf. 34:30). Perhaps the "great
terror" of Jacob's family still rested on the locals (cf. 35:5).
Or perhaps Joseph's brothers were bold men who did not fear
courting danger.1 Or perhaps, since they were shepherds
pasturing their flocks in the fields, they had very little contact
with the people who lived in and around Shechem.

37:18-24 The extreme measures that Joseph's brothers considered, in

order to silence him, have led some commentators to conclude
that it was not just personal hatred springing from jealousy
that motivated them (cf. Cain, 4:9). They may have actually
wanted to alter the will of God as revealed in Joseph's dreams
as well.

"The brothers' hate is therefore a rebellion against

the matter contained in the dreams, against the
divine power itself, standing behind them, who
had given the dreams. The expression usually
translated by 'the dreamer' [v. 19] means much
more than our English word, namely, the one
empowered to prophetic dreams …"2

Reuben, as the firstborn, looked after his father's interests,

and, knowing what sorrow Joseph's death would bring to
Jacob, sought to spare Joseph's life and release him from the
pit later. Perhaps Reuben wanted to get back in the good
graces of his father (cf. 35:22). Joseph's place of confinement
was evidently a dry well or cistern (cf. 40:15).

"Cisterns were large holes in the earth, formed like

bottles, to store the winter rain for the summer;

1Leupold, 2:961.
2von Rad, p. 353.
418 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

and one could put a man in them quite easily (cf.

Jer. 38.6)."1

"That dreadful pit in Dothan was the beginning of

Joseph's salvation."2

37:25-28 Dothan stood on a caravan route that ran from Damascus to

Egypt.3 The next time the brothers would eat a meal in
Joseph's presence, he would be sitting at the head of the head
table (43:32-34).

Moses referred to the traders that bought Joseph as both

Ishmaelites (vv. 25, 27, 28) and Midianites (v. 28). Probably
the caravan contained a mixture of both of these groups of
Abraham's descendants, who made their living as nomadic
merchants (cf. 39:1; Judg. 8:24). Residents of this area
sometimes used these names interchangeably. "Ishmaelite" is
the more generic term for a Bedouin nomad. It became a
general designation for desert tribes. "Midianite" is the more
specific ethnic term.4 Alternatively, "Ishmaelites" may
designate a league of tribes, with the "Midianites" constituting
just one tribe in it (cf. 25:13-17).5 Rather than being agents
of death, the traders proved to be God's instruments of
deliverance.

Judah, like Reuben, did not relish killing Joseph. Yet he was not
willing to let him go free, either. Probably Judah dreaded the
prospect of Joseph receiving the rights of the firstborn, since
he was in line for Jacob's blessing. His suggestion that the
brothers sell Joseph implies that he knew slave trading was
common in Egypt. The price agreed on for Joseph, 20 shekels
of silver, was the same price that God later specified, under
the Mosaic Law, that Israelites should pay for a slave between
the ages of five and 20 years (Lev. 27:5). These prices were
evidently standard in the ancient Near East at this time.

1Ibid.,p. 354.
2Whyte, 1:120.
3See Ammon Ben-Tor, "The Trade Relations of Palestine in the Early Bronze Age," Journal

of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 29:1 (February 1986):1-27.
4Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 423.
5Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 355.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 419

Shepherds employed by others earned about eight shekels a

year.1

"Favorable circumstances are not always the will

of God."2

"If Joseph steps onto the pages of sacred history

as a bratty do-gooder, Judah enters as a slave
trader who has turned his back on Abraham's God-
given vision. He is callous toward his father and
cynical about the covenant family."3

The significance of the action of Joseph's brothers was greater

than may appear at first.

"They had not only sold their brother, but in their

brother they had cast out a member of the seed
promised and given to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,
from the fellowship of the chosen family, and
sinned against the God of salvation and His
promises."4

37:29-36 Reuben was absent during the sale of Joseph. When he

returned and found Joseph missing, he felt great distress ("he
tore his garments," v. 29). Jacob would have held him
responsible for Joseph's safety, since Reuben was the oldest
of the brothers. Joseph's brothers tried to cover one sin with
another.

"The message accompanying the cloak [v. 32] has

a certain blunt brutality about it. They did not try
to soften the blow."5

Jacob had deceived his father with the skin of a goat (27:16).
Now his sons were deceiving him with the blood of a goat (v.
31).

1Ibid., p. 356.
2Thomas, Through the …, p. 62.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 508.
4Keil and Delitzsch, 1:332.
5Leupold, 2:973.
420 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Had Jacob believed more strongly in God's revelations through

Joseph's dreams, he might not have jumped to the conclusion
that Joseph was dead, and his sorrow might not have been as
great (cf. 2 Sam. 18:33). Jacob's fears were groundless, but
he did not realize this because he chose, in this instance, to
live by sight rather than by faith.

"The first hint of the concept of future life [in

Scripture] is found in the words of Jacob, speaking
of Joseph, whom he thought to be dead: 'I will go
down to Sheol to my son mourning' (Gen.
37:35)."1

This statement above is disputed by the translation: "I will go

down to Sheol in mourning for my son" (NASB, cf. NET2), but
most English translations have "I will go down to Sheol to my
son mourning," or the equivalent.

The Pharaoh referred to (v. 36) was probably Ammenemes II

(1929-1895 B.C.), and the capital of Egypt during this period
(the twelfth dynasty) was Memphis. This was where Joseph
was taken. Potiphar, as Pharaoh's bodyguard captain, would
have been in charge of the king's executioners, who carried
out the capital sentences ordered by Pharaoh. "Potiphar" is a
shortened form of "Potiphera" (41:45), meaning "He Whom Ra
[the sun-god] Has Given" (emphasis added). The meaning of
the Hebrew word saris, translated in verse 36 "officer" or
"official," changed in meaning in the first millennium B.C. to
"eunuch."2 Josephus called Potiphar Pharaoh's chief cook,
which may or may not be correct.3

This chapter is the first of many, in the record of Joseph's experiences,

that demonstrates God's ability to cause the "wrath of mankind" to
"praise" Him (Ps. 76:10). He can make even bad situations work for the
accomplishment of His purposes, and for the blessing of His elect (Rom.
8:28).

1Merrill
C. Tenney, The Reality of the Resurrection, p. 25.
2Kitchen,Ancient Orient …, pp. 115-66.
3Josephus, Antiquities of …, 2:4:1 and 2:5:4. See Magen Broshi, "The Credibility of

Josephus," Journal of Jewish Studies 33:1-2 (Spring-Autumn 1982):379-384.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 421

"Envy is the root of almost every sin against our brethren. And
whenever it is harbored, there is an end of all peace, rest, and
satisfaction. Envy is 'the rottenness of the bones' (Prov. xiv.
30), and no one can stand against it (Prov. xxvii. 4). 'Where
envying is, there is confusion and every evil work' (James iii.
16)."1

"The Genesis account presents Joseph as a very unusual young

man, possessed of a strong and sterling character, of a high
morality and fidelity to God and his superiors. He was also
characterized by gentleness in human relations. Remarkably,
Joseph's spiritual and moral strength does not appear to be
based on or related to God's periodic and direct revelations, as
was true of Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham. [This is debatable.]
Presumably then Jacob must have put a lot of character
building truth into the young man's life at an early time. It does
not appear that he could have obtained such information from
any other source. If this is the case, Jacob did a much better
job with Joseph than with his other sons."2

"They [Joseph's older brothers] had been brought up under

the influence of the old Jacob, while Joseph had been the
companion of the changed Jacob or 'Israel.'"3

Joseph's motives are not completely clear in the text. Consequently,

students of his life have made judgments about his character that are both
positive and negative. Most have concluded that he was one of the greatest
men in history.4 A few have contested this view, and believed that he was
selfish and manipulative.5 I believe the textual evidence favors the former
view primarily, though some of Joseph's early actions may have been
unwise, at best, and arrogant at worst.

1Thomas, Genesis, pp. 361-62.

2H. Vos, p. 134.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 355.
4See Thomas Mann's 1,600-page Joseph and His Brothers.
5E.g., Maurice Samuel, Certain People of the Book; idem, "Joseph—The Brilliant Failure,"

Bible Review 2:1 (Spring 1986):38-51, 68.

422 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

An important lesson of this chapter is that people who serve faithfully ,as
unto the LORD, often experience severe persecution, but God will preserve
them so that they can fulfill their God-given destiny.

3. Judah and Tamar ch. 38

This chapter at first seems out of place, since it interrupts the story of
Joseph, but we must remember that this is the toledot of Jacob. This is
the story of what happened to his whole family, not just Joseph. The central
problem with which the chapter deals is childlessness. The events of the
chapter must span at least 20 years, a long period probably during which
Joseph was lost to his family (cf. 37:2; 41:46-47; 45:6).

"Joseph was seventeen when he was sold and thirty years old
when he was elevated to the throne, which gives us thirteen
years. When you add the seven years of plenty and the two
years of famine, you have twenty-two years before Joseph was
reconciled to his brothers. That's plenty of time for Judah to
marry, beget three sons, bury two sons and a wife, and get
involved with Tamar. If his marriage had occurred before
Joseph's exile, you have even more time available."1

Leah's oldest sons were pretty bad men. In chapter 34 we saw Simeon and
Levi massacring the inhabitants of Shechem. In chapter 35 we saw Reuben
defiling his father's bed. And now in chapter 38 we see Judah having
relations with a supposed prostitute and trying to cover it up. Judah was a
prodigal son of Jacob.2

Judah tried unsuccessfully to ensure the levirate (brother-in-law) rights of

his daughter-in-law Tamar (whose name means "Palm"). As a last resort to
obtain her legally rightful child, Tamar deceived Judah into having sexual
intercourse with her by masquerading as a prostitute. She thereby fulfilled
her right to become the mother of Judah's children, and gave birth to twins,
the younger of which displaced his older twin in an unusual birth.

"The following sketch from the life of Judah is intended to

point out the origin of the three leading families of the future
princely tribe in Israel [Shelah, Perez, and Zerah] and at the

1Wiersbe, p. 145.
2See David Wyrtzen, Unexpected Grace, pp. 45-54.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 423

same time to show in what danger the sons of Jacob would

have been of forgetting the sacred vocation of their race,
through marriages with Canaanitish women, and of perishing in
the sin of Canaan, if the mercy of God had not interposed, and
by leading Joseph into Egypt prepared the way for the removal
of the whole house of Jacob into that land, and thus protected
the family, just as it was expanding into a nation, from the
corrupting influence of the manners and customs of Canaan."1

This chapter records the compromise of the Israelites, specifically Judah,

with two Canaanites—Shua and Tamar—resulting in the confusion of seed:
the chosen people mixing with the condemned. Like Esau, Judah chose a
wife from the women of the land, even one of the accursed Canaanites (cf.
24:3-4; 27:46—28:2). This shocking and shameful story is perhaps the
basis for the prohibition against mixing various kinds of seed, yoking two
different kinds of animals together, weaving two kinds of thread into cloth,
and so forth, in the Mosaic Law.2

"One gets the distinct impression that ever since the Dinah
incident (ch. 34) Jacob has less and less control over the
behavior of his family."3

38:1-11 Levirate marriage (the marriage of a man to his deceased

brother's wife to provide his brother with an heir) was a
common custom in the ancient Near East at this time (vv. 8-
10). It was common also in Asia, Africa, and other areas, but
it evidently originated in Mesopotamia.4 The Mosaic Law did
not abolish it, but restricted it in Israel to preserve the sanctity
of marriage (cf. Deut. 25:5-10).

"The enormity of Onan's sin is in its studied

outrage against the family, against his brother's
widow and against his own body. The standard
English versions fail to make clear that this was his

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:338-39.

2Cf. Carmichael, pp. 394-415.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 433.
4de Vaux, pp. 37-38. See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 705-10, for an excursus

on levirate marriage.
424 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

persistent practice. When (9) should be translated

'whenever.'"1

Onan's refusal to give Tamar a child not only demonstrated a

lack of love for his deceased brother. It also revealed Onan's
selfish heart, that wanted for himself what would legally have
gone to his elder brother's heir. If Tamar had borne Onan a son,
that child would have been the perpetuator of Er's name,
legacy, family line, and inheritance. Onan thereby would have
fulfilled his "duty" to "raise up a child" for his brother (v. 8; cf.
Ruth 4:5, 21-22).

God judged Onan's sin severely, because descendants were

important in His plans for the Israelite patriarchs—not because
he practiced birth control. God leaves the choice of how many
children we have, and when, up to us, though He sovereignly
controls this, of course. Onan was frustrating the fulfillment of
God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob by refusing to
give Tamar a child (cf. 11:4). This is the first text that explicitly
states that God put someone—actually two people—to death
("took his life" [twice], vv. 7, 10).

The Israelites typically viewed incidents with the ultimate

cause in view, namely, God—rather than with the immediate
cause in view, namely, the instrument that God used to
accomplish His will. Thus the statement that "the LORD took his
life" means that ultimately God was responsible for his
untimely death. It does not mean that God supernaturally
intervened to execute him directly. God may have used other
means to bring about his death.

Judah sinned against Tamar by forcing her to live as a widow

(v. 11). This was because he wrongly blamed Tamar for the
deaths of his sons (cf. v. 26), rather than blaming his sons.
But Tamar had every right to children by virtue of her lawful
marriages. Moreover, as a member of the chosen family, Judah
should have made certain that she had another legitimate
opportunity to bear children.

1Kidner, p. 188.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 425

Judah comes across at the beginning of this incident, again, as

a hard and callous man. He had previously suggested selling
Joseph into slavery, in order to make money off of him, and
deceiving Jacob—despite Reuben's protests (37:26-27, 29-
30). Now the writer portrayed him as showing no grief over
the tragic deaths of his sons—in contrast to Jacob, who
mourned inconsolably over Joseph's apparent death (37:34-
35). Judah also ordered the burning of his daughter-in-law
(38:24)!

38:12-30 When Judah deceived Jacob (37:31-32), a goat and an item

of clothing featured in the trick. Here, ironically, a goat and an
item of clothing play a part in Tamar's deception of Judah.
Tamar's strategy for obtaining her right was not
commendable. She played the role of a common prostitute
(Heb. zona). Judah's Canaanite friend described her as a
"temple prostitute" later (v. 21, Heb. qedesa, lit. "holy
woman," i.e., a woman used in the worship of pagan religion),
but he probably said this to elevate her social status in the
eyes of the other men he was addressing.

Though ancient Near Eastern society condemned adultery, it

permitted prostitution.1

"The influence of Hittite law may be reflected in

Tamar's action, for it held that, when no brother-
in-law existed to fulfill the levirate duty, the
father-in-law was responsible."2

By wearing a veil, Tamar hid her identity from Judah, but at

the same time presented herself as a betrothed (to Shelah)
woman, since engaged women wore veils (cf. 24:65; 29:21-
25). However, the fact that she sought to obtain seed by
Judah shows her legitimate desire for children, at least. It
probably also reveals her desire to enter into the Abrahamic

1See the Anchor Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Prostitution (OT)," by E. A. Goodfriend and Edward
Lipinski, 5:505-10; "Cult Prostitution in Ancient Israel," Biblical Archaeology Review 40:1
(January/February 2014):46-56, 70.
2Wood, A Survey …, p. 76. See also Cyrus H. Gordon, The Ancient Near East, p. 136.
426 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

promises—by bearing children for Judah and his sons. Jacob's

family experienced deception again.

"Tamar qualifies as a heroine in the story, for she

risked everything for her right to be the mother in
the family of Judah and to protect the family."1

"Although Tamar's actions in this regard may

seem strange to us, there is evidence that among
ancient Assyrian and Hittite peoples, part of the
custom was that the levirate responsibility could
pass to the father of the widow's husband if there
were no brothers to fulfill it. Thus Tamar was only
trying to acquire that to which she had a legal
right."2

"In the ancient Orient, it was customary in many

places for married women to give themselves to
strangers because of some oath. Such sacrifices
of chastity in the service of the goddess of love,
Astarte, were, of course, different from ordinary
prostitution even though they were repulsive to
Israel. They were strictly forbidden by law, and the
teachers of wisdom warned urgently against this
immoral custom, which was apparently at times
fashionable even in Israel (Deut. 23.17; Num.
30.6; Hos. 4.33 ff; Prove. 7.1-27 …"3

Tamar seems to have been presenting herself as following this

practice of "sacred" prostitution, since Judah referred to her
as "the temple prostitute" (v. 21).

Moses did not clarify Tamar's motivation. Whether or not she

understood and believed the promises to the patriarchs
regarding their sacred vocation, she did become an ancestress
of the Messiah (Ruth 4:18-22; Matt. 1:3, 16).

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 612.

2Aalders, 2:194.
3von Rad, p. 359.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 427

"Just as in chapter 20 where the seed of Abraham

was protected by the 'righteous' (saddiq, 20:4;
NIV, 'innocent') Abimelech (cf. also 26:9-11), it is
the woman Tamar, not Judah the patriarch, who is
ultimately responsible for the survival of the
descendants of the house of Judah."1

Judah's initial response to his discovery of Tamar's pregnancy

was: "Bring her out and have her burned!" (v. 24).

"Note, It is a common thing for men to be severe

against those very sins in others in which yet they
allow themselves; and so, in judging others, they
condemn themselves, Rom. ii. 1; xiv. 22."2

When Judah was publicly identified as responsible for Tamar's

pregnancy, his response seems to have been genuine
repentance (v. 26). He confessed his wrong and repented, by
ceasing from further sexual relations with Tamar, his daughter-
in-law. It is evidently because his repentance was genuine, that
Jacob did not exclude him from receiving a special blessing, as
he would later exclude Reuben, Simeon, and Levi. Because
Judah humbled himself, God raised him up to be the chief of
the house of Israel, and blessed the children that he fathered—
even though they were a result of his sin. Compare God's
blessing of Solomon despite the fact that he was the fruit of
the unlawful union of David and Bathsheba.

"The scene marks the beginning of Judah's

transformation when he declares of Tamar, 'She is
righteous, not I' (lit., 38:26)."3

"… in its biographical sketches, character change

is what Genesis is all about: Abram becomes
Abraham; Jacob becomes Israel. Particularly in
Jacob's family we see examples of character
change: Reuben, violator of his father's concubine,
later shows great concern for both Joseph and his

1Sailhamer,"Genesis," p. 232.
2Matthew Henry, p. 59.
3Waltke, Genesis, p. 506.
428 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

father, while the upstart cocky Joseph becomes

the wise statesman who forgives his brothers.
Thus, this chapter has a most important role in
clarifying the course of the subsequent narrative;
without it we should find its development
inexplicable."1

Perez (meaning "A Breach" or "One Who Breaks Through") was

the first of Tamar's twins born (vv. 27-30). He became the
ancestor of David and the Messiah (Ruth 4:18-22; Matt. 1:3,
16). Moses may have included the unusual circumstances
surrounding the birth of these twins in order to emphasize
God's selection of the son through whom the line of blessing
would descend.

"He [Judah] and his brothers sold their younger

brother into Egypt, thinking they could thwart
God's design that the elder brothers would serve
the younger Joseph. Yet in Judah's own family,
despite his attempts to hinder Tamar's marriage,
God's will worked out in a poignant confirmation
of the principle that the elder would serve the
younger."2

The scarlet thread (v. 28) marked the second-born, Zerah"

("Dawning," i.e., "Red" or "Scarlet"). It did not indicate the
messianic line. That line came through the other son, Perez (cf.
Mic. 2:13). The thread is perhaps just a detail of the story that
explains the names given.

"A key to this story is the remarkable similarity

between the births of Perez and Zerah and of
Jacob and Esau. Both births involve twins; in both
the younger thrusts ahead of the elder and
displaces him; and in both the one who is naturally
expected to get the birthright, but loses it, is

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 364.

2Ross, "Genesis," p. 89. See also The NET2 Bible note on 38:29.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 429

associated with red: red stew in the case of Esau

and a red string in the case of Zerah."1

The only mothers in the Bible who bore twins were Rebekah
and Tamar.

"As the Jacob narrative began with an account of

the struggle of the twins Jacob and Esau (25:22),
so now the conclusion of the Jacob narrative is
marked by a similar struggle of twins. In both
cases the struggle resulted in a reversal of the
right of the firstborn and the right of the blessing.
The brevity and austerity with which the narrative
is recounted leaves the impression that the
meaning of the passage is self-evident to the
reader. Indeed, coming as it does on the heels of
a long series of reversals in which the younger
gains the upper hand on the elder, its sense is
transparent."2

Judah's hedonistic willfulness, in this chapter, contrasts with Joseph's self-

control in sexual temptation in the next. Here, promiscuous Judah grasps
Tamar's seductive offer, and enlarges his family. Later, chaste Joseph
resists Potiphar's wife's seductive offer, and ends his career (temporarily)
in prison. This chapter also provides an explanation of the origins of the
tribe of Judah, helps the reader appreciate the Canaanite threat to Israel's
purity, and helps us appreciate Jacob's later willingness to leave Canaan to
join Joseph in Egypt.

An important lesson from this chapter is that God corrects those who
disregard His plan and pursue lives of self-gratification, often using talionic
justice (i.e., punishment exactly the same as the crime) in His discipline.

1Waltke, Genesis, pp. 506-7.

2Sailhamer,"Genesis," p. 232. For a comparison of the births of Jacob and Esau with those
of Perez and Zerah, see K. Luke, "Two Birth Narratives in Genesis," Indian Theological
Studies 17:2 (June 1980):155-80.
430 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

4. Joseph in Potiphar's house ch. 39

Joseph experienced God's blessing as he served faithfully in Potiphar's

house. His master's wife repeatedly seduced him, but he refused her offers,
because he did not want to betray Potiphar's trust and sin against God.
Joseph continued to enjoy God's abundant blessing, even after being
imprisoned because of a false charge.

"Each scene in the record of Joseph's life reveals some

distinctive trait of character elicited by means of a crisis."1

"Rhetorically, the Joseph narrative often [doubles and] couples

events, especially the double dreams of Joseph (chap. 37), the
duo of the baker and butler (ch. 40), and the two dreams of
Pharaoh (chap. 41). After the Judah-Tamar incident, chap. 39
provides the second story of a patriarch's temptation by a
married woman."2

Both of the seductresses were non-Israelites.

39:1-6 The clause "the LORD was with" Joseph occurs four times in
this chapter (vv. 2, 3, 21, and 23), and explains the reason for
his success. The divine name "LORD," Yahweh, appears seven
times in this chapter (vv. 2, 3 [twice], 5 [twice], 21, and 23),
but only one other time in the Jacob toledot (37:2—50:26):
in 49:18. God had previously promised to be with Isaac and
Jacob (26:3, 24, 28; 28:15, 20; 31:3). "Yahweh" is the name
for God used in this story. The covenant-keeping God of the
patriarchs was with this son of Jacob far from home.

"Joseph was sold to an officer of Pharaoh, with

whom he might get acquainted with public
persons and public business, and so be fitted for
the preferment for which he was designed. What
God intends men for he will be sure, some way or
other, to qualify them for."3

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 369. Cf. James 1:2-4.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 725.
3Matthew Henry, p. 59.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 431

Joseph had a fine physique and a handsome face (v. 6),

features that he seems to have inherited from his mother
Rachel (cf. 29:17). Joseph proved faithful in a little, and
therefore the LORD placed him in charge of much ("he
[Potiphar] made him [Joseph] overseer in his house, and over
all that he owned," v. 5; cf. Luke 16:10). Note that God
blessed Potiphar "on account of Joseph" (v. 5; cf. 12:3a).

"The whole sequence of 39:2-6 is a particularly

apt and clear example of the meaning of blessing
in the Old Testament. Assistance and blessing
belong together, though they are different.
Blessing embraces both people and the rest of
creation. The narrator simply presupposes that
the blessing can flow over from the one whom
Yahweh assists to a foreign people and adherents
of a foreign religion precisely because of the one
whom Yahweh assists. The power inherent in the
blessing is expansive "1

39:7-23 Joseph was evidently in his mid-twenties at this time. He was

in a "no win" position with Potiphar's wife. As a slave he had
to obey her, but as a trustworthy and moral servant of
Potiphar he had to refuse her. The typical male clothing in
patriarchal times consisted of mid-calf-length shorts and a
tunic that resembled a long T-shirt (cf. 3:21; 37:3).2 Joseph
regarded obedience to God as his primary responsibility (v. 9),
and therefore chose as he did (cf. Ps. 51:4).

The sin of Potiphar's wife (v. 7), like the sin of Judah (39:15),
began in her eye.

"We have great need to make a covenant with our

eyes (Job xxxi. 1), lest the eye infect the heart."3

Note that Potiphar's wife's invitation was for Joseph to lie

"beside" (Heb. 'esel) her (v. 10; cf. vv. 15, 16, 18; 41:3), not
to lie "with" her, the more common phrase that describes

1Westermann, Genesis 36—50, p. 63.

2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 376.
3Matthew Henry, p. 60.
432 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

sexual intercourse (cf. 34:7; 39:14). Evidently she invited his

physical familiarity, which she hoped would lead to intercourse.
Joseph, realizing where this first step might lead, wisely set a
boundary for himself and refused even to be alone with her (v.
10).1

"The garment that Joseph had to leave in the

woman's hands was actually the undergarment, a
long shirt tied about the hips. It was not the
coatlike [sic] cape, which men were not
accustomed to wear indoors. This means that
Joseph fled completely undressed, at once
disgracefully and honorably."2

"It is better to lose a good coat than a good

conscience."3

"To be cast into a prison was a relatively light

penalty."4

"This story about Joseph reverses a well-known

plot in the patriarchal narratives. Whereas before
it was the beautiful wife of the patriarch who was
sought by the foreign ruler, now it was Joseph,
the handsome patriarch himself who was sought
by the wife of the foreign ruler. Whereas in the
earlier narratives it was either the Lord (12:17;
20:3) or the moral purity of the foreign ruler
(26:10) that rescued the wife rather than the
patriarch, here it was Joseph's own moral courage
that saved the day. Whereas in the preceding
narratives, the focus of the writer had been on
God's faithfulness in fulfilling his covenant
promises, in the story of Joseph his attention is
turned to the human response.5

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 735.

2von Rad, p. 366.
3Matthew Henry, p. 60.
4Leupold, 2:1001.
5Sailhamer, "Genesis," pp. 234.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 433

"The Joseph narratives are intended then to give

balance to the narratives of Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob. Together the two sections show both
God's faithfulness in spite of human failure as well
as the necessity of an obedient and faithful
response."1

Success in temptation depends more on character than on circumstances.

Character rests on commitment to the will of God. We can see Joseph's
character in his loyalty to Potiphar, concerning what his master had
entrusted to his care (v. 9). We also see it in his responsibility to God for
what belonged to someone else (v. 9). It is further obvious in his
responsibility to God respecting his special personal calling (37:5-9; 45:5-
9). Additionally, we see it in his responsibility to God concerning his sacred
vocation as a member of the house of Israel.

"It is too little observed, and especially by young men who

have most need to observe it, that in such temptations it is
not only the sensual that needs to be guarded against, but
also two much deeper-lying tendencies—the craving for loving
recognition, and the desire to respond to the feminine love for
admiration and devotion. A large proportion of misery is due
to a kind of uncontrolled and mistaken chivalry."2

"But keep in mind that there is no sin in the bait [that tempts].
The sin is in the bite [that tastes]."3

This is not saying that Potiphar's wife did not sin when she tempted
Joseph—she did—but that Joseph would have sinned only when he yielded
to the temptation.

"Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned, nor hell a fury
like a woman scorned."4

Joseph's punishment was light in view of the charge against him. Joseph's
integrity had obviously impressed his master, but Potiphar himself may
have also had questions about his wife's chastity (cf. Ps. 105:18).

1Ibid.,p. 235.
2Dods, p. 344.
3Charles R. Swindoll, Joseph, p. 29.
4William Congreve, quoted in John Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, p. 324.
434 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Nevertheless, it seems that he believed his wife's story (v. 19).1 Joseph's
slavery in Potiphar's house prefigures Israel's Egyptian bondage.

Because God was still "with" Joseph (vv. 21, 23), and because his character
had not changed, Joseph experienced the same kind of favor at the hand
of the prison warden that he had received from Potiphar. The LORD honored
Joseph ("made whatever he did prosper," v. 23) as one who had honored
Him (1 Sam. 2:30). It is easier to depart from God's will when we are alone,
and when there is not much hope for the immediate future.

"Yokes borne in youth have at least three results; they prove

personal integrity, they promote spiritual maturity, and they
prepare for fuller opportunity. In nature and in human life the
best things are not the easiest but the hardest to obtain. …

"How nobly Joseph comported himself amidst all these trials

and hardships! He might have sulked and become embittered;
but instead of this his spirit was unconquerable by reason of
its trust in God. He steadfastly refused to be unfaithful to his
God, whatever might be the consequences. In duty he was
loyal, in temptation he was strong, and in prison he was
faithful. When this spirit actuates our life, difficulties become
means of grace and stepping-stones to higher things. On the
other hand, if difficulties are met in a fretful, murmuring,
complaining, disheartened spirit, not only do we lose the
blessings that would otherwise come through them, but our
spiritual life suffers untold injury, and we are weakened for the
next encounter of temptation whenever it comes. There is
scarcely anything in the Christian life which reveals more
thoroughly what our Christianity is worth than the way we
meet difficulties by the use of the grace of God."2

This chapter reveals that dedication to God's calling enables His servants
to resist temptation.3 I am assuming, with many other interpreters of this
chapter, that Joseph remembered his dreams (ch. 36) and believed that
God had a future for him.

1Cf. Josephus, Antiquities of …, 2:4:5.

2Thomas, Genesis, pp. 375-76. Cf. James 1.
3See Doug Mennen, "How the Wise Man Overcomes Temptation," Exegesis and Exposition

3:1 (Fall 1988):90.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 435

5. The prisoners' dreams and Joseph's interpretations ch.

40

When Pharaoh's cupbearer and baker had disturbing dreams in prison,

Joseph accurately foretold their meanings—the cupbearer's restoration
and the baker's execution—but Joseph remained in prison because the
cupbearer forgot him.

The "cupbearer" and the "baker" were responsible for Pharaoh's drink and
food (vv. 1-4). Nehemiah, much later, occupied a similar position to this
cupbearer in the Persian court (cf. Neh. 1:11—2:8). It seems likely that
both food-service employees were in prison because someone had tried to
poison Pharaoh, or so it seemed, and Pharaoh could not determine
immediately which of the two men was responsible. Their offences may
have involved no more than the casual lighting of a fly in his cup or a little
sand in his bread.1

"When it is said that they 'offended' their lord, the verb used,
hate'u implies actual guilt on the part of each, for literally it
means, 'they sinned.'"2

The place of confinement was a state prison: a round, wall-enclosed

building, probably attached to Potiphar's house, as was customary in Egypt
(vv. 3, 7). These prisoners would have been dealt with much more harshly
if their offences had warranted it. The "warden of the prison" (39:21-23)
was evidently in charge of the prison. Potiphar was "the captain of the
bodyguard" (39:1). The warden gave Joseph the job of taking care of
Pharaoh's two important prisoners (v. 4). Obviously the warden trusted
Joseph and gave him some responsibility for these accused servants of
Pharaoh—like some prisoners now have certain privileges and
responsibilities for other prisoners in their facilities.

"Genuine loyalty to God will always express itself in absolute

faithfulness in every-day duty."3

1SeeMatthew Henry, p. 60.

2Leupold,2:1005.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 380.
436 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The Egyptians and the Babylonians regarded dreams as very significant

predictions (vv. 5-8).1

"There were men who had learned the technique of

interpreting dreams, and there was a considerable literature on
the subject."2

The dreams of the cupbearer and baker were revelations from God.
Realizing that God had given him the ability to interpret these divine
revelations, Joseph invited the two prisoners to relate their dreams to him.
He was careful, however, to give God the glory for his interpretative gift
(v. 8; cf. 41:16, 25, 28, 39). Daniel also had this ability, and likewise gave
God the credit (cf. Dan. 2:28).

"Joseph means to say that the interpretation of dreams is not

a human art but a charisma [gift] which God can grant."3

After three days, Pharaoh would "lift up" the butler's head (v. 13) and
restore him to his former position.

"This expression goes back ultimately to an actual custom in

an audience: the petitioner stands or kneels with bowed head
while the one on the throne takes him under the chin and raises
his head (cf. II Kings 25.27; etc.)."4

Pharaoh would also "lift up" the baker's head (v. 19), but he would do so
in a different sense. The baker would not simply suffer execution, but his
corpse would then be impaled and publicly exposed. (Josephus called this
"crucifixion," impaling being an early form of crucifixion.5) The Egyptians
did this to prevent one's spirit from resting in the afterlife.6

"The Egyptians didn't use the gallows; they beheaded the

victim and then impaled his body on a stake ("tree")."7

1Sarna, Understanding Genesis, pp. 218-19.

2von Rad, p. 371.
3von Rad, p. 371.
4Ibid., p. 372.
5Josephus, Antiquities of …, 2:5:3 and 4. See The New Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Crucifixion,"

by D. H. Wheaton, pp. 281-82.

6Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 384.
7Wiersbe, p. 148.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 437

The significance of this chapter lies in Joseph's God-given ability to

interpret dreams. This gift, and Joseph's use of it on this occasion, prepared
the way for Pharaoh's calling for Joseph, two years later, to interpret his
two dreams—and exalting him to high office in the government (ch. 41).
During these two years, the butler "forgot" about Joseph (v. 23). He must
have done so deliberately, since he could hardly have forgotten the man
who had played such a significant role in his life.

"Trials may be viewed from two standpoints, and it will make

all the difference to our spiritual life and peace which of these
two points of view we take. From the human side Joseph's
suffering was due to injustice on the part of Potiphar, and
ingratitude on the part of the butler. From the Divine side
these years were permitted for the purpose of training and
preparing Joseph for the great work that lay before him. If we
look only at the human side of trial we shall become
discouraged, and it may be irritated and angered, but as we
turn to look at it from the Divine side we shall see God in
everything and all things working together for our good."1

An important lesson from this chapter is that those who faithfully use the
abilities that God has given them, even in discouraging circumstances,
demonstrate unwavering faith in God's promises to them.

6. Pharaoh's dreams and Joseph's interpretations ch. 41

Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's two dreams clearly and accurately. This led
to God elevating Joseph in the government, and demonstrating His
sovereign control over economic life in Egypt, as He prepared to preserve
Israel and Egypt through the coming famine.

41:1-8 The "soothsayer priests" (v. 8) were "men of the

priestly caste, who occupied themselves with the
sacred arts and sciences of the Egyptians, the
hieroglyphic writings, astrology, the interpretation
of dreams, the foretelling of events, magic, and
conjuring, and who were regarded as the

1Thomas, Genesis, p. 389.

438 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

possessors of secret arts (vid. Ex. vii. 11) and the

wise men of the nation."1

Divination tries to understand the future, and magic seeks to

control it. God prevented the Egyptian diviners from
comprehending the meaning of Pharaoh's dreams, even though
the clue to their interpretation lay in the religious symbols of
Egypt.

"For the cow was the symbol of Isis, the goddess

of the all-sustaining earth, and in the hieroglyphics
it represents the earth, agriculture, and food; and
the Nile, by its overflowing, was the source of
fertility of the land."2

Yet these symbols had multiple meanings to the Egyptians,

which probably accounts for the difficulty of interpretation.3

"Seven-year famines were a familiar feature of life

in the ancient Near East."4

41:9-24 Joseph carefully gave God the glory for his interpretive gift in
his response to Pharaoh (v. 16).

"As far as Joseph was concerned, absolute

truthfulness in guarding God's honor was far more
important than personal advantage."5

"Like Daniel before Nebuchadnezzar, he expressly

disclaims all ability of himself to unfold the secret
counsels of heaven, or exercise that wisdom for
which Pharaoh seems very willing to give him
credit. The same humility has been in every age a

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:349. See Livingston, pp. 65-80, for information about the scripts of
the ancient Near East.
2Keil and Delitzsch, 1:349.
3Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 391.
4Ibid., p. 398.
5Leupold, 2:1025-26.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 439

distinguishing ornament of all God's faithful

servants."1

41:25-36 Joseph also presented God (Elohim) as sovereign over Pharaoh

(vv. 25, 28).

"Joseph's life and his thinking are theocentric."2

The Egyptians regarded Pharaoh as a divine manifestation in

human form. By accepting Joseph's interpretation of his
dreams, Pharaoh chose to humble himself under Joseph's God.
God rewarded this humility by preserving the land of Egypt in
the coming famine. That Pharaoh believed Joseph's
interpretation, and then chose to raise a young foreign
prisoner to such an elevated position in his government, are
truly miraculous occurrences.

"… the writer has gone out of his way to present

the whole narrative in a series of pairs, all fitting
within the notion of the emphasis given by means
of the repetition: 'The matter is certain and swift'
(v. 32). The repetition of the dreams, then, fits
this pattern."3

"The intention of prophecies concerning

judgments to come, is to excite those threatened
with them to take proper measures for averting
them."4

"The writer's emphasis on the 'good' and 'evil'

represents Joseph's wisdom and discernment as
an ability to distinguish between the 'good' (tob)
and the 'evil' (ra'). Such a picture suggests that
in the story of Joseph the writer is returning to
one of the central themes of the beginning of the
book, the knowledge of 'good' (tob) and 'evil'
(ra'). While Joseph is able to discern between

1Bush, 2:277.
2Leupold, 2:1029.
3Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 214.
4Bush, 2:281. Cf. von Rad, p. 376.
440 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

'good and evil,' it is clear from this story that

ultimately such knowledge comes only from God
(v. 39). Joseph is the embodiment of the ideal
that true wisdom, the ability to discern between
'good and evil,' comes only from God. Thus the
lesson of the early chapters of Genesis is artfully
repeated in these last chapters."1

"Joseph prefigured the victors Moses and Daniel,

the bookends of Israel's period of captivity, whose
wisdom prevailed over the Gentiles (cf. 1 Cor
1:18—2:16)."2

41:37-45 Pharaoh recognized Joseph as one who had unique

supernatural powers (v. 38; cf. Dan. 5:14). He probably did not
identify the "divine spirit" in Joseph as the Holy Spirit, the third
person of the Trinity. There is no evidence that Pharaoh
understood or believed in the God of Israel, much less
comprehended His tri-unity. Most likely, he thought some
unfamiliar or unknown deity had manifested himself or herself
through Joseph.

"It can hardly be accidental that in all of Genesis

only Joseph is described as one who is filled with
the Spirit of God (41:38)."3

"Someone once asked Gladstone what is the

measure of a great statesman. He said it is the
man who knows the direction God is going for the
next fifty years. Well, here in Genesis, Pharaoh is
told what is going to happen for the next fourteen
years."4

It was not unknown in Egypt, for the Pharaohs to appoint

individuals who lacked previous social station or political rank,
to positions of authority in the government. However, this

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 240.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 740.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 281.
4McGee, 1:166.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 441

Pharaoh seems to have been unusually humble, generous, and

secure.

"At any time the king would—and did—appoint

outsiders. In fact, the noteworthy careers, as
preserved for us in tomb inscriptions, broke
through all departmental limitations. Men of
humble origin could rise to the top once their gifts
were recognized; and we find that they were
called to a succession of posts which would seem
to us to have required entirely different
preparatory training."1

"Only a man like Joseph, schooled by adversity

and sorrow, could meet a sudden elevation like
this without pride and self-exaltation."2

To naturalize Joseph and give him the necessary social status,

Pharaoh gave him an Egyptian name: Zaphenath-paneah (v. 45;
cf. Dan. 1:7), which probably means "The God Speaks and
Lives," and an Egyptian wife from an appropriate level of
society. Her name, Asenath, means "Belonging to (the
goddess) Neith." Joseph's father-in-law, Potiphera, whose
name means "He Whom Ra (the sun god) Gave," was evidently
a high-ranking priest in the celebrated Temple of the Sun,
located in the city of On (Gr. Heliopolis) 10 miles northeast of
modern Cairo.

"The high priest at On held the exalted title

'Greatest of Seers.' Joseph thus marries into the
elite of Egyptian nobility."3

Joseph's marriage to an Egyptian seems to have been

Pharaoh's order, and God permitted it. The patriarchs generally
avoided marrying Canaanites, because of God's curse on
Canaan (9:25), but marriage to non-Canaanite Gentiles was

1Henri Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion, p. 35. See also Kitchen, The Bible …, p. 74; J.
K. Hoffmeier, Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition,
pp. 93-95; Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 395-96; Waltke, Genesis, p. 533.
2Leupold, 2:1033-34.
3Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 288.
442 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

less serious. Joseph's wife and in-laws did not turn him away
from his faith in Yahweh, or his high regard for God's promises
to his forefathers (cf. Moses).

"Although Joseph married a pagan priest's

daughter, he trained his sons to worship the living
God. Probably Asenath also became a worshiper
of the Lord."1

41:46-57 The notation of the birth of Joseph's sons is, of course, very
significant—in view of God's purposes concerning Abraham's
family (vv. 50-52). Their names also reveal their father's faith.
Joseph acknowledged God's goodness to him in the naming of
both his sons: "God has made me forget all my trouble" and
"God has made me fruitful." In both names, Joseph used the
name Elohim, which highlights His power. McGee suggested
that we could therefore call these boys "Amnesia" and
"Ambrosia."2

"If the name of Joseph's first son (Manasseh)

focuses on a God who preserves, the name of
Joseph's second son (Ephraim) focuses on a God
who blesses."3

An allusion to the blessing aspect of the patriarchal promises

occurs in the reference to the grain that Joseph had stored up,
in verse 49: "in great abundance like the sand of the sea."

Some readers of Genesis have wondered why Joseph did not

inform Jacob of his welfare quickly, since he must have realized
that Jacob would have worried about his disappearance. In
naming Manasseh, Joseph said God had enabled him to "forget
all my troubles and all of my father's household" (v. 51).
Perhaps Joseph did not try to contact Jacob, because he
thought his father had set him up for what happened to him at

1The Nelson …, p. 80.

2McGee, 1:168.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 512.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 443

Dothan.1 This seems very unlikely to me, since Jacob's sorrow

over Joseph's apparent death seems genuine.

Perhaps Joseph did not try to contact Jacob because, through

the remarkable events by which God had exalted him, he came
to realize that God would fulfill the rest of His promises
contained in his dreams.2 He may have concluded that his best
course of action would be to continue to let God take the
initiative, since he had done so consistently in his life to that
time.3 Joseph had evidently come to trust God in place of his
father. In this sense, he had forgotten his father's household
as well, not just his troubles there. Clearly, Joseph had not
literally forgotten his father (cf. 45:9-13).

"'Forget' does not mean here 'not remember' but

rather to have something no longer (cf. Job
39.17; 11:16. See, too, the Arabic proverb,
'Whoever drinks water from the Nile forgets his
fatherland if he is a foreigner'). The phrase refers,
therefore, more to an objective external fact than
to a subjective, psychological process."4

One might say that, for Joseph, life in Canaan was a closed
chapter of his life.5

"Just as Adam is seen in the Creation account as dependent

on God for his knowledge of 'good and evil,' so Joseph also is
portrayed here in the same terms. Just as Adam is made God's
'vicegerent' to rule over all the land, so similarly Joseph is
portrayed here as the Pharaoh's 'vicegerent' over all his land
(vv. 40-43). As Adam was made in God's image to rule over
all the land, so the king here gave Joseph his 'signet ring' and
dressed him in royal garments (v. 42). The picture of Joseph
resembles the psalmist's understanding of Genesis 1 when,
regarding that passage, he writes, '[You have] crowned him

1Marc Shapiro, "The Silence of Joseph," Journal of Reform Judaism 36:1 (Winter
1989):15-17.
2Delitzsch, 2:306; Waltke, Genesis, p. 535.
3Cf. Matthew Henry, p. 62.
4von Rad, p. 379.
5Cf. Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 766.
444 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

with glory and honor./ You made him ruler over the works of
your hands;/ you put everything under his feet' (Ps 8:5-7).
Just as God provided a wife for Adam in the garden and gave
man all the land for his enjoyment, so the king gave a wife to
Joseph and put him over all the land (v. 45).1

"The picture of Joseph, then, looks back to Adam; but more,

it looks forward to one who was yet to come. It anticipates the
coming of the one from the house of Judah to whom the
kingdom belongs (cf. 49:10). Thus in the final shape of the
narrative, the tension between the house of Joseph and the
house of Judah, which lies within many of these texts, is
resolved by making the life of Joseph into a picture of the one
who is to reign from the house of Judah."2

Note some comparisons between Joseph and Daniel. Like Joseph, Daniel
was a Hebrew slave summoned before a Gentile king to interpret a dream.
Like Joseph, Daniel interpreted the king's dreams that the other wise men
in the king's court could not decipher. Like Joseph, Daniel enjoyed
promotion from the status of slave to high government official, as a reward
for rendering faithful service.3

"Joseph was the first example of the successful Jewish

statesman and businessman. From Babylon of the post-exilic
centuries, on through all history, they have been legion."4

This chapter teaches us that God controls the fortunes of nations to

protect and provide for His covenant people.

7. Joseph's brothers' first journey into Egypt ch. 42

In this chapter, Joseph awakened his brothers' guilty consciences, for the
things they had done to him and their father, when, after the brothers had
come to Egypt for food, he put them in prison as spies. By keeping Simeon

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 242.

2Ibid. See also idem, The Pentateuch …, p. 215.
3For other remarkable parallels between Joseph and Daniel, see Ross, Creation and …, p.

637; Joshua M. Philpot, "Was Joseph a Type of Daniel? Typological Correspondence in

Genesis 37—50 and Daniel 1—6," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 61:4
(December 2018):681-96.
4Blaiklock, p. 53.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 445

hostage while allowing the others to bring Benjamin back, Joseph pricked
their consciences even more.

Joseph treated his brothers the way he did in order to discover how they
felt toward Jacob, and especially his younger brother Benjamin, who had
taken Joseph's place as Jacob's favorite son. He also did so to see if they
had genuinely repented of their sin against himself. He apparently did not
act out of revenge, and he was not spiteful. Joseph simply wanted to
uncover his brothers' hearts.

"Joseph's tests of his brothers were important in God's plan

to channel his blessing through the seed of Abraham. God had
planned to bring the family to Egypt so that it might grow into
a great nation [15:13]. But because the people who would
form that nation had to be faithful, the brothers needed to be
tested before they could share in the blessing. Joseph's
prodding had to be subtle; the brothers had to perceive that
God was moving against them so that they would acknowledge
their crime against Joseph and demonstrate that they had
changed. If they failed the test, God could have started over
with Joseph, just as he had said he would with Moses in Exodus
32:10, when his wrath was kindled against Israel."1

42:1-7 "Doubtless there has been but little change in all

these matters [of men and donkeys going for
grain, v. 3] from that time to this, and the
resemblance is often still more exact from the fact
that when the crops of this country [Canaan] fail
through drouth [drought] or other causes, the
people still go down to Egypt to buy corn, as they
did in the time of the patriarch. It has also
frequently occurred to me, when passing a large
company of donkeys on their way to buy food,
that we are not to suppose that only the eleven
donkeys on which the brethren of Joseph rode
composed the whole caravan. One man often
leads or drives half a dozen; and, besides, I
apprehend that Jacob's sons had many servants
along with them. Eleven sacks of grain, such as

1Ross, Creation and …, p. 647.

446 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

donkeys would carry, would not sustain a

household like his for a week."1

Twenty-one years after his brothers sold Joseph into slavery,

they "bowed down to him with their faces to the ground," in
fulfillment of his youthful dreams (v. 6; cf. 37:7).

Would it not have been more loving of Joseph to have revealed

himself to his brothers immediately, without putting them
through the agony that followed?

"True reconciliation, however, requires sincere

repentance and humble confession of sin, and
often it takes time for a person to get to that
place."2

Joseph was really being more loving toward his brothers, by

treating them as he did, than he would have been by revealing
himself to them immediately—as will become clear.
Furthermore, God was at work through Joseph dealing with
their sins.

Ronald Hyman analyzed Joseph's skillful use of questions to

uncover his brothers' attitudes and intentions, as well as the
key role that questions played in the whole Joseph narrative.
There are 30 to 40 of them.3

"The time was when Joseph's brethren were men

of high respectability in the land of Canaan
[because of their wealth, at least], whilst Joseph
himself was a slave or a prisoner in the land of
Egypt. Now, by a signal reverse, Joseph was
governor over all the land of Egypt, while they
appeared before him as humble suppliants, almost
craving as an alms those supplies of food for which

1Thomson, 2:407-8.
2Wiersbe, p. 151.
3Ronald T. Hyman, "Questions in the Joseph Story: The Effects and Their Implications for

Teaching," Religious Education (Summer 1984):437-55.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 447

they were both able and willing to pay the price

demanded."1

"The double identification of Joseph as hassallit

[administrator] and hammasbir [dispenser] recall
Joseph's two earlier dreams, the one in which the
sun, moon, and eleven stars bowed before him
(his position of authority), and the other in which
the brothers' sheaves bowed before his sheaf (his
position of provider)."2

People who sell their brothers into slavery are not trustworthy.
Therefore Joseph retained power over his brothers until he
could trust them.

The chiastic structure of verses 7-24 focuses attention on the brothers'

imprisonment:

"A Joseph knew his brothers and remembered (7-9a).

B Joseph accused them of being spies, but they explained their

situation (9b-13).

C Joseph set out a test whereby they could prove they were
honest men (14-16).

D Joseph put them in prison (17).

C' Joseph set out a new test for the brothers to prove they were
honest (18-20).

B' The brothers confessed their guilt concerning their brother, and
Reuben accused them of their fault (21-22).

A' Joseph understood and wept (23-24)."3

42:8-17 Joseph remembered his dreams (v. 9), and the proof of God's
faithfulness undoubtedly encouraged his confidence as he

1Bush, 2:298.
2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 519. Cf. Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical
Narrative, p. 163.
3Ross, Creation and …, p. 649.
448 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

proceeded to deal with his brothers. He played the role of a

prosecutor before them, charging them with a crime ("you are
spies," v. 9) punishable with death in Egypt. Such a serious
accusation encouraged his brothers to be as honest as
possible, which is what Joseph wanted.

A family will rarely risk almost all of its sons in a dangerous

spying mission, which probably explains the brothers'
statement that they were all sons of one man (v. 11).

Probably Joseph wanted to be sure that his brothers had not

killed Benjamin, remembering that they had contemplated, and
even worse plotted, killing himself (v. 15).

The three-day imprisonment provided Joseph with time to plan

his strategy, and it impressed the brothers with the
importance of cooperating with Joseph (v. 17). These three
days also gave the brothers a taste of what Joseph had
endured for three years. Joseph may have intended that they
serve one day's imprisonment for each year he had suffered
incarceration because of their hatred.

"A vindictive Joseph could have dismayed his

brothers with worthless sackloads, or tantalized
them at his feast as they had tantalized him
(37:24, 25); his enigmatic gifts were a kinder and
more searching test. Just how well-judged was his
policy can be seen in the growth of quite new
attitudes in the brothers, as the alternating sun
and frost broke them open to God."1

42:18-24 Joseph's profession of faith in God (Elohim; "I fear God," v. 18)
told his brothers that he realized he was under divine authority,
and therefore he would be fair with them. His test guaranteed
Benjamin's safe passage to Egypt, something that Joseph had
every reason to worry about, in view of his brothers' treatment
of himself. Earlier, when he saw only 10 brothers—and not
Benjamin—he probably wondered if the 10 had already done
away with Benjamin.

1Kidner, p. 199. Cf. Waltke, Genesis, p. 542.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 449

The brothers saw divine retribution in what had happened to

them and admitted their guilt ("Truly we are guilty concerning
our brother," v. 21). This is the first acknowledgement of guilt
recorded in Genesis (cf. 44:16).1

The brothers confessed their guilt—in dealing with Joseph as

they had done—in his hearing, not knowing, however, that
Joseph understood what they said (v. 23). However, Joseph
wanted to assure himself that they had also borne the fruits
of genuine repentance (i.e., taken a different course of action
with Benjamin and Jacob). Therefore, he did not reveal himself
to them at this time ("he turned away from them," v. 24).
Joseph's heart had not become hard toward his brothers
because of their treatment of him. He did not hate them ("he
returned to them and spoke to them," v. 24).

"There is nothing more striking in the character of

Joseph than the utter absence of revengeful
feeling, whether it was against his brothers, or
against Potiphar, or against the chief butler."2

Rather, Joseph's heart remained tender, and his brothers'

confession moved him (he "wept," v. 24). Reuben, as the
eldest and most responsible son, would have been the logical
choice to retain as a hostage. Yet because Joseph had
overheard that Reuben had talked his brothers out of killing
him (v. 22), Joseph passed him over and selected Simeon,"who
was the next oldest. Perhaps Joseph also remembered
Simeon's cruelty and callousness toward his father (34:25; cf.
49:5-7). According to Jewish tradition, Simeon was the most
cruel of all the brothers.3

42:25-28 Joseph restored his brothers' money to them out of the

goodness of his heart. His gracious act would satisfy their
needs on their return trip, but it would also cause them to
search their souls further as they contemplated the
implications of their good fortune. When the brothers first

1See Leupold, 2:1053.

2Thomas, Genesis, p. 407.
3Yates, p. 41.
450 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

discovered the money in one of their sacks, they regarded

what God was doing to them as divine punishment ("What is
this that God has done to us?" v. 28). This is the first time in
the story that the brothers mentioned God. Their aroused
consciences saw God at work behind what they were
experiencing (cf. vv. 21-22).

"'Silver, money' (keseph) is mentioned twenty

times (42:25—45:22). In the first scene of Act 1
[37:2-36], the brothers put a total of twenty
pieces of silver before a brother (37:28). Now
they put their brother over a fortune in silver. As
might be expected in an act about family
reconciliation [42:1—46:27], other key words are
'brother' (ca. 50x) and 'father' (ca. 40x)."1

42:29-38 Each time Jacob's sons had left home, they returned with more
money—but minus a brother (chs. 37, 42).2 Did Jacob think
they had sold Simeon?

"Joseph's brothers soften the news considerably,

making it sound like Simeon was a guest of Joseph
(Leave one of your brothers with me) instead of
being bound in prison. They do not mention the
threat of death and do not at this time speak of
the money in the one sack."3

The money in the sacks widened the breach between Jacob

and his sons, but drew the brothers closer together. Jacob
despaired, not only because he distrusted his sons and the
Egyptian ruler, but because he had forgotten the promises of
God. He therefore concluded that, "… all these things are
against me" (v. 36). In reality, God was causing all those things
to work together for good for Jacob (cf. 45:5-7; Rom. 8:28).
He would soon realize God's blessing.

1Waltke,Genesis, pp. 541-42.

2Hamilton,
The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 535.
3The NET2 Bible note on 42:34.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 451

"A great portion of our present trouble arises from

our not knowing the whole truth."1

"Few things are more difficult or troubling to see

than a bitter old person—wrapped in a blanket of
anger, spewing forth profanity, poring over
albums of wrongs done, and feeding on the dregs
of would-be memories."2

Reuben's offer of his two sons seems pathetically weak (v.

37). He claimed willingness to suffer in Jacob's place. But
would he really turn over his own sons before his brother? And
how would killing Reuben's sons console Jacob? It is no wonder
that Jacob declined Reuben's offer (v. 38).

"This was a thoughtless and unwarrantable

condition—one that he [Reuben] never seriously
expected his father would accept. It was designed
only to give assurance of the greatest care being
taken of Benjamin."3

Throughout this chapter, we can observe the attitude of Joseph's brothers

changing. Faced with a personal crisis, they acknowledged their guilt. They
regarded their suffering as righteous divine punishment, and they began to
place Jacob's interests above their own. However, their repentance was
not yet complete. The process of contrition had to run further before
reconciliation was possible.4

"The motives and actions of Joseph and his family members

are not patterns to be copied or avoided. The author's goal is
to show that God's designs for Israel's fathers are working
toward the end of redeeming the household of faith."5

1Bush, 2:309.
2Swindoll, Joseph, p. 206.
3Jamieson, et al., p. 48.
4See Waltke, Genesis, p. 550, for further development of the "severe mercies" God used
to heal Jacob's fractured family.
5Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 768.
452 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

When believers have unresolved guilt in their hearts, God often convicts
their consciences to discover if they are spiritually sensitive enough to
participate in His program.

"St. Anne of Austria, a sixteenth-century saint, once wrote,

'God does not pay at the end of every day, but at the end, He
pays.'"1

8. Joseph's brothers' second journey into Egypt ch. 43

Chapters 43—45 are a unit describing what happened when Joseph's

brothers returned to Egypt. Like chapter 42, which this section echoes, it
consists of seven scenes arranged palistrophically, with the central scene
being the arrest of Joseph's brothers (44:1-13).

A Jacob sends his sons to Egypt (43:1-14).

B Arrival in Egypt; the steward and the brothers (43:15-25)

C Lunch with Joseph (43:26-34)

D The brothers arrested (44:1-13)

C' Joseph's self-disclosure (44:14—45:15)

B' Departure from Egypt; Pharaoh and the brothers (45:16-24)

A' Jacob receives his sons' report (45:25-28).2

Upon returning to Canaan, the brothers had to persuade Jacob to let

Benjamin accompany them on their next trip to Egypt, which they did, but
with considerable difficulty. When they went back to Egypt and tried to
return the money they had found in their sacks, Joseph received them
graciously and dealt with them peacefully. He also showered Benjamin with
lavish favoritism to test his brothers for jealousy.

43:1-15 Judah evidently took the lead and spoke for his brothers
because Jacob had already refused Reuben (42:37-38),
Simeon was in Egypt, and Levi had previously forfeited his

1Swindoll, Joseph, p. 97.

2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, pp. 418-19.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 453

father's confidence (ch. 34). As Reuben had done (42:37),

Judah offered to be accountable to Jacob, but in contrast to
Reuben, Judah took personal responsibility for Benjamin's
safety (v. 9; cf. John 15:13). From this point on, Judah
becomes the leader of Jacob's sons (cf. 49:8-10; Matt. 1:2,
17; Luke 3:23, 33).

Facing a crisis like his meeting with Esau (chs. 32—33), Jacob
again prepared a lavish present to appease "the man" (v. 14),
Joseph (cf. Prov. 18:16). However, Moses called Jacob "Israel"
here (v. 11), which may indicate that Jacob was not relying on
the flesh here.

"Jacob has no guarantee El Shaddai will do

anything. His if I am to be bereaved, bereaved I
shall be is the same construction as Esther's 'if I
perish, I perish' (Est. 4:16) "1

Rebekah also had complained when she thought she might lose
both Jacob and Esau (27:45).

"The 'and Benjamin' [v. 15] hangs like the

resigned sigh of a father trapped between the
need to live and the possibility of a life made
utterly empty through another loss."2

43:16-25 Joseph's brothers felt very vulnerable, being invited to

Joseph's house for dinner. They feared Joseph, since the
money in their sacks suggested that they were guilty of theft.
So they appealed to Joseph's steward as their mediator. He
assured them of Joseph's good will toward them. This incident
illustrates how guilty sinners crave a mediator who will defend
them before a just God, and how Jesus acts as an advocate
for them before the Father.

A better translation of, "Your money was in my possession"

(v. 23), is, "Your money had come to me." In modern parlance:

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 545. See also S. B. Berg, The Book of Esther:
Motifs, Themes, and Structure, pp. 123-42, for linguistic and thematic parallels between
the Esther story and the Joseph story.
2W. L. Humphreys, Joseph and His Family: A Literary Study, p. 45.
454 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Don't worry; the money was returned to me." Evidently

Joseph had covered the loss by paying for his brothers' food
himself.

43:26-34 Again the brothers fulfilled God's prophecy in Joseph's dreams

by bowing before Joseph (vv. 26, 28; cf. 37:5-9). Benjamin
was about 16 years younger than Joseph, so he would have
been about 23 at this time (v. 29).1 Joseph was 39 (41:46;
45:6).

"… according to the prevailing custom of the East,

the very fact that they had been invited to
Joseph's table was in itself an encouraging
circumstance. Though the Orientals are for the
most part a revengeful people, yet if you eat with
them, you are thenceforward sure of having their
protection. Even should you have done them the
greatest injury, yet you need be under no
apprehension from their resentment."2

The caste system in Egypt required that Joseph, as a member

of the upper class, eat at a table separate from his Egyptian
companions. The Hebrews sat at a third table, since they were
foreigners (v. 32). The Hebrews and other foreigners ate
animals that the Egyptians regarded as sacred.3 The Egyptians
also followed strict rules for the ceremonial cleansing of their
food before they ate it. This made the Hebrews "an
abomination" (v. 32) to the Egyptians.4 The Egyptians also
shaved off all their body hair (cf. 41:14), so the hairiness of
the Hebrews may have been another reason for the Egyptians'
distaste.5 This segregation later allowed the Israelites to
develop into a numerous, distinct nation within the borders of
Egypt (cf. 46:34).

1Keil and Delitzsch, 1:361; Merrill, Kingdom of …, p. 31.

2Bush, 2:316.
3Cf. Herodotus, The Histories, 2:18, 41.
4See also the note on 46:34.
5The Nelson …, pp. 79, 84.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 455

Joseph now hosted a meal for his brothers, who, years before,
had callously sat down to eat while he languished in a pit.1
Joseph gave the highest honor to Benjamin as his distinguished
guest, by giving him larger and better servings of food than
the other brothers received ("five times as much," v. 34).
Special honorees frequently received double portions, but a
fivefold portion was the sign of highest privilege. With this
favor, Joseph sought not only to honor Benjamin, but also to
test his other brothers' feelings toward Benjamin. He wanted
to see if they would hate Benjamin as they had hated him, his
father's former favorite. Evidently they passed this test.

"Coming forth from this crucible, the formerly

callous brothers emerge a bonded family, shining
with integrity and love toward one another"2

"Those who would participate in God's program must be willing

to take responsibility for their actions, make restitution when
they are culpable, and accept their lot gratefully and without
jealousy."3

9. Joseph's last test and its results ch. 44

Joseph next tested his brothers' loyalty to Benjamin, by framing Benjamin

and charging him with stealing Joseph's cup. These events prompted the
brothers to acknowledge that God was punishing them for their treatment
of Joseph many years earlier. Judah's plea for Benjamin voiced the
genuineness of the brothers' loyalty to Benjamin. It contrasts with their
former disloyalty to Joseph.

Joseph wanted to discover if his brothers would sell Benjamin as a slave, as

they had sold him, and possibly kill Jacob with sorrow. Their only reasonable
alternative was to submit to slavery for Benjamin's sake. This discovery
seems to have been the object of Joseph's actions, as Moses related them
in this chapter. As God had tested the genuineness of Abraham's faith
(22:1), so Joseph tested the genuineness of his brothers' repentance.

1Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 302.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 557.
3Ross, Creation and …, p. 662.
456 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

44:1-5 That Joseph actually practiced "divination" (a black art of the

dark demonic world, that was later outlawed by God, in
Deuteronomy 18:10) is not clear from either verse 5 or verse
15. He may have, but this seems inconsistent with his
character as a man of faith in Yahweh.1 It also seems unlikely
since Joseph had the gift of interpreting dreams (divine
revelations) from God. He was a prophet who could reveal the
future. If anyone needed to resort to divination, in this case
hydromancy (discerning the future from liquids), it would not
have been Joseph.

Some interpreters, however, believe Joseph's claim was just

part of his ruse.2 The first statement, made by Joseph's
servant, may have been a lie (v. 5). The second statement,
made by Joseph, did not claim to actually "practice divination"
(v. 15). Joseph said that such a person as he could do it. Leon
Wood believed that Joseph meant that he had information not
available to ordinary people.3

The Hebrew verb in both verses 5 and 15 is nahash ("to

whisper," "mumble formulations," "prophesy"), not qasam, the
word normally translated "to divine."4 These references to
divination seem intended to impress Joseph's brothers with
the value of the cup that had disappeared. The Hebrew word
translated "cup" here, gabia', refers to an extremely valuable
and special chalice or goblet, not to a common drinking cup, a
kos. The brothers inferred, rightly or wrongly, that Joseph used
it to give him extraordinary insight.

44:6-13 The brothers' promise ("With whomever of your servants it

[the cup] is found, he shall die, and we also shall be my lord's
slaves," v. 9) was not only rash but foolish, since the contents
of their sacks had surprised them previously. Years earlier,
Laban had searched through Jacob's possessions for his
teraphim—that remained hidden in Rachel's tent. Jacob had
then rashly pronounced a death sentence—which would

1See Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., p. 303.

2E.g., Waltke, Genesis, p. 559; and Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 799.
3Wood, The Prophets …, p. 33.
4Ibid., p. 32.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 457

presumably have been carried out on Rachel, who was hiding

the idols—on the guilty person (cf. 31:23, 25, 32-33, 35).
Now the Egyptians searched for Joseph's cup of divination and
found it, ironically—in Benjamin's sack—Rachel's son's sack!

Joseph's steward did not hold the brothers to their promise to

become slaves, but simply stated that the supposed guilty
person would become a slave (v. 10). Joseph had set his
brothers up with a perfect excuse to abandon Benjamin—and
free themselves from slavery!

There is plenty of evidence in the text that Joseph's brothers

had truly repented and changed their attitudes. They were no
longer greedy, jealous, or disloyal. This put them in a position
to enjoy the blessings of their "sovereign" (Joseph), and to
become channels of blessing to others. Their "sovereign"
(lord) was Joseph, on the human level, but Joseph was also
God's representative, serving their Sovereign in heaven: God.
Note how the brothers acted together now, rather than
fighting among themselves, as they had done previously.

Tearing one's clothing was a sign of great personal distress in

the ancient Near East (v. 13; cf. 37:29). Here it expressed the
brothers' sincere agony, first, at the prospect of having to turn
Benjamin over to the Egyptians, and second, having to return
to Jacob only to break his heart. They tore their clothes in
anguish, as Jacob had done when he received news of Joseph's
apparent death (37:34). The brothers did not suspect that
they were the victims of deception, any more than Jacob did
when his sons gave him Joseph's bloody coat.1

"That all the brothers suffered such distress is a

telling sign of the new sense of unity they had
developed. They had already been informed that
the innocent will be released (v. 10). Moreover,
that they all return to Egypt underscores their
commitment to Benjamin. The brothers are of one
accord without any grumbling or dissent. They
were guilty [previously] but did not show remorse;

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 564.

458 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

now they are innocent and demonstrate deepest

agony."1

44:14-17 Judah acted as the spokesman, because he had promised

Jacob that he would take responsibility for Benjamin's safety
(v. 16; cf. 43:8-9). Judah regarded this turn of events as
divine condemnation for the brothers' treatment of Joseph and
Jacob years earlier ("God has found out the guilt of your
servants," v. 16).2 Actually it was divine discipline that God
designed in order to produce repentance. Later in Israel's
history, as recorded in the Book of Judges, God again used
discipline to produce repentance in the Israelites. Judah did not
try to get rid of the privileged son this time, as he had done
previously with Joseph. Instead, he volunteered to share
Benjamin's fate—at great personal sacrifice.

Joseph allowed Judah and the other brothers to depart and

return home, but without Benjamin (v. 17). However, Judah's
refusal to do so demonstrated the sincerity of the brothers'
repentance.

44:18-34 Judah explained the whole story. He did not try to hide or
excuse the brothers' guilt. This is the longest speech in
Genesis. Key words are "servant" (10 times), "my lord" (7
times), and "father" (13 times).

"This is one of the manliest, most straightforward

speeches ever delivered by any man. For depth of
feeling and sincerity of purpose it stands
unexcelled. What makes it most remarkable,
however, is the fact that it comes from the lips of
one who once upon a time was so calloused that
he cared nothing about the grief he had caused
his father."3

1Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 800.

2See D. Daube, Studies in Biblical Law, pp. 248-55; Sternberg, p. 306.
3Leupold, 2:1086.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 459

"No orator ever pronounced a more moving

oration."1

"Sir Walter Scott called this plea 'the most

complete pattern of genuine natural eloquence
extant in any language.'"2

"I would give very much to be able to pray before

our Lord God as well as Judah prays here before
Joseph. For this is a perfect pattern of prayer, yes,
of the true feeling which should be in a prayer."3

Jacob had not changed completely, in that he still doted on his

youngest son.

"There are Christians today who reveal a very

wonderful faith in God at the time when death
comes to a loved one. Others actually collapse
when this happens. I don't care how much you
love a member of your family, friend, if you both
are children of God, you know you are going to see
each other again someday. The one walking by
faith is not going to collapse at a time like that.
Therefore, we can recognize that Jacob has not
yet arrived. Although he is growing in grace, he
still does not have a complete trust in God."4

The brothers had changed; they now truly loved their father
and Benjamin. Note Judah's appeal to Jacob's old age and
Benjamin's youth (v. 20), descriptions designed to stress each
one's vulnerability and so elicit Joseph's pity. Judah
manifested concern for Jacob as well as Benjamin (v. 31).
Rather than hating their father for favoring Joseph and then
Benjamin, the brothers were now striving for Jacob's welfare.
The supreme proof of Judah's repentance, and the moral high
point of his career, was his willingness to trade places with
Benjamin and remain in Egypt as a slave (v. 33; cf. John

1Bush, 2:329.
2Yates, p. 42.
3Martin Luther, Luther's Works, 7:368.
4McGee, 1:178.
460 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

15:13). This is the first instance of altruistic human

substitution in Scripture (cf. 19:8; 22:13).

"A spiritual metamorphosis for the better has

certainly taken place in Judah. He who once
callously engineered the selling of Joseph to
strangers out of envy and anger is now willing to
become Joseph's slave so that the rest of his
brothers, and especially Benjamin, may be freed
and allowed to return to Canaan to rejoin their
father."1

"Jacob will crown Judah with kingship [49:10]

because he demonstrates that he has become fit
to rule according to God's ideal of kingship that
the king serves the people, not vice versa. Judah
is transformed from one who sells his brother as a
slave to one who is willing to be the slave for his
brother. With that offer he exemplifies Israel's
ideal kingship."2

"Judah's faithful adherence to Benjamin, now in

his distress, was recompensed long after by the
constant adherence of the tribe of Benjamin to
the tribe of Judah, when all the other ten tribes
deserted it. … How fitly does the apostle, when
he is discoursing of the mediation of Christ,
observe, that our Lord sprang out of Judah (Heb.
vii. 14); for, like his father Judah, he not only made
intercession for the transgressors, but he became
a surety for them."3

We should learn from this chapter that God teaches His people to be loyal
to one another, by convicting them of previous disloyalty, in order to get
them to love one another unselfishly. Such self-sacrificing love is essential
for the leaders of God's people.

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 570.

2Waltke, Genesis, p. 567.
3Matthew Henry, p. 64.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 461

10. Joseph's reconciliation with his brothers 45:1-15

Joseph emotionally revealed his identity to his brothers, when he could no

longer hold back his feelings. Joseph assured his brothers of God's
sovereign control of his life, and then directed them to bring Jacob to
Egypt. He then warmly demonstrated his love for his brothers. This chapter
contains one of the most dramatic recognition scenes in all literature.

Judah so impressed Joseph with the sincerity of his repentance, and the
tenderness of his affection, that Joseph broke down completely. He wept
tears of joy uncontrollably (v. 2; cf. 2 Sam. 13:9).

"The simple statement, 'I am Joseph,' must have come like a

thunderclap out of a clear sky on these unsuspecting men."1

Joseph then explained his perspective on his brothers' treatment of him.

He had discerned and accepted God's providential control of the events of
his life. Four times he stated that God, not his brothers, was behind what
had happened (vv. 5, 7, 8, 9).

"This statement is the theological heart of the account of

Jacob's line (see 50:19-21; Acts 7:9-10). God directs the
maze of human guilt to achieve his good and set purposes
(Acts 2:23; 4:28). Such faith establishes the redemptive
kingdom of God."2

"It is divine sovereignty that undergirds the optimism of

Genesis. 'God sent me to preserve life,' says Joseph."3

"Then, why was Joseph so great? He was great because of his

faith in God, which manifested itself in a magnanimous attitude
toward others and his magnificent attitude toward difficulties.
A strong faith leads to a good attitude."4

1Leupold, 2:1091.
2Waltke, Genesis, p. 563.
3Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 433.
4Swindoll, Joseph, p. 135.
462 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Happy is the man whose eye is open to see the hand of God
in every-day events, for to him life always possesses a
wonderful and true joy and glory."1

Part of God's purpose was to use Joseph to preserve the house of Israel
through the famine (v. 7).

"In using terms like remnant and survivors, Joseph is employing

words that elsewhere in the OT are freighted with theological
significance. It may well be that in the deliverance of his
brothers and his father Joseph perceives that far more is at
stake than the mere physical survival of twelve human beings.
What really survives is the plan of redemption announced first
to his great grandfather."2

Joseph called God "Ha Elohim," the powerful God, the God of their fathers
(v. 8). Joseph was "a father to Pharaoh," in that he was his adviser, like a
father might be an adviser to his son (v. 8).

"The theme of divine providential care is put into words by

Joseph himself (45:7-8; 50:20), summing up the whole
patriarchal story."3

An appreciation for God's sovereign control produced in Joseph a character

marked by graciousness, forgiveness, and acceptance. No one can force a
person who trusts in God out of God's will. I have known people who became
bitter because they lost a good job, or a close family member, or a prized
possession. But these events are all part of God’s sovereign plan to bring
blessing to these people, and through them to others. Even having suffered
abuse in the past, as Joseph did, is no excuse for holding grudges and being
bitter.

Joseph had evidently been planning for his father's family to move down to
Egypt—if or when his brothers would prove that their attitude had changed
(v. 10). "Goshen" (a Semitic rather than an Egyptian name) was the most
fertile part of Egypt (cf. v. 18). It lay in the delta region northeast of the
Egyptian capital: Memphis. Joseph made provision for the blessing of his
father's family ("I will provide for you") so that they would not be

1Thomas, Genesis, pp. 379-80.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 576.
3Whybray, p. 5.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 463

"impoverished," since there were still five more years of famine to come
(v. 11).

Joseph then embraced Benjamin—and all his other brothers—to express his
love to them and to confirm his forgiveness of them (vv. 14-15). The writer
highlighted the genuine reconciliation between Joseph and his brothers by
recording that they "talked with him" (v. 15). Much earlier they could not
speak to him because they hated him (37:4). But now, after a threefold
expression of Joseph's goodwill toward his siblings (weeping, explaining,
and embracing), the shocked and fearful brothers gained the courage to
speak. They now recognized Joseph as the same person whom they had so
cruelly abused, and who was now able to crush them if he chose to do so.

Outstanding in this section is the way in which Joseph's perception of God's

ways made him gracious, forgiving, and accepting—rather than bitter and
vindictive. He saw the loving hand of his God behind the cruelty of his
brothers. He had accepted all that had come to him as the will of God, and,
therefore, he experienced the blessing of God. Reconciliation is possible
when there is forgiveness, and forgiveness is possible when there is
recognition of God's sovereignty.

"Some have questioned the morality of Yosef's actions, seeing

that the aged Yaakov might well have died while the test was
progressing, without ever finding out that Yosef had survived.
But that is not the point of the story. What it is trying to teach
(among other things) is a lesson about crime and repentance.
Only by recreating something of the original situation—the
brothers are again in control of the life and death of a son of
Rachel—can Yosef be sure that they have changed. Once the
brothers pass the test, life and covenant can then continue."1

"Genesis declares that children raised in dysfunctional families

are not locked by fate into living dysfunctional lives."2

Though the Bible never identifies Joseph as a type of Christ, many analogies
are apparent and significant: Both had unusual births in answer to prayer.
Both were special objects of their father's love. Both were set apart from
their brethren. Both were sent by their fathers to their brethren. Both

1E. Fox, In the Beginning, p. 202.

2Wyrtzen, p. 25.
464 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

obeyed their fathers. In both cases their brethren ridiculed and hated them
without just cause, and sold them for a few pieces of silver (Joseph for 20
and Jesus for 30). Their brethren rejected their superior claims, sought to
prevent their exaltation, conspired to kill them, and turned them over to
Gentiles. Both disappeared from their brethren for a time (Joseph in Egypt
and Jesus in heaven). Both were tempted and overcame their temptations.
Both began their saving work at or near the age of 30. Both were unjustly
condemned by Gentile rulers (Potiphar and Pilate). Both found favor with
Gentile overseers (Joseph's jailer and the centurion at Jesus' crucifixion).
Both suffered with two malefactors, one of which received life and the
other death. Joseph asked the blessed prisoner to remember him, and
Jesus told the blessed thief that He would remember Him. Both became a
savior and a blessing to their brethren, to strangers, to the Gentiles, and
to the whole world—in spite of their brethren's hatred and rejection. Both
received a bride (Asenath and the church). The brethren of both received
judgment for their treachery. Both forgave their persecutors. Joseph
reconciled with his brethren and exalted them, and so will Christ. Jacob
rejoiced over the fact that Joseph, whom he long regarded as dead, was
alive, and returned to him. Likewise the Israelites will rejoice and return to
Jesus when He finally appears at His Second Coming.1

11. Israel's move to Egypt 45:16—46:30

Joseph's brothers returned to Jacob with news of Joseph's survival and

prosperity. Israel (Jacob) then moved to Egypt in response to Joseph's
invitation and God's encouragement. The survival of Jacob's family in Egypt
through the famine recalls the survival of Noah's family in the ark through
the Flood.

Israel's decision to move to Egypt 45:16-28

Pharaoh's invitation was so exceptionally generous because Pharaoh held

Joseph in such high regard. This is another excellent example of true
hospitality: giving the best that one has to a starving and needy family.
Pharaoh's invitation was only an invitation, not a command. Pharaoh had no
authority to command Jacob to move into Egypt. Jacob was free to accept
or reject this offer. If Jacob chose to accept it, he would be free to return
to Canaan whenever he chose. The fact that Jacob's family later could not

1See Leupold, 2:951; Baxter, 1:60-62; McGee, 1:150, 160-61, and 168-69.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 465

leave Egypt, after they had settled there, was due to a new Pharaoh's new
policies concerning the Israelites as residents of Egypt. It was not due to
the action of this Pharaoh (Sesostris III).

"… when Pharaoh restates Joseph's offer and 'twice' gives the
brothers the 'good' (vv. 18, 20) of the land of Egypt, it is hard
not to see in the purpose of this narrative a conscious allusion
to the 'good' (1:31) land given to Adam in Genesis 1. The
picture of Joseph is a picture of restoration—not just the
restoration of the good fortune of Jacob, but, as a picture, the
restoration of the blessing that was promised through the seed
of Jacob. This picture is also a blueprint for the hope that lies
for the people of Israel at the end of the Pentateuch. They are
to go into the land and enjoy it as God's good gift (e.g., Dt
30:5)."1

Joseph's admonition to his brothers not to "quarrel" (NASB, ESV, NRSV,

NIV, TNIV, NEB), "fall out" (AV), or "argue" (HCSB, CEV) on their journey
(v. 24) is a bit unclear. Probably he meant just that: not to become involved
in arguing and recriminations over the past (cf. Prov. 29:9). Since Joseph
had forgiven them, they should forgive one another (cf. Matt. 18:21-35).
However, the usual meaning of the Hebrew word translated "quarrel" is
"fear" or "tremble" (e.g.. Exod. 15:14). Another English version has
rendered this Hebrew word "become troubled" (NKJV). So part of Joseph's
meaning may have been that they should not be afraid of robbers as they
returned to Canaan, or fearful of returning to Egypt in the future.2

"I think it is safe to say that we are to trust one another, but
we are never to trust one another's nature."3

Jacob had suffered as a victim of his sons' deception and malice. But he
had also suffered because of his own failure to cling to the promises that
God had given to his forefathers, to himself, and to Joseph in his dreams.
Jacob always had difficulty believing without seeing. Nevertheless, when he
believed that Joseph was alive and ruling over Egypt, his spirit revived, and
he returned to a position of trust in God. For this reason, Moses called him

1Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 223.

2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 430.
3Swindoll, Joseph, p. 156.
466 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Israel" again in the text (v. 28). Often, in Genesis, a final comment by a
chief actor in the drama anticipates the next scene, as here.

"Both Abraham and Jacob figuratively receive their sons back

from the dead. Both sons prefigure the death and resurrection
of Christ, but Joseph even more so. Both are not only alive but
rulers over all (cf. Acts 2:32-34; Phil. 2:6-11). Jacob's
response on hearing the incredibly good news prefigures the
response of the disciples when the women tell them that Christ
is alive, having been raised from the dead. They too greet the
news at first with stunned disbelief and finally with
unspeakable joy when it is proved with many infallible proofs
(cf. Luke 24:9-49; John 21:1-9, 24-25; Acts 1:3). Their faith,
like Jacob's, revives them, reorients their lives, and makes
them pilgrims venturing from land plagued by famine to the
best land imaginable."1

"A fugitive is fleeing from home; a vagabond has no home; a

stranger is away from home; but a pilgrim is heading home."2

"In the central place of every heart there is a recording

chamber; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope,
cheer, and courage, so long are you young. When the wires are
all down and your heart is covered with the snows of pessimism
and the ice of cynicism, then, and then only are you grown
old."3

God's encouragement to move 46:1-7

The structure of chapters 46 and 47 is also chiastic:4

A God appears to Jacob (46:1-4)

B Jacob journeys to Egypt (46:5-27)

C Joseph meets Jacob (46:28-34)

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 578.

2Wiersbe,
p. 119.
3General
Douglas MacArthur, quoted in Quote Unquote, p. 15.
4Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 439.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 467

D Joseph's brothers meet Pharaoh (47:1-6)

C' Jacob meets Pharaoh (47:7-10)

B' Joseph cares for his family and Egypt (47:11-26)

A' Jacob prepares to die (47:27-31)

Beersheba lay near the southern border of Canaan (v. 1). Jacob and his
caravan stopped there to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. Earlier, Abraham had
planted a tamarisk tree there, and called on the name of the LORD (21:33).
Isaac had built an altar there and called on the LORD, after God had appeared
to him (26:24-25). It was perhaps on this very altar that Jacob now
presented his sacrifices.

Jacob must have had mixed feelings as he looked forward to seeing Joseph
again. At the same time, he realized he was leaving the land promised to
his family by God. This move was as momentous for Jacob as Abram's
journey had been from Ur (12:1-3), Jacob's flight to Paddan-aram (28:1-
22), or his return to Canaan (31:3-54)—all of which God encouraged with
visions.

"In addressing God as God of his father he was acknowledging

the family calling, and implicitly seeking leave to move out of
Canaan. His attitude was very different from that of Abram in
12:10ff."1

1Kidner, p. 208. Cf. Gen. 26:24; 28:13-15; 32:9.

468 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Zoan
(Tanis)

Beersheba

Raameses
(Avaris)

Memphis

Nile R.

JACOB’S MOVE TO EGYPT Red Sea

Jacob was probably aware of the prophecy that Abraham's descendants

would experience slavery in a foreign land for 400 years (15:13).
Consequently, he must have found it even more difficult to cross into Egypt
(vv. 2-4). God revealed Himself to Jacob here (the sixth time) in order to
assure him that this move was in harmony with His will for him and his
family. This is one of four "Do not be afraid" consolations that God gave in
Genesis (v. 3; cf. 15:1; 21:17; 26:24).

God promised to make Jacob's family "a great nation" in Egypt (cf. 12:2;
15:13-14; 17:6, 20; 18:18; 21:13-8). Because of the Egyptians' disdain
for Hebrew shepherds, Jacob's family was not in danger of assimilation into
Egyptian life—as they had been in danger of being assimilated into
Canaanite life. They also received the best land in Egypt. The Israelites'
removal to Egypt was a divine discipline, too. Jacob's sons had failed to
stay separate from the Canaanites, so God, in keeping with His promise,
temporarily removed them from the land He had promised them. Note the
parallels with Esau's migration to Seir (cf. 36:2-8 and 46:8—47:27).
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 469

God promised to go with Jacob into Egypt (v. 4). Egypt became the womb
that God used to form the nation of Israel.1 Though Jacob was leaving God's
Promised Land, he was not leaving God behind. God further promised to
bring Jacob back into the land ("I will also assuredly bring you up again," v.
4). He did this by bringing Jacob's descendants back, 400 years later, and
by bringing Jacob himself back for burial in the land (50:1-21). Moreover,
God promised that Jacob would not die until he had seen Joseph (cf. 49:29-
33). "Joseph will close your eyes" (v. 4) refers to a custom that Jews still
practice. The eldest son or closest relative would gently close the eyes of
the deceased.2

"Jacob's decidedly dysfunctional family is on the verge of

coming together again in genuine community."3

Israel's household's move to Egypt 46:8-27

This section contains a list of the individuals in Jacob's family about the
time he moved to Egypt. Simeon and Judah had married Canaanite women
(vv. 10, 12; cf. 38:2). As in chapter 31, when Jacob left Paddan-aram, this
move was also difficult for Jacob. Moses recorded a total of 70 persons (v.
27; cf. Exod. 1:5). The 66 referred to in verse 26 excluded Jacob, Joseph,
Ephraim, and Manasseh; or perhaps Er and Onan (v. 12) and Ephraim and
Manasseh. This number also excluded the wives of Jacob's sons (v. 26).
Stephen said there were 75, but he must have added Joseph's three
grandsons and two great-grandsons (Acts 7:14). These five were born
later, as were some or all of Benjamin's 10 sons (v. 21), in all probability.4
In addition to the 70 males …

"… according to a view which we frequently meet with in the

Old Testament, though strange to our modes of thought,
[they] came into Egypt in lumbus patrum [i.e., in the loins of
their father]."5

"It [verse 8] means: shortly after the children of Israel had

come to Egypt there were to be found those seventy fathers

1Waltke,Genesis, p. 574.
2Sarna,Understanding Genesis, p. 313.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 593.
4See Sailhamer, "Genesis," revised ed., pp. 309-10, for discussion of the numbers.
5Keil and Delitzsch, 1:371.
470 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

from whom were derived the seventy clans that were the
prevailing clans throughout Israel's early history."1

This was the humble beginning of the great nation of Israel.

"It can hardly go without notice that the number of nations in

Genesis 10 is also 'seventy.' Just as the 'seventy nations'
represent all the descendants of Adam, so now the 'seventy
sons' represent all the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob—the children of Israel. Here in narrative form is a
demonstration of the theme in Deuteronomy 32:8 that God
apportioned the boundaries of the nations (Ge 10) according
to the number of the children of Israel. Thus the writer has
gone to great lengths to portray the new nation of Israel as a
new humanity and Abraham as a second Adam. The blessing
that is to come through Abraham and his seed is a restoration
of the original blessing of Adam, a blessing which was lost in
the Fall."2

"But there must have been a very large company belonging to

them, of both men-servants, maid-servants, and children; and,
beyond a doubt, these remained, were incorporated with, and
multiplied as rapidly as their masters. May we not in this fact
find an explanation of the vast multitude to which this
company had grown in so short a time?"3

Israel's reunion with Joseph 46:28-30

This reunion recalls Jacob's former meeting with Esau (32:3). In both
situations, after a long period of separation, Jacob sent a party ahead to
meet his relative.

"The land of Goshen, where the Hebrews lived, adjoined

Avaris—now known to have been sited at Tell el-Dab'a (not at
Tanis, as so many textbooks wrongly aver)."4

1Leupold, 2:1115.
2Sailhamer, The Pentateuch …, p. 225.
3Thomson, 2:409.
4Kitchen, The Bible …, p. 76.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 471

The opinion expressed in the quotation above rests on belief in a late date
for the Exodus in the thirteenth century B.C., however, and may not be
correct.

Jacob had said that the loss of his sons would bring him to his grave in
mourning (37:35; 42:38). Joseph's "resurrection" had enabled his father
to die in peace. Similarly, the resurrection of a "Greater Joseph" (Jesus)
has allowed many to face death with courage and hope (cf. Phil. 1:21-26;
1 Pet. 1:3).

Joseph encouraged his family to be completely honest with Pharaoh (v.

34). Dishonesty had long plagued Jacob's family, but now Joseph led them
out of this destructive behavior.

Believers should respond to divine providence, by making their decisions in

response to the initiative of His wise leaders. They should do so with
confidence in His promises, dependent on His continuing guidance and
provision. Providence is God's guidance and care that He exercises through
circumstances.

12. Joseph's wise leadership 46:31—47:27

As a result of Joseph presenting his family members to Pharaoh, they

received the best of Egypt's land. Jacob blessed Pharaoh in return for his
goodness. In the years that followed, Joseph bought almost all of Egypt for
Pharaoh, saved the Egyptians' lives, and furthered Israel's prosperity and
blessing. Through Joseph, all the nations surrounding Egypt also received
blessing (cf. 12:3).

God's provision of land and food for Israel 46:31—47:12

A major purpose of this section is to show how God sustained and blessed
Jacob's family in Egypt during the remaining five years of the famine (cf.
vv. 12-13). Another is to demonstrate how He partially fulfilled His
promises to the patriarchs: to make them a blessing to the whole world
(47:15-25), as well as fruitful and numerous (47: 27).

46:31-34 Egyptians loathed shepherds, because agriculture was the

basis of Egyptian society, and the Nile River and its delta,
where Goshen was, sustained agricultural life (v. 34). The
Egyptian farmers organized their fields carefully, and
472 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

controlled them relatively easily and neatly, but without large

herds of livestock. The comparative difficulty of controlling
large herds of sheep, goats, and cows led the Egyptians to
think of those who cared for these animals as crude and
barbaric.1 Probably, too, the more "civilized" Egyptians
distrusted any nomadic peoples.2 This resulted in the Israelites
living in separate territory from the Egyptians, where they
increased in numbers, and developed a distinct national
identity and vocation, as God had promised.

"Rameses III is said to have employed 3,264 men,

mostly foreigners, to take care of his herds."3

47:1-12 Jacob's blessing of Pharaoh (vv. 7, 10) is unusual, since it

implies that, in one sense (i.e., as one of God's elect), Jacob
was superior to Pharaoh. "… the lesser person is blessed by
the greater" (Heb. 7:7). Pharaoh was a man of immense
worldly power and influence. Jacob became a blessing to a
Gentile world ruler, and so fulfilled God's promise of becoming
a blessing, partially. This event also foreshadowed the future,
complete fulfillment of Israel’s worldwide blessing of the
nations.

"The least and most faltering of God's children has

the superiority in the presence of the most
elevated men of the world."4

Jacob in this scene described his life as "my living abroad" (v.
9), primarily because he had not come into final possession of
the Promised Land. He had, of course, also lived in widely
separated places during his lifetime: Paddan-aram, Canaan, and
now Egypt. His years were fewer than his fathers: 130
compared with Abraham's 175, and Isaac's 180. This
comparison, plus Jacob's statement that "few and unpleasant
have been the years of my life," testifies to the fact that

1See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:374-75, and my note on 43:32.

2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 445.
3Ibid., p. 446.
4Darby, 1:78.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 473

neither Abraham nor Isaac had experienced the difficulties and

distresses that Jacob had during his lifetime.

"These words [in v. 9] appear to be the author's

attempt at a deliberate contrast to the later
promise that one who honors his father and
mother should 'live long and do well upon the land'
(Dt 5:15 [sic 16]). Jacob, who deceived his father
and thereby gained the blessing, must not only die
outside the Promised Land but also, we learn here,
his years were few and difficult. From his own
words, then, we can see a final recompense for
Jacob's actions earlier in the book."1

"When we first encountered Jacob he was

struggling inside his mother's womb with his twin
brother. As we come to the end of Jacob's life, he
is struggling for his life in a famine-devastated
Canaan. In between these first and last moments
of struggle have been many trying experiences for
Jacob. His life has had more sorrow than joy."2

"To watch Jacob is to see a man who alternated

between faith and fear."3

"Frankly, my feeling is that Jacob has arrived.

What an opportunity he has to boast, but he
doesn't take advantage of it. Someone else might
have thought, Pharaoh is a great ruler, but I want
him to know that I was a pretty big man up yonder
in the land of Canaan! But Jacob doesn't brag—he
is just a sinner, saved by the grace of God."4

The text describes the area where Jacob's family settled as

"the land of Rameses" here, rather than Goshen (v. 11). The

1Sailhamer,The Pentateuch …, p. 227.

2Hamilton,The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 612.
3Morgan, An Exposition …, p. 32.
4McGee, 1:185.
474 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

land of Rameses could have been another name for Goshen, or

a larger area encompassing Goshen, or a district within Goshen.

The use of the name "Rameses" here and elsewhere (Exod.

1:11; 12:37; Num. 33:3, 5) has become a kind of "red herring"
for many interpreters. It has led them to conclude that these
events occurred after one of the Pharaohs named Rameses
lived. Rameses I reigned about 1347-1320 B.C. However, the
biblical chronological references (1 Kings 6:1; Exod. 12:40; et
al.) point to a date for Israel's move to Egypt near 1876 B.C.
How can we account for the use of the name Rameses here
then?

It is possible that the name "Rameses" (also spelled "Raamses"

and "Raameses") was in use when Jacob entered Egypt, even
though extra-biblical references have not confirmed this.1
"Raamses" simply means "Ra [the sun god] has created it."2 A
second possibility is that Rameses may have been the name of
this district later, in Moses' day, when he wrote Genesis. Moses
might have used the more modern name when writing Genesis,
rather than an older one that was in use in Jacob's day. A third
possibility is that Rameses was the district name even later in
history (e.g., after Pharaoh Rameses). A later scribe may have
substituted "Rameses" for an older name that was in use when
Moses wrote or when Jacob entered Egypt.3

"How different is Jacob's descent to Egypt from

his grandfather's (ch. 12)! Both seek out the
safety of Egypt because of famine. To save
himself Abraham engages in deceit. To save his
family Jacob engages in blessing. The Pharaoh at
Abraham's visit was only too happy to see
Abraham return to his own country. The Pharaoh
at Jacob's visit insists that Jacob stay and settle
on some choice land. Abraham retreats from
Egypt. For Jacob Egypt is his new home. Abraham

1Merrill, Kingdom of …, pp. 70-71; Walter C. Kaiser Jr., A History of Israel, pp. 74-75.
2International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, s.v. "Raamses," by C. R. Conder, 4:2520.
3See Leupold, 2:1131.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 475

leaves Egypt alive (and happy to be so!). Jacob

will leave Egypt dead."1

God's provision of land and food for Pharaoh 47:13-27

This section demonstrates the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing on Pharaoh

(46:31—47:6 and 47:7-10). Joseph was able to save Egypt and its
neighbors from a very severe famine, and to alleviate the desperate plight
of the Egyptians. Joseph fulfilled God's promises to bless his family through
himself (promised in his dreams), and to bless the whole world through
Abraham's descendants (12:3). Pharaoh received money from Egypt and
Canaan (vv. 13-14), livestock (vv. 15-17), land and slaves (vv. 18-21, 23,
25), and 20 percent of future harvests (vv. 23-26). Such a tax was not
out of line with what was common in that day in the ancient Near East.
Twenty percent was actually a small tax at that time, since the average
was 33 and a third percent.2 God blessed this Pharaoh because he had
blessed the Israelites with the best of Egypt. Later, in Moses' time, God
cursed a different Pharaoh, because he dealt harshly with the Israelites.

"This entire situation informs the meaning of Exodus 1:8-11,

which states that a new king came to power who did not know
Joseph. Consequently—and ironically—that king began to
enslave the Israelites to work in his projects. Had he
remembered Joseph, he would have realized how loyal and
faithful Israel could be in their sojourn in the land. Because this
Pharaoh treated Israel well, they flourished, and he became
powerful and wealthy; but because that new king treated Israel
harshly, he would have none of the blessing of God, nor would
he be able to hinder the prosperity of the people of God. From
the beginning to the end of the Egyptian sojourn, prosperity
and growth came from God's blessing. Those who
acknowledged it shared in it."3

1Hamilton,The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 613.

2Waltke,Genesis, p. 591; Thomas, Genesis, pp. 451-52; Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26,
pp. 851, 860; Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 322; 1 Maccabees 10:29. See Brian
Alexander McKenzie, "Jacob's Blessing of Pharaoh: An Interpretation of Gen. 46:31—
47:26," Westminster Theological Journal 45 (Fall 1983):386-99.
3Ross, Creation and …, p. 687. Cf. 12:3.
476 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

47:13-19 "It was axiomatic in the ancient world that one

paid one's way so long as one had anything to part
with—including, in the last resort, one's liberty."1

"Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian slavery

differentiated generally between formerly free
people who became debt slaves and foreigners
(usually war captives) who were bought and sold
as chattel. Mesopotamian laws and contracts
indicate that creditors obtained the service of the
debt slave until the debt was covered, but chattel
slaves belonged to their owners without much
chance of release. Although we cannot know from
Genesis, there is reason to believe that the
voluntary submission of the people assumes that
the enslavement was not permanent (cp. the law
established by Joseph, 47:26)."2

"The idea of slavery is not attractive to the

modern mind, but in the ancient world it was the
primary way of dealing with the poor and
destitute. If the people became slaves of Pharaoh,
it was Pharaoh's responsibility to feed them and
care for them. It was the best way for them to
survive the famine."3

This is the first mention of "horses" in the Bible, the primary

beast of burden and military machine at that time (v. 17).
Egypt was an important source of horses in Solomon's day (cf.
1 Kings 10:28-29).

The reference to the Egyptian's exchanging "flocks" and

"herds" for food (v. 17) may seem to contradict the fact that
"every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians" (46:34).
Even though many Egyptian were farmers, there had to have
been many Egyptians who kept flocks of sheep and herds of
cows. Probably the earlier statement about shepherds is a

1Kidner, p. 211.
2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 851.
3The NET2 Bible note on 47:19.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 477

reference to the lower caste of Egyptians, whom most

Egyptians looked down upon.

47:20-26 Early Greek writers, as well as monument evidence, seem to

confirm Joseph's political reforms and redistribution of land in
Egypt.1 In a very real sense, Joseph became a "savior" of the
Gentiles ("So they [the Egyptians] said [to Joseph], 'You have
saved our lives!'" v. 25)—as well as the Jews.2

"We might also add that the exception made to

temple lands (vv. 22, 26) shows that Joseph's
action was not a crass land grab without regard
for Egyptian tradition and society's welfare."3

47:27 Israel also prospered under Joseph's administration. The

Israelites "acquired property in it [Egypt] and were fruitful and
became very numerous." The fulfillment of God's promise to
increase the seed of the patriarchs was advancing quickly.

This chapter illustrates the fact that a wise leader knows that prosperity
comes only from God, so he makes decisions in harmony with what God has
revealed about how He has promised to bless.

"Adversity is sometimes hard upon a man, but for one man

who can stand prosperity, there are a hundred that will stand
adversity."4

13. Jacob's worship in Egypt 47:28—48:22

Jacob demonstrated his faith in God's promises by demanding that his sons
bury him in the Promised Land. He also showed he had learned that God will
bless those He chooses to bless, by his blessing the younger Ephraim over
the older Manasseh.

1See Keil and Delitzsch, 1:379; Cambridge Ancient History, 1:306-310.

2See Frankfort, pp. 36-43.
3Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 852.
4Thomas Carlyle, quoted in John Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, p. 474.
478 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Jacob's request to be buried in Canaan 47:28-31

Jacob lived his last 17 years in the care of Joseph, who, ironically, had spent
the first 17 years of his life in Jacob's care (37:2). As Jacob's death
seemed to be approaching, he called for Joseph and made him promise to
bury him in the Promised Land ("with my fathers"), rather than in Egypt
(cf. 24:2-3). As the father of such an important person as Joseph, Jacob
could have had a very fine burial in Egypt. His request demonstrated his
preference for the promise of God rather than the acclaim of the world (cf.
Moses, Heb. 11:24-25).

As mentioned previously, placing the hand under a person's thigh was part
of a ritual connected with making a solemn promise (cf. 24:2-3). Jacob
evidently "bowed in worship at the head of the bed" in prayer and
thanksgiving to Yahweh for granting his wish to be buried in Canaan. Here
is another reference to Jacob bowing in Joseph's presence (cf. 37:9-10).
Jacob may have been too weak to bow down on the ground, which was a
more common posture in worship (cf. 48:12; 1 Kings 1:47).

"Jacob, in life too often the cunning schemer who trusted his
own wiliness to achieve his ends, now in the face of death
shows that his ultimate hope is the promise of God."1

"Jacob's desire was that his funeral would be a clear witness

that he was not an idol-worshiping Egyptian but a believer in
the true and living God. When you stop to think that your
funeral and burial are the last public testimonies you will ever
give, it makes you want to plan carefully. Making your last will
and testament is important, but don't neglect your last
witness and testimony."2

Jacob's adoption of Joseph's sons 48:1-11

The events recorded in the last three chapters of Genesis deal with the last
days of Jacob and Joseph. In these last chapters, there are many other
references to earlier episodes in the book.

"This constant harking back to earlier episodes and promises

is totally in place in a book whose theme is the fulfillment of

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 452.

2Wiersbe, p. 164.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 479

promises, a book that regularly uses analogy between episodes

as a narrative technique. And at the close of a book it is
particuarly [sic] appropriate to exploit these cross-linkages to
the full. It reinforces the sense of completeness and suggests
that the story has reached a natural stopping point."1

"It is appropriate that the end of Genesis should draw to a

close with repeated references to the thematic word of the
book (b-r-k, 'to bless')."2

This very important section explains how Ephraim and Manasseh came to
have equal standing with Joseph's brothers, and why Joseph did not
become the head of a tribe. Manasseh would have been between 20 and
26 years old at this time (41:50; 47:28). Ephraim, of course, was younger
than Manasseh. Thus we have another etiology (an explanation of origins).

It was as "Israel," the "Prince with God," that Jacob performed the official
and significant act of blessing and adopting Ephraim and Manasseh as his
own sons (vv. 2-4; cf. Heb. 11:21). His action was in harmony with God's
will and purpose for the chosen family, and it involved the patriarchal
promises to which he referred (cf. 35:10-12).

"Jacob may be losing his health, but he is not losing his

memory. He can recall the incident of many years earlier when
God appeared to him at Luz [Bethel] (35:9-15). He repeats
the promises of God about fertility, multiplication, that his
seed will be an assembly of nations, and finally the promise of
land. The only essential element of that theophany he does
not repeat is the name change from Jacob to Israel. In this
way, Jacob minimizes his role and maximizes God's role in that
event."3

By adopting Joseph's first two sons as his own, and giving them equal
standing with Joseph's brothers, Jacob was bestowing on Joseph the
double portion of the birthright (v. 5; cf. v. 22; 1 Chron. 5:1-2). He was
also, in effect, elevating Joseph to the level of himself. Joseph was the first
son of Jacob's intended first wife: Rachel. Jacob's reference to Rachel (v.
7) shows that she, as the mother of Joseph, was in his mind in this act. It

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 461.

2Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, p. 863.
3Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 628.
480 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

honored her. The other sons of Joseph, who were born after Manasseh and
Ephraim, received their own inheritances.

"Verse 7 has long puzzled biblical interpreters. Why the

mention of Rachel at this point in the narrative, and why the
mention of her burial site? If we relate the verse to what
precedes, then the mention of Rachel here could be prompted
by the fact that just as she had borne Jacob 'two sons' (44:27,
Joseph and Benjamin) at a time when he was about to enter
(48:7) the land, so also Joseph gave Jacob 'two sons' (v. 5)
just at the time when he was about to enter Egypt."1

Jacob's eyes were failing in his old age (v. 10), so he may not have
recognized Ephraim and Manasseh (cf. 27:1). However, it seems more likely
that by asking "Who are these?" (v. 8), Jacob was identifying the
beneficiaries as part of the legal ritual of adoption and/or blessing (cf.
27:18). The eyesight of both Isaac and Jacob failed in their old age.

"There is a slight touch of irony here: Jacob had secured

Isaac's blessing by guile and deceit, while Joseph is securing
the blessing for his sons by honesty and forthrightness."2

Jacob gave God the credit that he was able to see Joseph's sons ("God has
let me see your children as well," v. 11). He had come to acknowledge
God's providential working and grace in his life, as he realized how faithful
God had been to him in spite of his unfaithfulness.

Jacob's blessing of Ephraim and Manasseh 48:12-20

Ephraim and Manasseh had been standing very close to Jacob, between his
knees, so that he could see and touch them (v. 12). Ancient Near Eastern
adoption rituals included placing the adopted child on the knees of the
adopting parent, to symbolize the adopter giving birth to the child in place
of the birth mother.3 Now Joseph took his sons back to where he had been
standing, a few feet away, in front of his father. He then bowed before
Jacob.

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 271.

2Davis, Paradise to …, p. 294.
3See I. Mendelsohn, "A Ugaritic Parallel to the Adoption of Ephraim and Manasseh," Israel
Exploration Journal (1959):180-83.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 481

"Joseph may be the second most powerful man in Egypt, but

he never loses his respect for his father, and he never ceases
to be gracious toward him."1

Arranging Manasseh and Ephraim in the normal order for Jacob's blessing,
by their age with Manasseh to Jacob's right, Joseph then brought them
forward again, within arm's reach of Jacob (v. 13).

This is the first of many scriptural instances of the laying on of hands (v.
14). With this act, a person symbolically transferred a spiritual power or
gift to another. This rite was part of the ceremony of dedicating a person
or group to an office (Num. 27:18, 23; Deut. 34:9; Matt. 19:13; Acts 6:6;
8:17; etc.), offering sacrifices, and the healings that Jesus Christ and the
apostles performed. In this case, Jacob symbolically transferred a blessing
from himself to Joseph's sons. Once uttered, blessings were irreversible
(cf. 27:33; Num. 23:20; Rom. 11:29).

Jacob's blessing of Ephraim and Manasseh also carried prophetic

significance and force (vv. 19-20). Under the inspiration of God, Jacob
deliberately gave Ephraim the privileged "firstborn blessing," and predicted
his preeminence. This was the fourth consecutive generation of Abraham's
descendants in which the normal pattern of the firstborn assuming
prominence over the second born was reversed: Isaac over Ishmael, Jacob
over Esau, Joseph over Reuben, and Ephraim over Manasseh. We can see
this blessing in the process of its fulfillment, during the Judges Period, when
the tribe of Ephraim had grown more large and influential than the tribe of
Manasseh. The combined tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh increased from
72,700, in the second year after the Exodus (Num. 1:32-35), to 85,200,
forty years later (Num. 26:28-37). By contrast, the tribes of Reuben and
Simeon decreased from 105,800 to 65,930 during the same period.

The Ephraimites took the lead among the ten northern tribes, after the split
between the northern and southern tribes. They flourished to the extent
that the Jews later used the names "Ephraim" and "Israel"
interchangeably—to describe the northern confederacy. The Ephraimites
even occasionally demonstrated an attitude of superiority among the
tribes, that we can trace back to this blessing (e.g., Judg. 12:1; et al.).

1Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 635.

482 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The Hebrew phrase translated "a multitude of nations" (v. 19) appears only
here in the Old Testament, and probably means "a company of peoples,"
namely, "numerous." The reference to "Israel" in verse 20 applies to the
nation in the future—from Jacob's viewpoint.

Jacob's announcement of Joseph's birthright 48:21-22

Jacob, called "Israel" here, the Prince with God, firmly believed God's
promise to bring his descendants back into the Promised Land (cf. 46:4).
Israel's prophetic promise to Joseph (v. 22) is a play on words. The word
for "portion" means "ridge" or "shoulder (of land)," and is the same as
"Shechem." Shechem lay in Manasseh's tribal territory. The Israelites later
distributed the land among the tribes (Josh. 24:1), and buried Joseph at
Shechem (Josh. 24:32). Jacob regarded the land that he had purchased
there (33:18-20) as a pledge, or down payment, of his descendants' future
possession of the whole land. In Jesus' day, people spoke of Shechem (near
Sychar) as what Jacob had given to Joseph (John 4:5).

Jacob spoke as though he had taken Shechem from the Amorites by force
("with my sword and my bow"; v. 22). Probably Jacob viewed Simeon's and
Levi's slaughter of the Shechemites as his own taking of the city (34:27-
29).1 Another view is that Moses used the perfect tense in Hebrew,
translated past tense in English ("took"), prophetically. In this usage, which
is common in the Old Testament, the writer spoke of the future as past.
The idea was that, since God predicted them by divine inspiration, events
yet future are so certain of fulfillment that one could speak of them as
already past. Here the thought is that Israel (Jacob) would take Canaan
from the Amorites, the most powerful of the Canaanite tribes, not
personally, but through his posterity (cf. 15:16).2 Other scholars have
suggested still another explanation:

"It is not impossible that the property which Jacob owned at

Shechem was taken away by the Amorites after he left the
region (cf. 35:4, 5) and that he eventually returned and
repossessed it by force of arms?"3

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 601.

2Keiland Delitzsch, 1:385.
3Davis, Paradise to …, p. 294. Cf. H. Vos, p. 165; Aalders, 2:267; Leupold, 2:1158; Bush,

2:384; Thomas, Genesis, p. 464.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 483

Apparently Jacob gave Joseph the town of Shechem, which he regarded as

a down payment of all that God would give his descendants as they battled
the Canaanites in the future.

"For Joseph it was an honour that his father entrusted him with
his funeral in Palestine (47.30f.). In 48.21f., the implication in
family law is finally drawn: Joseph, instead of Reuben, receives
the double heritage as a sign of his primogeniture (48.22a).
Just as the son is commanded to bury the father in Palestine,
so it is in Palestine that the priority of Joseph within the family
takes effect. These two scenes thus enclose a detailed
blessing for Joseph and his sons, so filling out the promise of
his superiority in Palestine (48.22a)."1

Believers whom God has shepherded for a lifetime, like Jacob, can see God's
purposes and plans for the future more clearly than others can, even
though the maturing process may have been difficult for them.2

14. Jacob's blessing of his sons 49:1-28

Having blessed Pharaoh (47:7-10) and Ephraim and Manasseh (48:15-20),

Jacob next blessed all 12 of his sons and foretold what would become of
each of them and their descendants. He disqualified Reuben, Simeon, and
Levi from leadership, and gave that blessing to Judah. This chapter is the
last one in Genesis that gives the destinies of the family members of
Abraham's chosen line. It contains blessings, curses, warnings, judgments,
and promises, all of which are prominent throughout Genesis.

"These chapters [Gen. 11—49], then, take the story from the
first mention of Abram in 11:26 to the first mention of Israel
as a people, a people blessed by God with a special blessing."3

The writer of Genesis called this section Jacob's blessing (v. 28). Isaac had
prophetically outlined the future of his two sons' families (ch. 27). Earlier,
Noah had prophesied the future of Canaan's descendants (9:25-27).

1Horst Seebass, "The Joseph Story, Genesis 48 and the Canonical Process," Journal for
the Study of the Old Testament 35 (June 1986):30.
2See William J. McIlwain Jr., "My Ways Are Not Your Ways," Exegesis and Exposition 3:1

(Fall 1988):92-100.
3Whybray, p. 4.
484 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Likewise Jacob, by divine inspiration, foretold major characteristics of each

of the twelve tribes that would issue from his twelve sons (v. 1). Each
blessing contains at least one of these elements: 1) a synopsis of the son's
personality, 2) a hint as to his potential, and 3) a prophecy of his future.

"Jacob predicted how things would turn out for each of his
sons and their descendants, should they continue to display
the character they had displayed thus far."1

This is the first long poem in the Bible.

"This chapter, in that it is poetry, seems to be intended to be

a high point of the toledot ya'aqob (i.e., chaps. 37—50), if not
the whole book of Genesis."2

This blessing rested on God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Each
son learned how his branch of the family would benefit from, and be a
channel of, blessing relative to the patriarchal promises. The natural
character of each son, and the consequences of that character, would have
their outcome in the future of the Israelites. The choices, and consequently
the characters of the patriarchs, affected their descendants for
generations to come, as is usually true.

"The Spirit of God revealed to the dying patriarch Israel the

future history of his seed, so that he discovered in the
character of his sons the future development of the tribes
proceeding from them, and with prophetic clearness assigned
to each of them its position and importance in the nation into
which they were to expand in the promised inheritance."3

"It is fitting that the Book of Genesis, which opened with the
creative power of the divine word, closes with the notion of
the effective power of the inspired predictive word of the
patriarch."4

1Joel D. Heck, "A History of Interpretation of Genesis 49 and Deuteronomy 33,"

Bibliotheca Sacra 147:585 (January-March l990):20. See also Stigers, p. 325.
2R. E. Longacre, Joseph: A Story of Divine Providence, p. 23.
3Keil and Delitzsch, 1:387.
4Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 331.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 485

Jacob assumed, in his blessing, that his family would increase and possess
the land of Canaan. This optimism reveals his faith.

"God gave His people this prophecy to bear them through the
dismal barrenness of their experiences and to show them that
He planned all the future. For Jacob's family, the future lay
beyond the bondage of Egypt in the land of promise. But the
enjoyment of the blessings of that hope would depend on the
participants' faithfulness. So from the solemnity of his
deathbed Jacob evaluated his sons one by one, and carried his
evaluation forward to the future tribes."1

The scope of Jacob's prophecy extends into the Millennial Age. God did not
fulfill these prophecies completely during the lifetime of Jacob's sons.
Neither did He do so during Israel's occupation of the Promised Land. And
He has not done so since then. The final, complete fulfillment awaits the
future.

"Jacob's last words to his sons have become the occasion for
a final statement of the book's major theme: God's plan to
restore the lost blessing [lost in the Fall] through the offspring
of Abraham.2

"By framing Jacob's last words between v. 1 and v. 28, the

writer shows where his interests lie. Jacob's words look to the
future—'in days to come'—and draw on the past, viz., God's
blessing of mankind. It is within that context we are to read
and understand Jacob's words in this chapter."3

49:1-4 Reuben. As the firstborn, Reuben could have anticipated:

preeminence among his brothers: leadership of the tribes,
priesthood (spiritual leadership) within the nation, and the
double portion of the birthright (twice as much blessing).
However, he forfeited these privileges, preferring rather to
give free reign to his lust (35:22; cf. Esau). The leadership of
the tribes therefore went to Judah, the priesthood to Levi,
eventually (cf. Exod. 32:25-29; Num. 3:12-13), and the
double portion of blessing to Joseph. Joseph was the firstborn

1Ross, "Genesis," p. 98.

2Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 274.
3Ibid., p. 275.
486 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

of the favored Rachel, whereas Reuben was Leah's firstborn.

Joseph's priority was not due solely to Jacob's preference,
however, but to the will of God as revealed in Joseph's dreams.

"About no other tribe do we know so little as

about Reuben. … The tribe produced no
significant man, no judge, no king, no prophet
…."1

No priest came from Reuben, either. Irresolution marked the

Reubenites in the time of Israel's judges (Judg. 5:15-16).

"This forfeiture is fulfilled historically in later times

when the Reubenites living in Transjordan are
integrated into the tribe of Gad. From this first
oracle the teaching is clear that the behavior of
one individual affects the destiny of his
descendants."2

49:5-7 Simeon and Levi. These two were brothers not only by blood
but also in disposition. They were violent, angry, self-willed
men (cf. 34:25-31). Because of their wickedness, they would
have no independent tribal territory, but their descendants
would live scattered among the other tribes.

By the second census, taken just before the Israelites entered

Canaan, the Simeonites had become the smallest tribe (Num.
26). Moses later passed over the Simeonites in his blessing of
the Israelites (Deut. 33).3 This tribe received only a few cities
within the allotment of Judah, rather than a separate
geographical territory (Josh. 19:1-9). The Simeonites
eventually lost their tribal identity and lived among the other
tribes, especially in Judah's territory (cf. 1 Chron. 4:27, 38-
43).

The Levites received no separate land grant, but Joshua gave

them several cities, in which they lived among the other tribes

1von Rad, p. 423.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 647. Paragraph division omitted.
3See Archer, Encyclopedia of …, pp. 103-7, for a harmonization of the blessings in Genesis
49 and Deuteronomy 33.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 487

(Josh. 21:1-42). The Levites, however, received a special

blessing at Mt. Sinai, by siding with Moses when the other
Israelites turned against Moses (Exod. 32:26-28; Num. 3:5-13;
18:6-32). This resulted in their becoming the tribe of priests
in Israel.

Even though these first three tribes suffered punishment for their sins,
Jacob's prophecies about them were still a blessing. They retained a place
in the chosen family, and they enjoyed the benefits of the patriarchal
promises as Jacob's heirs.

"By demoting Reuben for his turbulence and uncontrolled sex

drive, Jacob saves Israel from reckless leadership. Likewise, by
cursing the cruelty of Simeon and Levi, he restricts their cruel
rashness from dominating."1

49:8-12 Judah. Judah possessed a lion-like nature. As such, he became

the leader of the other tribes (43:3-10; Judg. 1:1-2; 3:9;
20:18; etc.). Through him came David, and then came the
Messiah: "the Lion of the Tribe of Judah" (Rev. 5:5). Judah led
the other tribes, both in the march through the wilderness
(Num. 2:1-3) and in the monarchy. Judah's leadership was not
consistently preeminent in the history of Israel, however. At
times, other tribal leaders led the nation—as in the Judges
Period. But with the coming of David, who was from the tribe
of Judah, all of the following legitimate kings of Israel were
from Judah.

A "scepter" (v. 10) was and is the symbol of royal command,

the right to rule. Judah was to exercise leadership among the
tribes "until Shiloh [came]," at which time Shiloh would extend
Israel's rule to worldwide dominion.

Shiloh (lit. "Bearer of Rest") is a proper name. The name refers,

here, not to the city in Canaan of that name, but to a person
who would arise in the tribe of Judah—and bring peace to the
world—namely: Messiah (cf. 3:15; Num. 24:17).2 Some English
translations simply transliterate the Hebrew word and read

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 603.

2See Rydelnik, pp. 47-52.
488 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"Shiloh" (NASB, AV, NKJV).1 Others translate "Shiloh" "until

tribute comes to him" (NRSV, ESV, cf. NEB) or "until he comes
to whom it [the ruler's staff] belongs" (NIV, NET2) or "until he
to whom it [the ruler's staff] belongs shall come" (TNIV) or
"until he whose right it [the ruler's staff] is comes" (HCSB; cf.
Ezek. 21:27).2

"Whichever of these interpretations is adopted …

all at least agree that this line is predicting the rise
of the Davidic monarchy and the establishment of
the Israelite empire, if not the coming of a greater
David. And if the primary reference is to David,
traditional Jewish and Christian exegetes would
agree that like other Davidic promises it has a
greater fulfillment in the Messiah."3

Because Reuben, Simeon, and Levi had disqualified themselves,

Judah received the leadership of the tribes and the blessing
that normally went to the firstborn. This was how the
leadership of the tribes and the messianic line fell to Judah.
Jacob evidently forgave Judah's earlier sins, because he
repented and later sacrificed himself for Jacob's well-being.

Everything after the word "until" (v. 10), in Judah's blessing,

describes millennial kingdom conditions: "And to him ["Shiloh"]
shall be the obedience of the peoples." Messiah will then reign
over the peoples of the world, and they will obey Him. Neither
David nor any other Judahite king reigned over all "the
peoples."

"No Judean would tie his ass to a vine [v. 11], for
it would be eaten up, of course. Anyone who can
be so careless and who can wash his garments in
wine, lives in paradisiacal abundance."4

1See Eugene H. Merrill, "Rashi, Nicholas de Lyra, and Christian Exegesis," Westminster
Theological Journal 38 (1975):74-75.
2See Mathews, Genesis 11:27—50:26, pp. 892-97, for an extended discussion of the

interpretive possibilities.
3Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 478.
4von Rad, p. 425.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 489

"The sense of the imagery is that wine, the

symbol of prosperity and blessing, will be so
plentiful that even the choicest vines will be put
to such everyday use as tethering the animals of
burden and vintage wine will be as commonplace
as wash water. Verse 12 returns to the picture of
the king of Judah. His eyes are darker than wine
and his teeth whiter than milk. He is a picture of
strength and power."1

This prophecy is the first of many that follow, in the Old

Testament, that associate bumper crops with the golden age
of future blessing.2 It is also, of course, a significant messianic
prophecy that was fulfilled literally by Jesus Christ.

49:13-21 These verses contain Jacob's shorter blessings on his other

sons, except Joseph and Benjamin, whose blessings follow
these.

"True to the poetic qualities of the text, the

images of the destiny of the remaining sons are,
in most cases, based on a wordplay of the son's
name. The central theme uniting each image is
that of prosperity."3

Zebulun (v. 13) later obtained territory between the

Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Galilee. This was a thriving
commercial area. It is possible that Zebulun and Issachar
shared some territory (cf. Deut. 33:18-19), so Zebulun could
have bordered the Sea of Galilee. Perhaps the men of Zebulun
worked for the Phoenicians in their maritime trade and
prospered as a result (cf. Deut. 33:19).4 Another explanation
follows:

"In the time of Jacob, and at the distance of

Egypt, Zidon was the representative of all

1Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 277.

2See Gary E. Schnittjer, "The Blessing of Judah as Generative Expectation," Bibliotheca
Sacra 177:705 (January-March 2020):15-39.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 277.
4Yates, p. 46.
490 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Phoenicia. She was, in fact, the mother of that

people, and was so spoken of by Homer several
hundred years after the death of Jacob. Homer
does not speak of Achzib, or Acre, or Dor, but only
of Zidon, when he has occasion to mention this
country. But Phoenicia, or Sidonia if you please,
extended south of Acre, and Zebulon [Zebulun]
bordered on the sea for a considerable distance
along that part of the coast; Jacob therefore
spoke according to the received geography of his
time, but with prophetic brevity mentioned only
the parent city. When, however, Joshua, several
hundred years later, came to divide the country
between the tribes, it became necessary to
specify the subordinate places, and no doubt
some of the cities south of Sidon had by that time
risen to importance, and might well give name to
the coast in their vicinity; at all events, Joshua
was obliged to mention them in defining the limits
of the tribes. Hence, though Zebulon touched the
sea far south of the city of Sidon, yet 'his haven
of ships' was actually a part of the general coast
of Sidonia when Jacob gave forth his prophecy.
Nor is it at all improbable that the territory of
Sidon did originally extend southward to where
Zebulon had his border at the sea, thus meeting
the very letter of the promise."1

The territory of Zebulun will extend to the Mediterranean Sea

in the Millennium, when its borders will reach as far as Sidon on
the Mediterranean coast ("he shall be a harbor for ships," v.13;
cf. Ezek. 48:1-8, 23-27). An important caravan route from
Mesopotamia to Egypt passed through this territory.

Issachar (vv. 14-15) would prefer an agricultural way of life

and what it produced, rather than political supremacy among
the tribes. Lower Galilee, including the Valley of Jezreel, which

1Thomson, 1:485.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 491

Issachar obtained, was a pleasant and productive farming

area.1

"… the tribe of Issachar would submit to the

Canaanite invader, who would fasten the yoke
upon them. Instead of fighting, the men of this
tribe would submissively allow themselves to
become slaves of the peoples of the land. They
would prefer shame and slavery to courageous
action."2

Dan (vv. 16-18) would judge Israel. This prophecy came to

reality, partially, during Samson's judgeship. Dan's victories
benefited all Israel. Yet this tribe led Israel into idolatry (Judg.
18), and was therefore similar to "a serpent" (v. 17; cf. 3:1).

"… Dan would be exceedingly dangerous to his

foes. In later times members of the tribe of Dan
fulfilled these words with remarkable accuracy.
After a time in their original territory, the Danites
moved to the north and occupied the
northernmost point in Israel."3

Jacob asked Yahweh to deliver his descendants in the future

("For Your salvation I wait, O LORD," v. 18).

"Jacob's heartfelt aside in 18 is enigmatic: it could

arise from a father's prayer, like Abraham's for
Ishmael (17:18), or possibly from the sudden
memory of his own treachery, long renounced,
called up by the acts and the words (heel[s], 17,
19) associated with his own name."4

"Repeatedly Jacob has spoken of self-help on the

part of the tribes: of Judah the lion, or Issachar
the strong-boned ass, of Dan the deadly serpent.

1See Joel D. Heck, "Issachar: Slave or Freeman? [Gen. 49:14-15]," Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 29:4 (December 1986):385-96.
2Yates, p. 46.
3Ibid.
4Kidner, p. 220.
492 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Yet Jacob would not be misunderstood. Not from

that source does he expect true salvation. Even
when men help themselves, only then are they
truly delivered if God helps them."1

Gad (v. 19) would, like Dan, also be effective in battle ("he will
attack at their heels"). Even though Gad would be exposed to
the raids of marauding enemies, he would not be slow in
defending himself and striking back.

Asher (v. 20) would enjoy very fruitful soil, namely, the
lowlands of the Carmel (lit. "vineyard") range, north along the
Mediterranean coast. This area contained some of the most
fertile land in Canaan.

Naphtali (v. 21) evidently would enjoy the admiration and

appreciation of the other tribes in a special way (cf. Deborah
and Barak's victory and Deborah's song, Judg. 4 and 5). Jacob
could have meant, on the other hand, that Naphtali would
exchange his freedom for a more sedentary, domesticated
lifestyle in the land ("a doe let loose"), or that he would
accommodate ("utters beautiful words," i.e., speak flattery)
to the Canaanites.2

49:22-26 Joseph's blessing was especially abundant. The two tribes that
bore his sons' names, Ephraim and Manasseh, would see the
fulfillment of this blessing, even though, during his lifetime,
Joseph had faced much opposition ("The archers provoked
him, and shot at him and were hostile toward him," v. 22).
Judah received the leadership of the tribes, but Joseph
obtained the double portion of the birthright (cf. 1 Chron. 5:2).

Jacob's names for God in this blessing are noteworthy: "the

Mighty One of Jacob" (cf. Isa. 1:24; et al.), "the Shepherd"
(48:15), and "the Stone of Israel" (v. 24; cf. Deut. 32:4, 18,
et al.), "the God of your father," and "the Almighty (v. 25)."3

1Leupold, 2:1189-90.
2Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 483.
3See The Nelson …, pp. 93-94.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 493

"Blessing is one of the key words of Genesis

occurring some eighty-eight times in the book.
Here in two verses [25 and 26], like the finale of
a fireworks display, the root occurs six times (verb
1x, noun 5x) making a brilliant climax to the last
words of Jacob. The God-given blessings of the
future will far outshine those already
experienced." 1

49:27 Benjamin produced many warriors in Israel's history (e.g., Ehud,

Saul, Jonathan, et al.) and demonstrated a warlike character
among the tribes (Judg. 5:14; 20:16; 1 Chron. 8:40; ch. 12; 2
Chron. 14:8; 17:17; et al.). Jacob predicted that Benjamin
would be consistently successful in his encounters with his
foes—"morning" and "evening" being a synecdoche for
"always."

49:28 In his 12 sons, Jacob blessed all the future tribes of Israel.2
This is only the second mention of "the twelve tribes" in the
Bible, the previous reference being in verse 16, where we read
"the tribes of Israel."

"Within Jacob's words to each of the sons (after Judah), the

theme of blessing has been evident in two primary images.
First, the reverse side of the blessing is stressed in the imagery
of the victorious warrior. The defeat of the enemy is the
prelude to the messianic peace. Second, the positive side of
the blessing is stressed in the imagery of great prosperity and
abundance. Behind such imagery of peace and prosperity lies
the picture of the Garden of Eden—the Paradise lost. The focus
of Jacob's words has been the promise that when the one
comes to whom the kingship truly belongs, there will once
again be the peace and prosperity that God intended all to
have in the Garden of Eden."3

1Wenham, Genesis 16—50, p. 486.

2See Darby, 1:80-82, for further observations concerning the fulfillment of these
prophecies.
3Sailhamer, "Genesis," pp. 278-79.
494 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Sailhamer also proposed that this poetic section plays a significant role in
the larger structure of the Pentateuch:

"At three macrostructural junctures in the Pentateuch, the

author has spliced a major poetic discourse onto the end of a
large unit of narrative (Ge 49; Nu 24; Dt 31). A close look at
the material lying between and connecting the narrative and
poetic sections reveals the presence of a homogeneous
composition stratum. It is most noticeably marked by the
recurrence of the same terminology and narrative motifs. In
each of the three segments, the central narrative figure
(Jacob, Balaam, Moses) calls an audience together (imperative:
Ge 49:1; Nu 24:14; Dt 31:28) and proclaims (cohortative: Ge
49:1; Nu 24:14; Dt 31:28) what will happen (Ge 49:1; Nu
24:14; Dt 31:29) in 'the end of days' (Ge 49:1; Nu 24:14; Dt
31:29)."1

"In sum, the apparent overall strategy of the author in these

three segments suggests that one of the central concerns
lying behind the final shape of the Pentateuch is an attempt to
uncover an inherent relationship between the past and the
future. That which happened to God's people in the past
portends of future events. To say it another way, the past is
seen as a lesson for the future. …

"The narrative texts of past events are presented as pointers

to future events. Past events foreshadow the future. It is not
hard to see that such a hermeneutic leads to a form of
narrative typology. We should, then, look for signs of such a
typology in the composition of the smaller units of narrative in
the Pentateuch as well as in the arrangement of the legal
material."2

A believer's works during this life, in the context of lasting spiritual fruit for
the Lord, significantly determine the extent of divine blessing that he or
she and their descendants will receive in the future.

1Idem, The Pentateuch …, p. 36.

2Ibid., p. 37.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 495

15. Deaths and a promise yet to be fulfilled 49:29—50:26

Joseph received permission from Pharaoh to bury Jacob in Canaan as he

had requested. He then assured his brothers of his favor, in spite of how
they had treated him, and testified that God would fulfill His promises.

Plans to bury Jacob in Canaan 49:29—50:14

Jacob again expressed his faith in God's promises that Canaan would be the
Israelites' homeland—by requesting burial in the cave in the field of
Machpelah near Hebron (cf. 47:29-32; 48:21-22). Had Jacob still been
thinking in the flesh, as he had earlier in his life, he probably would have
asked to be buried with his favored wife Rachel.

"This scene concludes Jacob's finest hour. On his deathbed—

a scene extending from 47:28 to 49:32—Jacob has assumed
total and dynamic leadership of the family. Even Joseph bows
down to him."1

Jacob died peacefully, and was gathered to his people (i.e., reunited with
his ancestors, implying life after death, in Sheol, the "Place of Departed
Spirits"; cf. 25:8). Jacob was 147 when he died (47:28). Joseph evidently
had Jacob's body preserved as a mummy ("Joseph commanded his
servants the physicians to embalm his father," 50:2).2

Jacob's elaborate funeral was probably due both to the high regard in which
the Egyptians held him as Joseph's father, and to the Egyptians' love of
showy funeral ceremonies (vv. 7-10).3 This is the grandest state funeral
recorded in the Bible, entirely appropriate since Jacob's story spans more
than half of Genesis. The Egyptians mourned for Jacob 70 days, just two
days less than they normally mourned the death of a Pharaoh.4 Abel-
mizraim (v. 11) means "the meadow (or mourning) of Egypt."

"The Canaanites were so impressed with the party of mourners

that they named the place for them."5

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 617.

2See Davis, Paradise to …, pp. 302-3; H. Vos, p. 169; or Leupold, 2:1205-6 for how the
Egyptians prepared mummies.
3See E. W. Hengstenberg, Egypt and the Books of Moses, pp. 70-71.
4von Rad, p. 430; Ross, "Genesis," p. 100.
5The Nelson …, p. 95.
496 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

"This grand funeral procession and this exaltation of Jacob as

a king by the Egyptians foreshadows Israel's exodus from the
world and gives a foretaste of the time when the nations hail
a son of Jacob as King."1

"When we return to our own houses from burying the bodies

of our relations, we say, 'We have left them behind'; but, if
their souls have gone to our heavenly Father's house, we may
say with more reason, 'They have left us behind.'"2

The record of Jacob's burial in the land is important to the purposes of

Genesis. God had promised the land to Abraham, and had already given the
patriarchs small portions of it. The faith of these men, that God would fulfill
His promises, and do for their descendants all that He had promised—is
obvious—in that they viewed Canaan as their homeland. They were
counting on the future faithfulness of God, who had proved Himself faithful
to them personally during their lifetimes.

"There was no Old Testament saint of them all who, first and
last, saw more of the favour and forgiveness of God than
Jacob."3

Peace in the family of Jacob 50:15-21

Jacob's death raised fears in the hearts of Joseph's brothers. They claimed
that Jacob had left a message urging Joseph to forgive them (vv. 16-17).
It is impossible for us to know if they were telling the truth or not. The
brothers feared because of their uneasy consciences, rather than because
of Joseph's behavior (cf. v. 19).

Joseph's response to his fearful brothers reveals his attitudes toward God
and them (vv. 18-21; cf. 27:41). He humbled himself under God's
authority. Joseph regarded God as sovereign over him, and the One who
had providentially guided all the events of his life. He knew that God's
purposes for him, his family, and all people were good (cf. chs. 1—2).
Consequently, he behaved with tender compassion toward his brothers.
Joseph proved to be his "brothers' keeper" (cf. 4:9). Genesis opened with

1Waltke, Genesis, p. 618.

2Matthew Henry, p. 70.
3Whyte, 1:111.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 497

a couple, Adam and Eve, trying to become "like God." It closes with a man,
Joseph, denying that he is "in God's place."1

"Perhaps the best parallel to Gen. 50:20 is the case of Judas

Iscariot in the NT. He is both evil and important (much as there
are others who are good and important). In lifting up his heel
against his friend, Judas is marked as the archetypal traitor.
He is additionally a figure of sinister importance in the working
out of the divine will. Judas is to Jesus what Joseph's brothers
were to Joseph."2

"The sequence of deceptions that causes this family so much

suffering finally comes to an end when Joseph chooses not to
take revenge on his brothers."3

"Each sentence of his threefold reply is a pinnacle of Old

Testament (and New Testament) faith. To leave all the righting
of one's wrongs to God (19; cf. Rom. 12:19; 1 Thes. 5:15; 1
Pet. 4:19); to see His providence in man's malice (20; cf. on
45:5); and to repay evil not only with forgiveness but also with
practical affection (21; cf. Luke 6:27ff.), are attitudes which
anticipate the adjective 'Christian' and even 'Christlike.'"4

"Behind all the events and human plans recounted in the story
of Joseph lies the unchanging plan of God. It is the same plan
introduced from the very beginning of the book where God
looks out at what he has just created for man and sees that 'it
is good' (tob, 1:4-31). Through his dealings with the patriarchs
and Joseph, God had continued to bring about his good plan.
He had remained faithful to his purposes, and it is the point of
this narrative to show that his people can continue to trust
him and to believe that 'in all things God works for the good of
those who love him, who have been called according to his
purpose' (Rom 8:28)."5

1E. I. Lowenthal, The Joseph Narrative in Genesis, p. 156.

2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 707.
3Richard Elliott Friedman, "Deception for Deception," Bible Review 2:1 (Spring 1986):30.
4Kidner, p. 224.
5Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 283.
498 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

The death of Joseph 50:22-26

Joseph lived to see God's blessing on his children's children. He died 54

years after Jacob's death, when he was 110 years old.1 Some Egyptian
texts refer to 110 as the ideal lifespan.2 Abraham had lived to be 175,
Isaac 180, and Jacob 147.

Joseph probably could have been given a burial in a pyramid, or had some
other grand burial in Egypt. Like Moses, Joseph chose the promises of God
over the privileges of the world. He is a model for all believers, Israelites in
the past and present Christians alike. However, he wanted his family to
embalm him and place his body in a coffin in Egypt. Later descendants
would bury his bones in the Promised Land near Shechem. They would do
so in the parcel of land his father Jacob had bought and given to him,
perhaps near Abraham's oak (48:22; cf. Josh. 24:32). This expression of
Joseph's faith, in God's promises to his forefathers, provides a fitting climax
for the Book of Genesis and the formative period of Israel's history: "God
will assuredly take care of you and bring you up from this land to the land
which He promised on oath to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob," (v. 24).
Verse 24 contains the first reference to the three patriarchs together.

"The outstanding feature of Joseph's life was faithful loyalty

to God under all circumstances."3

"The story of Joseph illustrates patient faith and its reward. It

ends the book of Genesis and brings its theme to a literary
climax. But the story of Joseph shows us that the road to
victory, dominion, mastery, and judicial authority, is through
service, the humble service of a slave. Through service and
suffering, God purges and destroys indwelling sin in the
believer (not completely, but sufficiently), builds character in
him, and fits him for the mastery of the world."4

"The Book of Genesis, like the Old Testament in microcosm,

ends by pointing beyond its own story. … Joseph's dying
words epitomized the hope in which the Old Testament, and

1See Hugh C. White, "The Joseph Story: A Narrative that 'Consumes' Its Content," Semeia
31 (1985):49-69.
2Hamilton, The Book … Chapters 18—50, p. 709.
3Thomas, Genesis, p. 379.
4Jordan, pp. 67-68.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 499

indeed the New (cf. Rev. 22:20), would fall into expectant
silence: God will surely visit you."1

An important lesson that this last chapter of Genesis teaches is that

believers who trust that the LORD will fulfill His promises to bless in His own
inscrutable ways will demonstrate their faith in the way they die.

1Kidner, p. 224.
500 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Out of the many great revelations of God in Genesis, probably the most
outstanding attributes are His power and faithfulness. Almost every section
of the book demonstrates the fact that God is absolutely trustworthy.
People can rely on His word (spoken and written) with confidence. All the
major characters in Genesis came to acknowledge the faithfulness of God.
Even Jacob, who was perhaps the most skeptical, came to a firm trust in
God as God guided him through his life.

The major revelation about man in Genesis is his creation "in the image of
God." As the bearer of God's image, he has a relationship with his Creator
as well as with his fellow creatures. The "image of God" in man consists of
his spiritual qualities that distinguish him from other created beings. The
Fall obscured but did not obliterate this image. It also damaged but did not
destroy man's relationship with God.

The key revelation in Genesis concerning the relationship that God and
people have, is that God initiated it, and people can enjoy it when they
respond in trust and obedience. People can and must have faith in God, in
order to enjoy the relationship with God that He created them to
experience. As men and women trust God, they experience God's blessing,
and become instruments through whom God works to bring blessing to
others.

How can Christians motivate others to trust and obey God as we minister
to them? We can do so the same way Moses motivated the Israelites
through his emphases in Genesis: He demonstrated and illustrated God's
strength (or power) and trustworthiness. God is powerful enough to do
anything (see especially chs. 1—11), and He is faithful to fulfill His promises
(see especially chs. 12—50). We need to point these things out in
Scripture, in history, and in our own lives. This is what builds strong faith.
To trust and obey someone, we must believe that he or she is strong
enough to do what is needed, and faithful to his or her word. We must also
believe that they have our best interests at heart, which Genesis also
demonstrates is true of God throughout its 50 chapters.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 501

The Canons of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament

ROMAN EASTERN
JUDAISM PROTESTANTISM
CATHOLICISM ORTHODOXY
Hebrew Bible (Tanak) Old Testament Old Testament Old Testament
Torah Pentateuch Pentateuch Pentateuch
Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis
Exodus Exodus Exodus Exodus
Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus
Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers
Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy
Prophets (Neviim) Historical Books Historical Books Historical Books
Former Prophets Joshua Joshua Joshua
Joshua Judges Judges Judges
Judges Ruth Ruth Ruth
1 & 2 Samuel 1 & 2 Samuel 1 & 2 Samuel 1 & 2 Samuel
1 & 2 Kings 1 & 2 Kings 1 & 2 Kings 1 & 2 Kings
Latter Prophets 1 & 2 Chronicles 1 & 2 Chronicles 1 & 2 Chronicles
Isaiah Ezra Ezra Ezra
Jeremiah Nehemiah Nehemiah 1 Esdras
Ezekiel Esther Tobit 2 Esdras
The Twelve Judith Nehemiah
Hosea Esther Tobit
Joel 1 Maccabees Judith
Amos 2 Maccabees Esther
Obadiah 1 Maccabees
Jonah 2 Maccabees
Micah 3 Maccabees
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
(continued below) (continued below) (continued below) (continued below)
502 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

ROMAN EASTERN
JUDAISM PROTESTANTISM
CATHOLICISM ORTHODOXY
Hebrew Bible (Tanak) Old Testament Old Testament Old Testament
(continued) (continued) (continued) (continued)
Writings (Ketuvim) Poetical Books Poetical Books Poetical Books
Psalms Job Job Job
Proverbs Psalms Psalms Psalms
Job Proverbs Proverbs Psalm 151
Five Scrolls Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Prayer of Manasseh
Song of Solomon Song of Solomon Song of Solomon Proverbs
Ruth Wisdom of Solomon Ecclesiastes
Sirach
Lamentations Song of Solomon
(Ecclesiasticus)
Ecclesiastes Wisdom of Solomon
Sirach
Esther
(Ecclesiasticus)
Daniel Prophets Prophets Prophets
Ezra-Nehemiah Isaiah Isaiah Isaiah
1 & 2 Chronicles Jeremiah Jeremiah Jeremiah
Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations
Ezekiel Baruch Baruch
Daniel Ezekiel Letter of Jeremiah
Ezekiel Daniel Ezekiel
Hosea Additions to Daniel Daniel
Joel Hosea Additions to Daniel
Amos Joel Hosea
Obadiah Amos Joel
Jonah Obadiah Amos
Micah Jonah Obadiah
Nahum Micah Jonah
Habakkuk Nahum Micah
Zephaniah Habakkuk Nahum
Haggai Zephaniah Habakkuk
Zechariah Haggai Zephaniah
Malachi Zechariah Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
(4 Maccabees)
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 503

Five Views of Creation1

Atheistic Evolution

Statement of the view

Everything in the universe has come into existence, and has evolved into
its present form, as a result of natural processes unaided by any
supernatural power.

Positive aspects of the view from the perspective of those who hold it

1. It appears to explain the origin of everything.

2. It offers a single explanation for everything that exists: It evolved.

3. It offers the only real alternative to creation by God.

4. It eliminates God and exalts man.

Problems with the view and answers by its advocates

1. It cannot explain the origin of matter. Answer: Matter is eternal.

2. It cannot explain the complexity of matter. Answer: Billions of years

of evolution are responsible for the complexity of matter.

3. It cannot explain the emergence of life. Answer: Primordial life

evolved from bio-polymers that evolved from inorganic compounds.

4. It cannot explain the appearance of God-consciousness in man.

Answer: This too was the product of evolution.

Evaluation of the view

1. It rests on a hypothesis that cannot be proven to be true; it is

essentially a faith position.

1Thismaterial is a condensation of James M. Boice, Genesis, 1:37-68, with additions by

myself.
504 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

2. Its support rests on little historical evidence (only the fossil record),
which has many gaps in it and is open to different interpretations.

3. It relies on mutations as a mechanism for change. However,

mutations have not produced new species.

4. It is extremely improbable statistically.

5. It repudiates special revelation concerning creation.

Modern advocates of the view

Almost all non-Christian scientists, and many Christian scientists, hold this
view.

Theistic Evolution

Statement of the view

Everything in the universe has come into existence, and has evolved into
its present form, as a result of natural processes guided by the God of the
Bible.

Positive aspects of the view from the perspective of those who hold it

1. It unites truth known by special revelation, with truth known by

general revelation in nature, and truth discovered by science.

2. God seems to work according to this pattern in history, interrupting

and intervening in the course of events only rarely.

Problems with the view and answers by its advocates

1. It presupposes the truth of evolution, which scientists have not been

able to validate beyond doubt. Answer: Evolution is a fact or at least
an accepted theory.

2. God has intervened in history many more times than the theistic
evolutionist posits. Answer: In the early history of the universe, He
intervened less frequently.

3. Divine intervention in the evolutionary process is contradictory to

the basic theory of evolutionary progress. Answer: The evolutionary
process does not rule out divine intervention.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 505

4. This method of creation does not do justice to the biblical record of

creation. Answer: We should interpret the biblical record non-literally
when it conflicts with evolution.

Evaluation of the view

1. It cannot do justice to both the tenets of evolution and the teaching

of Scripture.

2. It is ultimately destructive of biblical religion.

Modern advocates of the view

Some scientists and theologians, who have respect for but a weaker view
of Scripture, hold this view; for example, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The
Phenomenon of Man.

Progressive Creation

Statement of the view

God created the world directly and deliberately, without leaving anything
to chance, but He did it over long periods of time that correspond roughly
to the geologic ages.

Positive aspects of the view from the perspective of those who hold it

1. It provides a reasonable harmony between the Genesis record and

the facts of science.

2. The translation of "day" as "age" is an exegetically legitimate one.

3. It is a tentative conclusion, and acknowledges that not all the

scientific evidence is in, and that our understanding of the text may
change as biblical scholarship progresses.

Problems with the view and answers by its advocates

1. There are discrepancies between the fossil record—and the order in

which Genesis records what God created—of plants, fish, and
animals. Answer: Science may be wrong at this point, or Genesis may
have omitted the earliest forms of life.
506 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

2. Taking the six days of creation as "ages" is unusual exegetically.

Answer: This interpretation is possible and best here.

3. "Evenings" and "mornings" suggest 24-hour periods. Answer: The

sun did not appear until the fourth day.

4. Death entered the world before the Fall. Answer: It took on its horror
at the Fall but existed before that event.

Evaluation of the view

This view takes the biblical text quite seriously, but adopts some unusual
interpretations of it in order to harmonize it with scientific data.

Modern advocates of the view

Many evangelicals who have been strongly influenced by science hold this
view, including Davis A. Young, Creation and the Flood. James Boice,
Bernard Ramm, Robert Newman, Herman Eckelmann, and Hugh Ross also
held this view.

Six-Day Creationism

Statement of the view

Genesis 1 describes one creative process that took place in six consecutive
24-hour periods of time, not more than 6,000 to 15,000 years ago.

Positive aspects of the view from the perspective of those who hold it

1. It regards biblical teaching as determinative.

2. It rests on a strong exegetical base.

3. It results from the most literal (normal) meaning of the text.

Problems with the view and answers by its advocates

1. Data from various scientific disciplines (i.e., astronomy, radioactive

dating, carbon deposits, etc.) indicate that the earth is about 5 billion
years old, and the universe is about 15-20 billion years old. Answer:
God created the cosmos (universe) with the appearance of age.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 507

"The Carbon 14 dating method has been developed by

Willard F. Libby and J. R. Arnold at the Institute for
Nuclear Studies of the University of Chicago. It depends
upon the fact that in their exchange with the
atmosphere, in the life process, all living things take in
Carbon 14, which is an unstable or radioactive form of
carbon with an atomic weight of 14. Upon the death of
a living thing, this radiocarbon begins a long process of
decay at a known rate. An ounce of it, for example, is
reduced by disintegration to a half ounce in 5,500 years,
this half is diminished to a quarter ounce in the next
5,500 years, and so on. Having determined
experimentally the proportion of Carbon 14 in living
matter, and knowing its 'half-life' as just indicated, it is
possible to ascertain the age of an ancient organic
sample by the amount of Carbon 14 (measured by a
radiation counter) it contains. With present techniques,
the effective range of the method is about 20,000
years, with a year error in dating samples of 5 to 10 per
cent."1

2. A universal flood cannot fully explain the geologic strata. Answer: It

can explain most if not all of it, and the remainder may have been a
result of creation.

3. Creation with the appearance of age casts doubt on the credibility

of God. Answer: Since God evidently created Adam, plants, and
animals with the appearance of age, He may have created other
things with the appearance of age, too.

4. There is no reason why God would have created things with the
appearance of age. Answer: He did so for His own glory, though we
may not yet fully understand why.

1Finegan, p. 13, n. 4. For a critique of the carbon-14 dating method, see Whitcomb and
Morris, pp. 374-78; Ham, et al., pp. 12, 65-75; George Howe, "Carbon-14 and Other
Radioactive Dating Methods"; Glenn R. Morton, "The Carbon Problem," Creation Research
Society Quarterly 20:4 (March 1984):212-19.
508 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Evaluation of the view

This view rests on the best exegesis of the biblical text, though it
contradicts the explanations of several branches of science.

Modern advocates of the view

Many conservative evangelicals hold this view, for example, Robert E. Kofahl
and Kelly L. Seagraves, The Creation Explanation.

The Gap Theory

Statement of the view

Between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2, there was a long, indeterminate period, in
which we can locate the destruction of an "original world," and the
unfolding of the geological ages.

Positive aspects of the view from the perspective of those who hold it

1. It rests on an exegetical, biblical base.

2. It is consistent with the structure of the creation account itself.

3. It is possible to translate the Hebrew verb translated "to be" in verse

2 as "become."

4. "Formless and void" in verse 2 may be a clue to God's pre-Adamic

judgment on the earth.

5. It provides a setting for the fall of Satan.

Problems with the view and answers by its advocates

1. It is an unnatural explanation, since the text implies only an original

creation in Genesis 1:2 and following (cf. Exod. 20:11). Answer: This
is a superficial conclusion.

2. The exegetical data that supports this view is far from certain.
Answer: These interpretations are possible.

3. This theory does not really settle the problems posed by geology.
Answer: The universal flood may have produced some of the
geological phenomena.
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 509

Evaluation of the view

While this view grows out of a high view of Scripture, several of the
interpretations required for it rely on faulty exegesis.

Modern advocates of the view

Many conservative evangelicals, including Arthur Pink, C. I. Scofield, C. S.

Lewis, M. R. DeHaan, and D. G. Barnhouse, held this view. See also Arthur
C. Custance, Without Form and Void.
510 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Chronology of Genesis 5 and 11

Noah
1055 – 2006
Shem
1557 – 2158

Adam FLOOD
1 – 929 1655

Seth Arphaxad
129 – 1041 1657 – 2096

Enosh Shelah
234 – 1139 1692 – 2126

Kenan Eber
324 – 1234 1722 – 2187

Mahalalel Peleg
394 – 1289 1756 – 1996

Jared Reu
459 – 1421 1786 – 2026

Enoch Serug
621 – 986 1818 – 2049

Methuselah Terah
636 – 1655 1877 – 2083

Lamech Nahor
873 – 1650 1949 – 1997

1 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 511

Comparison of Flood Stories1

Biblical Berossus Atrahasis Gilgamesh Sumerian

(Greek) (Akkadian) (Akkadian)

Date of Earliest ca. 275 16th ca. 1500 19th

account possible: B.C. century B.C. (copies, century B.C.
15th (copy of not the (copy, not
century earlier work) original)2 the original)
B.C.

Author of Yahweh Enlil Council of Assembly of

Flood gods gods

Intercessor Yahweh Kronos Ea Ea Enki

(probably)

Reason for Wicked- The clamor, No reason None is

Flood ness of uproar of given at given.
mankind, man first. In the
violence, disturbs end, the "sin
corruption Enlil's sleep. of man" is
implied as
the cause.

Hero Noah Xisouthros Atrahasis Utnapishtim Ziusudra (he

(rest) (Greek for (all wise) (finder of saw life)
Ziusudra) life)

Intended All All mankind City of All mankind

for whom mankind Shurippak
particularly
but all
mankind

1From O'Brien, pp. 62-63. See also Wenham, Genesis 1—15, pp. 159-66; Davis, Genesis
and …, pp. 110-34; and Kerry L. Hawkins, "The Theology of the Flood," Seminary Review
34:2 (December 1988):69-88.
2Albright, Archaeology and …, p. 19, dated the original to about 2000 B.C.
512 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Reason Noah Ziusudra was

hero found "humbly
spared favor in obedient,"
the eyes reverent;
of the one who
LORD. A seeks
righteous revelation
man. by dreams
Blameless. and
Walked incantations.
with God.

Means of Ark Boat Large ship Ship Huge boat

escape

Description Detailed: (Text Detailed: 6

3 stories, destroyed) stories, 1
1 door, 1 door, 1
window at window at
least least

Occupants Noah, wife, Xisouthros, Atrahasis, Utnapishtim

3 sons, his family, his wife and and all his
their others, all family family and
wives, 7 species of relations, kin,
pairs of all animals craftsmen, craftsmen,
clean grain, beasts and
animals possessions, wild
(male and food, beasts creatures of
female), 1 and the field
pair of all creatures of
unclean the field
animals
(male and
female)

Duration of 40 days 7 days and 6 days and 7 days and

storm and nights nights nights nights

Landing Mountains Mountains (Text Mt. Nisir

place of Ararat of missing) (Mt. of
Armenia Salvation)
2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 513

Birds Raven, Birds (Text Dove,

released dove, missing) swallow,
dove, dove raven

Sacrifice Hero Hero (Text Hero offers. Hero offers,

offers. offers missing) "The gods and bows to
"The LORD smelled the Utu, Anu,
smelled sweet Enlil.
the savor."
pleasing
odor."

Blessing God Hero Enlil blesses Ziusudra is

blesses disappears Utnapishtim. granted "life
Noah and but his The hero as a god"
charges voice and his wife and "breath
him to instructs then eternal." He
populate others. become as is called
earth. gods. "preserver
of the seed
of mankind."
514 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Jerusalem’s Temple Mount1

It occupies only 140 dunams (35 acres), yet this trapezoid-shaped walled
area, hovering over the Old City of Jerusalem, is seldom out of the news.
The Mount has been the site of frequent conflicts.

What is so important about the Temple Mount that it arouses such raging
passions among Jew and Moslem alike? In Hebrew it is known as Har
HaBayet (Mountain of the House) and in Arabic, Haram al-Sharif (the Noble
Sanctuary). Within the area of the Temple Mount there are about 100
structures from various periods—great works of art and craftsmanship
including open-domed Moslem prayer spots, arched porticos, Moslem
religious schools, minarets, and fountains.

Here also is the magnificent Dome of the Rock, the central structure, which
was begun by the Ummayyad Caliph, Abd-al-Malik in 684 C.E., and
completed in 1033. With the bloody conquest of Jerusalem by the
Crusaders, the Dome of the Rock was converted into a church and only re-
converted into a mosque after Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem in 1187.
With its 45,000 ornamental tiles and 8 graceful arches at the top of the
steps leading to the mosque, some observers consider it to be one of the
most beautiful buildings in the world.

The Temple Mount has a very special status and enormous importance to
Jews because it was the site of the Temple which stood at its center.
Jerusalem, the Holy City, is regarded as the equivalent of the "camp of
Israel" that surrounded the sanctuary in the wilderness; and the Temple
Mount represents "the camp of the Divine Presence" (Sif. Naso 1:Zev
116b).

Its most sacred section was the Holy of Holies. Only the highest priest was
allowed to enter it, and then only once a year, on the Day of Atonement,
for the service Isaiah (2:3) tells us that [sic] "it shall come to pass in the
latter days that the mountain of the house of the Lord shall be established
as the highest of the mountains, and shall be raised above the hills, and all

1Reprinted from From Mt. Zion 3:4 (1983):2.

2023 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 515

nations shall flow to it … For out of Zion shall go forth the Law, and the
word of the Lord from Jerusalem."

For Moslems, the Temple Mount also has great sanctity. They have three
mosques to which special holiness is attached: the Ka'ba in Mecca, the
Mosque of Muhammad in Medina, and the Temple Mount, their third holiest
site in Islam. The adoration of the site is based on the first verse of Sura
17 of the Koran, which describes the prophet's Night Journey. They believe
that when Muhammad was sleeping near the Ka'ba, the angel Gabriel
brought him to a winged creature. Together they rose to heaven and met
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Some Moslems believe that Muhammad made
the journey while awake and actually traversed the ground of the Temple
Mount.

Because of the special nature of the Temple Mount, it will continue to

inflame passions—according to religious Jews until such time as the
Messiah comes. Then, according to Jewish belief, He will reign over the
restored kingdom of Israel to which all Jews of the Exile will return. It is
believed that the foundation of the Messiah's throne will be justice and He
will be charismatically endowed to dispense justice both to Israel and its
neighboring nations.
516 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Aalders, Gerhard Charles. Genesis. The Bible Student's Commentary series.

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Revised ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1977.

Akers, Matthew. "What's in a Name? An Examination of the Usage of the

Term 'Hebrew' in the Old Testament." Journal of the Evangelical
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_____. The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra. New York: Harper
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518 Dr. Constable's Notes on Genesis 2023 Edition

Archer, Gleason L., Jr. Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. Grand Rapids:

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_____. Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ. Reprint ed.
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Ellul, J. The Meaning of the City. Translated by D. Pardee. Grand Rapids:

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