ARTS

MKTMGT 1105
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

1. Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with uniform ELEMENTS OF DANCE

recurrence of accented and accented beat
1. Music plays an important role in the dance to
2. Melody - is the succession of tones arranged in which it is closely related. It should be melodic and
such a way as to give it a musical sense. It may also harmonious and fits into the movements of the dance.
refer to the rising and falling of the tune in time. Music motivates the dancers to move in tune with its
3. Harmony - is the sounding of a series of groups rhythm. The background music of the dance
of tones at the same time. It may also refer to the functions to captivate the interest and awe of the
pleasing sound that is produced when two or more audience.
notes are played together. 2. Movement is how the dancers use their bodies to
- concordance results when the combination of move and create organized patterns. Dancers also
sounds is in agreement which makes it sound good use gestures which express specific emotions or
while dissonance results when the combination is ideas in sign language.
not pleasant to hear. 3. Choreography refers to how the steps and
movements are connected for it to be performed in
4. Timbre - is tonal quality or the character of the
an organized manner. The choreography guides the
tone that is produced by an instrument or by the
human voice. Timbre allows the listener to dancers’ movements for them to perform the
distinguish the sound between a guitar and a violin movement, convey the message and tell the story
for example. In the same way, people can be through body language.
identified by their voices. A man’s voice sounds 4. Technique is the skill of the dancer in executing
different from a woman’s voice and an old person’s the movements. A good dancer has complete control
voice is different from that of a child. over the muscles of the body thus creating grace and
fluidity of movements.
5. Form - is the structure or the framework of a
composition. 5. Theme is the content or the main ingredient of the
dance. It tells what the dance is trying to convey. It
Vocal Forms
has something to do with the message of the dance.
• Opera is a drama set to music complete with
actions, costumes, and scenery 6. Design is the planned organization or patterns of
• Cantata is a religious story told in music movement in time and space. Pattern in time, is
without actions provided by rhythm to be executed in space on a
• Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to stage or dance floor.
music which depicts the conflict between the
7. Costume. The type of dance performed, and the
Christians and the Muslims.
costumes worn relate closely to the customs, beliefs,
Instrumental Forms and environment of the people. Costumes enhance
• Sonata is a long composition for solo the effect of the dance.
instruments (piano, Violin)
Drama - is basically one of the genres of literature
• Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra.
that is written primarily to be performed. The
6. Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of the performance is done by actors on stage before a live
sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the audience.
volume of the sound.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA 1. The Playwright’s role is to work out the plot in
terms of the actual actions to be performed and
1. Plot is the overall structure of the play. It is dialogue to be spoken by actors within the limited
concerned about what the story is all about. facilities of the stage.
Traditional plots have a beginning, a middle, and an
ending. 2. The Performers are the ones who portray the
characters in a play.
The Plot progresses through the following:
• Exposition is the part that familiarizes the 3. The Director works with the playwright to present
audience with the characters and the situation which is interpreted and translated into dramatic
they are in. action.
• Complication happens in the middle part of
the play which develops the conflict that was 4. Production Design includes the scenery, props,
started in the exposition. make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and all
• Resolution is also called the anticlimax or the other special effects used in a theater production.
part where conditions in the story are
normalized and the situation becomes stable. Elements of Cinema (Motion Picture)

2. Setting is the locale and period in which the story 1. Acting and the Stars - acting is the art of
takes place. It includes the scenery, props and portraying or impersonating a character in the story.
costumes used in staging. It is the background of A performer during filming should embody the
the play that informs the audience where and when character he is portraying. The actor’s portrayal must
the story will take place. be perfect and complete.

3. Characters are the persons involved in the story. 2. Set and Directors should know the setting of the
They may seem real to the audience depending on story and build artificial sets.
how the playwright structures the dialogues to make
the characters come to life. Characters can be the 3. Music and Musical Director - music is
protagonist or the antagonist. indispensable in motion pictures. The musical
Protagonist is the character from which the story director is in charge of selecting, composing new
revolves around while the antagonist is the person songs, writing orchestration, preparing background
who challenges the role of the protagonist. music, creating musical scores and supervising all
recording.
4. Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the
characters in the story. It what the characters use 4. Color in the movies is an innovation in
when conversing with each other or when cinematography. It costs twice as much as the black
expressing his thoughts and emotions. Dialogues let and white films. Most films are now shown in high
the audience know the kind of character that the definition (HD) color.
actor is portraying. There are, however, plays with
no dialogues. Pantomimes rely heavily on actions, 5. Make-up, Hair and Costume Design - these
gestures, facial expression, and sound effects. people are responsible for applying the specific type
of make-up, hairstyle, and costume to the actors
5. Theme is what the story means. It is how the before they face the camera.
individual elements are put together to give the story
significance and perspective. It relates something 6. Sound, Camera and Special Effects
about life that is presented in its totality. The theme Technicians - sound technicians are responsible for
may be directly or indirectly stated. making the dialogue clear and music of fine quality.
They make sure that there is no background noise.
Theater art - is performed live. Its performance is The use of cameras and the functions of the special
immediate and once performed cannot be undone. effects technician is indispensable in
Its magic begins when the curtains are raised, and cinematography. They decide on the use of masking,
the stage lights go on. the choice of lens, the camera angle, and the control
of camera movements.
ELEMENTS OF THEATER
PRINCIPLES OF ART Three types of balance:
• Symmetrical balance results when the
In the appreciation of the visual arts, these three elements used on one side of the design are
elements present themselves as: similar to those on the other side.
• Asymmetrical balance is when the sides of
1. Form refers to how specific elements in the the composition are different but still looked
artwork are organized to produce a unified whole. balanced.
Form is further classified into: • Radial balance is achieved when the
• Primary Features. This is how the artwork elements are arranged around a central point.
appears to the viewers. Its physical attributes Elements may exhibit similarities as they
in terms of medium, color, texture, and size. spread around the central point.
• Secondary Features. This is how the primary
features of the artwork relate to one another. 2. Emphasis is the part of the design that catches
Particularly, this refers to balance, proportion, the viewer's attention. The artist will usually make
unity, and harmony that are used to create the one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas.
whole composition.
3. Movement is the path the viewer's eye takes
2. Content refers to the message the artist wants to when looking through the work of art. Such
convey through his art. The levels of content are: movement can be implied along lines edges, shape,
• Factual is the literal interpretation of the and color within the work of art.
work, its images, attributes, actions and
poses. 4. Pattern is the repetition of objects, shapes, lines,
• Conventional level takes into consideration or symbols all over the space or picture plane.
the basic genres and the figurative meanings
usually indicated by familiar signs and 5. Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all
symbols and the quality of work. parts relate well with each other.
• Subjective level takes into consideration the
6. Repetition works with patterns to make the work
effect of form and content on the viewers of
seem active. The repetition of elements of design
the art.
creates unity within the artwork.
3. Context refers to the various circumstances that
7. Rhythm is created when one or more elements of
influence how a work of art was produced and
design are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of
interpreted. The two types of contexts are:
organized, continuous, sometimes flowing
• Primary context pertains to the
movement. To keep rhythm exciting and active,
characteristic of the artist, his personality,
variety is important.
beliefs, interests, and values.
• Secondary context pertains to the setting. 8. Variety is the use of several elements of design
The historical period, time in which the work that adds interest in order to hold the viewer's
was produced. Included here are the attention and guide the viewer’s eye through and
functions served by the artwork, its religious around the work of art.
and philosophical conviction, socio political
and economic undertones, climate, and 9. Unity is the feeling of harmony between and
geography. among the parts of the work of art, which creates a
feeling of completeness in the composition.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The principles of design describe the ways in which

an artist has used or can use the elements of art to
create beautiful compositions. (Grieder 1996)

1. Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of

objects, color, texture and space. The use of these
elements should be balanced to make the viewers
see and feel design as stable.
 THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES

THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE SEVEN

DAVINCIAN PRINCIPLES
The Beginnings of Art, Western and Asian Art
The Rule of Thirds is used by visual artists (painters,
digital artists, and photographers) to create
compositions that meet the requirements for a good “Art is the signature of civilizations” – Beverley Sills.
design. Most artists today, however, do not use this
rule, they opt for free-flowing composition that is The Beginnings of Art
more of their individual expression rather than of Art history is a timeline of vast accumulation
works limited or bounded by basic rules. The point of of movements, periods and styles that reflect the time
this discussion is to encourage artists to first be during which each piece of art was made. It begins
aware of the basic rules before they start venturing
around 44,000 years ago with the first known cave
to unorthodox techniques in expressing their art.
paintings in Sulawesi, Indonesia that predate writing
in the journey of human race. Art is a significant
aspect of history since it is one of the few things to
survive. It can tell us stories, express the
condition and beliefs of an era, and lets us connect
to the people who lived ahead of us. Upon
exploration of art from Prehistoric to Contemporary
times, people of the present day can see how art
influences the future and convey the past.
WESTERN AND ASIAN ART
Prehistoric and Ancient Art
- Prehistoric and ancient art were around 44,000
B.C.E. to 400 BCE. It can be considered as the art
period that includes cave paintings, fertility statues
and bone flutes to approximately the end of the
Roman empire. A variety of art styles were produced
over this lasting period. This art period includes those
of prehistory to the ancient civilizations of
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the nomadic tribes.
Pre-historic Art SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
- Prehistoric cave art in Sulawesi, Indonesia was Ice Age ends 910,000BCE-8,000BCE); new Stone
discovered in the 1950's. This art is of indigenous Age and first permanent settlements (8000BCE-
mammals; a small water buffalo, a warty pig, and a 2500BCE)
pig-deer, and hand stencils. Archeologists
Ancient Art
discovered their age to be around forty thousand
- Ancient Art period includes the works found in
years, at least same age as the oldest known art in
classical civilizations like the Greeks and Celts as
Europe. It would mean that art was developed much
well as that of the early Chinese dynasties.
earlier than what humans thought, in Africa, and that
men carried the tradition with them as they move. ANCIENT ART
Cave Paintings CHARACTERISTICS
Religious and symbolic imagery, decorations for
utilitarian objects, mythological stories
Mesopotamian - warrior art and narration in stone
Egyptian - Afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb
paintings; massive, monumental structures
Greek and Hellenistic - Greek idealism; perfect
proportions; architectural orders (Doric, Ionic,
Corinthians)
Romans - Roman realism: practical and down to
earth; the arch
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Civilizations from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece,
and the Romans
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Mesopotamian
Code of Hammurabi; Standard of Ur; Gate of Ishtar
Egyptian
Imhotep’s pyramid; Great pyramids; Temple of
Rameses; The Great Sphinx
Greek and Hellenistic
Parthenon; Myron; Phidias; Polykeitos; Praxiteles
Roman
PREHISTORIC ART Augustus of Primaporta; Colosseum; Trajan’s
Column; Pantheon
CHARACTERISTICS
Cave paintings, fertility goddesses, megalithic SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
structures Mesopotamian
Sumerians invent writing (3400 BC); Hammurabi
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS writes his law code (1780 BCE); Abraham founds
Civilizations from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and monotheism
the Romans
Greek and Hellenistic
INFLUENTIAL WORKS Athens defeats Persia at marathon (490 BCE);
Sulawesi Cave Paintings, Lascaux Cave Paintings, Peloponnesian
Venus of Willendorf, Stonehenge
Roman
Julius Caesar was assassinated (44BCE); Augustus
proclaimed emperor (27 BCE); Diocletian splits
Empire (CE 292) Rome falls (CE 476)

Chinese Art
- this art evolved through its history. As political and
social circumstances changed and new technologies
developed, so did its art. Chinese artistic styles are
classified according to the dynasty under which
- the artwork of this time is as varying as the
they were produced. The important qualities
cultures that created it. What relates them together
include a love of nature, a credence in the moral and
is their purpose. Most of the time, art was made to
educative capacity of art, an appreciation of
narrate stories in a time when oral tradition
simplicity, and gratitude of accomplished brushwork,
predominates. Art was also utilized to decorate
an interest in viewing the subject from various
utilitarian objects like bowls, pitchers, and
perspectives, and a loyalty to much-used motifs and
weapons. At times, it was also used to show the
designs from lotus leaves to dragons. The art forms
status of its owner, a concept that art has used
most worthy to mention are calligraphy and painting
since time immemorial.
though Chinese art also encompasses fine arts, folk
arts, and performance arts.

ASIAN ART Japanese Art

Hindu Art - Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and
- this Art reflects the plurality of beliefs, Hindu media, including ancient pottery, calligraphy on silk
Temples, which depicts their architecture and where and paper, ink painting, kirigami, origami, and
sculptures are found, typically are devoted to dorodango sculpture, and, ukiyo-e paintings and
different deities. woodblock prints, and more recently manga, a
- Hindu Art is portrayed by holy symbols like the modern method of Japanese cartooning and comics.
Om, an invocation of divine consciousness of God; Japan’s art has frequently been complicated by the
the swastika, a symbol of auspiciousness; and the definitions and expectation established in the late
lotus flower, a symbol of purity, beauty, fertility, and 19th and 20th centuries when Japan was opened to
transcendence. It is believed that the Christian the west.
"Amen" and Islamic "Amin" are both derived from
Om.
 Medieval Art
- to some, the millennium from 400 and 1400 A.D. is
considered as the Dark Ages, where the art in this
ASIAN ART
period were depicted as grotesque or brutal scenes
CHARACTERISTICS while others were focused on formalized religion.
Serene, meditative, art, and Arts of the Floating Most of the art created were melancholy.
World - Medieval European art saw a transition from the
Byzantine period to the Early Christian period.
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Within that, from about 300 to 900, we also saw
Gu Kaizhi; Li Cheng; Hokusai; Hiroshige
Migration Period Art as Germanic people migrated
INFLUENTIAL WORKS across the continent. This Barbarian art was
Swastika, om outboard by necessity and more of it was
Wintry Forest, Level Distance Cherry Blossom understandably lost.
Time at Naka-no-cha in the Yoshiwara - As the millennium passed, more and more
Christian and Catholic art appeared. The period
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS centered around elaborate churches and artwork to
Birth of Buddha (563 BCE); Silk Road opens (1st adorn this architecture. It also saw the rise of Gothic
century BCE); Buddhism spreads to China (1st-2nd and Romanesque styles of art and architecture.
century CE) and Japan (5th century CE)
MEDIEVAL ART
Byzantine art is about religious expression and CHARACTERISTICS
more specifically about church doctrine translated Dark imagery, biblical subjects,
into aesthetic forms. Classical mythology, Gothic
Byzantine forms of architecture and painting was architecture, Romanesque, Celtic
based on religious concerns which made art uniform, Art, Carolingian Renaissance
anonymous, and perfected within this austere
tradition. The result was sophistication of style and a LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
spirituality of expression that rarely compares with Abbot, Suger, Cimabue, Duccio,
the art of Western tradition. Giotto

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC ART INFLUENTIAL WORKS

CHARACTERISTICS Crucifix, Lamentation of Christ
Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture St. Sernin, Durnham Cathedral,
and amazing maze-like design Chartres Cathedral

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Rublev, Andre Viking Raids (793-1066); Battle of Hastings (1066);
Crusades I-IV (1094-1204) Black Death (1347-1351)
INFLUENTIAL WORKS Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
Hagia Sofia, Mosque of Cordoba; The Alhambra
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Justinian partly restores Roman Empire (533 CE-
562CE); Iconoclasm Controversy (726CE- 843CE);
Birth of Islam (610 CE); and Muslim conquests (632
CE-732CE)
 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Guttenberg’s invents movable parts (1447); Turks
conquers Constatntinople(1453);m Columbus lands
in New Word (1492); Martin Luther starts Reformation
(1517)

Venetian and Northern Renaissance

- in 1430-1550, a period of Northern Renaissance was
Early to High Renaissance
famous due to advance technique in oil painting,
- this movement covers the period from 1400
realistic, vivid altarpiece art, wooden panel paintings,
through 11500. Renaissance literally means rebirth
woodcuts, and printmaking. Stone sculpture was not
and describes the resurgence of curiosity in the
extremely popular, but the Germans boost up their
artistic achievements of Greece and Rome. Most
wood carving techniques. Dutch art was governed by
known paintings emerged from this period. Many of
empirical perspective. Dutch aimed to get to the
the notable art created during the Renaissance was
basics, capturing every single detail. The painters
Italian. The famous 15th-century artists like
learned from direct observation and their knowledge
Brunelleschi and Donatello paved the way to the
of the consistency of things.
work of Botticelli and Alberti. When the High
Renaissance took over in the next century, the work VENETIAN AND HIGH RENAISSANCE
of Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emerged. CHARACTERISTICS
- the increasing edification of society, through The Renaissance extends northward to France, Low
political stability, economic growth and Countries, Poland, Germany, and England
cosmopolitanism brought about the high
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
renaissance. Education at its time took center stage,
Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Durer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan
with libraries and academies that allowed empirical
Van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden
studies and research to be conducted into the
cultures of the ancient world. The arts benefited from INFLUENTIAL WORKS
the patronage of influential families and individuals. Through the Looking Glass
Portrait in a Young Man in Red
EARLY AND HIGH RENAISSANCE
CHARACTERISTICS SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Rebirth of classical culture Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545-
1563); Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
the sun (1543)
Ghiberti, Brunelleschi; Donatello; Boticelli;
Leanardo; Michaelangelo; Rapahael
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Ghiberti’s Door; Cathedral of Sta. Monica
del Fiore; David; Primavera, Mona Lisa
Mannerism Baroque Art
- mannerism (1527-1580) introduced a highly - the word baroque means something that is
imaginative period in art after the climax of excellence elaborate and highly detailed. Baroque style (1600-
that naturalistic painting had attained in Renaissance 1750) is characterized by exaggerated motion and
Italy. Artists started to deviate from classical clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and
influences and turn toward a further intellectual and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture,
expressive approach. This ushered in a change from literature, dance, and music. The defining
authentic portrayals of figures and subjects, a characteristics of the Baroque style were real or
rejection of harmony, and the development of a implied movement, an attempt to represent infinity,
dramatic new style unconstrained by the graphic an emphasis on light and its effects, and a focus on
plane, reality, or literal correctness. the theatrical.
- radical asymmetry, artifice, and the decorative - Chiaroscuro technique is a trait of Baroque Art
also apprised this movement. Paintings, and in which the treatment of light and dark in an artwork
compositions can have no focus and space can be assisted to create dramatic tension, was a key
abstruse. The figures can be represented by a component in Baroque artwork. It was further
powerful twisting and bending with distortions, evolved by Baroque master Caravaggio into
exaggerations, elongations of the limbs, bizarre tenebrism, which used the intensification of contrast
posturing on one hand, graceful posturing on the within dark atmospheric scenes to highlight
other hand and the rendering of the head as uniformly particular elements.
small and oval. The compositions are marked by - During this era, significant events like the
clashing colors which lacks the balance, naturalism, Reformation and the Counter- Reformation occurred
and dramatic colors of High Renaissance. Mannerist with the baroque style being considered intricately
artwork seeks instability and restlessness with linked to the Catholic Church. The popularity of style
fondness for allegories that have lascivious was encouraged by the church which was decided at
undertones. the Council of Trent that the arts should
- new discoveries in science had led society away communicate religious themes and direct emotional
from Humanist ideals and paintings no longer involvement in response to the Protestant
conceived man as the center of the universe, but Reformation.
rather as isolated, incidental partakers in the great BAROQUE
mysteries of life. CHARACTERISTICS
MANNERISM Splendour and flourish for God; art as a weapon in
CHARACTERISTICS the religious wars
Art that breaks the rules, artifice over nature LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio,
Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini INFLUENTIAL WORKS
INFLUENTIAL WORKS Palace of Versailles
St. Luke, Summer SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants
Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520-1522) (1618-1648)
Neoclassical ROMANTICISM
- the Neoclassical Period is considered a period of CHARACTERISTICS
enlightenment. The movement started in Europe in The triumph of imagination and individuality
the 1700's and spread into the colonies.
- the focus of this was on government, ethics, and LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
science which varies from the previous period that Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner,
focused on religion, imagination, and emotions. Benjamin West
- Neoclassical art has a cleaner style, sculpted
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
forms, a shallow depth of background and a
more realistic approach. Caernarvon Castle; Liberty Leading the People
- Neoclassical painting and sculpture involved SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of American Revolution (1775-1783); French
classical event, characters, and themes, using Revolution (1789-17990; Napoleon crowned
historically correct settings and costumes.
Emperor by French (1803)
NEOCLASSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and
grandeur
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Philoctetes on Lemnos, Napoleon crossing the Alps
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS Realism
Enlightenment (18th Century; Industrial Revolution - Realism (1848-1900) is also called naturalism.
(1760-1850)) - The accurate, detailed, straightforward depiction of
nature or of contemporary life.
- Realists rejected romanticism which had dominated
French literature and art late 18th century.
- They depicted people of all classes in ordinary life
situations which reflected the changes brought on by
the industrial and commercial revolutions.

REALISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Celebrating working class and peasants; air rustic
Romanticism painting
- Romanticism (1750-1850) rapidly spread all over
Europe and the United States at the end of the 18th LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
century to the 19th. Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
- The period extolled abstract, complex ideas like
despair, hope, heroism, liberty, peace, survival, and INFLUENTIAL WORKS
other impressions that nature evokes in human The Gleaners
beings.
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
-Romantic art concentrated on emotions, feelings,
European democratic revolutions (1848)
and moods to challenge the rational ideal held so
tightly during the Enlightenment.
-The subject matter varied widely including
landscapes, religion, revolution, and serene beauty.
MODERN ART
- the modern art refers to late 19th and early-to-mid
20th century art. Works produced during this time
showcase artists’ interest in re-imagining,
reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional
aesthetic values of preceding styles. Starting with
light and airy Impressionism and ending with
energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art
genre is composed of several major movements.
Fauvism and Expressionism (1900-1935)
Impressionism
- this is the style of painting that emerged in the mid - Fauvism is a term to denote the use of distortion
and late 1800s. The movement emphasizes on an and exaggeration for emotional eect, which first
artist’s immediate impression of a moment or scene, surfaced in the art literature of the early twentieth
communicated through the effect of light and its century. The artists used pure, brilliant color
reflection, short brush strokes and separation of applied straight from the paint tubes to create bright
colors. Modern life is often used as the subject effects from the canvass.
matter by impressionist painters painting freely and - Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist
quickly featuring short visible strokes-dots, commas, attempts to portray not objective reality but rather the
smears, and blobs. subjective emotions and responses that objects and
Post-Impressionism events awaken in him. It is accomplished through
- Post-impressionism (1885-1910) bridged the gap distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy
between the restrictive techniques found in the through vivid, violent, or dynamic application of
impressionist period and the emphasis on geometry formal elements.
found in modern art. Post-Impressionism is an art FAUVISM AND EXPRESSIONISM
movement characterized by a subjective approach to CHARACTERISTICS
painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather Harsh colors and flat surfaces (fauvism)
than realism in their work. While their styles Emotion distorting form
passionately varied, paintings completed in the Post-
Impressionist manner share some similar qualities LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
like symbolic motifs, unnatural color, and painterly Matisse, Kadinsky and Munch
brushstrokes.
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
POST IMPRESSIONISM Dancer Tilting, San Giorgio Maggiore at
CHARACTERISTICS Dusk
A soft revolt against impressionism
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World War (1914-
Van Gogh, Gaugin, Cezanne, Seurat 1918)

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Starry Night, Pyramid of Skulls,
The Dream
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Belle Epoch (late 19th Century Golden Age; Japan
defeats Russia (1905)
Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, of imagination, weighing it down with taboos. It was
Constructivism, De Still (1905-1920) also influenced by Karl Marx in the sense that
surrealists hoped that the human psyche had the
- Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo
power to reveal contradictions in the everyday world
Picasso and Georges Braque. It employs geometric
and spur on revolution.
shapes in depictions of human and other forms.
Overtime, the geometric touches grew so intense DADAISM AND SURREALISM
that they sometimes overtook the represented forms, CHARACTERISTICS
creating a pure level of visual abstraction. Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the
unconscious
- Futurism is an Italian art movement that took
speed, technology, and modernity as its inspiration. LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
It portrayed the dynamic character of 20th century Duchamp, Dali, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo
life, elevated war, and machine age, and favored the
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
growth of fascism.
The Fountain, The Persistence of Memory
CUBISM AND FUTURISM
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
SUPREMATIVISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM, DE STILL
Disillusionment after WWI; The Great Depression
CHARACTERISTICS
(1929- 1938); World War II (1939-1945) and Nazi
Pre-post World War I art experiment; new forms to
horrors; atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945)
express modern life
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini,
Malevich
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Old Guitarist
Malevich’s Self Portrait
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Russian Revolution (1917); American women
Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art
franchised (1920)
- Abstract Expressionism (1940-1950) is an art
movement of mostly non-representative painting. It
was neither wholly abstract nor expressionist and
comprised several fairly various styles. What
integrated them in one art movement was an aim to
redefine the nature of painting.
- Pop Art (1960s) is a movement marked by a
Dadaism and Surrealism (1917-1950) fascination with popular culture reflecting the auence
in post-war society. It was most prominent in
- Dadaism is the first conceptual art movement American art but soon spread to Britain. In
where the focus of the artists was not to craft celebrating everyday objects, the movement turn the
aesthetically pleasing objects but create works that
commonplace into icons. It is a direct descendant of
upended bourgeois sensibilities. It aimed to generate Dadaism in the way it mocks the established art
difficult questions about the society, the role of the world by appropriating images from the street, the
artist and the purpose of art. Dada artist are identified supermarket, the mass media, and presents it as art.
to use ready-made objects with little manipulation.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM AND POP ART
- Surrealism intends to channel the unconscious CHARACTERISTICS
means to unlock the power of imagination. Strongly Post WWII,: pure abstraction and
influenced by psychoanalysis, the Surrealist’s expression without form; popular art
considers the rational mind repressed the power absorbs consumerism
 LEADING CONTRIBUTORS - Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern
Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, architecture which appeared in the 1980s. It gives
Warhol, Lichtenstein the impression of the fragmentation of the
constructed building. It is characterized by an
INFLUENTIAL WORKS absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. The
Autumn Rhythm, Marilyn Monroe, Canadian American Frank O. Gehry is the most well-
Campbell soup cans known proponent of Deconstructivism building
design. He is one of the prominent American
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS architects of the Postmodern era.
Cold War and Vietnam War (US enters 1965); UUSR
suppresses Hungarian revolt 1956); MODERNT ART
Czechoslovakian Revolt (1968) POST MODERN AND DECONSTRUCTIVISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Art without a center and reworking and mixing past
styles
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Gerard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer,
Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Orders of the Night; Abstract Art
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles;
Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and USSR
CONTEMPORARY ART (1989-1991)
- Contemporary art is the art of today, created by
artists who are living in the twenty-first century.
Contemporary art provides a chance to reflect on
contemporary civilization and the matters relevant to
us, and the world around us. Contemporary artists
work in a globally motivated, culturally diverse, and
technologically evolving world. This art is a dynamic
mixture of materials, techniques, concepts, and
subjects that question traditional boundaries and
challenge easy definition. contemporary art is
diverse characterized by the extreme lack of a
consistent, unifying principle or ideology.
Contemporary art is concerned on personal and
cultural identity, family, community, and nationality.
Post Modernism and Deconstructivism
- Postmodern art refers to a group of movements
that began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, during
which artist rejected established practices and
questioned the importance of their roles in the artistic
process. Postmodern artists use familiar images
from consumer and pop culture and mass media to
confront or question art and society. Their work has
an irreverent almost mocking view of artistic
importance.
Instrumental music Classical Music
- is a musical composition that is without lyrics, or • Most influential personalities of classical
singing, although it might include some inarticulate music emerged.
vocals. • In this period a new form of music which is
- this music is primarily produced by highly refined, simple in melodic text and
instruments. harmonic structure and coordinated by
- the commencement of this genre of music is symmetrical form developed. Mozart,
significant for it paved the way for the invention and Beethoven, Paganini, Rossini, and others
development of musical instruments with tone who gave the world some of the greatest
qualities as people understand it today. music ever composed.
- instrumental music marked the beginnings of the • Homophonic texture
elements of harmony, rhythm and melody that made Romantic Period
music beautiful then and still is up to now. • The Romantic Era is characterized by
- it can mimic the sound of nature so well that they chamber music ensembles, large symphony
can effectively stir the deepest of human emotion. orchestras, opera companies and piano as
performing mediums.
The History of Instrumental Music
• Themes such as romantic love, the
Medieval Period supernatural, and even death.
• Genres included concertos, operas, sonatas,
• Monophonic Texture
• Sacred Vocal Music
and symphonies.
• Classical Music
• During Medieval period, music was primarily
• Subjective
vocal.
• Harmony and tonality were not functional Modern Music
during this period. • Described as the “age of musical diversity”
• Monophonic texture was predominantly used because composers had more creative
during the first period of era. freedom.
• Advantage of the resources and technology.
Renaissance Period
• Polyphonic Texture Popular Music Forms
• Choirs grew - during the Renaissance, composers took known
• The Renaissance or "rebirth" was a period musical forms from church music and secularized
from 1400 to 1600 of significant changes in them. Forms of music that evolved during the
history including music. Renaissance included the cantus firmus, chorale,
• Music was performed by vocal groups French chansons, and madrigals.
• Rhythm began to increase in complexity and
melodic range increased during this era. Cantus Firmus meant "firm chant," that was typically
• Polyphonic texture was predominantly used. utilized in the Medieval period and was strongly
founded on the Gregorian chant. Composers
Baroque Music dropped the chants and instead incorporated
• Italian word "barocco" which means bizarre secular, folk music.
• Compositions became more homophonic, The Renaissance, saw the rise of the chorale, a
meaning based on one melody with harmonic song that was intended to be sung by a congregation.
support coming from a keyboard player. Its original form was monophonic, which then evolved
• Johann Sebastian Bach - might be into a four-part harmony.
considered the greatest composer of any The French chanson is a polyphonic French song
period that was originally for two to four voices. An Italian
• Choral music no longer dominated the era; madrigal is defined as polyphonic secular music that
the idea of the modern orchestra was born; was performed in groups of four to six singers who
violin, viola, cello, and harpsichord were sang mostly love songs. It had served two principal
invented. roles: as an enjoyable private entertainment for small
• Polyphonic / Homophonic Texture groups of skilled amateur musicians or as a small
• Instruments & Musical Techniques part of a large ceremonial public performance.
Music Forms and Styles Neoclassical
- is a concept applied to the music of early 20th
12-tone System century composers like Stravinsky which reflects the
- is credited to Arnold Schoenberg. He developed a 18th-century music. Stravinsky's works, particularly
technique called 12- tone system wherein all the 12 after the highly acclaimed The Rite of Spring, did not
notes of the octave are of equal importance. The 12 emphasize tonality but felt restrained. Stravinsky was
notes are placed in a specific order called a "tone- discovered by Sergei Diaghilev, the producer of the
row" or "tone-series," and no note is repeated within Ballet Rouse. His earlier works reflected influences
a row. This evoked music that felt anxious and from Debussy's dissonance and irregular rhythmic
unresolved. patterns.
Concert Music Serialism
- many composers combined jazz music elements - was based on Schoenberg's 12-tone system, which
with other music styles such as classical and blues. was continued by his student Anton von Webern.
Music during this time also spoke of nationalistic Serialism was evident in the music of the 1950s and
fervor. Some of the composers whose works were 1960s, but appreciation was limited to university
greatly appreciated were George Gershwin professors and their students. Serialism used a strict
(Rhapsody in Blue), Aaron Copland (Rodeo) and musical formula that was difficult to play. Composers
Dmitry Shostakovich (The Golden Age). who used this technique were Milton Babbitt and
Electronic Music Pierre Boulez, to name a few.
- composers of electronic music experimented with Notable 20th Century Composers and Musicians
technology and how it affects certain aspects of
music such as melody and rhythm. Bela Bartok: A Hungarian composer and renowned
ethnomusicologist.
Impressionistic
- in music, it is applied to works of early 20th century Alban Berg: An Austrian composer who adapted the
composers such as Debussy. Debussy rejected the atonal style, also referred to as the classicist of
rules of tonality and created music that is pleasing to modern music.
the ears as impressionist paintings are appealing to
Ernest Bloch: A Swiss composer of spiritual music.
the eyes. This resulted in music that was relaxed and
almost dreamlike. John Cage: An American composer of the 20th
century known for his innovative, avant- garde ideas
Jazz
of creating and appreciating music. He devised the
- can be traced back to earlier African American
"prepared piano."
music styles. It is particularly remarkable for its
improvisation, harmonic progressions, and modified Henry Cowell: The American composer, and one of
rhythms. the inventors of an electrical instrument called
"rhythmicon", who wrote pieces wherein the
Minimalism
musicians played the keys of a piano by striking it
- is the type of music which was simple and contained
with their forearms or wrists and strumming or
patterns that were repeated and reinforced by a
plucking the strings.
steady beat. Examples are the music of Steve Reich
and Philip Glass. Edward Elgar: An English composer, who,
according to Richard Strauss, was the "first English
New Romanticism
- desired music that was expressive, haunting, and progressive musician."
mysterious, much like the music of the past. Charles Ives: The first known composer of polytonal
Composers who used this technique were George pieces.
Crumb (Ancient Voices of Children) and Gyorgy
Ligeti (Lux Aeterna), among others. Jean Sibelius: A Finnish composer, conductor, and
teacher especially known for his orchestral works and
symphonies.
Edgard Varese: One of the composers who
experimented with music and technology. He wrote a
piece for an orchestra composed of solely percussion
instruments.
He also experimented with taped music and 3. Textile weaving
electronic instruments. Weaving is an ancient art form that remain in
the Philippines today, with each ethnic group having
Anton von Webern: An Austrian composer their distinctive weaving techniques. Prehistoric
belonging to the 12-tone Viennese school. textile that has been excavated are believed to have
been created by using flat stone tools to pound and
Ralph Vaughan Williams: An English composer of
flatten tree barks for use as materials.
nationalistic music.
The oldest surviving textile in the entire
Philippine Art History Southeast Asian region was found in the Philippine
Island of Banton in Romblon province. The cloth,
"Some people come into our lives, leave footprints on known as the Banton cloth, has designs with folkloric
our hearts, and we are never the same." - Franz motifs, and was used as a death wrap.
Schubert
Philippine Arts
- the Philippine Arts pertain to Filipino artworks that
have developed in country from the beginning of its
civilization up to the present era.
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART
(before 1521)
• also known as Pre-Spanish era
• ancient tools and other artifacts are found in 4. Jewelry
the different islands of Philippines like Preceding the Spanish colonization, the native
Filipino of all genders, all social classes wore gold
Batangas, Cagayan, Central Luzon, Davao,
from gold necklaces, earrings, bracelets, armlets,
and Palawan.
even to their grave.
• Discovered stone tools.
5. Gold Death Mask
1. Receptacles The burial practice of covering the eyes, nose,
Early Filipinos believe in life after death. and mouth of the dead with sheets of gold is a
They used receptacles which were containers custom practiced by a limited group of Filipinos. It is
fashioned to enclose and protect the bodies of their believed that when the face of the dead is covered
dead relatives. with a gold mask, evil spirits cannot come into the
body.
2. Angono Petroglyphs
The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs is a
rock art on the wall of a rockshelter in Rizal. A
National Cultural Treasure and declared as the oldest
known work of art in the Philippines. This was
discovered in 1965 by the late renowned muralist and
National Artist, Carlos "Botong" Francisco.
6. Shell Bracelets and Pendants 2. Maitum jar
In the early days, shells were transformed into In Ayub Cave, now referred to as Pinol Cave,
tools, as well as ornaments. The oldest identified 29 burial jars and around 33 baskets or about 4 cubic
ornaments made from cone shells were found in the meters of archaeological material have been
early 1960’s in the tomb of an adult male in Duyong collected. Pinol, Maitum was formerly part of South
Cave in Palawan. Cotobato in Sarangani. These secondary burial jars
have characteristics that belong to the Developed
7. Pottery Metal Age Period in the Philippines calibrated date of
Earthenware pots resembling human figures 190 BC to 500 AD, these jars date back to the Metal
were found in Ayub Cave, in Pinol, Maitum, Age.
Saranggani Province. The jars used for secondary
burial were dated to the Metal Age about 5 BC. - 225
A.D.

ARCHITECTURE
Bahay-kubo
• is built from bamboo and nipa which are the
most available construction materials in the
rural areas. The bahay-kubo is very functional
in terms of comfort and affordability of
materials.

Shape is the description of the vessel’s body, the

form of its mouth, the thickness of its lips, or the
presence of ears, spouts and legs attached to its Ifugao house
body. • is so designed for the reason of the cold
climate of the Mountain Province. The Ifugaos
Method of decoration is how designs are applied on construct their houses for protection from the
the body’s surface. Decorative designs are either low temperature and the rainfall common in
impressed or incised. the Mountain Province.
Designs are either abstract or representational.
SCULPTURE
1. Manunggul Jar
The Manunggul jar is regarded as the symbol
of Philippine Prehistoric artifact. It was found in
Palawan and is estimated to be from 890-710BCE.
Figures representing spirits constituted most of the Maranao house
early Philippines representational sculpture. Some • is an archaic-style house with a boat-like
statues of Hindu gods and goddesses were also appearance. This description is primarily due
discovered all over the archipelago which proved that to the existence of the panolong, carved beam
the early Filipinos with Hindu traders. that protrudes in the front of the house that
support its flooring.
• Torogan known as the flower symbol of the
ancestral home of the highest titleholder in a
Maranao village. The panolong symbolizes
power and prestige.
 5. Maranao Brass
- is best observed in the kabul and gadur. This is a
jar-like container with covers that look a lot like the
domes of their mosques.

Muslim Art
- Islamic art meshed with ethnic culture and produced
a Filipino Muslim art that reflects the ethnic
background and Islamic identity of the people.
1. Okir
- is a general name for the colorful flowing designs
which decorate any surface of the Muslim regions. It
is an elaborate curvilinear motif made by the 6. Kampilan
Maranao and Tausug tribes of Mindanao. - a long sword, its handle akin to the open mouth of
a naga, a wavy flame-like blade representing the
body of a serpent; the barong, a leaf-like blade
having the same geometric designs on its hilt.

2. Sarimanok
- is a depiction of an open-winged legendary bird
which stands on a fish with another fish hanging
from its beak. It is usually positioned atop bamboo
poles at the center of Maranao villages among Art of the Mountain Province
decorative flags during celebratory events.
Wood is the medium of choice in the art of the
Mountain Province. It is used in making shields,
spoons, ladles, bowls, and human and animal
figures. Woodcarving is considered an important skill
in all tribes. Mountain Province art is divided into two
kinds: the ritualistic and the decorative.
The bulul, a carved male figure made of narra is
3. Naga
- is a stylized dragon or serpent carved in grave seated while its crossed arms rest on its raised
markers or elaborately in plows. knees. Believed to guard rice crops, this figure was
traditionally bathed in pig’s or chicken’s blood during
rice planting rituals in Ifugao.

4. Ukkil
- is a design technique usually see in the Sulu
Peninsula. Others consider it a variant of the okir. It
is a decorative design that is used in carving,
baskets, pottery, and weaving.
ANCIENT WRITING The school closed in 1834 but reopened 20 years
later. This school was incorporated with the Escuela
The ancient script Baybayin. According to many early
Pintura Escultura Y Grabado in 1879.
Spanish accounts, the Tagalogs had already been
writing with the baybayin for at least a century.

THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART Damian Domingo, the first teacher, a mestizo whose
(1521-1898) talents impressed local authorities.
- the year 1521 marks the dawn of the the first Juan Luna won a silver medal for his La Muerte de
colonial power in the Philippines. This is called the Cleopatra at Exposicion General de Bellas Artes in
Spanish period. For the Catholic faith to be 1881. He also won a Gold medal at Exposicion
propagated successfully, it should be able to Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 for his famous
communicate well with the educated as well as the Spolarium.
uneducated, and the best way to achieve this is
Felix Hidalgo won a silver medal for his Christian
through art.
Virgins Exposed to the Populace in Exposicion
ARCHITECTURE Nacional de Bellas Artes.
Fr. Antonio Sedeno introduced a lime in the
construction of buildings. He was responsible for the
construction of the first fortress, the Nuestra Senora
de Guia Fort in Manila.
SCULPTURE
Carving which began in the pre-Hispanic times in
making the likha (a local deity), was redirected by the
friars into the creation of santos (sculptures of saints).
Famous Sculptors PRINTING
Juan delos Santos carved several retablos for the Nicolas Bagay is one of the outstanding engravers
Augustinian church in Intramuros. Lorenzo Flores who ran a printing press and Francisco Suarez are
carved the escudo of the Franciscan Order found in both known for their designs in 1733 and for the 12
front of the Tayabas Church. scenes depicting representative life in the islands in
the Murillo-Velarde Map. They signed their works
proudly writing Indio Tagalog after their signatures.

PAINTING
A rise of national consciousness was expressed
through the reform movement during the 19th century.
The Sociedad Economica de Amigos dela Pais, a 18th Century
civic organization, aimed to encourage the Earliest among the collection are religious in themes
development of visual arts which led to the and composed of 18th century icons and images
establishment of the Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura created by local artisans under the tutelage of the
in 1821. friars.
The devotional pieces of the collection are of
outstanding significance. Engravings were printed
from copper plates and wood cuts.
Coronation of the virgin
It is one of the oldest artworks in the visual arts
collection. An extremely rare icon belonging to the
primitive school of Philippine art. It is typical of the
religious art produced during the 18th century for
household use (devotional piece).

SCULPTURE
- only a lone name stood out, Guillermo Tolentino,
trained in the classical style in Rome, Tolentino’s
19th Century masterpieces include the Oblation in the University of
The introduction of lithograph prints eventually the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument in
replaced engraving in copper. Lithograph Print- oil Caloocan City.
and water.

AMERICAN COLONIAL ART PERIOD PAINTING

(1898-1946) Fabian dela Rosa was noted for his realistic
portraits, genre, and landscapes in subdued colors.
- the arrival of the new colonial power ushered in a He was enrolled at the Escuela de Bellas Artes y
change in art patronage – from the native ilustrados Dibujo and took lessons from Lorenzo Guerrero.
to the Americans.
- the American Colonization brought high influence to Fernando Amorsolo captured the attention of the
the major Filipino art forms: architecture, paintings public and the buyers and had a long artistic career.
and sculptures.
ARCHITECTURE
- architecture during the American colonial period
witnessed the commencement of the use of new
materials such as reinforced concrete, glass, and
steel, in the neo-classical architectural style.
- the famous architects are Juan Arellano, Tomas
Mapua and Antonio Toledo.
ART OF THE POST-WAR PERIOD
(after 1946)
- during Post war, Philippine Architecture was
dominated by the American style.
- in this period the plan for the modern city of Manila
was designed with a large number of art deco PAINTING
buildings, by famous American and Filipino architects. • The establishment of Art Association of the
Philippines and the Philippine Art Gallery
ARCHITECTURE helped to introduce modern art locally, to
- massive rehabilitation and reconstruction were seen support its struggle against conservative art,
by the Philippine society in the post-war years. and to create patronage among art-buyers.
Leandro Locsin designed the Cultural Center of the The early post war modernist, call themselves
Philippines who earned a National Artist award. Neo-Realists.
• Two popular names were Vicente Manansala
- other architectural landmarks are Philippine for Madonna of the Slums and Carlos Fran for
International Convention Center and many other tall Sungka Players. Their works demonstrated
structures particularly in the Business Center of the influence of various Western Art styles
Makati City. such as post- impressionism, abstraction,
cubism, expressionism, and surrealism.
• Some famous painters in the fifties and early
sixties are Fernando Zobel, Arturo Rogerio
Luz, Jose T. Joya, Maura Malang Santos, and
Anita Magsaysay Ho.
• In the mid-sixties further developments in the
international art movement such as pop art,
abstract expressionism, constructivism, and
environmental art were reflected in the works
of: Robert Chabet, Mars Galang, and Bendicto
Cabrera.

SCULPTURE
Napoleon Abueva is considered the first modern
Filipino sculptor. His modernism was developed
during his studies in the United States. Noted works
are Double Crucifix suspended from the dome above
PRINTMAKING
the altar of UP and Allegorical Harpoon at CCP.
• One of the artistic forms that involves a large
audience.
• Manuel Rodriguez, Sr. is the pioneer and
mentor in Philippine graphic art who opened
Contemporary Graphic Art Workshop in
Malate to attract artists to the new medium. He
specialized in etching. Three of his sons-
Manuel Jr., Marcelino and Ray are all
- other noted sculptors include: Abdulmari Imao, a accomplished printmakers.
sculptor from Jolo; Solomon Saprid, for his Peace • The Philippine Association of Printmakers was
Loving Tikbalang and Eduardo Castrillo for his founded in 1968 and offered workshops in
massive sculptures of the Last Supper and Pieta at various graphic mediums. The Association
the Loyola Memorial Park in Marikina and Paranaque developed outstanding printmakers: Raul
respectively. Isidro, Orlando Castillo,
 Imelda Cajipe Endaya, Rodolfo Paraz Perez Fernando Amorsolo was the first Philippine
in wood cut, Rodolfo Samonte in serigraphy, National Artist in 1972 and since then only 73
Virgilio Aviado and Ofelia Gelvezon in etching. talented individuals have been given this honor. It is
the highest recognition given to Filipino artists (film,
visual arts, dance, etc). In order to be considered for
selection, the artist must meet certain criteria such as
work towards nation-building and has reviewed
prestigious national and international recognition.
- to date, the Philippines has conferred the Order of
Philippine Contemporary Art National Artist to 13 individuals for music, six for
- contemporary Philippine Arts is an art produced at dance, eight for theater, seven for architecture,
the present period, roughly from 1970 up to the design, and the allied arts, one for historical
present time. The term “contemporary art” refers to literature, seven for film, 14 for literature, and 17
art made and produced by artists living today. for visual arts.
Massive progress in technology impacted the arts in
terms of medium and technique. The invention of
computer technology greatly influenced graphic arts
and combined arts. In sculpture and architecture,
introduction of new materials and innovativeness of
artists to try out new media, designs and techniques
commercialized the process of plastic arts.
Inventions of machines for mass production and use
of computer software for architecture enabled to
view their designs virtually in cyberspace.
- even the audience have changed. The impact of
globalization, the internet and social media
strengthened interconnectedness of people around
the globe increasing the level of awareness and
understanding of other countries society and culture.

Philippine National Artists

- the National Artist recognition is the highest
individual award given to an artist who contributed
works of significance to the Philippine arts in their
area of artistry. This task is handled by the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) and the
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and
bestowed by the President of the Philippines. The
confirmation of the National Artist Award started in
1972 through Presidential Proclamation No. 1001 s.
1972.
GOODLUCK! MAKAKAPASA TAYO!