AS 2444-2001 Portable Fire Exinguishers & Fire Blankets

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AS 2444—2001

AS 2444

Australian Standard™

Portable fire extinguishers and fire


blankets—Selection and location
Primary referenced Standard
Building Code of Australia
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee FP-003, Fire Extinguishers. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 26 October 2001
and published on 9 November 2001.

The following interests are represented on Committee FP-003:


Australasian Fire Authorities Council
Australian Association of Certification Bodies
Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
Consumer and Business Affairs Victoria
Department of Defence
Fire Protection Association Australia
Fire Protection Association New Zealand
Fire Trainers Association of Australia
Institution of Fire Engineers
New Zealand Fire Equipment Association
Telstra Corporation
The Treasury, Consumer Affairs Division
WorkCover New South Wales

Keeping Standards up-to-date


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encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or
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Executive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney,
NSW 2001.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 97030.


AS 2444—2001

Australian Standard™

Portable fire extinguishers and fire


blankets—Selection and location

Originated as MP 26—1972 and AS 2444—1981.


Previous edition AS 2444—1995.
Sixth edition 2001.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 4190 8
AS 2444—2001 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand
Committee FP-003, Fire Extinguishers, to supersede AS 2444—1995.
This Standard is the result of a consensus among Australian and New Zealand
representatives on the Joint Committee to produce it as an Australian Standard.
Criteria for the selection of extinguishers are based on extinguisher classification. The
requirements for the location and distribution of extinguishers take account of extinguisher
classification and rating, travel distance and floor area and hazard classification.
For some time it has been a requirement that portable fire extinguishers carry a
classification and rating which indicates the size of fire against which the extinguisher has
been successfully tested.
Certain regulations require fire extinguishers to comply with the relevant Australian
Standard. In a number of areas, regulations nominate extinguishers of specific types and
sizes for certain applications. In other circumstances, building configuration or occupancy
may preclude adherence to travel distances specified in the Standard. In this event, the
extinguishers may require to be grouped in banks at appropriate intervals and locations, e.g.
hydrant points.
It should be noted that extinguishers with body-stamped dates from 1976 to 1981
(inclusive) may be found to be labelled with either a C or (E) classification denoting
suitability for use on electrical hazards, e.g. 2A:10B:C. Such extinguishers were produced
to comply with earlier editions of AS 1850, and may be selected and located in accordance
with this Standard.
With the introduction of a C classification for fires involving flammable gases, these
extinguishers should be relabelled to prevent confusion.
This Standard also includes a section on the selection and location of fire blankets
manufactured to the requirements of AS/NZS 3504, Fire blankets.
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
3 AS 2444—2001

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL


1.1 SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 4
1.2 APPLICATION .................................................................................................. 4
1.3 REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS ................................................ 4
1.4 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................... 5

SECTION 2 SELECTION OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS


2.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................... 7
2.2 CLASSIFICATION AND RATING .................................................................... 7

SECTION 3 LOCATION OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS


3.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................... 8
3.2 EXTINGUISHER LOCATION ........................................................................... 8
3.3 EXTINGUISHER LOCATION SIGNS.............................................................. 11
3.4 VISIBILITY..................................................................................................... 11
3.5 SUPPORT ........................................................................................................ 11
3.6 CABINET OR ENCLOSURE ........................................................................... 11
3.7 RECORD OF TYPE AND DISPOSITION......................................................... 11
3.8 FIRE POINTS .................................................................................................. 12
3.9 ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................. 12

SECTION 4 DISTRIBUTION OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS IN BUILDINGS


4.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 15
4.2 CLASS A FIRE RISKS .................................................................................... 15
4.3 CLASS B FIRE RISKS..................................................................................... 15
4.4 COMPLEMENTARY PROTECTION ............................................................... 17

SECTION 5 SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PORTABLE FIRE


EXTINGUISHERS IN VEHICLES AND SMALL CRAFT
5.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 18
5.2 REMOTE AREAS ............................................................................................ 18
5.3 ACCESSIBILITY............................................................................................. 18
5.4 SELECTION FACTORS .................................................................................. 18

SECTION 6 SELECTION AND LOCATION OF FIRE BLANKETS


6.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 20
6.2 SELECTION .................................................................................................... 20
6.3 LOCATION ..................................................................................................... 20
6.4 FIRE BLANKET LOCATION SIGNS .............................................................. 20
6.5 MOUNTING .................................................................................................... 20

APPENDICES
A FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS ........................................................................................... 23
B SELECTION OF EXTINGUISHANT ............................................................... 27
AS 2444—2001 4

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Portable fire extinguishers and fire blankets—Selection and location

S EC TION 1 S C OP E AND G E NER A L

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out criteria for the selection of portable fire extinguishers and specifies
requirements for their application, location and distribution.
It includes a section which sets out criteria for the selection of fire blankets and specifies
requirements for their location and distribution.
NOTE: This Standard presumes a basic level of user competence and the adequate maintenance of
the equipment in accordance with AS 1851.1.

1.2 APPLICATION
This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia by way of BCA
Amendment 10 to be published by 1 January 2002, thereby superseding AS 2444 — 1995,
which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of publication of this Standard.
NOTE: The BCA reference applies only to Sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this Standard.

1.3 REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS


1.3.1 Referenced documents
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:

AS
1603 Automatic fire detection and alarm systems
1603.5 Part 5: Manual call points
1851 Maintenance of fire protection equipment
1851.1 Part 1: Portable fire extinguishers and fire blankets
2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems (series)
2700 Colour standards for general purposes
4214 Gaseous fire extinguisher systems (series)
AS/NZS
1841 Portable fire extinguishers
1841.1 Part 1: General requirements
1850 Portable fire extinguishers—Classification, rating and performance testing
3000 Electrical Installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules).
3504 Fire blankets
1.3.2 Related documents
Attention is drawn to the following related documents:
AS/NZS
1841 Portable fire extinguishers
1841.1 Part 1: General requirements

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5 AS 2444—2001

AS/NZS
1841.2 Part 2: Water type
1841.3 Part 3: Wet chemical type
1841.4 Part 4: Foam type
1841.5 Part 5: Powder type
1841.6 Part 6: Carbon dioxide type
1841.7 Part 7: Vaporizing-liquid type
1841.8 Part 8: Non-rechargeable type
3676 Portable fire extinguishers — Guide to servicing
4353 Portable fire extinguishers — Aerosol type

1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.4.1 Aerosol fire extinguisher
A non-rechargeable fire extinguisher in which the expellant gas is stored under pressure
with the extinguishant in an aerosol container.
1.4.2 Emergency services switchboard
A switchboard which sustains emergency equipment operating in the emergency mode.
1.4.3 Fire blanket
A flexible sheet of material intended to be used to extinguish fires by smothering.
1.4.4 Fire classification
The various types of fires are classified as follows:
(a) Class A — fires involving carbonaceous solids.
(b) Class B — fire involving flammable and combustible liquids.
(c) Class C — fires involving flammable gases.
(d) Class D — fires involving combustible metals.
(e) Class E — fires involving energized electrical equipment.
(f) Class F — fires involving cooking oil and fats.
NOTE: Specialist advice should be sought in areas where doubt exists, or where combustible
metals are present.
1.4.5 Fire point
A grouping of fire extinguishers, not necessarily of a common type, for ease of location in
industrial premises.
1.4.6 Hazard
A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. Hazards are
classified as follows:
(a) Light hazard where the amount and type of combustibles present are such that fires
of only small initial size may be expected. Typical light hazards include the
following:
(i) Premises such as domestic/residential, offices, schoolrooms, relocatable
buildings, churches and assembly halls which constitute a Class A fire risk.
(ii) Areas where flammable liquids are stored in containers not exceeding 5 L in
capacity, and the total quantity stored in any one fire compartment does not
exceed 25 L, which constitute a Class B fire risk.

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AS 2444—2001 6

(b) Ordinary hazard Where the amount and type of combustibles present are such that
fires of only moderate initial size may be expected. Typical ordinary hazards include
the following:
(i) Mercantile storage and display areas, showrooms and workshops which
constitute a Class A fire risk.
(ii) Areas where flammable liquids are stored in open-top containers in which the
exposed surface area of the liquid does not exceed 2 m2 , or in container storage,
not exceeding a total of 250 L in containers each not greater than 20 L, which
constitute a Class B fire risk.
(c) High hazard Where the amount and type of combustibles present are such that fires
of large initial size may be expected. Typical high hazards include the following:
(i) Woodworking areas, warehouses with high-piled storage in excess of 4.5 m,
foam plastics processing and storage which constitute a Class A fire risk.
(ii) Flammable liquids stored in open-top containers where the exposed surface area
of the liquid exceeds 2 m2 or in container storage exceeding a total of 250 L,
which constitute a Class B fire risk.
NOTES:
1 For further information on the description of hazard classification, the definitions used in
AS 2118 may be used for guidance.
2 Special consideration should be given to occupancies which, because of their high-fuel load,
may more correctly be allocated a higher hazard classification.
1.4.7 Human torch
A fire in the clothing being worn by a person.
1.4.8 Portable fire extinguisher
A first-attack firefighting appliance which is designed to be carried and operated by hand
and which, when charged to design capacity, has a gross mass of not greater than 23 kg.
1.4.9 Significant switchboard
A switchboard that is —
(a) located within a required exit;
(b) neither constructed nor installed in accordance with the requirements of AS 3000—1970
or later edition.
(c) an emergency service switchboard;
(d) connected to 3-phase power; or
(e) vertically aligned and servicing a floor in a building of two or more storeys.
1.4.10 Small craft
Waterborne craft of such size and configuration as is exempt from marine survey
requirements.

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7 AS 2444—2001

S E C T ION 2 S E LEC T ION O F P OR T A B LE F IR E


EXT INGU IS HER S

2.1 GENERAL
The most effective extinguishant for any given fire situation is usually some form of
compromise. Careful consideration must be given to operator competence and all risks that
are present. Flammable liquids or gases in inaccessible locations (e.g. inside cabinets),
clothing fires and energized electrical equipment, all present their own specific risks. Risks
are shown against preferred extinguishants in Table B1.
NOTE: For further information on extinguisher selection and extinguishing agent suitability see
Appendices A and B.

2.2 CLASSIFICATION AND RATING


Fire extinguishers complying with Australian Standards are marked with a fire
classification and rating, determined in accordance with AS/NZS 1850, which indicates the
class and size of fire for which they have been successfully tested. An extinguisher shall be
selected for its capability for use on the fire risk that is to be protected.

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AS 2444—2001 8

S EC TION 3 LOC AT ION OF P OR TA B LE F IR E


EXT INGU IS HER S

3.1 GENERAL
Extinguishers shipped empty or partially dismantled shall be fully assembled and charged
strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The extinguisher shall be
commissioned and installed in accordance with AS 1851.1, and located in accordance with
this Section.

3.2 EXTINGUISHER LOCATION


Each extinguisher shall be located in a conspicuous and readily accessible position.
Extinguishers shall not be located in positions where access could present a hazard to the
potential user. Where practicable, extinguishers shall be located along normal paths of
travel and near exits.
For all installations, extinguishers in and around buildings shall comply with Items (a) and
(b) below. Domestic installation, defined as Class 1a building in the Building Code of
Australia, is exempt.
Extinguishers shall—
(a) have their locations clearly indicated by placement of the location sign as shown in
Figure 3.1; and
(b) be mounted at the appropriate height shown in Figure 3.2 and varied only where there
is a possibility of dislodgment and then only where ready accessibility is maintained.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au


9 AS 2444—2001

150

15

135

225

12
FIRE 16
12
EXTINGUISHER 16

10 (typ) 5
10 (typ)
5 (typ)

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

NOTE: All dimensions shown are minimum. Any enlargement of the sign should have all dimensions in
proportion to those shown above.

FIGURE 3.1 TYPICAL EXTINGUISHER LOCATION SIGN

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AS 2444—2001 10

FIRE
EXTINGUISHER

2000
min

1200
max

100 min

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 3.2 MOUNTING HEIGHTS FOR PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND


LOCATION SIGNS

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au


11 AS 2444—2001

3.3 EXTINGUISHER LOCATION SIGNS


3.3.1 Sign size
The size of the sign shall be determined by —
(a) the location at which the sign shall be legible; and
(b) the distance at which the sign shall be legible.
3.3.2 Location signs
The extinguisher and fire point location signs shall have symbol, border and letters in white
on a red field, approximating R13 Signal Red of AS 2700 (see Figure 3.1).
3.3.3 Sign location
A sign shall be provided above or adjacent to an extinguisher. A single sign may be
employed to indicate multiple extinguishers in one location, even if different types are
grouped together.
Signs shall be positioned so as to be clearly visible to persons approaching the extinguisher.
3.3.4 Mounting height
Signs shall be mounted not less than 2.0 m above floor level, or at a height that makes them
most apparent to a person of average height and visual acuity approaching the extinguisher
location.

3.4 VISIBILITY
The extinguisher, or extinguisher location sign, shall be clearly visible from a distance up to
20 m in all directions of approach.

3.5 SUPPORT
Each extinguisher shall be supported by an appropriate support fitting or bracket, or placed
in a cabinet or enclosure with the front of the extinguisher facing outward.
Where an extinguisher is fitted in a vehicle, it shall require a suitable restraining bracket to
withstand forces that result from vehicle impact or braking.

3.6 CABINET OR ENCLOSURE


Where a cabinet or enclosure is used, the open door shall not encroach on the required
width of path of travel to an exit or doorway. In addition to the location sign referred to in
Clause 3.3, the cabinet or enclosure shall be marked with the words ‘ FIRE
EXTINGUISHER’ in letters at least 32 mm high in a colour contrasting with the background
unless the door has not less than 50% of its surface area fabricated from transparent
material that permits visual identification of the cabinet’s contents. Where extinguishers are
likely to incur unauthorized interference, the cabinet may be locked. Locked cabinets shall
be provided with a frangible panel to provide access to the latching device or extinguisher.
The panel shall be not less than 150 × 150 mm, and the panel material shall comply with the
requirements for frangibility set out in AS 1603.5.

3.7 RECORD OF TYPE AND DISPOSITION


Records of the type, disposition and location of fire extinguishers shall comply with the
appropriate requirements set out in AS 1851.1.

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AS 2444—2001 12

3.8 FIRE POINTS


3.8.1 Fixed fire point
Fire points shall be marked in accordance with the requirements of Figure 3.3 and
Clause 3.3
The travel distances specified in Section 4 shall apply.
3.8.2 Mobile fire point
Where it is not practical to meet the travel distances specified in Section 4, a mobile fire
point shall be used (see Figure 3.4).
The storage location of a mobile fire point shall be separately protected.

3.9 ENVIRONMENT
Extinguishers installed in locations where the temperature is outside the range 5°C to 50°C
shall be thermally protected or be of a type suitable for temperatures outside this range.
Extinguishers installed where they may be subjected to adverse conditions or aggressive
environments shall be protected from possible deterioration.
Examples of aggressive environments include the following:
(a) Exterior situations exposed to the sun, ultraviolet radiation, wind, rain or salt spray.
(b) Corrosive atmospheres.
(c) Abnormally dusty or moisture-laden atmospheres.
(d) Environments which subject the extinguisher to continuous or intense vibrations.
(e) Environments having extremes of temperature.

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13 AS 2444—2001

900 min

150
FIRE POINT 600
min
150

150 150

150

100
FIRE POINT No.2
2000
min

1700

1200
max

Finished
floor
100 min level
Junction of
wall and
floor
720 KEEP CLEAR 150

150

150
Width dependent on quantity of extinguishers required

Note: Any enlargement of the sign should have all dimensions in proportion to those shown above.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 3.3 TYPICAL FIRE POINT

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AS 2444—2001 14

FIRE POINT 100 mm

FIGURE 3.4 TYPICAL MOBILE FIRE POINT

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15 AS 2444—2001

S EC TION 4 D IS TR IB UT IO N O F P OR TAB LE
F IR E E XT IN GU IS HE R S IN BU ILD IN GS

4.1 GENERAL
Distribution of portable fire extinguishers shall be in accordance with the hazard present in
the area to be protected (see Clause 1.4.6) rather than the size of the area.
The classification and rating of each extinguisher shall be at least equal to that which is
appropriate to the hazard of the area to be protected. A number of extinguishers of lower
rating shall not be used to attain the required protection.
Where more than one extinguisher of the same type is required (see Tables 4.1, 4.2 and
4.3), each extinguisher of that type shall be sited separately except where assembled at fire
points.
It is permissible to provide extinguishers having a higher classification and rating than
required for the area to be protected. An extinguisher having more than one classification
and rating, e.g. 2A:20B, shall be regarded as acceptable in terms of each classification and
rating if the risks are within the same protected area.

4.2 CLASS A FIRE RISKS


4.2.1 Primary extinguisher protection
For Class A fire risks, extinguishers shall be distributed in accordance with Table 4.1.
Notwithstanding the requirements of Table 4.1, the travel distance from any point to the
nearest extinguisher shall be not greater than 15 m.
Where a Class A fire risk involves electrically energized equipment, the extinguisher or
another available extinguisher shall have an E classification.
4.2.2 Complementary extinguisher protection
For Class A fire risks, where fire extinguishers are provided to complement a fixed
automatic fire suppression system complying with the requirements of AS 2118 (all parts)
or AS 4214 (all parts), extinguishers shall be in accordance with Table 4.1.

4.3 CLASS B FIRE RISKS


4.3.1 Extinguisher protection only
For Class B fire risks, in areas not containing a fixed automatic fire suppression system,
extinguishers shall be distributed in accordance with Table 4.2.
4.3.2 Complementary extinguisher protection
For Class B fire risks, where fire extinguishers are provided to complement a fixed
automatic fire suppression system complying with the requirements of AS 2118 (all parts)
or AS 4214 (all parts), extinguishers shall be distributed in accordance with Table 4.3.

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AS 2444—2001 16

TABLE 4.1
MINIMUM RATING, CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF EXTINGUISHERS FOR CLASS A FIRE RISKS
Maximum floor Maximum floor area per
Minimum rating area per extinguisher complementing
Fire
and classification extinguisher fixed fire suppression
hazard
of extinguishers
m2 m2
Light 1A 100 150
2A 300 450
3A 450 675
4A 675 1000
Ordinary 2A 100 150
3A 300 450
4A 450 675
6A 675 1000
High 2A 150 225
3A 200 300
4A 300 450
6A 450 675
10A 675 1000

TABLE 4.2
MINIMUM RATING, CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
EXTINGUISHERS FOR CLASS B FIRE RISKS IN AREAS NOT
CONTAINING A FIXED AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

Minimum rating and Travel distance from Maximum floor area


Fire extinguishers to the hazard per extinguisher
classification of
hazard
extinguishers m m2
Light 5B 2 to 3 15
10B 2 to 4 45
20B 2 to 5 80
Ordinary 20B 3 to 5 80
30B 3 to 7.5 115
40B 3 to 10 150
High 40B 4 to 10 150
60B 4 to 12.5 225
80B 4 to 15 300

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17 AS 2444—2001

TABLE 4.3
DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINGUISHERS FOR CLASS B FIRE RISKS IN
AREAS CONTAINING A FIXED AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION
SYSTEM
Travel distance from
Minimum rating and Maximum floor area
Fire extinguisher to the
classification of per extinguisher
risk hazard
extinguishers
m m2
Light 5B 3 to 5 80
10B 3 to 7.5 115
20B 3 to 10 150
Ordinary 20B 3 to 10 150
30B 3 to 12.5 225
40B 3 to 15 300
High 40B 4 to 10 150
60B 4 to 12.5 225
80B 4 to 15 300

4.4 COMPLEMENTARY PROTECTION


4.4.1 General
In areas where the risk involves energized electrical or electronic equipment or cooking oils
or fats, extinguishers which have an E or F classification shall be provided, as appropriate.
This may be achieved by using either dedicated units or extinguishers with suitable ratings
which form part of the Class A or Class B protection.
4.4.2 Significant switchboards
An extinguisher shall be located between 2 and 20 m from any significant switchboard.
A 5 kg carbon dioxide extinguisher, or another type of extinguisher having a minimum
classification of 1A:E and fitted with a hose, shall be provided and shall be the extinguisher
closest to the switchboard.
4.4.3 Office electrical and electronic risks
The maximum distance from an extinguisher’s normal location to the risk shall be either —
(a) 20 metres, in areas where there is a large density of electrical/electronic equipment
(e.g. computer centres, broadcasting studios, telephone exchange equipment rooms
and the like); or
(b) 40 metres, in areas where there is a lesser distribution of electrical/electronic
equipment (e.g. offices using computers and photocopiers).
4.4.4 Cooking oils and fats
An extinguisher shall be located between 2 and 20 m from the risk.
Where a fire extinguisher is being selected to control fires involving cooking oils and fats,
an extinguisher with an F classification and rating applicable to the surface area of the
hazard shall be provided and shall be the extinguisher closest to the risk.

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AS 2444—2001 18

S EC TION 5 S E LEC T ION A N D D IS TR IB UT ION


OF P OR TAB LE F IR E E XT IN GU IS HER S IN
VEH IC LES AND S M A LL C R AFT

5.1 GENERAL
Where extinguishers are required for vehicles, including caravans, and small craft, they
shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Table 5.1. The Table specifies the
minimum requirements, but in some circumstances, more stringent requirements may be set
by the appropriate regulatory authority.

5.2 REMOTE AREAS


For a vehicle intended for operation in a remote area where the loss of the vehicle may
jeopardize life, consideration shall be given to the provision of fire protection equipment
additional to that specified in Clause 5.1.

5.3 ACCESSIBILITY
Extinguishers are to be located to enable safe access in an emergency and supported by a
suitable bracket to withstand the forces that result from vehicle impact or braking.
Suitable areas for mounting extinguishers may be under or adjacent to the driver’s seat of
vehicles or adjacent to external doors of vans, houseboats and passenger vehicles.

5.4 SELECTION FACTORS


For a car, caravan, small craft and the like, it is stressed that a fire extinguisher is provided
for the initial stages of a fire. To gain access to awkward locations, consideration shall be
given to the provision of an extinguisher fitted with a hose (see Table 5.1).
For commercial vehicles, consideration shall be given to the type of vehicle, the cargo
being carried and the requirements of the regulatory authority. Every fire extinguisher for
use in commercial vehicles shall be of a type fitted with a hose to assist in gaining access to
awkward locations (see Table 5.1).

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19 AS 2444—2001

TABLE 5.1
MINIMUM RATING, CLASSIFICATION AND NUMBER OF EXTINGUISHERS
FOR VEHICLES
Minimum rating and Minimum number of
Type of vehicle
classification of extinguishers extinguishers
Sedan, station wagon, panel van or utility 1A:5B 1
Caravan/campervan –
Single compartment 1A:5B 1
Multi-compartment 1A:5B 2
Outboard-powered boat –
Small fuel tank (< 25 L) 5B 1
Large fuel tank (> 25 L) 20B 1
Houseboat and motor cruising yacht 2A:10B 2
Passenger-carrying vehicle
In urban areas or on short trips outside 2A:20B 1
urban areas (fitted with hose)
Outside urban areas or when fitted with 2A:20B 2
integral luggage compartment (fitted with hose)
(one to be mounted near the
under-floor area or engine)
Cargo-carrying vehicle 1A:10B 1 (in cabin)
(fitted with hose)
(Additional extinguishers
appropriate to the cargo
carried and in accordance
with the relevant regulations)
NOTES:
1 In caravans and boats where cooking appliance (using cooking oils and fats) are installed, a fire
blanket is recommended, additional to the above.
2 Consideration should be given to all extinguishers having an E rating where electrical hazards may be
found in vehicles if capable of being connected to 240 V a.c., e.g. caravans, campervans, houseboats
and the like.

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AS 2444—2001 20

S EC TION 6 S E LEC T ION A N D LOC AT ION O F


F IR E B LANKETS

6.1 GENERAL
Fire blankets provide an appliance with which to attack small Class A and Class B fires and
fires involving cooking oils and fats. Fire blankets may also be used as a thermal barrier
against radiated heat and to control a fire in the clothes being worn by a person (also known
as a ‘human torch’ fire).
Blankets manufactured to AS/NZS 3504 are rectangular or square in shape and are available
in sizes between 0.9 m × 0.9 m and 1.8 m × 1.8 m.

6.2 SELECTION
Fire blankets shall be of a size to meet the expected hazard.
Where a ‘human torch’ fire is considered part of the risk, a fire blanket of size
1.2 m × 1.8 m or 1.8 m × 1.8 m shall be provided. However, in confined spaces, smaller
blankets shall be considered in order to facilitate use.
NOTE: In some circumstances this may require multiple fire blankets.

6.3 LOCATION
Each fire blanket shall be located in a conspicuous and readily accessible position but shall
not be located in a position where access could present a hazard to the potential user. Where
practicable, fire blankets shall be located along normal paths of travel and near exits.
For non-domestic installations, fire blankets in and around buildings shall have their
location clearly indicated by placement of the location sign shown in Figure 6.1. The
colours used on the sign shall approximate the colour standards specified in Table 6.1.

TABLE 6.1
FIRE BLANKET LOCATION SIGN
COLOURS
Specification
Basic colour name reference number
(AS 2700)
Red R 13
White –
Black –

6.4 FIRE BLANKET LOCATION SIGNS


6.4.1 Sign size
The size of the sign shall be determined by —
(a) the location at which the sign shall be legible; and
(b) the distance at which the sign shall be legible.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au


21 AS 2444—2001

6.4.2 Sign location


A sign shall be provided above or adjacent to a fire blanket. A single sign may be employed
to indicate multiple fire blankets in one location.
Signs shall be positioned so as to be clearly visible to persons approaching the blanket.
6.4.3 Mounting height
Signs shall be mounted not less than 2.0 m above floor level, or at a height that makes them
most apparent to a person of average height and visual acuity approaching the blanket
location.
6.4.4 Location signs
The fire blanket location sign shall have a symbol and border in white on a red field
approximating R13 Signal Red of AS 2700.
Lettering shall be black on a white field (see Figure 6.1).

6.5 MOUNTING
Fire blankets shall be installed by mounting their containers so as to withstand the loads
imposed when removing the fire blanket from its container. Sufficient room shall be
allowed so that the fire blanket can be quickly removed without impedance from nearby
obstructions.

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AS 2444—2001 22

150

15

White
White
flames
Red

Black 135
outline

215 Black

Black
letters 17
White 5
ground
FIRE BLANKET 16

17
10 (typ)
5
10 (typ)
5 (typ)

NOTE: All dimensions shown are minimum. Any enlargement of the location sign should have dimensions in
proportion to those shown above.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 6.1 TYPICAL FIRE BLANKET LOCATION SIGN

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au


23 AS 2444—2001

APPENDIX A
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
(Informative)

A1 GENERAL
Portable fire extinguishers provide an appliance with which to attack fire in its initial
stages. The selection of suitable extinguishers depends on a number of factors, including
the following:
(a) Expected types of fire including size and propagation.
(b) Construction and occupancy of the property.
(c) Special risk to be protected.
(d) Extremes of temperature expected.
(e) Reliability and availability of other manual or automatic firefighting equipment.
(f) Expected time for the fire brigade to arrive.
(g) Expertise and capability of the likely user.
See Figure A1 for portable fire extinguisher/fire blanket selection chart.
The ratings of fire extinguishers are a comparison of the performance of fire extinguishers
under ideal conditions. The performance obtained under such conditions is seldom realized
under actual field conditions. However, it is the only practical repeatable method of
comparing the relative performance of fire extinguishers.
The method of rating fire extinguishers (described in AS/NZS 1850) allows for tests
involving pure hazards from each class, under specified weather conditions in specially
prepared surroundings. The operators are highly trained, wear protective clothing and often
practice for a considerable time on a particular extinguisher/fire combination before
attempting an official rating test.
Most fires involve multiple fire hazards. Fuel spill or gas incidents often happen in areas
containing obstacles that limit access to the seat of fire, or contain materials of a
carbonaceous nature, i.e. Class A hazards. Extinguishers that have exceptional performance
on Class B or C hazards are often incapable of extinguishing the Class A fire in
combination with a Class B or C fire. No matter how minor the hazards may be, re-ignition
can occur as a result of the Class A fire. Hazards involving energized electrical equipment
always involve one or more other class hazards. Electricity does not burn, the other
materials involved in the hazard do.
Selection of a fire extinguisher for a particular hazard can be made using fire ratings as a
comparison of the performance of individual extinguishers, and ensuring that all of the
potential hazards are covered.
NOTES:
1 Appendix B provides information for the selection of a suitable extinguishant for an expected
hazard.
2 The future performance of portable fire extinguishers is dependent on a correct maintenance
regime. Details of maintenance requirements are set out in AS 1851.1.

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AS 2444—2001 24

A2 CLASSIFICATION AND RATING


When a fire extinguisher is rated for more than one class of fire, it is expressed in
alphabetical order, e.g. 2A:40B:1F.
The numerical ratings indicated in Tables 4.1 to 4.3 and 5.1 are an indication of the
performance capacity of an extinguisher as determined by test (see AS/NZS 1850). The
rating values range from 1 to 10 for Class A, 2 to 80 for Class B and 1 to 4 for Class F.
Extinguishers which have shown by test to be capable of extinguishing fires involving
flammable gases or combustible metals are marked C or D, as applicable.
In addition to its classification and rating, a fire extinguisher which is suitable for use on
fires involving energized electrical equipment bears the letter E, e.g. 2A:40B:E:1F.
There is no one type of fire extinguisher that will cover all classes of fires. For this reason,
careful consideration needs to be given to all the factors involved in the fire hazard under
review, in order to select the most suitable fire extinguisher, or combination of fire
extinguishers.
Where a fire including an electrical hazard can be expected, the extinguishant must be
electrically non-conductive, in addition to having the relevant classification. The marking
of E on the fire extinguisher indicates that the extinguishant, as discharged, is electrically
non-conductive.
NOTE: Extinguishers produced between 1976 and 1981 were marked ‘C’ and between 1981 and
1996 were marked ‘E’ to indicate electrical non-conductivity.
Where there is a potential for a fire involving cooking oils or fats to occur, an extinguisher
with an F rating is suitable. Consideration should also be given to the selection of a fire
blanket.

A3 FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION


A3.1 Physical factors
Physical factors which affect selection and need consideration include the following:
(a) Choice of an appropriate extinguishant for the type of fire most likely to occur.
(b) Size and mass of the fire extinguisher, the minimum distance of travel and the ability
of the user to carry and operate it.
(c) Effects of environmental conditions on the fire extinguisher and its support fixture.
(d) Possibility of adverse reactions, contamination or other effects of an extinguishant on
products or equipment.
(e) Possibility of winds or draughts affecting the distribution of the extinguishant.
(f) Possibility of installation of the fire extinguisher in a location where vibration may
affect the components of the extinguisher or its contents, e.g. powder.
A3.2 Health and safety factors
Most fires produce toxic products of combustion and some materials may produce highly
toxic gases. Fires consume available oxygen and may involve dangerously high exposure to
convected or radiated heat. Any space in which there is smoke, fumes or pungent odours, or
in which extinguishers have been discharged, should be immediately vacated by all persons
not involved in fire control. The space should only be re-entered with caution.
Health and safety factors which affect the selection of extinguishers and need consideration
include the following:
(a) Carbon dioxide, used in sufficient concentration to extinguish a fire, will displace air,
in a confined space. Oxygen deficiency is life-threatening.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au


25 AS 2444—2001

(b) Powder extinguishers, discharged in a confined space, can temporarily reduce


visibility and may cause respiratory irritation. ABE powders based on ammonium
phosphate should not be used for the protection of appliances using cooking oils
or fats.
(c) Water-based extinguishants (water, wet chemical and foam) are electrically
conductive and therefore must not be used on fires involving electrically energized
equipment.
(d) Vaporizing liquid, discharged in a confined space during a fire may produce
hazardous decomposition products.
NOTES:
1 Some extinguishants may be classified by regulatory authorities as being hazardous or having
an adverse environmental impact. In such cases, these authorities may require special
markings on containers or special precautions to be taken when disposing of the extinguishant
and its container, or both.
2 Fire blankets may be used as a thermal barrier against radiated heat.
A3.3 Human factors
Consideration should be given to the physical capability of people to vacate the area in
which a fire extinguisher has been discharged and to the possibility of a inappropriate
reaction to the extinguisher discharge in regard to sight, sound and irritant fumes by people
who, although not endangered, are unfamiliar with fire extinguishers or are aware of their
reduced ability to vacate the area.
A3.4 Training factor
To optimize effective use of fire extinguishers, personnel should be trained in the use of fire
extinguishers to optimize their effectiveness. Training of personnel in the use of
extinguishers is particularly desirable in buildings requiring a high degree of life safety
such as hospitals, homes for persons with disabilities and welfare centres.
A3.5 Selection for domestic and residential application
Where it is decided to install a fire extinguisher in a dwelling, a classification of A:B:E or
B:E:F is recommended. Factors to be considered in the selection include the following:
(a) Identification of the class of hazard which presents the greatest risk, e.g. cooking
area, open heating or recreational pursuits.
(b) Extinguishers used on cooking oil fires can create a hazard through the violent
dispersion of the burning liquid.
(c) Location of the fire extinguisher in plain view and in a position to enable it to be
reached in the event of fire.
(d) Factors included in Clause 4.4.4.
For home use, where an adequate water supply is available, a garden hose which will reach
all parts of the home and is permanently connected to a tap can provide adequate protection
for Class A fires. Where such a hose is available, the extinguisher mentioned above may not
need to have an A classification.
In multilevel structures, additional extinguishers should be considered.
For relocatable dwellings a minimum of two extinguishers each having a rating of A:B:E or
B:E:F should be provided.
For multi-dwellings, each occupancy should be considered as if it were a single occupancy.
For common property additional extinguishers should be considered.

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© Standards Australia

AS 2444—2001
Type of extinguisher Type of Fire, Class and Suitability
A B C E F D**
Colour Wood,
Energized
Comments
scheme paper, Flammable Flammable Cooking oils
AS/NZS1841 AS1841
Extinguishant plastics,etc liquids gases
electrical
equipment
and fats
Metal fires (Refer Appendix B)
-1997 -1992

Dangerous if used on
flammable liquid, energized
Water
electrical equipment and
cooking oil/fat fires

Dangerous if used on
Wet
energized electrical
Chemical
equipment

Dangerous if used on
Foam*** energized electrical
equipment.
LIMITED*

ABE Special powders are available

26
Powder specifically for various types
BE of metal fires (see **).

Generally not suitable for


Carbon
outdoor use. Suitable only for
Dioxide
small fires.
LIMITED* LIMITED*

Vaporizing Check the characteristics of


Liquid the specific extinguishant.
LIMITED* LIMITED*
Human
Fire Blanket torch

* Limited indicates that the extinguishant is not the agent of choice for the class of fire, but that it will have a limited extinguishing capability.
** Class D fires (involving combustible metals). Use only special purpose extinguishers and seek expert advice.
www.standards.com.au

*** Solvents which may mix with water, e.g. alcohol and acetone, are known as polar solvents and require special foam. These solvents break
down conventional AFFF.

FIGURE A1 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER/FIRE BLANKET SELECTION CHART


27 AS 2444—2001

APPENDIX B
SELECTION OF EXTINGUISHANT
(Informative)

B1 SCOPE
This Appendix describes the advantages and disadvantages of each type of extinguishant
and fire blankets to provide a guide for the selection of the most effective means of
extinguishing a given fire risk.
There is no one type of fire extinguisher which will cover A, B, C, D, E and F Class fires,
and all fires within each class.

B2 GENERAL
The most effective extinguishant for any given fire situation will usually be some form of
compromise. Careful consideration must be given to operator competence and all risks that
are present. Flammable liquids or gases in inaccessible locations (e.g. inside cabinets),
clothing fires and energized electrical equipment, all present their own specific risks. Risks
are shown against preferred extinguishants in Table B1.
Careful consideration needs to be given to all the factors involved in the fire risk under
review to select the most suitable individual fire extinguisher, or combination of fire
extinguishers. In the case of doubt, expert advice should be sought.
Where extinguishers are required in areas such as health care, day care and aged care
facilities and where the occupants are unable to reasonably avoid exposure to the agent,
extra care should be taken in the selection of extinguishants (see also Appendix A,
Paragraph A3.3).

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AS 2444—2001 28

TABLE B1
PREFERRED EXTINGUISHANTS FOR GIVEN RISKS
Risk Preferred extinguishant
Class or capability Perceived (not in order of preference)
Clothing fire–a fire in the clothes being Water
A
worn by a person Fire blanket
Water
Foam
ABE powder
A Small carbonaceous solids fire
Wet chemical
Vaporizing liquid
Carbon dioxide (limited)
Water
A Large carbonaceous solids fire Foam
ABE powder
BE and ABE powder
Foam
B Petroleum-based liquid
Vaporizing liquid (limited)
Carbon dioxide (limited)
BE and ABE powder
Alcohol-resistant foam
B Polar solvents
Vaporizing liquid (limited)
Carbon dioxide (limited)
C Gas fires BE and ABE powder
D Metal fires Special powder
ABE and BE powder
Fires involving energized electrical
E Carbon dioxide
equipment
Vaporizing liquid
Wet chemical
BE powder
F Cooking oils and fats fires
Fire blanket
Foam (limited)

B3 WATER
B3.1 Description
Water (or water to which may be added corrosion inhibitors, freezing point depressants and
wetting agents) applied by extinguisher, hose or other means.
B3.2 Environment
Water is considered to be environmentally innocuous.
B3.3 Physical action and reaction
Water reduces the temperature below ignition temperature.
B3.4 Advantages
Water is usually inexpensive and readily available. It is an effective extinguishant for
Class A fires.
B3.5 Disadvantages
Water is only suitable for Class A fires. It may be dangerous on other classes of fires and
must not be used on fires involving energized electrical equipment.
B3.6 Suitability
Water is a very effective extinguishant for use on Class A fires.
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
29 AS 2444—2001

B4 WET CHEMICAL
B4.1 Description
An aqueous solution, typically of alkali metal salts, formulated to extinguish fires in
cooking oils and fats. It is applied by an extinguisher in the form of a fine spray.
B4.2 Environment
The environmental effect of this extinguishant varies with its composition. Specialist advice
should be sought as necessary.
B4.3 Physical action and reaction
This extinguishant reacts with the surface of the oil or fat, creating a barrier which seals off
the air supply.
B4.4 Advantages
This extinguishant provides rapid knockdown of fires involving cooking oils or fats and
provides a lasting foam like blanket to control the fire after the extinguisher discharge is
completed.
B4.5 Disadvantages
The solution is usually alkaline, and consequently will corrode some metals, especially
aluminium. It may also irritate eyes and skin. Prompt clean-up is advised. It must not be
used on fires involving energized electrical equipment.
B4.6 Suitability
The preferred extinguishant for fires in vegetable and animal oils and fats. It is also able to
extinguish Class A fires.

B5 FOAM
B5.1 Description
Foam is most commonly available in the following types:
(a) Aqueous film-forming foam concentrate (AFFF) A synthetic foam concentrate
consisting of fluorinated surfactants plus foam stabilizers which are mixed with water
to form a foam solution.
(b) Alcohol-resistant foam concentrate (ATC) A foam concentrate which, when mixed
with water to form a foam solution, produces a foam which has an insoluble barrier in
the bubble structure that resists breakdown at the interface of the fuel and foam
blanket.
AFFF is suitable for use on common flammable liquid fires involving petrol, oil or paint
and ATC foam is suitable for use on solvents that mix with water (e.g. alcohol and acetone),
these solvents being known as polar solvents. Unlike conventional AFFF, ATC foam does
not readily mix with polar solvents.
B5.2 Environment
The solutions are usually regarded as being biodegradable therefore they are
environmentally acceptable in small quantities of dilute solution of 6% typical.
B5.3 Physical action and reaction
Provides a layer of foam which excludes air, and is used to control Class B and F fires. It
wets Class A fuels, lowering their temperature as well as excluding air.
B5.4 Advantages
Foam provides a lasting layer to control the fire after the extinguisher discharge is
completed. It can also be used as a vapour-suppression barrier over flammable-liquid spills.

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AS 2444—2001 30

B5.5 Disadvantages
The extinguishant is an aqueous solution which requires to be cleaned up after use,
particularly on painted surfaces, and must not be used on fires involving energized
electrical equipment.
B5.6 Suitability
Foam is an effective extinguishant for Class A and Class B fires and of limited
effectiveness on Class F fires.

B6 POWDER
B6.1 Description
There are two common types of powders which are applied to a fire by an extinguisher, viz.
BE and ABE. Special powders are available to deal with Class D metal fires, which may not
be effective on other classes of fire.
BE powder is usually based on sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or potassium
chloride.
ABE powder is usually based on monoammonium phosphate.
B6.2 Environment
Powder is usually regarded as environmentally acceptable.
B6.3 Physical action and reaction
Powder physically adsorbs fuel molecules into its surface.
B6.4 Advantages
Powder provides rapid ‘knock-down’ for a range of fire types. When dry, it may be cleaned
up with a vacuum cleaner or damp cloth.
B6.5 Disadvantages
On discharge, the extinguishant forms a dense cloud of powder which may temporarily
restrict vision and may cause respiratory irritation. ABE powder, when it contacts very hot
objects, can melt and form a film which may be difficult to remove. After initial ‘knock-
down’, powder gives no protection against re-ignition of flammable liquid fires. While BE
powder is not effective on Class A fires, ABE powder is of limited effectiveness on fires
involving cooking oils and fats.
B6.6 Suitability
BE powder can be used on Classes B, C and F fires and fires involving energized electrical
equipment.
ABE powder can be used on Class A, B and C fires and fires involving energized electrical
equipment.

B7 CARBON DIOXIDE
B7.1 Description
Carbon dioxide is a gaseous extinguishant stored at high pressure in a liquid state.
B7.2 Environment
Carbon dioxide is a natural component of the atmosphere and is considered environmentally
acceptable.
B7.3 Physical action and reaction
Carbon dioxide displaces air to produce an atmosphere deficient of oxygen to the level that
will not support combustion.

© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au


31 AS 2444—2001

B7.4 Advantages
Carbon dioxide leaves no residue, is safe for use on fires involving energized electrical
equipment, and is effective on fires in locations, such as semi-sealed enclosures, which
cannot be readily penetrated by non-gaseous extinguishants. It is the preferred extinguishant
for use in electronic environments and where patients may be exposed to extinguishants.
B7.5 Disadvantages
Carbon dioxide has a very poor ‘knock-down’, short discharge range and is almost totally
ineffective in the presence of significant air movements. Because it displaces oxygen,
atmospheres containing enough carbon dioxide to extinguish a fire do not contain enough
oxygen to support life and could kill by asphyxiation. The carbon dioxide is discharged
forming a cloud of very cold gas and some solids (dry ice). It produces a loud noise during
discharge that may startle inexperienced operators.
Discharge of carbon dioxide from an extinguisher may produce a static charge which may
transmit an electric shock to the user.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are fitted with pressure relief devices that may be
activated when the extinguisher is installed in positions exposed to direct sunlight, radiated
heat with temperatures which could exceed 50°C. Glass in cabinets would fracture on the
pressure release and serious injury could result. Carbon dioxide extinguishers must not be
installed in positions exposed to direct sunlight, or radiated heat with temperatures which
could exceed 50°C.
B7.6 Suitability
Carbon dioxide is suitable for use on small Class B fires and fires involving energized
electrical equipment.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are not intended to be selected to protect normal Class A
hazards, but are suitable for selection for fires involving energized electrical equipment
where it predominantly involves small quantities of Class A fuels, such as small switch
boards and computer based equipment.

B8 VAPORIZING LIQUID
B8.1 Description
Gas is stored under pressure as a liquid, usually pressurized with nitrogen.
B8.2 Environment
Vaporizing liquids may have ozone depletion and global warming potential.
B8.3 Physical action and reaction
Vaporizing liquids extinguish fires both physically (by cooling) and chemically (by
interfering with the chemical process).
B8.4 Advantages
Vaporizing liquids are clean extinguishants which generally penetrate inaccessible locations
and rarely damage equipment.
B8.5 Disadvantages
Thermal decomposition products of vaporizing liquids may be toxic. Vaporizing liquids
themselves are usually toxic in high concentrations or long-term exposure and may be
dangerous on fires involving cooking oils and fats and in confined spaces. The
extinguishants may be proscribed under government regulations.
B8.6 Suitability
Vaporizing liquids are generally suitable for use on Class A and Class E fires and fires
involving energized electrical equipment and have limited effectiveness on Class B and
Class C fires.

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AS 2444—2001 32

B9 FIRE BLANKET
B9.1 Description
A fire blanket is a flexible sheet of non-flammable material.
B9.2 Environment
No known effects.
B9.3 Physical action and reaction
Smothers fire by physically excluding oxygen.
B9.4 Advantages
Light manageable protection against a number of fire risks, including clothing fires, and the
blanket requires minimum maintenance.
B9.5 Disadvantages
The effectiveness of a blanket against a cooking oil or fat fire depends on obtaining a good
physical seal between the blanket and the rim of the container. If physical constraints of
either the user or the shape or size of the container make this unlikely or impossible, then
the effectiveness of the blanket will be greatly reduced. Smaller sizes of blankets may not
be satisfactory for clothing fires on adults.
B9.6 Suitability
Fire blankets are generally suitable for small Class F fires, fires in clothing worn by a
person and as a thermal barrier.

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