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Integrated rural development in East
Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Pembangunan Pedesaan Terpadu di
Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia
Proceedings of a workshop to identify sustainable rural
livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia, 5–7 April 2006
Editors: S. Djoeroemana, B. Myers, J. Russell-Smith, M. Blyth and E.I.T. Salean
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

Canberra
2007
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© Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571,

Canberra, ACT 2601
Originally printed 2007

Reprinted 2008
Djoeroemana, S., Myers, B., Russell-Smith, J., Blyth, M. and Salean, I.E.T. (eds)
2007. Integrated rural development in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Proceedings
of a workshop to identify sustainable rural livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia,
5–7 April 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 126, 196p.
ISBN 1 86320 526 8 (print)

ISBN 1 86320 527 6 (online)
Technical editing by Kim Wells, Forestry & Ecology,

<www.editingplus.com.au> Cover design by Design One Solutions
Typesetting by Clarus Design Pty Ltd
Printing by Elect Printing
From: Djoeroemana, S., Myers, B., Russell-Smith, J., Blyth, M. and Salean, I.E.T. (eds) 2007. Integrated
rural development in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Proceedings of a workshop to identify sustainable
rural livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia, 5–7 April 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 126.
Foreword
East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur, NTT) is one of the poorest and least
developed of Indonesia’s provinces. It is characterised by shallow soils, a long dry
season and variable rainfall, poor physical and social infrastructure, isolation and
low literacy levels. Poverty is widespread among rural households, with around 60%
of the population living in poverty. While the majority of the population is
dependent on agriculture, the province has not been able to achieve food security and
self sufficiency. One promising path to improved livelihoods and sustainable rural
production for the communities of NTT is integrated rural development.
These proceedings report on an international workshop held in Kupang in April
2006. The workshop was supported by the Australian Centre for International
Agricultural Research (ACIAR), together with a number of Australian and
Indonesian organisations. The purpose of the workshop was to identify opportunities
and constraints to improving livelihoods in NTT using an integrated rural
development approach, and to discuss directions for future activities. It was agreed
that successful integrated rural development must extend beyond farm productivity
improvements to include environmental sustainability, the institutional environment,
human capacity building, social and cultural factors and the broader economic
environment.
The workshop brought together experts from Indonesia, Timor Leste and
Australia to review long-term development needs and prospects for integrated rural
development. Workshop participants agreed on priorities for integrated rural
development including areas with potential for collaboration between Indonesian and
Australian organisations.
Successful integrated rural development depends more on a new way of thinking
than on new technologies or new policy measures. It depends on active participation
of representatives from rural communities, government agencies, industry, non
government organisations, researchers and other relevant stakeholders. It is built on
local knowledge and can adapt to changes in the broader environment.
It is hoped that these workshop proceedings will be helpful in the development of
future research and capacity-building activities for NTT and provide a valuable
resource for government agencies, non-government organisations, rural communities
and donor agencies operating in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Peter Core
Director
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
3
Contents
Foreword 3 List of abbreviations 8
Integrated rural development in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: overview of
1
opportunities, constraints and options for improving livelihoods Michael Blyth,
Siliwoloe Djoeroemana, Jeremy Russell-Smith and Bronwyn Myers 9
Pembangunan pedesaan terpadu di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia: tinjauan
terhadap kesempatan, kendala dan pilihan untuk meningkatkan
1
matapencaharian
Michael Blyth, Siliwoloe Djoeroemana, Jeremy Russell-Smith dan Bronwyn
Myers 20
Integrated rural development based on agribusiness in East Nusa Tenggara
Bungaran Saragih 32
Partnership between East Nusa Tenggara and the Northern Territory, Australia:
implications for integrated rural development
Frans Seda 36
An overview of environmental, sociocultural, economic and political aspects
of rural development in East Nusa Tenggara
Siliwoloe Djoeroemana, E. Th. Salean and W. Nope 39
Livestock production in East Nusa Tenggara: potential of small animals
in integrated rural development programs
G.F. Nathan Katipana, M. Littik, E. Hartati and H.L.L. Belli 44
Pengembangan kehutanan melalui pengembangan produk hutan non kayu
di Nusa Tenggara Timur
Silver Hutabarat 51
Masalah penggunaan dan pemilikan tanah di pedesaan di propinsi Nusa
Tenggara Timur
Daniel R. Masadu 56
1
This overview paper is presented in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. Other papers are presented in
either language, with abstracts in both. Bahasa Indonesia papers are marked with grey tabs at the
outside top edges of pages.
5
Pengaruh sosial budaya masyarakat terhadap produktivitas petani pada daerah

intervensi CARE di kabupaten Belu
Charles A. Bisinglasi dan Ludo Korbafo 60
Higher education experience in rural development
James D. Adam 67
Integrated development for rural communities in East Nusa Tenggara:
an overview of the role of higher education institutes
Urbanus Ola 70
Community assistance experience in the Aemau watershed—Aesesa catchment,
Ngada, Flores
Josef Maan and Paskalis Nai 74
Activities of NGOs in East Nusa Tenggara province: an overview of
Alfa Omega’s experience
Sofia Malelak-de Haan and Alberthina Riwu-de Queljoe 80
Application of the catchment concept for integrated rural development R.J. Wasson
86
Fire management, community partnerships and rural development in East Nusa
Tenggara: lessons from an ACIAR-funded project in Sumba Timur and
Ngada
J. Russell-Smith, S. Djoeroemana, G.J.E. Hill, J. Maan, B. Myers dan P.
Pandanga 97
Ketahanan pangan dan pembangunan pedesaan di Timur Tengah Selatan
berdasarkan studi di kecamatan Pollen dan Kualin
F. Karwur, J. Tanaem, S.O. Radja Pono, D. Palekahelu and
B. Manongga 104
The role of women in rural communities in East Nusa Tenggara Mien Ratoe
Oedjoe 116
Role of women in rural areas in Asia
Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen 122
Produktivitas usahatani dalam sistem pertanian terpadu: studi kasus di
kecamatan Amarasi, kabupaten Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Maximilian M.J. Kapa 132
Agroforestry for livelihood enhancement and enterprise development James M.
Roshetko, E. Nugraha, J.C.M. Tukan, G. Manurung, C. Fay and M. van
Noordwijk 137
Feasibility of community-based forestry management in partnership with a
forestry district agency (case studies: Sumbawa and Bima, West Nusa
Tenggara)
Ani Adiwinata Nawir, M. Ridha Hakim, Julmansyah, Ahyar H.M.A. and Soni
Trison 149
6
Microcredit in rural development: requirement and recommendations for

government support and intervention
Herbert Siagian and Jermias R.A. Manu 162
Microfinance for developing poor communities in East Nusa Tenggara:
problems and solutions from the perspective of a non-government
organisation
S.M. Rozali 168
Evaluation of non-timber forest product species as potential elements of
agroforestry systems
A.B. Cunningham, S.T. Garnett and N. Stacey 174
Australia – Nusa Tenggara Assistance for Regional Autonomy (ANTARA)
program
John Maxwell 182
Funding agencies’ program priorities—ACIAR
Russell Haines 184
Appendix. Higher education capacity building in eastern Indonesia:
a briefing paper
Penny Wurm, Carole Kayrooz, Ferry Karwur and Greg Hill 193
7
List of abbreviations
ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural MFS microfinance services

Research MoF Ministry of Forestry
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area MSEs micro and small enterprises NPV net present
AIPRD Australia Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction value
and Development NGO non-government organisation NT Northern
ANTARA Australia – Nusa Tenggara Assistance for Regional Territory
Autonomy (program) NTB Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara)
APEC Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation BAPPEDA NTFP non-timber forest products NTT Nusa Tenggara
(Provincial Development Planning Board for East Nusa Timur (East Nusa Tenggara)
Tenggara) PICMA participative integrated catchment management
BCR benefit:cost ratio approach
BPD (village representative board) CBFM community-based PSDHBM (community-based forestry
forestry management CIFOR Centre for International Forestry management)
Research PSABM (community-based natural resource management)
DAS (water catchment management) FORPELDAS SADI Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative
(Watershed Environment Care Forum) HDI human SDM Studio Driya Media (NGO) SDR sediment
development index HEI higher education institute delivery ratio
ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry TLM Tanaoba Lais Manekat (NGO) TTS Timor Tengah
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute Selatan (South Central Timor)
IRD integrated rural development IRDO integrated rural TTU Timor Tengah Utara (North Central Timor)
development opportunity IRRI International Rice Research UBSP Urban Basic Services for the Poor UNHCR United
Institute KPMNT Konsorsium Pengembangan Masyarakat Nusa Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (the UN Refugee
Tenggara (NGO) Agency)
KUM (small-group lending program) LSM Lembaga Swadaya VSO Voluntary Service Overseas WNT West Nusa
Masryakat (community self-reliance organisation) Tenggara
MCI microcredit institution YAO Yayasan Alfa Omega (NGO) YMTM Yayasan Mitra
MFI microfinance (services) institution Tani Mandiri (NGO)
8
Integrated rural development in East Nusa
Tenggara, Indonesia: overview of opportunities,
constraints and options for improving
livelihoods
1 2 3
Michael Blyth , Siliwoloe Djoeroemana , Jeremy Russell-Smith and
4
Bronwyn Myers
Abstract
This paper synthesises key points raised in presentations and discussions at the workshop and defines
important lessons for successfully using the integrated rural development approach to improve livelihoods
in East Nusa Tenggara. An improved approach to formulating and implementing project proposals was
endorsed by workshop participants. This overview also reports assessments by workshop participants of
opportunities for integrated rural development and key constraints, and outlines an agreed action plan for
building on the outcomes of the workshop, including a strategy for preparing new integrated rural
development proposals.
Introduction Past investments in IRD for NTT have failed to deliver

promised benefits for rural communities. Pov erty,
unemployment and health standards have not improved.
This overview paper presents a synthesis of impor tant
Research into these and similar project failures identified
matters raised in presentations and discussions and the
a number of shortfalls of IRD projects and this has been
key recommendations agreed by participants attending used to rethink the approach and how it is applied.
the international workshop on integrated rural Looking to the future, an inte grated approach to rural
development (IRD) in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), held in development in NTT will be based on lessons learnt from
Kupang, West Timor in April 2006. While IRD is a past failures and suc cesses and will embrace key
desirable approach to improving the livelihoods of NTT principles for successful implementation of the approach.
rural communities, it is not a new approach and it has not Northern Australian and eastern Indonesian agen cies
always delivered planned outcomes. The papers and have been working together on rural development issues
discussions at this work shop identified that the success of within this region since the mid 1990s. These partnerships
IRD in the future requires major modification of the were strengthened and expanded through two ACIAR-
design and imple mentation of the approach. funded projects on fire management in savanna
landscapes (Russell-Smith et al. 2000, 2007). Currently
1
Director, Four Scenes Pty Ltd, PO Box 50, Kippax, ACT land management capacity in eastern Indo nesia (NTT) is
2615, Australia. Email: <michael.blyth@fourscenes. being further developed through an AusAID Public
com.au>. Sector Linkages Program project between Charles Darwin
2
Wira Wacana School of Economics, East Sumba, NTT. University and BAPPEDA NTT (see PSLP project
Email: <[email protected]>. website <http://IndonNRM pslp.ehs.cdu.edu.au>). These
3
Bushfires Council of NT, Darwin. Email: <Jeremy. Russell- workshop proceedings capture lessons from past
[email protected]>. successes and failures, in terms of both practices and
4
Charles Darwin University, Darwin. Email: <Bronwyn. approaches, and focus on
[email protected]>.
9
the need to integrate activities in the future to achieve and Australia

sustainable rural development outcomes in NTT. The • develop broader relationships with donor agencies
objectives of the workshop were to: • review activities (beyond Indonesia and Australia)
related to improving livelihoods in NTT • discuss directions for future activities. Over the three
• establish and expand collaborations between Indonesia days of the workshop there were 27 invited presentations
addressing the IRD approach, the potential of various integrated rural development
rural enterprises for NTT, aspects of environmental
management, activities of NGOs in supporting rural In his opening speech to the workshop the Governor of
communities, the role of women, land rights and the the Province of East Nusa Tenggara indicated that IRD is
contribution of education and microcredit to rural about providing opportunities for rural com munities to
development. Collectively, these presentations adequately improve their wellbeing by moving beyond subsistence
met the first objective. Furthermore, the outputs of production to commercial pro duction in an
plenary discussions and small-group discussions added to environmentally sustainable way. He proposed that IRD
the review of issues and opportunities for improving rural requires knowledge inputs, sup portive government
community livelihoods. Directions for future activities policy, government services and infrastructure
were addressed through a collective assessment of priori development, access to finance and a commitment to
ties for the province and agreement on an improved working collaboratively both locally and internationally.
approach to IRD. It was proposed that this approach be The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory in her
used as the basis for designing and implementing research opening address to the workshop characterised IRD as the
strategies and project proposals for consid eration by integration of rural enterprise development and natural
international donor funding agencies and other funding resource management built on critical knowledge inputs
bodies. Representatives of four inter national donor and capacity development. The Chief Minister also
agencies made presentations at the workshop. The emphasised the importance of sustainability.
prospect of strengthening and expanding collaboration Professor Saragih presented an agribusiness system as
between Indonesia and Aus tralia in NTT was enhanced an example of IRD, with farm production inte grated with
by the active involve ment of representatives from upstream input suppliers, downstream processors, and
relevant Australian and NTT-based organisations those sectors and services that support all enterprises
including government agencies, universities, NGOs, and including government infrastructure services and banking
national and inter national research organisations. and financial services. Saragih noted that within an
Reflecting on the importance of collaboration in his agribusiness system all the stake holders benefit from its
presentation, Dr Frans Seda acknowledged the value of growth including farmers, marketers, processors,
partnerships between NTT and the Northern Territory exporters and consumers.
over more than a decade and suggested that these Djoeroemana, Salean and Nope argued that IRD
establish a pathway for IRD in NTT. approaches of the past failed to improve the well being of
The outcomes expected from the workshop included: NTT’s rural communities because they were centralist,
• lessons (successes and limitations) learnt from past and technocratic and focused narrowly on increasing
current activities in NTT relating to IRD approaches agricultural productivity. Poverty is still widespread
among rural households in NTT, with around 60% of the
• identification of opportunities for and constraints to
population living in poverty in 2005. Past efforts failed
IRD in NTT
because they ignored sus tainability, local context, local
• agreement on IRD priorities for NTT and areas with
capacity building and community participation.
potential for collaboration between Indonesian and
Djoeroemana, Salean and Nope proposed an alternative
Australian organisations. These three outcomes determine approach to IRD that emphasises community capacity
the structure of the remainder of this overview paper. building, participa tion and sustainability. They
acknowledge that IRD must account for factors in the
Lessons learnt for future success with physical, sociocul tural, economic and political
environments. They
10
defined their approach to IRD as the sustainable rural • It is built on mutual understanding of relevant issues and
community livelihood approach. context at the community (micro) level and the policy
Key elements of the sustainable rural community and strategic level (macro), and of the links between
livelihood approach to IRD are that: them.
• It is people-centred and people-driven. • It recognises the existence of cycles and the importance
of sustainability.
• It is an holistic approach built on a community’s
existing knowledge of opportunities and constraints Their proposal to the workshop was that sustain able
and its capacity to improve and grow, rural community livelihood development requires
• It is dynamic and adapts to change, with shared learning integration of the physical, sociocultural, economic and
and participative monitoring. political environments. They pre sented a model of their
system for consideration.
• It focuses on capacity building for individuals and social
networks that improve the potential to achieve goals. These presentations on approaches to IRD aroused
supportive comments from participants who added
Table 1. Lessons learned for improving the design and implementation of integrated rural development projects Area
Past failings Towards success
Institutional environment • Top down control by central • Encourage community participation • Build commitment to project
governments and donor agencies goals • Cater for local needs
• Supply driven as distinct from demand • Involve local players through local organisations
driven (user community driven) • Build shared ownership through joint management of initiatives
• Project establishes own project • Develop and adopt institutional arrangements to coordinate
management units, bypassing local decision making across communities, between communities, and
agencies between communities and other stakeholders such as
• Decentralise control government and private organisations
Project design and • Inadequate account of local • Analyse social capital and institutional
implementation conditions—social, cultural, economic • Poor settings
interaction between project actors and those • Create networks within community and
likely to be affected by project outcomes build trust
Relationship management and networking • Project design flexibility
• Poor project design based on poor • Location-tailored research to inform
assessment of problem project design and implementation • Source
local knowledge
Sustainability • Insufficient training provided to local staff ownership
• Inadequate attention to ongoing • Train local staff to be able to continue beyond the project’s
maintenance of project-funded completion • Keep equipment investments within the maintenance
equipment and capacity of locals to capacity of local
continue after the project communities
• Project time horizon too short to deliver • Integrate projects into existing institutions
results during the implementation phase • Define realistic project time horizons • Ensure community
• Low community involvement and participation at every project stage
11
emphasis to the critical importance of the following Table 2. Opportunities for integrated rural development
factors: Table 1 summarises the points made in presented
• understanding the special characteristics of the local papers and in plenary discussions at the workshop. The
people who are the focus of IRD plans • provision of table provides guidance for those planning to develop
long-term technical and agribusiness guidance through project proposals based on IRDand for those managing
community engagement with culturally appropriate IRD projects.
agents
• the need for a mechanism to link research, policy and
planning Opportunities for, and constraints to,
• using agroecological zoning, micro-ecological niches integrated rural development
and agro-social/cultural zoning
• community-led development strategies (com munity Presentations to the workshop addressed various
centred) opportunities for and constraints to integrated rural
• the role of women in breaking the cycle of poverty • development. Some papers, such as that by Masadu on
avoiding the weakness of past IRD projects that were land tenure and those by Siagian and Rozali on
oriented towards short-term economic growth. microcredit, addressed specific limitations to rural
development in NTT. Others addressed physical, eco
nomic, environmental and institutional factors influ
IRDO Component areas
Integrated agroforestry High Fuel wood of natural forest Fuel wood

value timber trees Sustainable harvesting resources
Catchment protection Perennial crops— cashews, coffee, other Small animal production
Forage trees
Timber processing Construction timber Value-adding products Milling

Non-timber forest Rattan Oils Medicines Nuts
products Dyes and mordants Spices Honey, fruit, palm sugar
Lac
Sustainable cropping systems New dry season crops Sequence Sustainable livestock systems Forage trees Subsistence farming
Horticulture Crop protection crops, e.g. N fixation Semi-intensive cattle husbandry
Subsistence farming Small animal production
Management of livestock diseases

Postharvest processing Crop products Livestock products Transport, packaging and storage Handicrafts
Textile weaving Woodcarving Incense
Marketing of Role of women in Product differentiation relations with retailers Market analysis
agricultural products marketing Market Cross-border trade with
Pricing policy Cooperatives development— Timor Leste
Tourism Eco-tourism Agricultural tourism Cultural tourism

Sustainable coastal fishery management development and infrastructure government
Skills and equipment Processing Market Fishery management and role of
12
encing particular enterprises including cropping, livestock arrangements, institutional factors and the efficient
and forestry. Presentations also addressed the role of operation of the product supply chain and markets for
women, environmental management and the role of farm outputs. Box 1 contains a descrip tion of the
NGOs. During the workshop, participants worked in agroforestry IRDO prepared by one of the small groups
small groups to identify and discuss oppor tunities and during the workshop. It also addresses the challenges
constraints to IRD based on the presenta tions, plenary facing farmers, marketing agents, governments and rural
discussion and their own knowledge and experience. The communities in implementing
outcomes of those group discus sions are summarised in such initiatives. This example is typical of IRDOs and of
Tables 2, 3 and 4. changes needed for successful implementation and
Eleven IRD opportunities (IRDO) were defined, based sustained performance.
on clustering the many individual activities and Constraints to IRD were sorted into 10 areas: social,
enterprises nominated by workshop partici pants. The cultural, land tenure, infrastructure capacity, marketing,
integrated nature of these IRDOs is evident in a number of technology, institutional arrangements, financial services,
ways including the sharing of component activities knowledge, skills and training, and the natural
between IRDOs (e.g. forage trees for livestock as part of environment. Table 4 presents the constraints nominated
the integrated agrofor estry enterprise and the sustainable by the small groups during the workshop. Changes in any
livestock enter prise) and the inclusion of key supply of these will influence the success of IRD projects.
chain stages in the case of sustainable coastal fisheries. Constraints may be directly addressed as an integral part
The mix of production and environmental factors is of a project strategy to achieve IRD aims. However, the
clearly illustrated by the integrated catchment likelihood of influ encing a constraint varies from area to
management IRDO presented in Table 3. This IRDO area. Figure 1 provides an indication of the potential to
embraced many components of the other 10 IRDOs as influence constraints in each area through an IRD project.
well as critical environmental quality factors. Similarly, Con straints with low potential to be changed, while crit
the marketing agricultural products IRDO includes ical to the success of IRD projects, are usually addressed
components of many of the other IRDOs. directly and/or as part of broader reform or development
Integrated rural development opportunities extend initiatives. For example, decisions on investment and
beyond farm production to include critical input supply maintenance of telecommunications infrastructure are
made by governments as part of a national modifying the constraint. For example, the commitment
telecommunications development agenda. Within IRD of government and other key stake holders can be
projects these types of constraints have to be tolerated. achieved for a particular project by ensuring their
Constraints that have moderate potential to be participation and by regular communi cation with them
influenced by or through an IRD project are manipu lated during the term of the project. How ever, this does not
to get the best possible outcome without perma nently mean that these stakeholders will always be committed to
IRD projects. Similarly,
Table 3. Integrated rural development opportunity—integrated catchment management
IRDO Component areas
Improved water supply and quality Fire management Weed management Mixed farming
Integrated catchment Cropping according to Sequence crops, e.g. N Subsistence farming

River flow management water availability fixation
management traditional knowledge or wisdom

New dry season crops Food security Climatic conditions Local and
Human health and nutrition Drinking water Forests for watershed management
Integrated coastal resource management Upstream and downstream reaches of river linked
13
Table 4. Constraints to integrated rural development
Constraint area Key constraints

Social capital Gender equity and opportunities for women
Social demographics
Local/traditional knowledge
Human health and nutrition—malaria
Labour shortages—competition between agriculture and other sectors; declining
importance of agriculture as a career
Leadership
Cultural Population density
Subsistence orientation
Theft of crops
Language differences
Illiteracy
Land tenure issues tenure for villagers
Unclear land use and function Reform land use planning No individual
Infrastructure capacity marketing Telecommunications
Roads
Ports
Utilities—electricity, sanitation, safe water
Long-term investment
Marketing Marketing system development
Access to market intelligence
Supply chain infrastructure—storage, handling, transport
Certification of organic produce
Technology Stakeholder coordination
adoption National–provincial–regional government relations Government–
Institutional arrangements— governance and policy community communications
Community resistance to new technology Gender mainstreaming
Low community productivity NTT is distant from Jakarta, where national decisions are made
Institutional strengthening
Commitment of government Extension services
NGO commitment Information and telecommunications technology access
Access to financial services Microcredit
Grants
Capital shortages
Knowledge, skills and training Climate knowledge
Agriculture and farming knowledge
Low levels of formal education
Quality of management (management knowledge)
Lack of research capacity and postgraduate education
Lack of multidisciplinary and integrated curriculum
Tendency to focus on pure science and not livelihood curriculum
Access to information and technology
Market information
Natural environment Natural disasters
Pests and diseases
Water shortages—rainfall
Shallow topsoil
Climate
14
technology can offer protection against natural hazards was that the fundamental need
but it cannot prevent their occurrence. Con straints that is a framework or strategy for the design and imple
have high potential to be influenced are those that can be mentation of IRD projects.
transformed permanently. For example, by incorporating The integrated sustainable rural community liveli hood
capacity building for key project participants (farmers, approach to IRD proposed by Djoeroemana, Salean and
traders, government service providers) into an IRD Nope received strong support from work shop
project, new knowl edge can be embedded in people and participants. Therefore, it was agreed to use this approach
processes and sustained beyond the life of the project. In as the basis for developing a research strategy that could
many cases these constraints are eliminated. be discussed with government and international aid
agencies to define specific projects, acknowledging their
The determination of IRD project priorities must
particular priorities for the region. The core of the
consider the size and distribution of the potential ben efits sustainable rural community livelihood approach is
of each opportunity including the economic, reproduced in Figure 2. Other key elements of the
environmental and social benefits, and the nature and approach described earlier must be incorporated into
impact of the constraints to achieving the benefits project design and management as well. It must be
including the capacity of communities to sustain new participative, people-driven, knowledge-based, dynamic
enterprises and processes. and adaptive; and incor porate capacity building, mutual
understanding between stakeholders, and recognition of
the impor tance of cycles and sustainability.
Integrated rural development Figure 2 presents the conceptual model. The goal of
priorities integrated sustainable rural development may be driven by
any one of the four components of the model, but it is not
During plenary discussion at the workshop on prior ities achieved unless connections between all four components
one IRDO stood out from the rest: integrated catchment are represented. For example, the primary driver for
management. It emerged because it embraced improvement may be an economic one such as improving
components of many of the other IRDOs. However, this the marketing system for horticultural crops within a
does not mean the other 10 IRDOs are not important. In district or region that is focused on supplying formal
fact, the biggest revelation from dis cussions on priorities markets in major centres. While enhancing the efficiency
and effectiveness of the marketing system has the poten
Potential to change through IRD project
Land tenure issues Institutional arrangements Natural Marketing

Infrastructure capacity Access to environment Culture Technology adoption
financial services Knowledge, skills and training Social capital
LOW MODERATE HIGH
Design and implement projects to manage constraints for best overcome these constraints
within these constraints possible outcome Eliminate
Tolerate Manipulate
Design and implement projects Design and implement projects to
Figure 1. The potential to influence constraints through integrated rural development projects
15
tial to increase incomes for rural communities, a sus sustain production to meet consumer needs in the formal
tainable livelihoods solution must also recognise the markets. A successful IRD project to improve a
critical importance of human relations to successful commodity marketing system must connect or inte grate
marketing, the role of government in providing key sociocultural, political and environmental ele ments with
infrastructure such as serviceable roads and telecom the driving economic element.
munications services and a supportive policy environ
ment, and the capacity of the physical environment to
Sociocultural
component
Box 1. Integrated agroforestry
Integrated agroforestry may include high value timber
trees intercropped with forage trees, tethered Integrated
sustainable rural
cattle, crops and/or other flow needs given the long time to economic buffering during hard Political
agricultural activities. Important harvest for trees and tree crops. years. What mix of species is component
issues include deciding on the Strategies are needed to improve required and what kind Environmental component
optimal balance of the component existing practices, bring in Economic component
activities and determining cash additional income and provide livelihood development
of training is needed, such as harvesting for fodder, pruning Figure 2. The integrated sustainable rural community livelihood
and thinning for timber? Successful agro forestry approach to
enterprises depend a lot on supportive mar keting, integrated rural development
governance and institutional arrangements. For example,
resolution of land tenure issues will facilitate expansion of
agroforestry in NTT. Until then, how can landholders be
Another example that was discussed at the work shop and
confident that pur suing integrated agroforestry will developed subsequently is integrated catch ment
generate suffi cient income? Leadership training and management. In this case the main impetus is coming from
farmer-to farmer communication is required as well. Also, the environmental element such as con servation of scarce
land users will require training in managing and marketing water resources and protection of remnant vegetation and
crops. Market analysis and market infor mation will be soil resources. The impetus may also come from the
required and establishment of farmer groups or
cooperatives may be necessary. Invest ment in off-farm sociocultural element in the form of the need for an
technology will be required for efficient processing and adequate supply of clean drinking water and to improve the
handling of products. Mar keting systems will need to be health and nutrition of communities living within a
developed or improved to ensure that farm products reach catchment. A catch ment defines the spatial basis for the
con sumers in accordance with their preferences. While an project. Figure 3 presents the Participative Integrated
integrated agroforestry system adds diversity for land users,
Catchment Man agement Approach (PICMA) to IRD that is
it is not completely free of risk. The like lihood and
consequences of crop failures need to be assessed. based on the sustainable rural livelihoods concept of
Another group commented that integrated agro forestry Djoeroe mana, Salean and Nope. An important component
has the potential to ensure food security, water supply and of the approach is participative monitoring of planned
construction materials. Further more, planted forests relieve outcomes using key performance indicators such as changes
pressure on unsustain able harvesting in natural forests. in water availability and quality, food secu rity, income
Papers in this proceedings by Roshetko et al. and Narwir levels, health and nutrition status, partic ipation in
et al. provide valuable insights and lessons for successful
establishment and management of agroforestry enterprises.
education programs, gender equality, environmental
sustainability, cooperation and collab oration, and rural importance of stakeholder partic ipation and adaptive
democracy (see Table 3). PICMA also emphasises the management processes.
16
• establish a small steering committee involving key
Economics
Social/cultura
l Community international donor agencies respected representatives from
participation and leadership
• develop a research strategy government, commu nity,
with time lines. Subsequently, rural industry, and the
Indicators a development strategy was scientific research and
Adaptive designed with particular education communities who
management process reference to PICMA, although have demonstrated rural
it has wider application, as development leadership
noted in the fol lowing five credentials. The committee
Political/polic
y Environment steps: would be responsible for
integrating, prioritising and
Form an integrated rural championing rural
Region etc. development with respect to a
representation from development steering
number of components
Catchment government, NGOs, and committee including:
higher education and research
Locality It is proposed that the NTT • key regional issues and
institutions to drive the new opportunities
Government appoint an
IRD approach
autonomous steering • sociocultural, economic,
Household • inform current rural committee to advise and help political, and environ mental
development planning in NTT steer IRD in NTT. The and natural resource
• influence development of committee should comprise management issues
current initiatives of
Changes in: • key sectoral issues, both horizontally (between sectors)
• water availability and quality and vertically (within sectors)
• food security
• stakeholder engagement, ensuring that all key
• income levels
• health and nutrition status stakeholders are represented, and that both ‘top down’
• education participation and ‘bottom-up’ approaches are considered equally
• gender equality • applied research requirements.
• environmental sustainability Other key responsibilities of an IRD steering com
• cooperation mittee are to coordinate development of an IRD research
• rural democracy.
strategy and to monitor and report regularly on its
Figure 3. The participatory integrated catchment management
effectiveness.
approach
Collate baseline information and determine
research priority
A strategy for developing successful
It is proposed that future research projects will be most
integrated rural development projects effective if they build on, extend and learn from positive
for NTT IRD initiatives already underway.
The first step is to describe or map relevant charac
At the conclusion of the workshop an action plan was teristics such as natural resource assets, sociocultural
agreed. It included the following steps: characteristics, policy features and economic proc esses
• approach the Governor of NTT seeking endorsement of as well as identify opportunities and constraints
workshop outcomes and proposals for future activities
17
for a number of defined entities. Entities may be delin or issues that have been identified as crucial for
eated according to a spatial, sectoral, demographic or addressing village-scale needs.
other basis. In the case of catchments (spatial entities), for
example, mapping data could be used to charac terise or Significant impact implementation and adaptive
classify catchments for the purposes of iden tifying and management
prioritising those sites that (i) most urgently require After some time, entry point actions may be inap
management and/or investment inter vention, and (ii) propriate or may require (substantial) modification. It is
afford the greatest short- or longer term potential for IRD important to modify IRD programs as conditions dictate
investment return. A similar approach could be applied by applying adaptive management.
on a sectoral basis to assess priorities between sectors, or
on a demographic basis to assess priorities between Let the community take control
villages or other popula tion centres. Initial assessments This is the empowering process that enables the
should take no more than a year to be completed. These community to take long-term responsibility for their
assessments would guide future IRD investment destiny, while researchers and other participants
initiatives and projects. The critical first decision is gradually withdraw from the decision-making process.
agreeing on the basis on which entities are defined. This When the community has taken full respon sibility for
should be done in con sultation with key stakeholders their own development needs, the PICMA process is
including government, communities and international aid reaching maturity.
agencies.
Learn from past and current IRD projects Build on and develop available institutional
capacity including research capacity
At the present time, a number of recently com pleted
and continuing participatory projects provide positive, An important objective of IRD projects is to strengthen
innovative examples of IRD projects. These can be built the capacity of individuals and organisa tions to sustain
upon and extended while the baseline study outlined the benefits of IRD beyond the project time frame. The
above is being undertaken. Examples of catchment scale regional research capacity of NTT research and tertiary
projects exist on all major NTT islands, for example: education institutions can be strengthened through further
Kambaniru and Maidang Catchment Area (East Sumba); development of link ages both within Indonesia and
Aesesa Catchment Area (Ngada, Flores); and Noelmina externally, especially through collaborations with
Catchment Area (West Timor). An example of a sector- Australian institutions given their geographic proximity.
based project is given in these proceedings in the paper A process of engagement with (particularly northern)
by Roshetko et al. on agroforestry. Australian institutions will have very significant long-
Importantly, based on past experience, the design and term cul tural, economic, educational and political
implementation of each case study or catchment based benefits for regional communities in both countries.
project needs to incorporate a number of par ticipatory Higher education institutions represented at the
elements, as follows. workshop have developed a strategic framework for the
long-term, sustainable development of skills and
Social preparation knowledge relating to IRD particularly in NTT (see
It is necessary to pre-condition both outsiders (e.g. Appendix).
researchers, donor partners) and community members to
generate effective participation. This is fundamental to Establish a time frame and funding
developing social networks, linkages and communication,
and to reducing trans-cultural barriers between villagers This strategy is an agreed IRD approach based on
and other project partners. decades of (mostly negative) experience. As indicated
above, baseline information needs to be assembled within
Entry point action the first year of this strategy, with concurrent support for
Initial activities and actions are decided in a partic identified positive IRD examples. An ongoing strategic
ipatory fashion between all contributing stake holders, program would be developed from the results of these
from local government to local community members. initiatives and through informed consultations with
Key entry points concern those initiatives government and aid agencies.
18
Concluding remarks In his introductory comments to session four of the

workshop, Dr Ferry Karwur captured the essence of
successful IRD in his comment that ‘a new mentality is a valuable application for testing the feasibility of the
more important than new science or new tech nology’. approach with community groups, government agencies,
James Adam and Urbanus Olahurek echoed this sentiment NGOs and other key stakeholders in the context of the
in their papers suggesting the need to change community many constraints identified during the workshop. Being a
behaviours and to change the way of thinking. The dynamic and adaptive approach, refinements and revisions
mindsets of government and NGOs must also change. can be made to the approach for future application.
Integrated rural development is not a new approach to
development but, because of past failures, it has fallen out
of favour. A revitalised approach to IRD was proposed to Acknowledgments
the participants at this workshop by Djoeroemana, Salean The following organisations are gratefully acknowl edged
and Nope based on the failures and successes of past for their sponsorship and support for this workshop:
approaches. Their integrated sustainable rural com munity Australian Centre for International Agri cultural Research
livelihood approach is the vehicle for changing individual (ACIAR), Charles Darwin Univer sity, the Cooperative
and organisational mindsets and ways of thinking about Research Centre for Tropical Savannas Management,
IRD.
BAPPEDA NTT, AusAID’s International Seminar
This workshop represents a break with past approaches Support Scheme, the Crawford Fund and University of
to IRD and defines a way forward for more successful the Sunshine Coast. The support of the governments of
projects based on a new approach. The new approach is Northern Territory and Nusa Tengarra Timur is greatly
inclusive of all key stake holders, is dynamic and adaptive appreciated. Mr Yudhistira Yewangoe (BAPPEDA NTT)
to changes in the broader environment, recognises key and his team provided valuable logistics support and
constraints and their appropriate management, is built on hosted the workshop in Kupang. Ms Umi Rasmi of
local knowledge and assessment of the current situation, Charles Darwin University provided expert interpretation
includes capacity building for individuals and groups to and translation services in the preparation of papers, pres
ensure that project benefits are sustained for rural entations and the proceedings. Kim Wells and Geor gina
communities and, most importantly, it integrates eco Hickey prepared the proceedings for publication. The
nomic, social and cultural, political, policy and envi constructive contributions of work shop participants and
ronmental factors to deliver integrated sustainable rural the continuing goodwill of the regional partners are also
development. acknowledged.
The workshop participants identified 11 IRD
opportunities and 10 areas constraining IRD in NTT.
While much attention was focused on integrated References
catchment management because of its pervasive
influence, each of the other opportunities is an impor tant Russell-Smith J., Hill G., Djoeroemana S. and Myers B. 2000.
Fire and sustainable agricultural development in Eastern
component in IRD for East Nusa Tenggara. The proposed
Indonesia and Northern Australia. Proceedings of an
research strategy agreed at the workshop, built on the international workshop, Darwin, Australia, 13–15 April 1999.
sustainable rural community livelihoods approach, ACIAR Proceedings No. 91, Canberra.
provides a framework for determining more specific
Russell-Smith J., Djoeroemana S., Maan J. and Pandanga P.
development priorities and developing project
2007. Rural livelihoods and burning practices in savanna
proposals in consultation with government and interna landscapes of Nusa Tenggara Timur, Eastern Indonesia.
tional aid agencies. The proposed PICMA for IRD may be Human Ecology 35(3), 345–359.
19
rural
livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia, 5–7 April 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 126.
Pembangunan pedesaan terpadu di Nusa Tenggara

Timur, Indonesia: tinjauan terhadap kesempatan,
kendala dan pilihan untuk meningkatkan
matapencaharian
1 2
Michael Blyth , Siliwoloe Djoeroemana , Jeremy Russell-
3 4
Smith dan Bronwyn Myers
Abstrak
Makalah ini merupakan kumpulan kunci utama yang timbul dalam presentasi dan diskusi pada lokakarya
serta penjabaran terhadap pelajaran penting yang dapat diambil untuk sukses masa depan program
pembangunan desa terpadu demi peningkatan mata pencaharian di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Peningkatan
program untuk pembangunan desa terpadu yang disepakati oleh peserta lokakarya telah pula di sampaikan.
Telah disepakati bersama bahwa semestinya program tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar dalam
merumuskan serta melaksanakan proposal proyek. Makalah ini juga melaporkan hasil pemeriksaan yang
dilakukan oleh peserta lokakarya terhadap kesempatan untuk pembangunan pedesaan secara terpadu serta
kunci kendalanya. Kendala-kendala tersebut dibedakan sesuai dengan tingkat kemampuan terhadap
perubahan melalui proyek pembangunan desa terpadu. Garis besar dalam makalah ini adalah kesepakatan
dalam rencana pelaksanaan untuk mengembangkan hasil dari lokakarya dan strategi dalam mempersiapkan
proposal proyek pembangunan desa terpadu dengan sukses.
Pengantar IRD) di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), yang diseleng

garakan di Kupang, bulan April 2006. Meskipun
Dalam makalah tinjauan umum ini akan disampaikan pembangunan pedesaan terpadu merupakan sebuah
sintesis masalah penting pada presentasi dan diskusi serta pendekatan yang menarik dalam memperbaiki mata
rekomendasi kunci yang telah disepakati oleh peserta pencaharian penduduk desa di NTT, hal ini bukan
yang hadir pada lokakarya pembangunan pedesaan merupakan hal yang baru dan tidak selalu terlaksana
terpadu (integrated rural development, sesuai dengan rencana yang diharapkan. Makalah dan
diskusi pada lokakarya ini megidentifikasi bahwa
1
kesuksesan IRD di masa yang akan datang memerlukan
Director, Four Scenes Pty Ltd, PO Box 50 Kippax, ACT 2615, modifikasi mayor terhadap pola serta implementasi
Australia. Email: <michael.blyth@fourscenes. com.au>. pendekatan yang akan digunakan.
2
Wira Wacana School of Economics, Sumba Timur, NTT. Investasi yang telah lalu dalam pembangunan pedesaan
3
Email: <[email protected]>. Bushfires Council of terpadu di NTT telah gagal dalam mem berikan janji
NT, Darwin. Email: <Jeremy. [email protected]>.
4 keuntungan pada penduduk pedesaan. Kemiskinan,
Universitas Charles Darwin, Darwin. Email: <Bronwyn.
[email protected]>.
pengangguran, dan standar kesehatan tidak membaik.
Penelitian terhadap masalah ini dan
20
kegagalan proyek-proyek serupa telah mengidentifi kasi ACIAR, yaitu proyek pengelolaan kebakaran pada
sejumlah keterpurukan proyek-proyek IRD dan ini telah penataan lahan sabanah (Russell Smith et al 2000 dan
digunakan sebagai bahan pemikiran ulang terhadap Russel-Smith et al.2007). Saat ini kapasitas pengelolaan
pendekatan serta pelaksanaannya. Dengan melihat lahan di Indonesia Timur (NTT) telah dikembangkan
kedepan, pembangunan desa terpadu di NTT akan melalui proyek AusAID Public Sector Linkage Program
berbasis pada kegagalan dan keberhasilan yang pernah antara Charles Darwin University dan BAPPEDA NTT
dialami sehingga dapat mencakup prinsip prinsip kunci (lihat situs proyek PSLP
terhadap pelaksanaan pendekatan yang sukses. (http://IndonNRMpslp.ehs.cdu.edu.au). Dalam laporan
Kerjasama antara Australia Utara dan Indonesia Timur hasil lokakarya telah ditangkap beberapa pelajaran atas
pada pembangunan desa terpadu telah terjalin sejak keberhasilan serta kegagalan dimasa lalu, baik dalam
pertengahan tahun 1990an. Kerjasama tersebut diperkuat praktek maupun pendeka tannya, dan focus pada aktivitas
dan diperluas melalui dua proyek yang dib iayai oleh terpadu untuk masa datang demi tercapainya hasil
pembangunan di pede saan NTT yang berkesinambungan. tinggi, LSM dan organisasi penelitian nasional dan
Tujuan dari lokakarya tersebut adalah untuk: • internasional. Seperti tercermin dalam presentasinya
meninjau kembali aktifitas yang berkenaan dengan mengenai pentingnya kolaborasi, Dr Frans Seda
perbaikan mata pencaharian di NTT menyampaikan nilai yang terkandung dalam ker jasama
• membangun dan memperluas kolaborasi antara antara NTT dan Northern Territory selama lebih sepuluh
Indonesia dan Australia tahun pula disampaikan bahwa hal ini merupakan jalan
• mengembangkan hubungan yang lebih luas dengan setapak menuju pembangunan desa terpadu di NTT.
badan penyumbang dana (diluar Indonesia dan Hasil yang diharapkan dari lokakarya tersebut ter
Australia) masuk:
• mendiskusikan arah kegiatan-kegiatan di masa depan. • pelajaran (keberhasilan dan keterbatasan) dari kegiatan
Dalam tiga hari pelaksanaan lokakarya, Dua puluh masa lalu serta saat ini di NTT dalam kaitannya dengan
tujuh presentasi disampaikan mengenai pendekatan pendekatan pembangunan desa terpadu.
pembangunan pedesaan terpadu, potensi dari berb agai • mengidentifikasi kesempatan dan kendala untuk
bentuk usaha untuk NTT, aspek pengelolaan lingkungan, pembangunan desa terpadu di NTT
kegiatan LSM dalam mendukung pen duduk desa, peran • kesepakatan pada prioritas pembangunan desa terpadu
wanita, hak akan tanah dan kontri busi pendidikan serta untuk NTT dan daerah yang berpotensi untuk
kredit-mikro dalam pembangunan desa. Secara umum kolaborasi antara organisasi Indonesia dan Australia
presentasi tersebut telah memenuhi tujuan yang pertama. Tiga hasil tersebut diatas merupakan struktur pada
Selanjutnya, hasil dari diskusi pleno dan diskusi makalah tinjauan umum ini.
kelompok-kecil juga ditambahkan pada tinjauan terhadap
masalah serta kesempatan dalam memperbaiki mata penca
harian penduduk desa. Arah kegiatan kedepan telah di Pelajaran yang didapat untuk
sampaikan dalam kajian prioritas untuk propinsi suksesnya pembangunan pedesaan
dan kesepakatan pada pendekatan pembangunan desa terpadu di masa depan
terpadu yang lebih baik. Telah diajukan bahwa
pendekatan tersebut akan dijadikan sebagai basis dalam Pada sambutan pembukaan lokakarya yang disam paikan
pembuatan pola serta implementasi dari strategi penelitian oleh bapak Gubernur Nusa Tenggara Timur disebutkan
dan proposal proyek untuk diper timbangkan oleh badan bahwa pembangunan desa terpadu adalah mengenai
penyumbang dana interna sional. Perwakilan dari empat penyediaan kesempatan pada penduduk desa untuk
badan penyumbang dana international juga telah memperbaiki kehidupan mereka yaitu dengan bergerak
memberikan presentas inya dalam lokakarya tersebut. dari prokusi untuk nafkah belaka menuju ke produksi
Prospek dalam mem perkuat dan memperluas kolaborasi untuk komersil dengan cara yang berkelanjutan. Beliau
antara Indonesia dan Australia di NTT didukung oleh mengajukan bahwa pemban gunan desa terpadu
keterlibatan aktif dari perwakilan organisasi terkait dari memerlukan masukan pengeta huan, dukungan kebijakan
Australia dan NTT termasuk badan pemerintah, perguruan pemerintah pelayanan
21
pemerintah dan pembangunan prasarana, akses financial pembangunan pedesaan terpadu telah gagal dalam
serta komitment untuk bekerja sama baik local maupun memperbaiki kehidupan masyarakat pedesaan karena
internasional. Northern Territory Chief Minister pada mereka sentralis, tehnokratis, dan fokusnya sempit dalam
sambutannya menggambarkan bahwa pembangunan desa meningkatkan produksi pertanian. Kemiskinan masih
terpadu sebagai integrasi pengembangan kegiatan usaha meluas di kalangan rumah tangga di NTT yaitu sekitar
pedesaan dan mem bangun pengelolaan sumber alam pada 60% dari jumlah penduduk yang tergolong miskin di
pengetahuan yang kritis serta pembangunan kapasitas. tahun 2005. Upaya-upaya masa lalu telah gagal karena
Chief Min ister juga mengungkapkan pentingnya tindakan mereka tak menghiraukan tin dakan berkelanjutan,
yang berkelanjutan. konteks local, pembangunan kapasitas local, dan
Profesor Saragih menyampaikan makalahnya mengenai partisipasi masyarakat. Djoeroe mana, Salean dan Nope
sistem agribisnis sebagai contoh dari pada IRD, mengajukan pendekatan alternatif untuk pembangunan
pengintegrasian antara produksi pertanian dengan pedesaan terpadu yang menekankan pembangunan
pemasok masukan dari hulu, pemroses dari hilir dan dari kapasistas masyarakat dan keberlanjutan. Mereka
segala sektor serta pelayanan yang men dukung usaha menyadari bahwa pem bangunan pedesaan terpadu harus
tersebut termasuk didalamnya adalah pelayanan prasarana mencakup sector fisik, sosial-budaya, ekonomi dan
pemerintah, perbankan dan pelayanan finansial. Bapak politik. Dirincikan bahwa pendekatan pembangunan
Saragih menekankan bahwa dalam sistem agribisnis pedesaan terpadu mereka sebagai pendekatan mata
semua pihak terkait akan mendapatkan keuntungan atas pencaharian masyarakat pedesaan yang berkelanjutan.
perkemban gannya termasuk petani, pasar, pemroses, Elemen-elemen kunci dari pendekatan mata penc
eksportir dan konsumen. aharian penduduk desa yang berkelanjutan untuk
Djoeroemana, Salean dan Nope mengungkapkan bahwa membangun pedesaan terpadu adalah:
• berpusat pada masyarakat dan dikendalikan masyarakat tersebut dibawah ini:
• pendekatan holistik yang dibangun atas dasar • memahami karasteristik khusus dari penduduk setempat,
pengetahuan yang telah ada pada masyarakat kepribadian penduduk yang merupakan fokus pada
mengenai kesempatan, kendala serta kapasitasnya perencanaan pembangunan desa terpadu
untuk peningkatan dan pertumbuhan • penyediaan bimbingan teknis jangka panjang dan
• didamik dan bersedia untuk berubah, dengan berbagi bimbingan agribisnis melalui keterlibatan masyarakat
dalam belajar dan memonitor partisipasi • berfokus pada dengan pihak yang sesuai menurut budaya mereka.
pembangunan kapasitas untuk • perlunya mekanisme untuk menghubungkan penelitian,
individu dan jaringan sosial yang dapat meningkatkan kebijakan dan perencanaan.
potensial yang ada demi mencapai sasaran • dengan menggunakan pembagian area agro ekologi,
• harus dibangun atas dasar pemahaman setara dalam mikro ekologi pasar, agro-sosial-budaya. • strategi
berbagai permasalahan yang relevan serta konteksnya pembangunan yang dipinpin oleh masyarakat (pemusatan
dengan masyarakat kecil dan kebijakan serta strategi masyarakat)
makro dan segala kaitannya • peran wanita dalam pemecahan lingkaran kemiskinan.
• adanya kelangsungan dan keberlanjutan suata proses • menghindari kelemahan yang dialami pada proyek IRD
dan hasil dalam suata siklus yang lalu yaitu yang berorientasi pada pertumbuhan
Usulan mereka pada lokakarya yaitu bahwa pam ekonomi jangka pendek.
bangunan mata pencaharian penduduk desa yang Tabel 1 rangkuman atas butir-butir yang di buat dari
berkelanjutan memerlukan integrasi fisik, sosial budaya, makalah yang disampaikan serta diskusi pleno pada
ekonomi dan politik. Mereka mengajukan suatu sistem lokakarya. Dalam tabel tersebut tercantum tun tunan
untuk dapat dipertimbangkan. untuk pengembangan usulan proyek yang direncanakan
Presentasi pada pendekatan pembangunan desa terpadu berdasar pada pembangunan pedesaan terpadu serta untuk
menimbulkan komentar yang mendukung dari para pengelolaan proyek IRD.
peserta yang menambahkan pentingnya factor-faktor
22
Kesempatan dan kendala pada fisik, ekonomi dan lin

pembanguan pedesaan terpadu gkungan serta kelembagaan telah mempengaruhi usaha-
usaha seperti pemanenan, peternakan dan kehutanan.
Presentasi yang disampaikan dalam lokakarya Dalam presentasi juga disebutkan tentang peran wanita,
menyebutkan berbagai kesempatan serta kendala dalam pengelolaan lingkungan serta peran dari LSM. Selama
pembangunan pedesaan terpadu. Beberapa makalah, lokakarya tersebut, peserta bekerja dalam kelompok kecil
seperti yang disampaikan oleh Masadu mengenai untuk mengidenti fikasi serta mendiskusikan kesempatan
kepemilikan lahan dan yang disampaikan oleh Siagian dan kendala dalam membangun desa terpadu dengan
dan Rozali mengenai kredit-mikro, menyebutkan berda sarkan pada presentasi, diskusi pleno, dan penge
keterbatasan khusus untuk pemban gunan desa terpadu di tahuan serta pengalaman masing-masing. Hasil dari
NTT. Sementara yang lain menyampaikan bahwa faktor diskusi kelompok tersebut dirangkum dalam tabel 2, 3
dan 4.
Tabel 1. Pelajaran yang diperoleh untuk perbaikan rancangan dan implementasi dalam proyek pembangunan pedesaan
terpadu
Area Kelemahan masa lalu Menuju sukses

Lingkungan institusional • Kontrol dari atas ke bawah oleh • Mengajak masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi • Membangun
pemerintah pusat dan lembaga bantuan komitmen untuk menuju sasaran proyek
• Pengendalian persediaan merupakan • Memenuhi kebutuhan penduduk setempat • Melibatkan peserta
pengendalian permintaan (menggunakan local melalui organisasi lokal
pengendalian masyarakat) • Membangun kepemilikan bersama melalui pengelolaan bersama
• Proyek yang di selenggarakan memiliki inisiatif
pengelolaan unit, dengan mengbaikan • Mengembangkan dan mengadopsi rancangan institusional dalam
lembaga setempat mengkordinir pembuatan keputusan dalam masyarakat, antar
• Mendesentralisasikan kendali masyarakat, dan antara masyarakat dengan pihak terkait seperti
pemerintah dan organisasi sosial
Rancangan dan Hubungan pengelolaan dan jaringan kondisi setempat—sosial, budaya dan
implementasi proyek • Buruknya rancangan proyek atas dasar ekonomi
pengkajian permasalahan yang buruk • • Buruknya interaksi antara pemeran proyek
Perhitungan yang tidak tepat mengenai
dan orang-orang yang akan menanggung • Lokasi – akan membentuk pola proyek • Analisa modal sosial dan penerapan
akibat hasil dari proyek informasi dan implementasiannya • Sumber institusional
• Fleksibilitas pola proyek pengetahuan setempat • Menciptakan jaringan di dalam masyarakat
dan membangun kepercayaan
Keberlanjutan • Pelatihan yang diberikan pada staff local tidak implementasi
mencukupi • Rendahnya keterlibatan dan kepemilikan
• Perhatian yang tidak memadai untuk masyarakat
perawatan yang berkelanjutan • Melatih staf local supaya dapat melanjutkan setelah selesainya
perlengkapan dari proyek yang dibeayai proyek. • Investasi perlengkapan harus di jaga sesui dengan
dan kapasitas local untuk melanjutakanny kapasitas perawatan dari
setelah pelaksanaan proyek masyarakat setempat
• Gambaran waktu proyek terlalu pendek • Pemaduan proyek kedalam institusi yang ada
untuk penyampaian hasil selama fase • Gambaran waktu proyek harus jelas • Keterlibatan masyarakat
harus ada ditiap tahap proyek
23
Tabel 2. Kesempatan untuk pembangunan pedesaan terpadu (IRDO)
IRDO Area komponen
Wanatani terpadu Nilai tinggi pohon Kayu untuk bahan Perlindungan DAS
penghasil kayu bakar Tanaman pakan ternak Ternak kecil
Kayu untuk bahan bakar
Pemanenan yang terus menerus pada sumber daya alam hutani Hasil tanaman umur panjang – Mede, kopi dan lainnya
Pemrosesan kayu Konstruksi kayu Produk nilai tambah Pabrik penggilingan
Produk hutan non kayu bumbu Obat-obatan Kacang-kacangan
Lak Zat pewarna kain minyak Madu, buah, gula aren Rotan Bumbu-
Sistem tanam berkelanjutan musim kering Perlindungan panen fixation
Hortikultura Tanam di awal Tanaman tahunan – contoh, N Usahatani subsisten
Sistem peternakan berkelanjutan Semi-intensif peternakan sapi Produksi ternak kecil Tanaman pakan ternak
Usaha ternak subsisten
Pengendalian penyakit ternak

Proses pasca panen Hasil tanaman Hasil ternak Transportasi, pengepakan dan penyimpanan Kerajinan tangan Tenun
Ukiran kayu Wewangian
Pemasaran hasil pertanian
Kebijakan penentuan harga
Peran wanita dalam pemasaran

Koperasi Pembangunan pasar
kaitannya dengan
pedagan eceran
Perbedaan produksi Perdagangan
lintas batas dengan Timor
Leste
Analisa pasar
Pariwisata Eco-Pariwisata Pariwisata pertanian Pariwisata kebudayaan
Pengelolaan perikanan pesisir Perlengkapan dan ketrampilan dan prasarana perintah
pantai yang berkelanjutan Pemrosesan Pembangunan pasar Pengelolaan perikanan dan peran
Tabel 3. Kesempatan pembangunan pedesaan terpadu—Pengelolaan DAS terpadu (IRDO)
IRDO Wilayah komponen
Memperbaiki persediaan air dankwalitasnya liar

Pengelolaan kebakaran Pengelolaan rumput Pertanian campuran
Pengelolaan DAS Pengelolaan aliran Penanaman sesuai Susunan fixation

terpadu sungai dengan persediaan air penanamam—contoh N Usahatani subsisten
Tanaman musim kering yang baru Ketahanan pangan Kondisi iklim Pengetahuan atau kebijakan local
dan
Kesehatan dan gizi manusia tradisional
Air minum Hutan sebagai sumber ketahanan air
Pengelolaan sumber daya pesisir pantai terpadu Pertemuan aliran sungai dari hulu dan hilir
24
Tabel 4. Kendala dalam pedesaan desa terpadu
Area kendala Kendala kunci

Modal sosial Kesteraan gender dan kesempatan bagi wanita
Demogrfi sosial
Pengetahuan local/tradisional
Kesehatan dan gizi manusia—malaria
Keterbatasan tenaga kerja—kompetisi antara pertanian dan sector lain, pentinggnya
pertanian sebagai karir menurun
Kepemimpinan
Budaya Kepadatan penduduk
Berorientasi usahatani subsisten tanaman
Perbedaan bahasa
Butahuruf
Masalah kepemilikan lahan Tidak jelasnya penggunaan dan fungsi lahan
Reformasi perencanaan penggunaan lahan
Tidak ada kepemilikan perorangan untuk penduduk desa
Prasarana dan kapasitas pasar Telekomunikasi
Jalan
Pelabuahan
Perlengkapan—listrik, sanitasi, air yang tak berbahaya
Investasi jangka panjang
Pemasaran Pembangunan system pemasaran
Akses terhadap kecerdasan pasar
Penyediaan rantai prasarana—penyimpanan, pengendalian, angkutan.
Hasil organic sertifikasi
Pengadopsian tehnologi Penolakan masyarakat terhadap tehnologi baru
Produktifitas masyarakat rendah
Pengaturan institusional— kepemerintahan dan kebijakan Komunikasi pemerintah–masyarakat
Komitmen pemerintah Aspek gender
Komitmen LSM Jauhnya NTT dari Jakarta yang merupakan pusat pembuatan keputusan
Kordinasi pihak terkait Memperkuat Institusi
Hubungan pemerintah daerah-propinsi dan nasional Perluasan pelayanan
Akses informasi dan tehnologi telekomunikasi
Akses pelayanan finansial Kredit - mikro
Bantuan
Keterbatasan modal
Pengetahuan, keahlian dan pelatihan Pengetahuan iklim
Pengetahuan pertanian dan peternakan
Rendahnya tingkat pendidikan formal
Kwalitas menegemen (pengetahuan dalam bidang menegemen)
Kurangnya kapasitas penelitian dan pendidikan pasca sarjana
Kurangnya kurikulum multidisiplin dan terpadu
Kecenderungan untuk berfokus pada ilmu murni dan bukan kurikulum yang mengarah
kepada matapencaharian
Akses terhadap informasi dan tehnologi
Informasi pasar
Lingkungan alami Bencana alam
Hama dan penyakit
Keterbatasan air—curah hujan
Tipisnya humus
Iklim
25
Sebelas kesempatan pembangunan desa terpadu panen perlu dikaji.

(IRDO) telah didefinisikan, berdasar pada pengelom Sebuah kelompok memberikan komentar bahwa
pokan berbagai kegiatan dan usaha yang diajukan oleh wanatani terpadu berpotensi untuk ketahanan pangan,
peserta lokakarya. Sifat dasar IRDO telah ter bukti pada penyediaan air dan konstruksi meterial. Lebih dari pada
itu, penanaman hutan akan men gurangi tekanan pada
beberapa hal seperti pembagian kom
ketidak bertahannya panen pada hutan alami.
Makalah oleh Roshetko et al dan Narwir et al
memberikan tilikan nilai dan pelajaran untuk keber
Kotak 1. Wanatani terpadu hasilan pembentukan dan pengelolaan usaha wana tani.
Penanaman campur antara tumbuhan kayu nilai tinggi ponen kegiatan antara IRDO (seperti; tumbuhan pakan
dengan tanaman pakan ternak dapat termasuk dalam ternak sebagai bagian dari gabungan usaha wana tani dan
Wana tani terpadu, termasuk juga pengikat lembu, usaha peternakan yang berkelanjutan) dan terkait pula
tanaman yang dapat dipanen dan kegiatan pertanian dalam mata rantai perikanan pesisir pantai yang
lainnya. Masalah penting yang lain adalah memutuskan berkelanjutan. Percampuran factor produksi dan
keseimbangan optimal antara kom ponen kegiatan dan lingkungan secara jelas diilustrasikan dengan pengelolaan
penetapan alur keuangan yang diperlukan mengingat DAS terpadu IRDO yang dise butkan dalam Tabel 3.
jangka waktu yang lama untuk memanen tumbuhan IRDO telah menarik banyak komponen dari sepuluh
kayu. Strategi amat diperlukan untuk memperbaiki cara
komponen lainnya begitu pula factor kwalitas lingkungan.
yang dilakukan saat ini, Dengan membawa penghasilan
tambahan dan penyediaan ekonomi penyanggah selama
Begitupun pema saran produk pertanian IRDO mencakup
masa sulit. Perpaduan bumbu apa yang diperlukan dan komponen komponen yang ada pada komponen IRDO
pelatihan apa yang di jalankan, seperti pemanenan, lainnya.
pemangkasan, dan pengurusan untuk kayu? Keber Kesempatan pembanguna desa terpadu berkembang
hasilan usaha wana tani tergantung pada dukungan tidak hanya terbatas pada produksi pertanian tetapi juga
pasar, pemerintah dan pengaturan institusional. Sebagai termasuk pengaturan penyediaan pasokan, factor institusi
contoh, Penyelesaian masalah kepemilikan lahan akan dan efisiensi oprasional pada rangkaian pasokan produk
memfasilitasi perluasan wanatani di NTT. Kalau itu serta pasar untuk hasil pertanian. Kotak 1 berisi diskripsi
belum tercapai, bagaimana pemilik tanah akan wana tani IRDO yang diper siapkan oleh kelompok kecil
meragukan apakah wanatani terpadu dapat membawa
pendapatan yang memuaskan? Pelatihan kepemimpinan
dalam lokakarya. Juga disebutkan tantangan yang
dan komunikasi petani ke petani juga diperlukan. Begitu dihadapi para petani, agen pemasaran, pemerintah dan
pula pengguna lahan memerlukan pelatihan mengenai penduduk desa dalm mengimplementasi inisiatif tersebut.
pengelolaan dan pemasarant hasil pertanian. Analisa Contoh ini merupakan khasnya kesempatan pembangunan
pasar dan infor masi pasar akan diperlukan dan desa terpadu dan perubahan yang diperlukan demi keber
pembuatan kel ompok tani atau koperasi mungkin juga hasilan serta kelanjutan pelaksanaanya.
perlu. Investasi tehnologi disamping pertanian akan Kendala dalam pembangunan desa terpadu terbagi
diper lukanuntuk efisiensi pengolahan dan penanganan dalam sepuluh area: sosial, budaya, kepemilikan lahan,
produk. Sistem pemasaran perlu dikembangkan dan kapasitas prasarana, pemasaran, tehnologi, pen gaturan
diperbaiki untuk menjamin produksi pertanian men
institusi, pelayanan keuangan, pengetahuan, keahlian dan
capai kebutahan konsumen Di saat system wanatani
terpadu di tambah dengan keragaman pengguna lahan, pelatihan dan lingkungan alam. Tabel 4 menyebutkan
bukan berarti bebas resiko. Kemungkinan akan gagal kendala yang sampaikan olek kelompok kecil dalam
lokakarya. Perubahan dari hal ini akan berpengaruh pada batasan reformasi atau inisiatif pembangunan. SEbagai
suksesnya proyek IRD. Kendala mungkin langsung contoh, keputusan pada investasi dan perawatan sarana
disebutkan pada bagian integral dari strategi proyek dalam telekomunikasi dibuat oleh pemerintah sebagai bagian
mencapai tujuan IRD. Akan tetapi, sepertinya pengaruh dari agenda pembangunan telekomunikasi nasional.
terhadap kendala berbeda dari area satu dengan yang Dalam proyek IRD tipe kendala seperti ini harus dapat di
lainnya. Bagan 1 menun jukan potensi untuk toleransi. Kendala yang mempunyai potensi menengah
mempengaruhi kendala di masing-masing daerah melalui harus dipengaruhi melalui proyek IRD yang di manipulasi
proyek IRD. Kendala dengan potensial rendah harus di untuk mendapatkan hasil sebaik mungkin tanpa harus
rubah, mengingat pentingnya pada keberhasilan proyek memodifikasi kendala
IRD, biasanya disampaikan langsung dan/atau bagian dari
26
secara permanen. Sebagai contoh, komitment peme rintah adalah: pengelolaan DAS terpadu. Hal ini terjadi karena
dan pihak terkait dapat terwujud dalam suatu proyek banyaknya komponen yang terserap dari IRDO lain. Akan
tertentu dengan kepastian atas partisipasi masing-masing tetapi, bukan berarti sepuluh IRDO lainnya tidak penting.
pihak dan dengan komunikasi yang reguler dalam jangka Justru, paling besar terungkap dalam diskusi pada
waktu proyek yang ditentukan. Namun demikian, ini prioritas yaitu kebutuhan funda mental yang berupa
bukan berarti bahwa pihak terkait akan selalu kerangka kerja atau strategi untuk rancangan dan
berkomitment pada proyek IRD. Seperti halnya dengan implementasi dari proyek pem bangunan pedesaan
tehnologi yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap terpadu.
bencana alam, tapi tidak dapat mencegah terjadinya Pendekatan mata pencaharian penduduk desa ber
bencana. Kendala yang memiliki potensial tinggi harus kelanjutan terhadap IRD yang di ajukan oleh Djoero
dipengaruhi oleh hal-hal yang bisa di transformasi secara emana, Salean dan Nope mendapat dukungan kuat dari
permanen. Sebagai contoh, dengan menggabungkan peserta lokakarya. Oleh karena itu, telah disepa kati
pembangunan kapasitas sebagai kuci peserta proyek bahwa untuk menggunakan pendekatan ini sebagai basis
(petadi, pedagang, pela yanan pemerintah) dalam proyek strategi pengembangan penelitian hal ini dapat
IRD, pengetahuan baru dapat dilekatkan dalam didiskusikan dengan pihak pemerintah dan badan bantuan
masyarakat, pengolah dan kelangsungan proyek. Dalam internasional untuk mendefinisi proyek tertentu,
banyak kasus kendala seperti ini di eliminasi. mengingat pemahaman yang dimi liki mengenai prioritas
Kepastian prioritas proyek IRD harus mempertim tertentu pada wilayahnya. Pusat pendekatan mata
bangkan ukuran dan distribusi dari potensi keun tungan pencaharian penduduk desa berkelanjutan adalah
pada masing-masing kesempatan termasuk ekonomi, reproduksi yang ada pada Bagan 2. Elemen-elemen kunci
lingkungan dan keuntungan sosial dan akibat alami dari lain dengan pen dekatan yang tersebut diatas harus
kendala dalam mencapai keun tungan termasuk kapasitas ditunjang dengan rancangan dan pengelolaan proyek
penduduk untuk terus melanjutkan usaha serta (partisipasi, pen gendalian masa, dasar pengetahuan,
pengolahannya. dinamica dan adaptasi, kapasitas bangunan, pemahaman
setara antara semua pihak dan memahami pentingnya ling
karan dan kelanjutannya).
Prioritas pembanguna desa terpadu Bagan 2 menunjukkan model pemikiran. Sasaran dari
Pada waktu prioritas didiskusikan pada diskusi pleno pembangunan desa terpadu berkelanjutan mungkin
dalam lokakarya salah satu IRDO yang menonjol dikendalikan oleh salah satu dari empat kom
Potensi untuk berubah melalui proyek IRD
Masalah kepemilikan lahan Kapasitas Pengaturan institusional Lingkunagn alam Pemasaran

prasarana Budaya Pengadopsian tehnologi
Akses terhadap pelayanan keuangan Pengetahuan, ketrampilan dan pelatihan Modal sosial
LOW MENENGAH TINGGI
Pola dan implementasi proyek di Pola dan implementasi proyek Di manipulasi

dalam kendala ini untuk menangani kendala demi Pola dan implementasi proyek
Di toleransi kemungkinan hasil yang terbaik yang tak berdaya menghadapi
kendala Di eliminasi
Bagan 1. Potensi untuk mempengaruhi kendala yang ada melalui proyek pembangunan pedesaan terpadu
27
ponen dari model tersebut, tapi tentu saja tak akan ter Bagan 3 menunjukkan Pendekatan Participasi
capai kecuali dengan adanya hubungan antara empat Pengelolaan DAS terpadu/Participative Integrated
komponen yang disampaikan dalam presentasi. Sebagai Catchment Management Approach (PICMA) untuk IRD
contoh, pengendali utama untuk perbaikan mungkin yang berdasar pada konsep Djoeroemana, Salean dan
perekonomian yang memperbaiki sistem pemasaran dari Nope tentang mata pencaharian pen duduk desa terpadu.
pemanenan pertanian dalam sebuah kabupaten atau Komponen penting dalam pen dekatan ini adalah
kecamatan. Disaat menarik efisiensi dan efektifitas dari pengawasan aktif terhadap hasil yang direncanakan
system pemasaran memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan dengan menggunakan indicator kuci kinerja, seperti
pendapatan penduduk desa, solusi terhadap mata perubahan persediaan air dan kwalitasnya, ketahanan
pencaharian berkelanjutan harus juga dipertimbangkan pangan, tingkat pendapatan, kesetaraan gender,
sebagai kepentingan kritis pada hubungan manusia untuk keberlanjutan lingkungan, kerja sama dan kolaborasi dan
pemasaran yang sukses, peran pemerintah dalam demokrasi pedesaan (lihat Tabel 3). PICMA
menyediakan pras arana kunci seperti pelayanan jalan, menyampaikan pentingnya partisi pasi pihak terkait dan
telekomunikasi dan kebijaksanaan yang mendukung, serta menerima proses pengelolaan yang berlangsung.
kapasitas lingkungan fisik untuk produksi yang
berkelanjutan demi memenuhi permintaan pasar.
Kesuksesan proyek IRD untuk memperbaiki sistem
Strategi untuk pengembangan
komoditi pasar harus saling berhubungan dengan sosial- suksesnya proyek IRD di NTT
budaya, politik, dan elemen lingkungan dengan
pengendalian terhadap elemen ekonomi. Perencanaan telah disepakati dalam kesimpulan yang
diambil pada lokakarya. Termasuk didalamnya langkah-
langkah tersebut dibawah ini:
Komponen
• pendekatan kepada Gubernur NTT untuk memohon
sistem sosial
persetujuan atas hasil lokakarya dan proposalnya
sebagai kegiatan di masa yang akan datang.
• membentuk panitia pengarah kecil yang
Pembangunan
Komponen ekonomi Komponen institusi penelitian untuk perencanaan pembangunan
Desa Terpadu Berkesinambun politik mengendalikan pendekatan pedesaan yang berlangsung
gan Komponen lingkungan pembangunan desa terpadu saat ini di NTT •
melibatkan perwakilan yang baru. mempengaruhi badan pemberi
penting dari pemerintah, • pemberitahuan tentang bantuan internasional dengan
LSM, Perguruan Tinggi, dan pengembangan inisiatif yang
Bagan 2. Pendekatan matapencaharian yang berkelanjutan tengah berlangsung.
dalam pembangunan pedesaan terpadu • pengembangan strategi penelitian dengan batas waktu.
Selanjutnya strategi penelitian dikembangkan dengan
Salah satu contoh lain yang juga didiskusikan dalam
referensi khusus pada Pendekatan Partisipatif Pengelolaan
lokakarya dan terus dikembangkan adalah pengelolaan DAS Terpadu, meskipun hal ini dirasa lebih luas tapi
DAS terpadu. Dalam kasus tersebut tenaga penggerak
tercatat sebagai bagian dari langkah tersebut.
utama berasal dari elemen ling kungan seperti pelestarian
sumber air yang sulit didapat dan perlindungan terhadap
Bentuk dari pada kepanitiaan pembangunan
vegetasi yang masih tersisa dan sumber daya tanah.
Tenaga peng geraknya mungkin juga dari elemen pedesaan terpadu
lingkungan seperti dalam bentuk kebutuhan terhadap Diusulkan kepada Pemerintah NTT untuk men gangkat
sumber air minium yang bersih dan untuk memperbaiki panitia pengarahswantara yang memberikan dalam
kese hatan dan gizi pada masyarakat yang termasuk pengendalian IRD di NTT. Panitia harus terdiri dari
dalam DAS. DAS terdefinisi sebagai ruang untuk proyek. wakil-wakil pemerintahan, masyarakat,
28
industri pedesaan, dan lembaga penelitian ilmiah dan komunitas pendidikan yang telah menunjukan
kepemimpinannya dalam pembangunan pedesaan. Panitia sector) maupun vertical (dalam sector)
bertanggung jawab untuk memadukan, mem prioritaskan, • keterlibatan pihak terkait, meyakinkan adanya
dan menggunggulkan pembangunan pedesaan dengan perwakilan dari semua pihak terkait dan pendekatan
beberapa komponen termasuk: hubungan “dari atas- ke bawah” dan “dari bawah – ke
• permasalahan kunci daerah dan kesempatan • sosial- atas” setara.
budaya, ekonomi, politik dan lingkungan / masalah • pemenuhan persyaratan terapan.
pengelolaan sumber alam Tanggung jawab kunci yang lain dari panitia pen garah
IRD adalah mengkoordinasi strategi penelitian IRD dan
memantua serta melaporkan secara berkala memgenai
Proses adapsi efektifitasnya.
pengelolaan
Menyusun informasi dasar dan menetapkan
prioritas penelitian
Politik/kebijaka
n
Ekonomi
Diusulkan bahwa untuk proyek penelitian yang datang
Wilayah dll bisa sangat efektif bila dibangun atas dasar perluasan dan
pelajaran positif dari IRD yang sudah berlangsung.
DAS Langkah pertama adalah pemetaan karasteristik seperti
sumber alam yang dimilik, karakter sosial budaya, kondisi
Lokalitas
kebijakan dan proses perekonomian begitu pula
Kepala kesempatan dan kendala yang ada. Keberadaannya
rumah mungkin digambarkan sesuai dengan lingkup, sectoral,
tangg demografik atau dasar lain. Dalam kasus DAS (entitas
spacial) sebagai contoh, pemetaan data yang dapat
digunakan untuk meng klasifikasi DAS dengan tujuan
untuk mengidentifi kasi dan memprioritaskan situs-situs
tersebut yang (i) memerlukan pengelolaan/intervensi
Sosial/buday
a
investasi yang sangat mendesak, dan (ii) mampu
Lingkungant
memperoleh kembali potensi dari investasi IRD dalam
jangka pendek maupun panjang. Pendekatan serupa dapat
Masyarakat, diaplikasikan pada basis sectoral untuk mengkaji pri
partisipasi dan
oritas antar sector atau basis demografik untuk meng kaji
kepemimpinan
prioritas antar desa atau pusat populasi. Insial pengkajian
harus diselesaikan tidak lebih dari satu tahun. Pengkajian
Indikator ini akan dapat memberikan petunjuk bagi inisiatif
Perubahan di: investasi IRD dan proyek yang akan datang. Keputusan
• Persediaan air dan pertama yang kritis adalah menyetujui keberadaan dan
kwalitanya maksud dari basis yang ditetapkan. Hal ini harus
• Keamanan pangan
dilakukan melalui kon sultasi dengan pihak-pihak terkait
• Tingkat pendapatan
• Status kesdan gizi termasuk pemer intah. Masyarakat dan badan bantuan
• artisipasi pendidikan internasional.
• Persamaan gender
• Ketahanan lingkungan Belajar dari proyek IRD masa lalu dan yang
• Kerjasama tengah berlangsung
• Demokrasi pedesaan
Saat ini sejumlah proyek partisipatori telah tersele
saikan maupun yang tengah berlangsung yang mem
Bagan 3. Pendekatan partisipasi pengelolaan DAS terpadu
berikan contoh positif dan inovatif dari pada proyek IRD.
• permsalahan kunci sektoral, baik horizontal (antar
Hal ini dapat dibangun dan diperluas dikala
29
studi dasar yang garis-garis besarnya tersebut diatas masa lalu, rancangan dan implementasi dari masing-
sedang dilalukan. Contoh dari proyek skala DAS ada masing kasus – atau proyek berdasarkan DAS perlu untuk
pada mayoritas pulau di NTT, sebagai contoh: DAS bekerjasama dengan berbagai elemen partisipatori
Kambaniru dan Maidang (Sumba Timur); DAS Aesesa sebagai tersebut.
(Ngada, Flores); DAS Noelmina (Timor Barat). Contoh
proyek yang berbasis sectoral ter masuk disini adalah Persiapan sosial
makalah Wanatani oleh Roshetko. Sangat perlu untuk persiapan kondisi baik pihak luar
Tak kalah pentingnya, berdasarkan pada pen galaman ( seperti, peneliti, patner donor) dan anggota masyarakat
untuk mengerakkan partisipasi yang efektif. Hal ini khususnya kolaborasi dengan institusi Australia
merupakan dasar dalam membangun jaringan sosial, mengingat kedekatannya secara geografis. Proses
koneksi, dan komunikasi, serta men gurangi hambatan keterlibatan institusi Australia (khususnya bagian utara)
trans-budaya antara penduduk desa dan patner proyek akan memberikan keuntungan pada masyarakat regional
lainnya. kedua negara dalam jangka panjang di bidang budaya,
ekonomi, pendidikan, dan politik.
Tindakan Titik Masuk Lembaga-lembaga perguruan tinggi yang di wakili
Tindakan dan aktivitas diputuskan dalam mode dalam lokakarya telah menghasilkan suatu kerangka kerja
partisipatori antara semua pihak yang memberikan strategik jangka panjang, pengembangan ket rampilan
kontribusi, mulai dari pemerintah local sampai dengan dan pengetahuan yang berkelanjutan dalam kaitannya
anggota masyarakat. Titik masuk kunci dari inisiatif atau dengan pembangunan pedesaan terpadu (IRD) khususnya
masalah ini telah teridentifikasi sebagai kebutuhan skala- di NTT (lihat lampiran 1)
desa yang sangat penting.
Kerangka waktu dan dana
Akibat dari Implementasi yang Signifikan dan
Pengelolaan yang dapat diterima Strategi ini merupakan pendekatan IRD yang
Setelah beberapa waktu, aksi titik masuk mungkin disepakati berdasarkan pengalaman selama puluhan tahun
kurang pas atau perlu adanya modifikasi. Memang sangat (kebanyakan negative). Seperti yang telah dis ebutkan
penting untuk memodifikasi program IRD sebagai diatas, informasi dasar perlu dibentuk dalam satu tahun
kondisi yang di dikte oleh pengelolaan yang di adaptasi. pertama dalam strategi ini, dengan duku ngan yang
bersamaan untuk mengidentifikasi contoh positif dari
Serahkan kepada masyarakat sebagai pihak IRD. Program strategi yang terus berlang sung akan
pengontrol terbangun dari inisiatif dan melalui kon sultasi dengan
Proses pemberian kuasa agar masyarakat dapat pemerintah dan badan bantuan.
memegang tanggung jawab jangka panjang demi nasib
mereka sendiri, sementara pihak peneliti dan peserta lain Kesimpulan
sedikit demi sedikit keluar dari proses pengambilan
keputusan. Ketika masyarakat mampu untuk mengambil Dalam komentar pembukaan pada empat sesi lokakarya,
tanggung jawab penuh untuk kebu tuhan pembangunan tertangkap adanya keberhasilan pemban gunan desa
mereka sendiri maka dapat diyakinkan bahwa proses terpadu dari komentar yang disampaikan oleh Dr. Ferry
PICMA telah mencapai kedewasaan. Karwur ‘mentalitas baru lebih penting dari pada
Membangun dan mengembangkan kapasitas penemuan ilmiah atau tehnologi baru’. James Adam dan
Urbanus Olahurek menggemakan sentimental ini pada
institusional termasuk kapasistas penelitian
makalahnya yang menyarankan perlu adanya perubahan
yang ada pada tingkah laku masyar akat dan cara berfikirnya. Pola
Tujuan penting dari proyek IRD adalah untuk pikir pemerintah dan LSM juga harus dirubah.
memberkuat kapasitas individu dan organisasi untuk Pembangunan desa terpadu bukan merupakan pendekatan
keuntungan yang berkelanjutan atas proyek IRD. baru dalam pemban gunan, tetapi karena kegagalan masa
Kapasitas penelitian daerah pada PEMDA NTT dan lalu mem buatnya tak lagi mendapat perhatian.
perguruan tinggi NTT dapat diperkuat melalui jar ingan Penggerakakan kembali pendekatan IRD diajukan pada
pembangunan lebih lanjut di dalam Indonesia, dan keluar, peserta
30
lokakarya oleh Djoeroemana, Salean dan Nope ber dasar untuk individu dan organisasi untuk meyakinkan bahwa
kepada kegagalan dan keberhasilan dari pen dekatan yang keuntungan proyek untuk penduduk desa berkelanjutan
lalu. Pendekatan mereka melalui mata pencaharian dan yang paling penting adalah memadukan factor
penduduk desa berkelanjuatan merupakan kendaraan ekonomi, sosial dan budaya, politik dan kebijakan dan
untuk perubahan pole pikir individu dan organisasi dan ling kungan untuk menyampaikan pembangunan desa
cara berfikir tentang pembangunan desa terpadu. terpadu yang berkelanjutan.
Loka karya ini mewakili pemecahan pendekatan yang Peserta lokakarya mengidentifikasi sebelas kesem
lalu pada pembangunan desa terpadu serta men patan pembangunan desa terpadu dan sepuluh area yang
difinisikan suatu jalan menuju proyek yang lebih sukses menjadi kendala IRD di NTT. Sementara banyak
berdasarkan pada pendekatan baru IRD. Pen dekatan baru perhatian tertuju pada pembangunan pengelo laan DAS
tersebut termasuk didalamnya semua pihak kunci terkait, karena pengaruhnya, masing-masing kes empatan
dinamik dan menerima peru bahan pada lingkungan yang merupakan komponen penting dalam IRD di Nusa
lebih luas, menyadari kendala dan pengelolaan yang Tenggara Timur. Usulan mengenai strategi penelitian
sesuai, di dirikan atas dasar pengetahuan local dan kajian telah disepakati di lokakarya, membangun pendekatan
situasi sekarang ini, termasuk membangun kapasitas mata pencaharian penduduk desa yang berkelanjutan,
menyediakan kerangka kerja untuk memastikan prioritas and Nusa Ten garra Timur. Terima kasih tertuju pula
pembangunan yang lebih spesifik dan membangun kepada saudara Yudhistira Yewangoe (BAPPEDA NTT)
proposal proyek dengan berkonsultasi pada pemerintah dan timnya yang telah menyediakan dukungan logistik
dan badan bantuan internasional. Usulan mengenai dan tempat Lokakarya di Kupang. Juga kepada saudara
pendekatan Partisi patif Pengelolaan DAS Terpadu Umi Rasmi dari Charles Darwin Uni versity yang telah
(PICMA) ke IRD mungkin aplikasi yang bernilai untuk melayani interprestasi yang cemer lang dan layanan
pengujian akan penampakanya pada pendekatan dengan terjemahan dalam mempersiapkan makalah-makalah,
kelompok masyarakat, badan pemerintah, LSM dan pihak presentasi-presentasi dan pro ceedings. Terima kasih pula
terkait lainnya dan konteksnya dengan teridentifikasi kepada Kim Wells and Georgina Hickey yang telah
banyaknya kendala yang dihadapi dalam proyek. mempersiapkan pro ceedings untuk publikasi. Juga kami
Sebagai pendekatan yang dinamik dan adaptif, pen ucapkan terima kasih kepada peserta Lokakarya yang
yaringan dan refisi dapat dibentuk untuk aplikasi pen telah mem berikan sumbangan pikiran konstruktif dan
dekatan yang akan datang. budi baik yang berkelanjutan dari para mitra regional.
Ucapan terimah kasih Daftar Pustaka

Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada organisasi Russell-Smith J., Djoeroemana S., Maan J. and Pandanga P.
organisasi berikut yang mensponsori dan men dukung 2007. Rural livelihoods and burning practices in savanna
Lokakarya ini : Australian Centre for Inter national landscapes of Nusa Tenggara Timur, Eastern Indonesia.
Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Charles Darwin Ekologi Manusia 35, 345–359.
University, the Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Russell-Smith J., Hill G., Djoeroemana S. and Myers B. 2000.
Savannas Management, BAPPEDA NTT, AusAID’s, Fire and sustainable agricultural development in Eastern
International Seminar Support Scheme, the Crawford Indonesia and Northern Australia. Laporan lokakarya
Fund and University of the Sunshine Coast. Kami sangat internasional, Darwin, Australia, 13–15 April 1999. Laporan
menghargai dukungan dari pemerintah Northern Territory ACIAR No. 91 Canberra.
31
Integrated rural development based on

1
agribusiness in East Nusa Tenggara
2
Bungaran Saragih
Abstract
A new market-oriented rural development paradigm is proposed for enhancing the economic situation of
rural communities in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). The agribusiness approach encompasses the entire value
chain from input suppliers, farming enterprises, transport, processing, distribution and marketing. The
agribusiness approach is presented as a system with four integrative subsystems: upstream, on-farm,
downstream and institutional. For the agribusiness system to work effectively, the subsystems must be
aligned. Good returns from investment in on-farm improvements require complementary capacity and
performance in the other three subsystems. Past development initiatives have concentrated on the farm
subsystem but expected growth in farm incomes has not occurred because of underinvestment in other
subsystems. The paper assesses the agribusiness potential of crop, plantation and livestock enterprises for
NTT. The potential of cooperatives is explored and the need for public investment in critical infrastructure,
especially roads, is demonstrated.
Pembangunan pedesaan terintegrasi berbasis

agribisnis di Nusa Tenggara Timur
2a
Bungaran Saragih
Abstrak
Orientasi-pasar baru pada paradigma pembangunan pedesaan telah diajukan demi meningkatkan taraf
perekonomian masyarakat pedesaan di NTT. Pendekatan agribisnis meliputi seluruh nilai mata rantai mulai
dari pemasokan bahan, usahatani, transportasi dan pengolahan serta distribusi dan pemasaran. Pendekatan
agribisnis disajikan sebagai sistem dengan empat subsistem yang berintegrasi; hulu, kegiatan agribisnis, hilir
dan institusional. Demi bekerjanya usahatani secara efektif maka subsistem harus saling terkait. Hasil
investasi yang baik dalam peningkatan kegiatan usahatani memerlukan adanya gabungan kapasitas dan
kinerja dari tiga subsistem lainnya. Pada inisiatif pembangunan masa lalu telah mengkonsentrasikan pada
subsistem usahatani dengan mengharapkan kenaikan pendapatan petani yang ternyata tidak terwujud akibat
rendahnya investasi pada subsistem yang lain. Makalah ini menafsirkan potensi agribisnis pada usaha-usaha
tanaman, perkebunan dan peternakan untuk NTT. Potensi kerjasama telah pula dijelajahi dan menunjukkan
perlunya investasi public pada prasarana utama, khususnya jalan.
1
Keynote paper
2
Institute Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia. Email:
<[email protected]>.
2a
Guru Besar Institute Pertanian Bogor, Bogor,
Indonesia. Email: <[email protected]>.
32
I was asked by the workshop steering committee to give a agribusiness, (2) on-farm agribusiness, (3) downstream
keynote speech on ‘Integrated rural develop ment based agribusiness and (4) supporting institu tions.
on agriculture in NTT’. The traditional understanding of 1. Upstream agribusiness includes all activities and
agriculture is limited to primary agriculture and is aimed organisations associated with the production and
at increasing production. distribution of agricultural inputs such as fertiliser
This understanding is adopted from A.T. Mosher manufacturers, prime seed enterprises, livestock and
(1966) who thought that agriculture had five main fish stock suppliers, feed manufacturers, pesticide
requirements: producers and trading activities.
• markets for farm products 2. On-farm agribusiness includes activities at a farmer or
• constantly changing technology fisher level and sometimes extends to forestry. These
• local availability of supplies and equipment • activities are aimed at managing inputs (land, labour,
production incentives for farmers technology, material inputs, finance and
• transportation. management) for agricultural production.
In order to increase farmers’ income, add extra value 3. Downstream agribusiness, often called agroindustry,
and give market orientation, the old under standing of includes industrial activities for agricultural product
agriculture has to be replaced with a new paradigm—a processing such as palm oil, fish canning and tapioca
new way of seeing agriculture. It is known as the flour production. National and international trading in
agribusiness approach. The agribusi ness approach is not both processed and unprocessed agricultural
the agricultural commodity busi ness that everyone knows products, and transportation and storage are part of
of. It is more than that; agribusiness is a new way of this subsystem.
seeing and building agriculture. Therefore, the title of my 4. Supporting institutions include governments, banks
speech has been modified to include reference to it. and other financial institutions.
Agribusiness comprises four subsystems: (1) upstream In short, it can be said that the agribusiness system
emphasises vertical integration and linkages between hotel, restaurant and services sector.
business subsystems for a commodity supply chain. Looking further into the agriculture sector, the gross
Those subsystems are interrelated and dependent on one value added in the period 2002–04 was domi nated by
another. Any problems in a subsystem will create crop farming, which, on average, contrib uted 51.84%,
problems in the others. For example, agroindustry cannot followed by livestock 29.35%, revealing these two
be developed without a supply of agricultural products subsectors as the most important for development of
and supporting trade and market arrange ments. agriculture in NTT.
The new agribusiness approach means building the four Economic indicator data for NTT in 2004 show that the
subsystems from upstream to downstream simultaneously rate of employment in 2000 was 81.93% (80.21%
and consistently. The development of agroindustry must employed, 1.72% job seekers) while in 2004 the rate had
occur at the same time as the development of farmers’ fallen to 77.39% (73.93% employed and 3.47% job
enterprises and upstream agribusiness. This is different to seekers).
the previous agricul ture system that was limited to These data also reveal that employment in agricul ture
farmers’ enterprises. in 2000 was 79.35%, and in 2004 was 73.66%, indicating
Agribusiness development is basically integrative agriculture's overwhelming dominance as an employer.
intersector development as well as inter-district in NTT Based on the above data, it can be said that the majority
(between districts and between villages in each district). of NTT’s population (80%) relies on agriculture,
Through this, intersectoral and inter-district synergy in especially farming enterprises, meaning that the other
NTT will achieve sustainable agribusiness development. agribusiness subsystems—upstream, downstream and
According to East Nusa Tenggara’s 2004–05 eco nomic supporting institutions—are less well developed. In order
data, agriculture was the dominant sector of the economy. to develop agribusiness in the rural area of NTT, the first
Agriculture’s contribution to PDRB (gross regional step is to develop the food crop agriculture and livestock
product) in NTT was 45.01% in 2000, 43.88% in 2001, subsectors
42.87% in 2003 and 42.46% in 2004, followed by the
33
because both have been dominant in terms of gross value farmers’ incomes or the value of agricultural production.
added in past years. The plantation and forestry This is because farming enterprises have lower added
subsectors should also be considered. value compared with upstream and downstream
Agriculture in NTT is mostly dryland agriculture. agribusiness (trading and processing industries).
Therefore crops such as corn, cassava, sweet potato and Agriculture in NTT needs to change from being primarily
peanut are potential food crops for the agribusi ness agriculture-dominant to a more market-focused
approach. The data show that dry corn kernel production agribusiness.
in 2004 reached 622,812 tonnes from 264,907 hectares, In order to develop agribusiness in NTT, efforts need to
which is up from 583,355 tonnes from 257,742 hectares focus on the area of prime seed commodity enterprise to
in 2003. Cassava production increased from 861,620 meet farmers’ requests. It is also impor tant to develop
tonnes in 2003 to 1,041,280 tonnes in 2004. Sweet potato agricultural product processing indus tries that source
was only 13,637 tonnes in 2003 but increased to 17,680 products from NTT. We need to develop high value
tonnes in 2004. industries that use corn, cassava, sweet potato, peanut,
Plantation agriculture does not play a significant role in coffee, coconut, chocolate, candle nut, cashew and forest
adding gross value; however, some planta tions such as products. By developing agribusiness, NTT will generate
coffee, coconut, chocolate, candle nut, and cashew need additional value.
to be developed through the agri business approach. Meanwhile, to increase farmers’ incomes as well as
Plantation production has increased over the past few expand farmers’ business networks, support for business
years. Forest products also have high economic value that organisation development, specifically cooperative farmer
can be enhanced through the agribusiness approach. agribusiness in NTT, is needed. Cooperative agribusiness
Livestock production that can benefit from the is unlike the KUD (Unit Village Cooperative) concept
agribusiness approach include cattle, pigs, goats, lambs that handles many dif ferent types of commodities and
and chickens. Cattle numbers in 2004 were 522,929, with only focuses on primary agriculture. An agribusiness
most of them in Kupang, TTS, TTU, Belu, East Sumba cooperative handles one type of commodity from
and Ngada districts. Pig numbers in 2004 were 1,276,164, upstream to downstream. Through an agribusiness
with most of them in TTS, Ngada, Lembata, Kupang, cooperative, farmers can expand their business networks,
Belu and Sikka districts. Chicken numbers in 2004 were both upstream and downstream (processing industries and
9,389,209, with most of them in Kupang, Ende, Belu, trade), adding extra value that will be reflected in extra
Ngada and Rote Ndao districts. income to farmers. An agribusiness approach to rural
In the past, agricultural development in NTT has development would make farmers proud and encourage
focused on farming enterprises. Indeed, enterprises could younger generations to continue agribusi ness enterprises
increase production but would not necessarily increase within their farming families.
For the development of agroindustry and farmer attract human resources to NTT. In other words, the
business organisations, development of road infra development of agribusiness will facilitate increased
structure by the supporting institutional subsystem is production and intersector inte gration to support the
necessary. The NTT government should prioritise the development (self-financing) of district autonomy.
development of road infrastructure since there are many Agribusiness products in NTT have positive income
villages in NTT that have high potential for agribusiness elasticities of demand. So an increase in the average
development but they cannot be reached by vehicle. Road income of consumers (mainly in the cities) will attract
development will encourage agri business growth and further growth of agribusiness though increased demand
increase efficiency of agricul ture commodity for value-added agricultural com modities (e.g. quality
transportation in NTT. aspects, location, packaging). The development of
When agribusiness development in NTT succeeds, agribusiness can integrate econ omies in rural and city
NTT will be ready to face challenges and respond to areas within NTT and nation ally. The development of the
business opportunities in the future. The develop ment of agribusiness system should be driven by consumer
agribusiness in NTT will encourage farmers to provide preferences and likely changes in the consumption of
materials and services required by agri business and agricultural and food products.
informal sectors. It will also encourage capital flow and
34
Furthermore, as the demand for agribusiness com grow in rural areas as part of the development of
modities from NTT increases internationally, the benefits integrated rural development in NTT based on agri
created by further international economic liberation and business.
economic integration (specifically AFTA and APEC) in
the 21st century can be enjoyed by communities in NTT.
Agribusiness development based on rural assets will
References
open opportunities for integrated rural develop ment Mosher A.T. 1966. Getting agriculture moving. Frederick
growth. Micro-enterprises, processing indus Praeger: New York.
tries, home industries and other activities will emerge and
35
rural
Partnership between East Nusa Tenggara and the

Northern Territory, Australia: implications for
1
integrated rural development
2
Frans Seda
Abstract
An official relationship has existed between the Northern Territory of Australia and Eastern Indonesia since
1976. A Joint Policy Committee, formed in 1992, explored strategies for cooperation across many sectors.
The paper outlines the range of development activities in East Nusa Tenggara supported by the Northern
Territory and Australian governments in the past and proposes areas for possible future collaboration.
Kerja sama antara Nusa Tenggara Timur dengan

Northern Territory Australia dan pengaruhnya
untuk pembangunan desa terpadu
2a
Frans Seda
Abstrak
Hubungan resmi antara Wilayah Utara Australia dan Indonesia bagian Timur telah terjalin sejak tahun 1976.
Joint Policy Committee kemudian dibentuk pada tahun 1992 demi mengeksplorasi strategi kerjasama dalam
berbagai sektor. Garis besar pada makalah ini adalah pengembangan berbagai aktifitas di NTT yang di
dukung oleh pemerintah Northern Territory, Australia, pada masa lalu dan pengajuan kemungkinan adanya
kerjasama di masa mendatang.
1
Keynote paper.
2
Representative of the Northern Territory Government of
Australia in Indonesia, Jakarta. Email: <floresfs@
biz.net.id>.
2a
Perwakilian Pemerintah NT di Indonesia, Jakarta.
Email: <[email protected]>.
36
Establishment of the partnership several projects in Indonesia, including projects in NTT.

Projects supported by the Australian Govern ment
The official relationship between the Northern Terri tory include:
of Australia and Eastern Indonesia began when an • cattle farm at Biena, West Timor
Indonesian Honorary Consul was appointed in the • integrated water resources on Flores Island (five
Northern Territory in 1976. In 1978, the Northern districts)
Territory was granted self-government (before that, it was • supply of electricity in some villages using solar energy
part of South Australia). Since 1978 the Chief Minister of • water pumping facilities on Rote Island and Sumba
the Northern Territory has led business delegations to using solar energy.
Indonesia to promote a permanent commercial link. Assistance provided by the Northern Territory
The relationship between the Northern Territory (NT) Government to NTT falls within a number of sectors.
and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) was established in 1990, Projects supported by the Northern Territory Gov
with the visit of NTT delegates to Darwin in February ernment include:
1990 and a reciprocal visit by NT business delegates to • education sector: training in fisheries
Kupang, NTT, in March 1990. NTT business delegates • health sector: reconstruction for leprosy sufferers;
and government officials have participated in the NT eradication of malaria and tuberculosis
Expo since 1990. • agriculture sector: upgrading an agriculture research
Stronger relations between Eastern Indonesia and the centre in Soe, W. Timor; grain seeds sent from NT to
Northern Territory were established after the signing of a NTT farmers
Memorandum of Understanding in January 1992 between • fisheries sector: fishermen training at Sumba • livestock
the governments of Indonesia and the Northern Territory. sector: cattle farm at Biena NTT • tourism sector:
A Joint Policy Com mittee was appointed, consisting of promotion of NTT to Australian tourists
six officials from both countries. The role of this Joint • transportation sector: air link between Darwin and
Policy Com mittee is to formulate comprehensive Kupang—AirNorth and Merpati.
cooperation strategies and plans in several sectors
including:
• manufacturing and processing industry • Agreements
trade and trading infrastructure
A range of official agreements have been signed between
• transport services
the NT and NTT agencies, including: • agreement on
• physical infrastructure development collaboration between NT DPIF and Naibonat, Kupang
• professional services, including health and education • agreement on cooperation between cities of Kupang,
• technical and advisory expertise and technology transfer NTT, and Palmerston, NT
• primary and tertiary industry, including minerals and • agreement on cooperation in air transport between
energy developments, rural industries and tourism. In the AirNorth and Merpati
development of these strategies and plans both • agreement between NT Chamber of Commerce &
parties recognise the importance of strong involvement Industry and Mbay Integrated Economic Development
from their respective private sectors, and endorse and Zone.
support private enterprise initiatives that will lead to the
fulfilment of common economic development objec tives,
including those from NTT. Future cooperation
Because of the commonality of environment and
Assistance from the Australian geography, and distances from centres of national
Government and the Northern administration, there are many areas in which coop
Territory Government eration and collaboration can be developed between the
Northern Territory of Australia and Eastern Indo nesia
Nearly every fiscal year, the Australian Government including:
allocates funds for assisting the development of • dryland agriculture
37
• fish farming The history of positive partnerships and the sub stantial
• cattle breeding potential for further cooperation and collabo
• small–medium enterprise training. ration between NTT and the NT address some of the
fundamental elements of integrated rural develop ment in NTT.
38
rural
An overview of environmental, sociocultural,
economic and political aspects of
rural development in East Nusa
1
Tenggara 2
Siliwoloe Djoeroemana , E.Th. Salean and W.
3
4
Nope
Abstract
Integrated rural development (IRD) began in the early 1970s to deal with rural backwardness, ignorance and
poverty, as well as to create communities and rural areas that were developed and modern. An integrated
programming approach was implemented to achieve linkage between all factors. However, after 35 years of
IRD, poverty in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is still manifest. Data from 2005 show that the poverty rate
amongst households in NTT is 58%.
An alternative approach is needed. We advocate a sustainable rural community livelihood approach that
encompasses the physical environment, sociocultural, economic and political factors. Key factors in the
environmental context are fire management, reforestation and water supply. Factors in the sociocultural
context are land ownership, social capital, local wisdom and education. Factors in the economic context are
small-medium enterprises, microfinance institutions and cooperatives. Factors in the political context are
rural leadership, community participation and sector linkages. These factors influence the success of
integrated sustainable rural community livelihood development.
This approach builds the capacity of rural communities, both as individuals and as groups, to enable them
to develop their assets and dynamics so that both are transformed within the framework of integrated
sustainable rural livelihood development.
Tinjauan umum aspek-aspek lingkungan, sosial-

budaya, ekonomi, dan politik pembangunan
pedesaan Nusa Tenggara Timur
2a 3a 4a
Siliwoloe Djoeroemana , E.Th. Salean dan W. Nope
Abstrak
Pembangunan desa terpadu dimulai pada awal tahun 1970 untuk menjawab ketertinggalan, kebodohan
maupun kemiskinan desa, sekaligus menciptakan wilayah dan penduduk desa yang modern dan maju. Untuk
itu ditempuh pendekatan perencanaan terpusat dengan tujuan agar keterpaduan berbagai sektor dapat
dicapai.
1
Keynote paper. of Community Development, East Nusa Tenggara.
2a
2
Wira Wacana Christian School of Economics in Sumba, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Kristen Wira Wacana Sumba.
3a
3
Indonesia. Email: <[email protected]>. Head of East Email: <[email protected]>. Kepala BAPPEDA
4a
4
Nusa Tenggara Regional Planning Board. Head of Department Nusa Tenggara Timur. Kepala Badan Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat Desa Nusa Tenggara Timur.
39
Namu setelah 35 tahun pembangunan pedesaan dilancarkan tingkat kemiskinan di NTT masih saja nampak,
bahkan data tahun 2005 memperlihatkan tingkat kemiskinan rumah tangga sebesaar 58% rumah tangga
miskin.
Diperlukan pendekatan alternatif yang disebut penghidupan masyarakat desa yang bekelanjutan dalam
konteks Ekologi, Sosial Budaya, Ekonomi, dan Politik. Faktor-faktor dalam konteks ekologi tediri dari
pengelolaan api, penghutanan kembali/reboisasi dan sumber air. Faktor-faktor dalam konteks sosial budaya
terdiri dari kepemilikan tanah, modal sosial, kearifan sosial, dan pendidikan. Faktor-faktor dalam konteks
ekonomi terdiri dari usaha kecil-menengah, lembaga kredit mikro, dan koperasi. faktor-faktor dalam konteks
politik terdiri dari kepemimpinan desa, partisipasi masyarakat dan keterpaduan sektoral. Faktor-faktor
tersebut mempengaruhi keberhasilan Pengembangan Penghidupan Desa yang Berkelanjutan Terpadu.
Pendekatan ini memberi peluang kepada masyarakat desa baik sebagai individu maupun sebagai
kelompok untuk memperkuat kemampuannya bagi pengembangan aset yang ia miliki dan dinamika yang
ada menjadi mampu ditrasformasikan dalam rangka Pengembangan Penghidupan Desa yang Berkelanjutan
Terpadu.
Introduction four aspects: physical environment, sociocultural,

economic and political.
There have been various state-led rural development
programs, both sectoral and spatial, directed at rural areas
in Indonesia. In the early 1970s, the state, sup ported by
Physical environment
the World Bank and other supporters of development 2
NTT covers an area of 47,350 km , with the topog raphy
implemented integrated rural develop ment (IRD) to 2 2
respond to rural backwardness, igno rance and poverty, breaking down into: 4,591 km plains, 7,945 km
2 2
and to create communities and rural areas that were undulating, 18,025 km steep, and 16,789 km very steep
developed and modern. This regional-based growth (more than one-third of NTT). The average temperature is
strategy was formulated by the World Bank and was 29.96° C, average humidity 76.25%, average rainfall 117
specifically focused on rural areas. Typically, IRD mm/month falling in only 4 months, and average wind
emphasised improvements in agricultural productivity as velocity 5.0 knots (BAPPEDA NTT 2005a). Only 64% of
the basis of rural commu nity income and advocated the the land area is cultivatable. The NTT Regional Profile
integrated synergistic contribution of education, health, 2005 shows annual outbreaks of fire in forest and
social services, training and rural infrastructural savannah areas in July–October, and a lack of water
development. To achieve sectoral linkages, IRD programs supply (BAPPEDA NTT 2005b). These limitations lead
were planned centrally. Various programs were imple to the poor performance of agriculture that is the main
mented in rural communities by the government through source of income for rural NTT communities.
presidential instruction. These instructions covered
villages, districts, elementary schools, health, roads,
reforestation, neglected villages and other such programs. Sociocultural
After 35 years of IRD, poverty in NTT is still apparent The population of NTT is 4,188,774 (2,088,156 males
with the level rising and falling from year to year. Data 2
for 2005 show 58% of households or 60% of the and 2,100,618 females) with a density of 88/km and
population to be in poverty and, according to data growth rate of around 2% a year. Within the sociocul
released on 17 January 2006, these percentages have tural analysis there are four factors that need to be
increased to 75% of households or 78% of the population addressed: land ownership, social capital, local wisdom
(Central Statistics Bureau: BPS NTT 2005 and 2006). All and education levels of the work force.
but a few per cent of these poor live in rural areas. This Land ownership is largely communal and thus there is
proves that IRD has not been able to increase rural no clear system of ownership for community individuals.
community welfare. Why do the prob lems still exist in Land ownership conflict frequently occurs both within
rural areas? This paper will discuss and between communities and between rural communities
and government. Land can even become a commodity
problems faced and lessons learned in IRD focusing on
that is sold by
40
members of rural communities to people from cities. for interaction between government and communities to
These difficulties greatly inhibit agriculture. The core of build trust, accountability, partner ship, responsibility and
social capital lies in community organ isations and groups participation (Sutoro 2005). However, to date its potential
that build trust and solidarity as well as inter-group and has been under-utilised as community groups and local
inter-organisational reci procity (Nan et al. 2001; Sutoro government still act largely independently in rural
2005). Thus, com munity-held capital can be ‘a social communities. Local wisdom is reflected through
bridge’ to manage conflicts according to Coletta et al. (in ecological adap tation, leadership, social democracy,
Sutoro 2005). Social capital should represent a medium moral economy and social piety (Sutoro 2005). Market
expansion to rural areas has forced rural communities to also (Saragih 2001; Sutoro 2005).
leave behind their ecological understanding that has been
passed down from generation to generation. The tra
ditional spirit of leadership that exalts exemplary
Political
behaviour and promotes social democracy has also NTT’s main islands of Flores, West Timor, Sumba,
experienced erosion. The same can be said for the moral Lembata, Alor and Rote are divided into 15 kabupaten
economy as reflected in production, distribu tion and (regencies) and 1 kota (municipality). These in turn cover
models of consumption. Local production systems that 197 kecamatan (districts), 292 kelurahan (towns) and
pay careful attention to balance and sus tainability and 2,414 desa (villages) (BAP PEDA NTT 2006).
distribution systems based on reci procity and There is dualism in leadership in NTT rural areas.
redistribution break down in the face of market expansion. There are formal state-appointed leaders (village heads)
Finally, religious traditions that promote piety have also and local traditional leaders (Djoeroemana 2004). This
begun to fade as a conse quence of market expansion. leads to a split in loyalties and obedience among rural
For the majority of the work force the attained edu communities. As a consequence local par ticipation in
cation level is elementary school (around 38%), but many rural development is less than optimal. There is also the
(around 39%) have not been to school at all (BAPPEDA possibility of having two decision making forums for
NTT 2006). rural development. Furthermore, the presence of
government departments independ ently implementing
Economic sectoral programs disrupts the possibility of truly
integrated rural development.
The NTT economy is dominated by the agriculture sector These environmental, sociocultural, economic and
that in 2004 represented 42.46% of the gross regional political aspects influence the implementation of IRD and
domestic product (GRDP). In 2003 per capita income was explain the high levels of rural poverty and low levels of
Rp.2,248,333, higher than in the previous year (BPS NTT community welfare. Furthermore, a centralist IRD
2004). The rate of economic growth was 5.58% p.a. in approach impedes local creativity and innovation in rural
2004, up from 4.37% p.a. in 2001, 4.88% p.a. in 2002 and development.
4.57% in 2003. This shows that production performance Rural development oriented towards economic growth,
in NTT has improved recently, resulting in per capita and social services that are technocratic and centralist,
GRDP based on current prices in NTT increasing from ignores aspects of sustainability, the local context and the
Rp.3 million in 2001 to Rp.3.1 million in 2004. (BPS need for participation and local capacity building
NTT 2004). (Djoeroemana 2005; Sutoro 2005). This approach to rural
There are three principal supporting units of the rural development concentrates on economic growth and
economy (Sutoro 2005; Dinas Koperasi Propinsi NTT regionally based basic serv ices. The main actors in rural
2005): small–medium enterprises, microfinance development are thus the state and the market. This
institutions and cooperatives. The small-medium ignores communities since they are merely recipient
enterprises that have grown in rural areas have their ups objects and not con sidered subjects that ought to be
and downs, with some well developed but others respected and hold key positions in participative
performing very poorly. There are too few microfinance development. Concen tration on economic growth is
institutions and their distri bution is insufficient to based on a theory of modernisation (developmentalism)
support the rural economy. This applies to cooperatives that focuses on
41
how to guarantee the improvement of human living needs of life. A community live lihood approach looks at
standards (Sutoro 2005). This improvement in living the complexity of individual and community assets and is
standards is reflected in purely economic indicators such concerned with the dynamics of transformation. As one
as the real and cumulative increases in income or income individual or group may respond more quickly than
per capita. others, it is important to have a variety of activities based
There is a need for an alternative approach to rural on indi vidual character empowerment. The approach
development that emphasises community capacity. An builds individual and group capacity to develop local
alternative is the sustainable rural community livelihood poten tial so they are able to overcome their own
approach. Such an approach brings rural community problems and indeed use them as a means of achieving
livelihoods from a condition of suscepti bility to their goals. A sustainable livelihood approach transforms
sustainability by developing the assets and capabilities
they possess and enabling them to be transformed,
recognising the dynamics that exist. Community POLITICAL
livelihood is the capability for survival that is possessed communities by building local capacity so that their living
by all, both materially and socially, that is realised assets can be transformed by it.
through a variety of activities per formed to fulfil the The basic concept of sustainable livelihood devel
opment (Sutoro 2005) is as follows: • Bearing in mind that life is dynamic, we can only ever
• People are the focus of all development activities get a temporary snapshot of any given situation;
(people-centred). All understanding, analysis, planning therefore, sustainable livelihood development needs to
and change within the process comes from the people be aware of, and adjust to, change, making it important
themselves. to develop participative monitoring and shared learning
• An holistic approach begins with the community’s among community and other stakeholders.
understanding and priorities. All factors, be they • This approach is more concerned with capacity building
hindrances or opportunities, should be understood than needs analysis. Building on strengths means there
within the context of the community’s knowledge and is an acknowledgement of every individual’s capability
ability, so that eventually communities can develop to develop themselves, and through strengthening
their own solutions. social networks problems can be solved (either
individually or collectively),
ENVIRONMENTAL Integrated sustainable rural livelihood SOCIOCULTURAL

development
• fire management • reforestation • land ownership • social capital
• water supply • local wisdom • education
• rural leadership
• community participation • sectoral linkage
ECONOMIC
• small–medium enterprise • microcredit
institute • cooperative
Figure 1. Integrated sustainable rural community livelihood development
42
obstacles can be overcome and the potential to achieve cycle. This cycle should be continuous and experience
goals can be realised. no upset that leads to its deterioration or collapse. The
• There is a link between the macro and the micro in the result should be a transformation from susceptibility to
process of change and development. The approach sustainable improvement.
endeavours to become a bridge in the gap between To implement integrated sustainable rural commu nity
theory and practice and between macro policy and livelihood development a model is required that
micro activity. It is essential that the individual and the encompasses environmental, sociocultural, eco nomic and
community have an understanding as to what is political components. The environmental component
happening in the macro context that is influencing their needs to include such factors as fire man agement,
lives. Similarly, for those influencing the macro reforestation and improved water supply. The
environment, such as policy makers, it is important that sociocultural component should encompass factors such
they understand issues and events at the community as land ownership, management, use of social capital,
level. gender equity, revitalisation of local wisdom and
• This approach demonstrates the tangibility and improvements in education. For the eco nomic
sustainability of a given process working as part of a component, we need to improve small and medium-sized
agricultural enterprises, marketing systems and Kupang.
infrastructure, and microfinance institu tions (and access BPS NTT 2004. Indikator Ekonomi, Nusa Tenggara Timur,
to microfinance), and increase the number and kinds of Kantor BPS, NTT, Kupang.
cooperatives. The political com ponent should include — 2005. Kinerja Perekonomian Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kantor
accommodation for the dualism in local leadership, BPS, NTT, Kupang.
increased community participation in rural development — 2006. Indikator Kesejahteraan Rakyat Nusa Tenggara Timur.
and improved Dinas Koperasi Propinsi NTT 2005. Laporan Tahunan Bidang
inter-sector cooperation in rural development so there Koperasi dan Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Nusa Tenggara
will be dynamic integration. Timur. Kantor Dinas Koperasi NTT.
Effective implementation of community and indi Djoeroemana S. 2004. Pola Kepemimpinan Desa di Sumba
(Makalah Penelitian yang tidak diterbitkan). STIE Wira
vidual-based sustainable rural community livelihood
Wacana Sumba: Waingapu.
development requires integration of these compo nents, as
—2005. Partisipasi Masyarakat Desa Dalam Pembangunan
illustrated in Figure 1. (Makalah tidak diterbitkan). STIE Wira Wacana Sumba:
Waingapu.
References Nan L., Cook K. and Burk R.S. 2001. Social Capital. Aldine de
Gruiter: New York.
BAPPEDA NTT 2005a. Profil Daerah Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Saragih B. 2001. Agribisnis: Paradigma Baru dalam
Timur, Pemda NTT, Kupang. Pembangunan Ekonomi Berbasis Pertanian. Yayasan Mulia
— 2005b. Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka, Kantor BPS, Persada Indonesia dan PT Surveyor Indonesia: Jakarta.
NTT, Kupang. Sutoro E. 2005. Manifesto Pembaharuan Desa. APMD Pres:
— 2006. Kondisi Obyektif Nusa Tenggara Timur, Pemda NTT, Yogyakarta.
43
rural
Livestock production in East Nusa Tenggara:

potential of small animals in integrated rural
development programs
1 2 1 1
G.F. Nathan Katipana , M. Littik , E. Hartati and H.L.L. Belli
Abstract
This paper reviews the potential, opportunities and constraints in rearing small animals for integrated rural
development based on experiences and review of studies. This review may prove useful for developing the
potential of small animal husbandry particularly for farmers, partnerships and activities models.
Small animals such as goats, sheep, local chickens, pigs and ducks are potentially a major component of
integrated rural development. Farmers generally have low education levels so need continuing advice and
guidance to develop agribusiness acumen. Programs for rearing small animals in rural areas should be
managed within a cooperative system with diversification activities, and sustained with wise management
based on agribusiness principles. There is a need for cooperation from supporting and skilled partners in
order to ameliorate problems and realise opportunities. These outcomes are important for integrated rural
development programs, with small animals as the basic unit of rural animal industries.
Produksi ternak di Nusa Tenggara Timur: potensi

ternak kecil pada program pembangunan desa
terpadu
1a 2a 1a 1a
G.F Nathan Katipana , M. Littik , E. Hartati1 dan H.L.L. Belli
Abstrak
Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menemukan potensi-potensi, kesempatan-kesempatan, dan keterbatasan dalam
memelihara ternak kecil untuk pembangunan pedesaan terpadu berdasarkan pengalaman-pengalaman dan
studi-studi peninjauan lapangan. Dari studi-studi peninjauan itu diperoleh informasi yang berguna untuk
menentukan strategi bagi pengembangan potensi-potensi ternak kecil khususnya strategi-strategi untuk
sumber daya manusia atau petani, model kegiatan-kegiatan dan kemitraan.
Ternak kecil termasuk kambing, domba, ayam lokal, babi, dan bebek dipandang potensial untuk
mendukung pembangunan pedesaan terpadu. Oleh karena itu petani sebagai sumber daya dengann tingkat
pendidikannyang rendah perlu secara terus menerus diberikan nasihat dan pendampingan dalam jangka
1 1a
Faculty Animal Husbandry, Nusa Cendana University, Jl. Facultas Peternakan, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jl.
Adisucipto, Kupang, Indonesia. Adisucipto, Kupang, Indonesia.
2 2a
Head of Animal Husbandry Department of NTT, Kupang, Kepala Dinas Peternakan NTT, Kupang, Indonesia.
Indonesia.
44
waktub tertentu agar berjiwa wirausaha. Demikian pula program pemeliharaan ternak kecil di daerah
pedesaan harus dikelola dengan system koperasi dengan keragaman aktivitas, dan dipertahankan dengan
pengelolaan yang baik berdasarkan pendekatan agribisnis. Dalam pendekatan ini kerjasama membutuhkan
dukungan dan mitra agar mampu menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang dihadapai dan mengenali
kesempatan-kesempatan yang tersedia. Kemampuan ini bermanfaat untuk program-program pembangunan
pedesaan terpadu dengan ternak kecil sebagai unit dasar untuk mencapai industri ternak pedesaan.
Introduction their aims.

It is important that development programs in rural areas
As stated in Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 and Garis of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) are sustainable in the long
Besar Haluan Negara, development in Indonesia is term. Development programs in rural areas should
mainly focused on creating employment opportuni ties consider three factors: natural resources or Sumber Daya
and increasing the prosperity of the people. The majority Alam; human resources or Sumber Daya Manusia and
(60–80%) of Indonesian people live in rural areas and regional government policies. Small animals are
most of the rural population are classified as ‘poor’ significant resources in rural areas. Unfortunately, 30% of
(Yasin and Echiwati 2004), so it is reason able that the people are poor (Pangestu 2006) and 80% of these
development programs be initiated in rural areas. These people are concentrated in rural areas (Anon. 1994). Most
programs must involve the participation of several of those people are poorly educated. In addition, 468 of
relevant sectors in integrated roles in order to achieve 1,734 registered villages are classified as poor (Lamijan
1994) with over 110,000 people jobless (Mukhlisin 2006). seasons (3–4 months) each year. Com monly annual
Also, regional government policies may be inappropriate; rainfall in this region ranges from 254 to 508 mm with
therefore, investment in animal production is neces sary. 100 rainy days per year, but some areas are wetter, with
Poverty in rural areas is caused by many factors, the 800–3,000 mm annual rainfall. About a third (36%) of the
major factor being poor education and the conse quent land cover is savanna that is suit able for pastoral
poor natural resources management. With poor economic activities. However, with the expan sion of housing,
returns in rural areas there is a trend to urbanisation in shifting populations, reforesting and plantations, there
NTT as people seek employment in the cities, or possibly will be encroachment on pastoral land in the future.
as labourers Tenaga Kerja Indonesia—employment Current rural development is more suited to holding small
overseas. animals than big animals. In NTT, holding animals has
This article describes a system involving poorly been a part-time activity, but it can be the main source of
educated rural people in optimising small animal pro a family’s income. Most (86%) farmers holding small
duction to develop a rural small animal industry. The animals in rural areas are poorly educated and
industry may offer jobs and sufficient earnings for consequently the adop tion of development programs
labourers and so reduce loss of rural populations to using small animals has been poor.
cities, and finally achieve the aims of the develop ment
program. Small animal population,
distribution and potential
General review of Nusa Tenggara
Timur region Small animals including goats, sheep, pigs, local chickens
and ducks are a significant source of meat in rural areas
NTT is composed of four large islands and a hundred during seasons when crops fail and during other times of
small islands, at 8–12˚S and 112–125˚E, with over 47,350 food shortage or when there are sudden unexpected food
2 2
km of land and a 200,000 km maritime zone. Most requirements for ceremonies such as marriages and
funerals. Commonly, traditional animal husbandry
(75%) of the land is hilly with 50° slope and a high
erosion potential. NTT’s climate is wet–dry trop ical, with systems in rural areas are exten sive, but there is potential
to increase profitability in the future (see substantial
long dry seasons (8–9 months) and relatively short rainy
population sizes in Table
45
1). Until now the purpose of holding small animals in fertiliser); meat processing, making
rural areas was only for meat and egg production. This krupuk, egg production, rope weaving, producing
enterprise could be improved by developing more mosquito drugs and producing polish (Figure 1).
intensive systems for greater economic returns.
Table 1 shows that, except for Kupang city and West
Sumba, all kabupaten (regions/municipalities) in NTT
Opportunities and constraints in
have potential for goat production. Kabupaten Kupang small animal enterprises
and Rote-Ndao have potential for sheep production; all
kabupaten except Kupang city are suitable for pig Before developing small animal enterprises, it is nec
production. Local chicken pro duction is appropriate for essary to identify the opportunities and constraints
Kabupaten Kupang, South Central Timor (TTS), Belu, pertaining to the program. The following factors enhance
Alor, East Flores, Sikka, Ende and Ngada conditions. opportunities for developing small animal businesses in
Ducks are well adapted in Kabupaten Kupang, Belu, NTT:
Lembata, Sikka and Ende. The economic value of holding
Climate
small animals depends on farmers developing animals
according to their potential economic return. Current NTT’s climate is mostly semi-arid, with long dry
small animal populations could be used to select seasons (8–9 months) and short (3–4 months) rainy
kecamatan (sub districts) for small animal development in seasons and is suitable for developing small animal
each kabupaten. enterprises.
The potential of small animals as meat and ferti liser
sources is not optimised, and economic value is low Populations of small animals
because traditional husbandry systems are exten sive. Existing populations of small animals (Table 1) are
This article suggests small animal holdings have potential high in all kabupaten so they are a potential asset for
for development at the home industry scale or at rural developing small animal businesses in NTT.
industry scale. If these enterprises are not developed
resources are wasted and environmental pollution may Lands
result. Industries that can be developed at the home
Hazibuan and Mangunsong (1993) found that class IV–
industry scale include waste processing (producing
VI soils that have potential for growing animals dominate million ha of available land in NTT, 830,000 ha are
lands in NTT. CIDA (1976) reported that of the 4.7 pasture and 155,000 ha are bush areas that are suit
Table 1. Population of small animals in each kabupaten in NTT, 2004
Kabupaten/kotamadya Small animals

Goats Sheep Pigs Local chickens Ducks
Kotamadya Kupang Rote Ndao 459 – 1,276,166 10,761 44,347 56,622
Kabupaten Kupang NTT 2,105 201 19,560 56,502 20,200 17,132 8,051
Timor Tengah Selatan 3,942 20,200 1,932,615 781,731 2,432
Timor Tengah Utara 76,283 33,668 15,621 94,429 139,621 773,479 2,537
Belu 11,664 24,379 29,586 243,235 57,523 371,724 189,812 550
Alor 52,795 34,742 19,694 90,656 500,631 495,559 230,515
Lembata 41,776 41,088 37,125 60,311 1,699,494 609,767
Flores Timur 10,057 29,682 43,663 615,209 516,275
Sikka 462,102 114,446 88,843 629,101 110,617
Ende 34 61,592 9,389,208
Ngada 29,984 – 131,393 126,689 2,557
Manggarai 35 32,788 17,698 9,679
48
Sumba Timur 23 53,124 8,915
3,064 93
Sumba Barat 6 57,072 20,018 11,444 17,773
891
Source: Dinas Peternakan Nusa Tenggara Timur 2005
46
able for animal breeding businesses. However, there is an government policies were mainly focused on the
expansion of housing, agricultural plantations and development of large animals (especially cattle); now, 20
forestry, so that land available for animal production is years later, the focus is more concentrated on small
diminishing. Fortunately small animal husbandry is suited animals. Programs that are examples of focus on small
to small land areas. animal production include Intensifikasi Ayam Buras—
intensification of local chicken breeding systems; and
Government policies Bantuan Pembiayaan Lang sung Masyarakat—direct
Regional income from the animal sector is second only loans to farmers conducted by animal, social, labour and
to the food sector. From the 1960s to the 1980s, related departments.
Industry sector Business units Potential business units
Laying eggs small animals Marketing units

Fresh eggs Eggs processing units Eggs Salted eggs
Laying DOC Petelur Marketing units Off-cared chickens/ducks Marketing units
Meat type small animals
Live animals Marketing units Slaughtered animals
Small animal units Meat Fresh meat Marketing units Abon meat Meat processing industries
Canned meat Canned meat industries units
Se’i meat Se’i industries units
Dendeng meat Dendeng industries units
Non-carcass, (bowels, shanks, tendons etc.)

Fresh Marketing units Krupuk Krupuk industries units
Animal feed
Meal Feed industries units Canned
Feathers Cleaners Wastes processing industries Mattress, pillow contents
Bones Meal Feeds Feeds industries units Accessories (clasps, rings, combs etc.) Accessory producing units
Blood Meal Feeds Feeds industries units Gel medium Antibiotics Medicine industries units
Fats Feeds Feed industries units Medicines/cosmetic materials Medicine industries units
Feet and collagens raw Glue Wastes processing units
DOC/kids Marketing units Fighting animals Marketing units
Young stock animals Marketing units
Other wastes
Litter
Bedding Feeds
Bowels
Waste feeds Wastes processing units Faeces
Liquids
Fertiliser
Solids Compost
Bokashi
Bio-gas
Tires contents
Inks
Cement
Starbio
EM4
Mosquito drugs
Polish
Figure 1. The tree of small animal industry units
47
Market demand care for their small animals using local extensive
methods. As a result, small animals are not valuable,
Market demand is one of the determining factors in business in this commodity does not attract
animal systems and their product flow. Demand will interest, and consequently small animal production grows
increase as the population of residents increases, par slowly. Therefore, educational institutions must be
ticularly with increased education and knowledge of involved and integrated into planning and development
nutrition needs. Protein requirement of NTT’s resi dents programs for small animal industries.
has increased from 4.24 to 8.6 kg/year and 60% of these
requirements are supplied from small ani mals, mainly Marketing
pigs and chickens. Increasing domestic demand may
stimulate increased productivity of small animals and Until now, marketing small animals and their prod ucts
increase the value of their prod ucts. It could provide has been local and traditional. Production under the
opportunities in economic returns for the development extensive traditional holding system being insuf ficient to
small animal industries. supply either regional or international market needs.
Human resources Ineffective counselling

The potential for small animal production is evident in Low education of farmers has been a barrier in
the high populations of small animals in rural NTT. These adopting innovations. Learning has been limited due to
potentials could be enhanced through greater involvement inappropriate counselling methods for improving animal
of institutions such as the Department of Animals, the production in rural NTT, and this situation has been
Faculty of Animal Husbandry, and other non-degree worsened by inexperienced or inept field coun sellors or
agricultural schools. Pekarja Praktek Lapangan (PPL). It is helpful for
extension officers to be aware of tradi tional practices and
Institutions be accompanied by experienced and competent PPL.
Institutions that could be involved in the develop ment Low income
of small animal programs include non-govern ment
organisations (NGOs/LSM), sellers of animal supplies, Farm income from holding small animals is gener ally
farmers’ cooperatives and banks. NGOs in NTT provide low due to high buying prices, high holding costs and low
and conduct training; cooperatives and banks provide selling prices. Time and energy spent on small animal
capital for people to invest in animal development production are rarely justified by the price received.
programs; animal supplies shops may provide materials Consequently, farmers consider care of small animals to
needed to accelerate the programs. These contributing be part-time work.
institutions are present in most kecamatan in NTT.
Government policies
The following factors may constrain development of
small animal programs in NTT: Government policies focus on large animals rather than
small animals. This has been one of the con straints in
Climate developing small animal programs in rural NTT. Regional
government has not seriously consid ered policies tailored
NTT’s seasonally dry climate limits development of
small animal enterprises due to seasonal lack of water and to investment and growth of sectors that support small
animal industries. This has resulted in the aid offered to
feedstuff. Also, some animals have low resistance to this
climate. farmers not achieving the program goals.
Human resources Potential of small animals for

Low education levels and existing cultural prac tices of integrated rural development
farmers in rural areas of NTT could influence their programs
capability to adopt innovations. Traditionally, farmers
The most crucial factors influencing small animal New programs must first overcome these lim itations.
development programs are lack of feedstuff and water.
48
Conversion of surplus rainy season forages to hay or Government policies such as tax concessions and price
silage products can overcome the lack of feedstuff during standardisation are also important to stimulate and
the dry season. In addition, introducing adapt able forage motivate farmers to maintain their small animal
on farmers’ lands or into low capacity pastures will help enterprises. These policies are also positive for inves tors
ensure the quality and continuity of feed. These strategies interested in animal industries, particularly investors
are not only useful for feedstuff sustainability but also for creating and developing other sector and commodity
improving farmers’ knowl edge and their commitment to industries linked to the animal sector. When small animal
animal production, and in enhancing the quality and industries are well developed in an area, the NTT
capacity of land and pasture for grazing. These government must identify regional or international
revegetation programs can also be applied to areas markets for those industries. In this way the government’s
surrounding dams to optimise the use of these areas for role is facilitation of an inte grated sector partnership
human and small animal needs, or for creating barriers to among farmers, money sec tors, marketing agencies,
garden and farm areas. Feed for animals can be sustained NGOs and BUMNs in order to create a profitable system
by processing dried grass or straw and other plant by for small animal industries.
products using fermentation methods and bioconver sion
techniques, as well as reusing treated animal wastes. A
strategy for achieving the nutrient require ment of animals
Strategies for developing small animal
is to provide supplements such as palm oil extracts, rice enterprises within integrated rural
bran and tofu extract. In addi tion, local sources of development programs
concentrates, such as tamarind seeds, putak and tubers,
may be used. Based on identified opportunities, constraints and
Scarce water can be addressed in several ways. Adding solutions in developing small animal industries in NTT
fat to animal diets is one way to increase the amount of rural areas, strategies need to focus on devel oping
metabolic water in an animal’s body, thus reducing water capacity within farmer activities and the part nership
intake. Anggorodi (1979) stated that lipid metabolism models.
produces metabolic water, each unit of metabolic lipid
producing one unit of metabolic water in the animal’s Farmers
body. Adding fat is also useful for inhibiting methane
formation but increasing pro pionate production The success of small animal industries in rural areas
(Demeyer et al. 1967). Methane and propionate are depends on farmers being educated, trained and pre pared.
ruminal fermentation products important in sheep and Farmers are the main determining factor in animal
goat fattening techniques. enterprises (Suhadji 1991). At present, farmers in rural
areas are poorly educated and there fore continuing
Developing market- and agribusiness-oriented small
guidance, advice and mentoring by PPL are important to
animal industries can be realised through part nership
achievement of the development goal. Indeed, to achieve
programs between private firms, NGOs or government
this, the PPL should be ade quately rewarded in their
firms Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) and farmer
salary and supported with necessary operating materials
groups or farmers’ coopera tives. Partnerships can be by
and equipment. For example, in South Korea, the salary
an adoption or by capital loan. In such a partnership
of PPLs is nine times that of city officers, and as a result
program, farmers are responsible for animal husbandry
development in rural areas is growing rapidly.
including diversi fication activities. Firms are responsible
for pro viding and supplying facilities, capital, marketing
and training programs. The program is not only for profit Business model
generation but also beneficial by improving the farmers’ In establishing a business model for small animal
knowledge of farm and capital manage ment, animal enterprises, the following factors are to be taken into
husbandry, and in adopting innovations and selecting the account: system; type of business; partnership; and
most effective and appropriate tech nologies for their supporting factors such as capital availability and
small animal industries. In these programs it is important sustainability of production facilities, human resources
that PPL are present to advise and accompany the farmers and marketing condition. Considering these factors,
in all activities. development of small animal enter
49
prises should be managed as cooperative systems with cooperative’s income and farmers’ incomes, thus helping
diversification activities between various animal sectors to reduce poverty. These
and between animal and agricultural sectors. The model advantages can be realised with support from appro priate
of Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union in government policies. Success of programs will promote
Anand, India, is an example of well-managed cooperation prosperity in rural areas of NTT.
that could be adopted in Indonesia. In 1978, this
cooperative involved 250,000 dairy farmers spread over
700 villages with diversification activities and US$40
References
billion yearly income. A cooperative system must provide Anggorodi R. 1979. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Umum. Penerbit PT
adequate services for customers and the public, and Gramedia: Jakarta.
should apply agribusiness approaches (Turk 1978). In this Anon. 1994. Biro Pusat Statistik Indonesia, Jakarta. CIDA
approach, farmers in each desa (village) are gathered into (Canadian International Development Agency) 1976.
a desa cooperation unit and those units are assembled to Agricultural soils. Preliminary report. CIDA, Ottawa, Canada –
perform host cooperation in their kabupaten. Village Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works, Directorate
cooperatives collect products from all members (farmers) General of Water Resources Development. Crippen International
and bring those to the host cooperative to be marketed or Ltd, North Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
processed according the customer’s wishes. Product Demeyer D., Henderikx H. and Van Nevel C. 1967. Influence of
marketing can be carried out directly by the host pH of fatty acid inhibition of methane production by mixed
cooperative or by partner services. rumen bacteria. Archives Interna tionales Physiologie
Biochimie 75, 555–556.
Dinas Peternakan Nusa Tenggara Timur 2005. Pemda Prov. NTT
Partnership model
– Dinas Peternakan, Jl. Veteran, Kelapa Lima, Kupang.
The cooperative model for small animal industries Hazibuan D.B and Mangunsong R. 1993. Peluang Investasi Sub-
needs partners similar to those of large-scale animal sektor Peternakan Dalam Pengembangan Lahan Kering di
industries for marketing their products and banks for Nusa Tenggara. Lokakarya Status dan Penngembangan Lahan
Kering di Indonesia. Mataram, 16–18 November 1993.
providing and supporting sufficient capital. Financial
Lamijan 1994. Pembangunan Melalui Inpres Desa Tertinggal.
input is needed because funds from members of the
Bisakah Mengatasi Kemiskinan Jurnal Kritis., Univ. Kristen
cooperative are not sufficient for meaningful invest ment. Satya Wacana. No. 3 Th. VIII, Januari–Maret 1994.
Other partners are industrial and animal hus bandry
Mukhlisin 2006. Tahun Ledakan Pengangguran. Media Otonomi.
departments or NGOs providing assistance with quality Penerbit PT Visi Gagas Komunika (Vision 03). Depok.
control, guidance, advice and participa tion in field Pangestu M. 2006. Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia. Kuliah
programs. Umum Menteri Perdagangan Indonesia Pada Civitas
Akademika Undana. 15 Februari 2006.
Conclusions Turk K.L. 1978. Peranan Pertanian Hewan di Negara negara
Tropis Yang Sedang Ber-kembang. Universitas Cornell.
Sustainable small animal industries in rural areas can be Ithaca, New York. Bahan Seminar Internasional Mengenai
Pendidikan Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Pertanian
developed in cooperative systems with diversifi cation
Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 24– 25 Juli 1978.
activities. The system requires supportive services,
Suhadji 1991. Profesionalisme Sarjana Peternakan Dalam
agribusiness-based approaches and partner ships in Memasuki Persaingan Kerja. Makalah Pada Seminar Nasional
marketing, providing capital, and processing products and Peternakan, Ismapeti., Fapet UGM, 7 Oktober 1991.
by-products. PPLs, as partners in guid ance, advice and Yasin, Muhamad dan Sri Ethicawati 2004. Perilaku Ekonomi dan
participatory field activities, should be rewarded Kesejahteraan. Seri Pengetahu-an Sosial untuk SMP. Penrbit
sufficiently for the serious and intensive services they Ganeca Exact: Jakarta.
provide. Successful programs will enhance the
50
rural
Pengembangan kehutanan melalui pengembangan
produk hutan non kayu di Nusa Tenggara Timur
1
Silver Hutabarat
Abstrak
‘Forest for people’ adalah tema dari Kongres Kehutanan Sedunia VIII yang diadakan di Jakarta pada tahun
1978. Arti dari pada tema tersebut adalah bahwa hutan semestinya dapat memberikan keuntungan pada
masyarakat, khususnya penduduk yang tinggal disekitarnya. Akan tetapi, dalam kenyataannya sumberdaya
hutan Indonesia, baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas semakin menurun dengan dahsyat, demikian juga
kesejahteraan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar hutan tidak banyak berubah. Dari 1.8 juta hektar lahan hutan
di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), 661 ribu hektar mengalami penurunan. Penurunan hutan terus berlanjut
semakin cepat sehingga penggurunanpun tak dapat dihindari. Pengelolaan hutan selama ini menekankan
pada pengelolaan produksi kayu. Dimasa mendatang semestinya lebih ditekankan pada pengelolaan
sumberdaya alam hutan secara menyeluruh (termasuk sumber kayu dan non kayu) serta meningkatkan peran
serta masyarakat. Propinsi NTT tidak terbilang sebagai penyedia kayu di Indonesia, akan tetapi, akibat dari
kemiskinan yang ada di dalam dan sekitar hutan maka penebangan kayu ilegal pun terjadi di banyak
kabupaten di NTT. Untuk mencegah kegiatan tersebut alternative untuk pemberdayaan ekonomi harus di
lakukan. Salah satunya adalah pemberdayaan hasil hutan non kayu. Ada beberapa produk hutan non kayu
yang cocok untuk bisa dikembangkan di NTT, seperti Lak (Laccifer lacca), madu (apis), ulat sutra (Bombyx
mori), kemiri (Aleurites moluccana), mede (Anacardium occidentale), asam (Tamarindus indica) dan
jathropa (Jathropa curcas). Permasalahan dalam pengembangan produk hutan non kayu adalah tidak adanya
master-plan pada pengembangan produk hutan non kayu, tidak adanya modal, dan bibit-bibit tenaga
berkemampuan.
Forestry development through development of

non-timber forest products in East Nusa
Tenggara
1a
Silver Hutabarat
Abstract
‘Forest for people’ was the theme for the Eighth World Forestry Congress held in Jakarta in 1978. The
meaning was that forests should benefit people, especially the people in and around the forests. However,
the fact is that forests in Indonesia are decreasing in terms of quantity and quality, but people are still in the
same social condition as previously. From 1.8 million hectares of forest land in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT),
661,000 ha are
1
Pelayanan Kehutanan NTT, Kepala. Email: <silver@
dephut.cbn.net.id>.
1a
Head, NTT Forest Service, Kepala. Email: <silver@
dephut.cbn.net.id>.
51
degraded. Forest degradation continues at an even higher rate today and desertification may be unavoidable.
Until now, forest management has focused on timber management. For the future, it has to shift to forest
resource management, including both timber and non-timber resources, and more people participation. NTT
province is not considered a timber supplier in Indonesia; however, due to the poverty of the people in and
around forests, illegal cutting is rampant in many districts. In order to avoid this, some alternatives for
generating income are needed. One alternative is the development of non-timber forest products. There are
many non-timber forest products suitable to be developed in NTT, including lak (Laccifer lacca), honey
(Apis), silkworm (Bombyx mori), kemiri (Aleurites moluccana), cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale),
tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and jathropa (Jathropa curcas). The problems in developing these products
include no master plan, lack of capital, lack of seedlings and lack of skills.
Pendahuluan rakyat yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan dengan

mengoptimalkan aneka fungsi hutan yang meliputi fungsi
‘Forest for people’. Kalimat ini adalah tema yang sangat konservasi, fungsi lindung, dan fungsi produksi untuk
terkenal dari suatu kongres besar yaitu Kongres mencapai manfaat lingkungan, sosial, budaya dan
Kehutanan Sedunia VIII yang diadakan di Jakarta pada ekonomi yang seimbang dan lestari.
tahun 1978. Begitu luas pengertian forest for people disini Pengelolaan hutan selama ini lebih menekankan pada
dan begitu tinggi cita-cita yang diharapkan dari tema produksi kayu (timber based management), dimasa
tersebut, intinya adalah hutan harus digunakan untuk sekarang dan mendatang seharusnya lebih ditujukan
kemaslahatan umat manusia. Setelah sekian lama kongres kepada pengelolaan sumberdaya alam hutan secara
tersebut bera khir, apakah cita-cita atau harapan yang menyeluruh (forest resources manage ment) dengan
diinginkan oleh kongres tersebut terwujud? Apakah hutan berorientasi pada peningkatan peran serta masyarakat.
telah dikelola dan dimanfaatkan untuk kemaslahatan umat Pembangunan kehutanan di NTT diarahkan pada
manusia terutama masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar hutan? pemberdayaan ekonomi rakyat dengan visi terwujudnya
Kenyataannya harapan yang dicetuskan di dalam kongres fungsi hutan dan lahan secara optimal untuk
dengan kenyataan yang ada sangat jauh. Sumberdaya kesejahteraan masyarakat, sedangkan misinya adalah
hutan Indonesia, baik secara kuan titas maupun kualitas memulihkan, memperta hankan dan meningkatkan fungsi
semakin menurun dengan dah syat, demikian juga hutan dan lahan baik sebagai faktor produksi maupun
kesejahteraan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar hutan tidak sebagai pen yangga kehidupan.
banyak berubah sejak kongres berakhir (Hutabarat 2005). Pengembangan Aneka Usaha Kehutanan merupakan
Sebagai dampak dari pemanfaatan sumber daya hutan jawaban terhadap tantangan tersebut diatas.
yang tidak sesuai dengan azas kelestarian, kita telah Pengembangan Aneka Usaha Kehutanan dia rahkan pada
meninggalkan lahan dan hutan rusak sangat luas. NTT pengembangan komoditi hasil hutan bukan kayu yang
dengan luas kawasan hutan 1.808.990 ha (38.21 % dari memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif yang
luas daratan) mempunyai luas lahan kritis 2.109.496 ha tinggi, sehingga peluang pengembangannya sangat tinggi
(44.55 % dari luas daratan). Luas lahan kritis dalam bagi peningkatan pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) dan
kawasan hutan 661.680 ha dan di luar kawasan hutan devisa Negara. Tekanan terhadap hutan semakin besar
1.447.816 ha. Laju lahan kritis selama 20 tahun terakhir dan semakin sulit dihadapi. Hal ini disebabkan salah
seluas 15.163 ha per tahunnya, sedangkan luas tanaman satunya oleh semakin banyaknya aktor yang
RHL selama 20 tahun terakhir 3.615 ha, sehingga berkepentingan dengan permasalahan hutan dan
perbandingan antara laju degradasi dengan upaya kehutanan. Oleh karena itu tak bisa dihindari lagi bahwa
penanaman adalah 4:1. Kondisi ini sangat permasa lahan hutan dan kehutanan tidak bisa
memprihatinkan dan dikhawatirkan akan terjadi peristiwa diselesaikan hanya oleh pihak kehutanan saja, tetapi harus
penggurunan. meli batkan semua pihak yang terkait. Apalagi dengan
Sesuai dengan UU No. 41 tahun 1999 tentang kehu bergulirnya otonomi daerah, banyak sekali daerah yang
tanan, menyatakan bahwa penyelenggaraan kehutanan mengandalkan eksploitasi hutan untuk pening katan PAD
bertujuan untuk sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran mereka. Demikian juga hutan tidak bisa
52
dilihat sebagai suatu sistem yang terlepas dari kegiatan hektar. Dari luas daratan tersebut 70 % nya merupakan
lainnya, tapi hutan harus dipandang sebagai suatu daerah berbukit sampai bergunung dengan kondisi tanah
subsistem dalam suatu sistem pembangunan yang berbatu dan pada umumnya tingkat kesuburan
kewilayahaan. tanahnya rendah. Kese luruhan luas daratan tersebut
diperkirakan hanya sekitar 2.6 % saja yang cocok untuk
pertanian lahan basah dan sekitar 31.7 % cocok untuk
Kondisi umum pertanian lahan kering, sedangkan sisanya cocok untuk
Nusa Tenggara Timur merupakan provinsi kepu lauan perta nian tanaman keras atau hutan.
yang terdiri dari 566 pulau dengan luas daratan 4.734.990 Luas kawasan hutan NTT sesuai hasil Paduserasi antara
Pola Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan dengan Rencana Tata
Ruang Wilayah Propinsi NTTadalah 1.808.990 hektar kekeringan yang semakin panjang.
(Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehu tanan dan Perkebunan
No. 423/Kpts-II/1999 tanggal 15 Juni 1999) atau 38.2%
dari luas daratan (Tabel 1).
Aneka usaha kehutanan
Beberapa hasil hutan non kayu yang potensial untuk
Tabel 1. Rincian luas kawasan hutan tersebut sebagai berikut dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan
(hektar)
masyarakat antara lain:
menekan laju penurunan kuantitas maupun kualitas hutan
maka upaya pembangunan hutan harus terus digalakkan
1. Kutu lak (Laccifer lacca) (Figure 1)
dengan berorientasi pada peningkatan kesejahteraan
masyarakat. Selain menggalakan Gerhan/GN RHL Lak merupakan hasil sekresi kelenjar hipodermis
(Gerakan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan), pengembangan serangga Laccifer lacca. Jenis tanaman inang yang
aneka usaha kehutanan juga harus menjadi prioritas dibutuhkan oleh kutu lak diantaranya pohon kesambi
dalam pembangunan kehu tanan. Dengan semakin (Schleichera oleosa), Akasia (Acacia vilosa), kal iandra
meningkatnya kerusakan hutan di NTT maka telah (Calliandra spp.). Di NTT paling banyak digu nakan
terlihat dampaknya dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini, sebagai inang adalah kesambi.. Bila tanaman kesambi
antara lain berupa bencana banjir, tanah longsor dan dikembangkan dan diusahakan secara baik
Cagar Alam 159 59 dalam pengem bangan kutu lak a.l.
Suaka Margasatwa 41 (Hidayat 2001):
Taman Wisata Alam Taman Nasional 6 • Teknik budidaya kutu lak dan cara
Hutan Bakau 731 197 428 102 produksi masih belum dikuasai
Taman Buru maka dapat menjadi peluang usaha sepenuhnya oleh petani
Hutan Lindung ekonomi rakyat. Sebagai contoh hasil • Sarana produksi seperti benih dan bibit
Hutan Produksi Terbatas Hutan Produksi penjualan lak di Kabupaten Sumba
Tetap Hutan Produksi Konversi
belum cukup tersedia
Timur sebagai berikut (Tabel 2). • Teknologi, peralatan dan teknik
67 Beberapa hambatan yang dihadapi
19 pengolahan hasil
Dengan semakin meningkatnya penebangan liar, Tabel 2. Poduksi di NTT—million Rp per tahun
perambahan lahan kawasan hutan, kebakaran/pem belum dikuasai sehingga mutu masih rendah • Data
bakaran maka dikhawatirkan angka-angka diatas telah tenang potensi lokasi yang dapat dikembangkan untuk
banyak menalami penurunan baik secara kuan titas tanaman inang dan kutu lak belum tersedia dengan baik
maupun kualitas. Oleh karena itu untuk
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

KutuLak Kemiri 1.107 1.2 2.586 8.1 2.268 2.3 6.800 4.2 7.779 7.1 26.604 7.7
Asam 1.1 7.8 4.6 11.9 9.2 11.8
53
Figure 1. Kutu
lak (Laccifer lacca) Figure 2. Lebah madu (Apis sp.)

Figure 3. Morus spp. dengan ulat sutera (Bombyx Figure 4. Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana)
mori)
Figure 5. Asam
(Tamarindus indica) Figure 6. Jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas)
54
2. Lebah madu (Apis sp.) (Figure 2) kebun murbei yang relative masih rendah rata-rata 8
ton/ha/th diband ingkan dengan kebun murbei di RRC
Pengembangan lebah madu sudah lama dikakukan, yang bisa men capai 22 ton/ha/th (Pudjiono 2005).
namun hasilnya belum optimal. Padahal peluang usaha ini
cukup potensial untuk dikembangkan, meng ingat 4. Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana) (Figure 4)
beragamnya sumber pakan lebah yang terdapat di Nusa
Tenggara Timur. Kondisi iklim NTT yang panas Hampir semua daerah di Nusa Tenggara Timur telah
membantu mempercepat proses penurunan kadar air mengupayakan penanaman kemiri sebagai tanaman multi-
madu, sehingga kualitas madu menjadi baik. Jenis-jenis manfaat pada kegiatan reboisasi dan hutan rakyat.
lebah penghasil madu di Indonesia antara lain Apis Pemanfaatan buah kemiri ini juga nerupakan peluang
cerana, Apis florae, Apis mellifera dan Apis dorsata. usaha yang dapat dikembangkan oleh masyarakat. Biji
Sampai saat ini Apis dorsata masih mem punyai peranan buah kemiri banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk
penting dalam perlebahan di Indonesia (Departemen bumbu masak. Biji kemiri dapat juga diambil minyaknya
Kehutanan 1996). untuk berbagai keper luan bahan industri, misalnya untuk
bahan cat, pernis, sabun, obat-obatan dan kosmetik
3. Ulat sutera (Bombyx mori) (Figure 3) (Sunanto 1994).
Di beberapa tempat antara lain di kabupaten TTS 5. Jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale)
(Timor Timur Selatan) telah dilakukan percobaan
penanaman murbei (Morus spp.) sebagai pakan ulat sutera Dalam Gerakan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan
oleh Dinas Kehutanan Kabupaten TTS. Hasilnya masih pemerintah pusat telah mengalokasikan dana yang cukup
perlu diuji pada skala yang lebih besar. Salah satu kendala besar untuk merehabilitasi hutan dan lahan kritis di Nusa
usaha persuteraan alam di Indonesia adalah produktivitas Tenggara Timur. Salah satu jenis tana mannya adalah
jambu mete. Hampir semua daerah di NTT cocok untuk 2006 ini pemerintah tampaknya akan memulai program
penanaman jambu mete, dan per mintaan pasar atas penanaman jarak pagar secara besar besaran di NTT.
komoditas ini cukup tinggi. Adaptasi tanaman jambu Namun untuk sektor kehutanan tam paknya harus
mente sangat tinggi pada lahan kering dengan jumlah dilakukan secara hati-hati. Untuk menjadi tanaman murni
curah hujan rendah. di kawasan hutan tidaklah memungkinkan, karena tanama
Kualitas jambu mete dari NTT sangat terkenal dengan ini bukan termasuk tanaman kehutanan. Bila dijadikan
mutunya yang tinggi. tanaman sela, perlu diperhatikan bahwa tanaman ini
mengandng minyak yang mudah terbakar, sehingga bisa
6. Asam (Tamarindus indica) (Figure 5) menim bulkan bahaya kebakaran.
Tanaman asam banyak ditanam di berbagai wilayah di

Indonesia termasuk di NTT. Hampir semua bagian Daftar pustaka
tanaman asam dapat digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan,
Hidayat N. 2001. Kebijaksanaan Pengembangan Seed Lak.
sehingga tanaman ini disebut tanaman multiguna.
Temu Usaha Seed Lak Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur.
Kegunaannya anatar lain: daunnya untuk bumbu masak, Kupang, 5 Nopember 2001. Tidak dipublikasikan.
bahan obat dan kosme tika; bunga tanaman asam Hutabarat S. 2005. Model Forests, Pengejawantahan ‘Forests for
merupakan sumber madu yang penting bagi people’. Dalam Forests for People. Mengenang Penggagasnya
pengembangan budi daya lebah madu; buahnya banyak Ir. Soesilo Hardjoprakoso. 217–225.
digunakan dalam industri minuman, es krim, selai, obat Pudjiono S. 2005. Pertumbuhan beberapa tanaman Murbei hibrid
tradisionil; biji asam dapat digunakan sebaai makanan hasil persilangan terkendali. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman
ternak dan bahan industri (Rukmana 2005). 2(2).
Sunanto H. 1994. Budidaya Kemiri, Komoditas Ekspor. Penerbit
7. Jarak pagar (Jathropa curcas) (Figure 6) Kanisius: Yogyakarta.
Rukmana H.R. 2005. Asam. Membahas beragam potensi dan
Pemanfaatan minyak Jarak (Pengembangan Jarak kegunaan asam, disertai pengembangan budi dayanya secara
Penanaman jarak pagar sangat dimungkinkan di NTT intensif berpola komersial. Penerbit Kanisius: Yogyakarta.
yang mempunyai lahan kritis yang cukup luas. Pada tahun
55
rural
Masalah penggunaan dan pemilikan tanah di

pedesaan di propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
1
Daniel R. Masadu
Abstrak
Pertanian di pedesaan terfokus pada dua aspek yaitu penggunaan tanah dan pemilikan tanah.
Tanah: berdasarkan data tahun 2005 menjelaskan, dari luas wilayah Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
2
47.350 km atau 4.735.000 ha, 80% berupa hutan dan padang rumput. Luas hutan mencapai 40% dari luas
wilayah, hutan lebat hanya 10%. Tanah yang sudah diusahakan secara intensif mencapai 15% dari luas
wilayah, didominasi oleh pertanian tanah kering berupa tegalan (8%).
Keadaan pemilikan tanah: Penguasaan tanah yang dominan adalah Tanah Negara dan Tanah dan Tanah
Ulayat/Suku mencapai 50% dari luas wilayah Tanah yang merupakan hak 25%, baru 6% terdaftar pada
Badan Pertanahan Nasional.
Permasalahan tanah: Adanya permukiman di daerah konservasi (ketinggian 500 m dan lebih, lereng 40%
dan lebih) merupakan permasalahan utama/permasalahan lainnya adalah areal padang rumput yang luas
belum digarap.
Permasalahan pemilikan tanah: Belum jelas perbedaan di lapangan antara Tanah Negara dan Tanah
Ulayat/ Suku menyulitkan proses pemberian hak atas Tanah Negara. Minimnya alat bukti dan kurang
jelasnya sistem pewarisan adat, mempersulit proses pembuktian hak atas tanah.
The problem of land use and ownership in villages
in East Nusa Tenggara province
1a
Daniel R. Masadu
Abstract
In villages the main occupation is farming. The use of land and the ownership of land are considered. Land
2
use: Based on data for 2005, the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) has an area of 47,350 km or
4,735,000 ha, of which 80% is forest and savannah. The area of forest is about 40% with only 10% under
dense forest. The land that is cultivated intensively is about 15%, and it is dominated by dryland farming
(8%). In the province of NTT there is less arable land than savanna on which to develop agriculture.
Condition of land ownership: The dominant land ownership classifications are ‘country’ land and ‘ethnic’
land. These make up about 50% of the total land area. Of the 25% of the land that is subject to land rights
claims, only 6% is listed by the National Council of Land as successfully claimed. The status of ‘country’
and ‘ethnic’ land is not yet clear and the slow settlement of land rights claims make ownership a major
impediment in catchments.
1 1a
Kepala Kantor Wilayah Badan Pertanahan Nasional, Propinsi The Regional Office of National Land Agency, East Nusa
Nusa Tengarra Timur, Kepala Bidang Penatagunaan Tanah. Tenggara province.
56
Problems of land capability: There are problems using land where settlement has occurred in the
conservation areas (more than 500 metres high with greater than 40% slope) and in areas of savanna that are
not cultivated. The problems of land and soil conservation are most severe where land is more than 500
metres elevation and of greater than 40% slope.
Problem of land ownership: The difference between country land and ethnic land is not completely clear
so it is difficult to process land claims. The limited evidence and the lack of clarity in the system of custom
inheritance cause difficulties in establishing land rights.
The following recommendations are made: implement careful and intensive management of areas in upper
catchments of river systems; acknowledge the existence of ethnic land and the system of inheritance;
improve administration of land tenure in villages; sustainable implementation of inventories of land
ownership, use and capability; and issue ownership certificates in relation to productive farming land and
land subject to government financial programs (Anggaram Pembelanjaan Negara (national) and Anggaram
Pembelanjaan Daerah (provincial)).
Pendahuluan fokus perhatian kita terutama ditujukan pada

nian dalam arti luas. Hasil kegiatan pemetaan penggunaan
Tulisan ini untuk memenuhi permintaan Panitia tanah oleh Badan Pertanahan Nasional menjelaskan
Penyelenggara Lokakarya Internasional Badan Per encana keadaan penggunaan tanah di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara
Pembangunan Daerah Propinsi Nusa Teng gara Timur Timur sebagaimana ditunjukan pada Tabel 1.
dalam rangka pelaksanaan: ‘Lokakarya Internasional
tentang Pembangunan Perdesaan Terpadu di Nusa Tabel 1. Luas Penggunaan Tanah Perdesaan. Propinsi Nusa
Tenggara Timur’ tanggal 5 sampai dengan 7 April 2006 Tenggara Timur (Tahun 2005)
di Kupang.
No. Penggunaan tanah Luas ha %
Berbicara mengenai pembangunan perdesaan tentang
pembangunan pertanian. dalam pembangunan Tanah dalam konteks tanah berkaitan dengan
Salah satu faktor penting pelaksanaan tugas di bidang 3 kondisi fisik wilayah atau 5
1 2 pertanahan meliputi dua aspek bidang tanah sedangkan
dan merupakan modal dasar pertanian adalah tanah. yaitu penggunaan 4
pemilikan tanah berkaitan 6
dengan status hukum hak atas 8 11 1.472
tanahnya. 9
Kabupaten/Kota se- Propinsi
tanah di bidang Nusa 1.999.075 412.830 978.866
603.379 78.100
Nusa Tenggara Timur. 10 Tenggara 1.849.233
Perkampungan
Keadaan Sawah: 20.407
penggunaan dan Sawah Irigasi 6.985
Sawah Tadah Hujan Tegalan 4.735.000
pemilikan Kebun Campuran Perkebunan 1,07
Rakyat Kawasan Industri 2,05
Hutan: 0,66
7
Hutan Lebat 1,39
Data yang digunakan Hutan Belukar 8,09
merupakan hasil kegiatan dari Hutan Sejenis 4,23
Badan Pertanahan Nasional Semak 1,10
yang dilaksanakan oleh Padang Rumput 0,03
Kantor Wilayah Badan Tanah Kosong/Tandus/ Rusak 42,30 8,72
Pertanahan Nasional Propinsi Perairan/Rawa/Danau Jumlah 20,67 12,74 1,65
Nusa Tenggara Timur dan 50.530 39,05
Kantor Pertanahan 96.849
30.994 0,43
65.855 0,15
383.028 200.206 52.165 100,00
Timur Dari data luas penggunaan tanah dari Tabel 1 dapat
diketahui penggunaan tanah hutan dan padang rumput
mendominasi penggunaan tanah di daerah ini (±80%).
Penggunaan tanah
Hutan hampir mencapai 2 juta hektar tetapi mempunyai
Penggunaan tanah merupakan wujud kegiatan manusia di kualitas yang masih rendah berhubung hutan lebat sekitar
atas tanah. Penggunaan Tanah yang ber sifat perdesaan 10% saja. Padang rumput yang
menitikberatkan pada bidang perta
57
tergolong penggunaan tanah kurang produktif jika dengan Suku/Tanah Suku, sepanjang menurut
ditambah dengan semak juga hampir mencapai 2 juta kenyataannya masih ada. Hasil pemetaan status
hektar atau 40% dari luas wilayah. Di lain pihak, penguasaaan tanah dan pendaftaran hak atas tanah di
penggunaan tanah pertanian yang intensif meliputi sawah, tunjukan pada Tabel 2.
tegalan, kebun campuran dan perkebunan rakyat 0,7 juta
hektar atau 15% dari luas wilayah, sebagian besar (8%) Tabel 2. Luas penguasaan/ pemilikan tanah. Propinsi Nusa
Tenggara Timur
berupa tegalan.
luas wilayah. Tanah hak diperkirakan mencapai 0,7 juta
hektar, atau 15% dari luas wilayah, telah ter daftar di
Keadaan pemilikan tanah Badan Pertanahan Nasional (sampai dengan tahun 2005)
Pemilikan tanah merupakan hubungan antar orang dan seluas 294.476 Ha (6%), sisanya (14%) merupakan Tanah
tanah, baik penguasaan yang bersifat komunal maupun Milik Adat. Akan tetapi dari luas tanah yang terdaftar
kepemilikan yang bersifal individual. hanya 6% (atau 10% luas wilayah Budidaya ±3 juta
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang hektar ), telah mencakup 417.972 bidang tanah, hampir
Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria yang biasa dikenal mencapai 30% dari perkiraan 1,5 juta bidang tanah di
dengan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria sing katnya Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, 95% merupakan Hak
UUPA mengatur Status Penguasaan Tanah yang terdiri Milik.
dari Tanah Negara dan Tanah Hak. Tanah Negara adalah
Tanah yang belum dilekati sesuatu hak atas tanah Permasalahan penggunaan dan
sedangkan Tanah Hak adalah yang sudah dilekati sesuatu
hak atas tanah seperti Hak Milik, Hak Guna Usaha, Hak pemilikan tanah dalam
Guna Bangunan dan Hak Pakai. Disamping itu ada hak pembangunan perdesaan di propinsi
khusus yang bersifat publik yang diberikan kepada Nusa Tenggara Timur
Instansi Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah yaitu Hak
Pengelolaan dan Hak Pakai selama dipergunakan. Permasalahan Penggunaan Tanah
Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) juga men gakui
Hak Ulayat yang merupakan hak komunal masyarakat Dengan berpedoman pada peraturan perundangan dan
hukum adat yang di Nusa Tenggara Timur dikenal kriteria kendala fisik wilayah maka untuk mewu judkan
penggunaan tanah dengan azas lestari, optimal, seimbang Guna Tanah Direktorat Jenderal Agraria Departemen
dan serasi dapat didefinisikan beberapa permasahan Dalam Negeri, dihadapkan bahwa ada dua hal yang
penggunaan tanah sebagaimana uraian berikut. rupanya paling menentukan bagi tanah (wilayah) sebagai
tempat kegiatan masyarakat, atau ‘tanah usaha’ yaitu : 1)
Permukiman di daerah konservasi Ketinggian, 2) Lereng. Dari segi ketinggian tempat,
Menurut I Made Sandy dalam buku Penggunaan Tanah daerah antara 500–1000 meter memerlukan tumbuhan
(Land Use) di Indonesia, publikasi No.75 Direktorat Tata dan tanaman
No. Penguasaan/ pemilikan tanah ha % seyogyanya dihutankan demi kea wetan
Luas yang dapat mencegah erosi, sedangkan tanah usaha di bawahnya. Dari segi
ketinggian di atas 1000 meter lereng per
1 Jumlah mukaan tanah ditetapkan pemetaan menunjukan daerah

Tanah Hak UUPA lereng 40% sebagai batas ketinggian di atas 500 meter
2 296.476 390.924 1.700.000 tanah usaha baik dan tidak di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara
Tanah Milik Adat baik. Tanah dengan lereng Timur mencapai 1,3 juta
3 2.347.600 4.735.000
40% dan lebih tinggi, hektar. Sedangkan daerah berl
Tanah Kawasan
4 6,26 disarankan agar tidak diusa ereng 40% dan lebih tinggi
Hutan/Lindung 8,26 hakan, dibiarkan supaya mencapai 1,7 juta hektar
Tanah Negara/Ulayat/ Suku 35,90 49,58 100,00 ditutupi hutan lindung. Hasil
Dari hasil pemetaan Status Penguasaan Tanah pada dan sebagian besar berada pada ketinggian di atas 500
Tabel 2 menunjukan sulitnya membedakan antara Tanah meter dari permukaan air laut.
Negara dan Tanah Ulayat/Suku, yang luasnya kurang Dengan demikian seyogyanya daerah seluas 1,7 hektar
lebih 2,3 juta hektar atau 50% dari seyogyanya dijadikan daerah konservasi,
58
namun pada kenyataannya banyak terdapat per mukiman bukti tertulis sebagai alas hak menjadi pemi likan suatu
beserta tanah usaha pertanian yang luas. bidang tanah umumnya tidak lengkap bahkan tidak ada.
Juga ketentuan pewarisan adat kurang jelas, mempersulit
Hutan berkualitas rendah upaya pembuktian hak atas tanah sesungguhnya.
Kondisi hutan lebat tidak lebih dari 10% luas wilayah
sebagai akibat dari tingginya tingkat okupasi masyarakat Banyak bidang tanah yang belum terdaftar Data 70%
di daerah konservasi. Hutan lebat berubah menjadi hutan bidang tanah belum bersertipikat men unjukan betapa
belukar di samping hutan sejenis yang cukup luas. luasnya wilayah yang berada di luar kendali Pemerintah
Walaupun secara kuantitatif luas hutan telah memenuhi dalam hal ini Badan Pertanahan
kriteria dalam Undang Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 Nasional. Berkaitan dengan adanya bantuan dana
tentang Kehutanan yaitu paling kurang 30% dari luas Pemerintah (APBN/APBD) dalam suatu kegiatan yang
wilayah secara kwalitatif luas hutan lebat masih sangat memerlukan tanah, seyogyanya bidang tanah tersebut
kurang. telah terdaftar.
Tanah kurang produktif sangat luas

Padang rumput yang demikian luas menunjukan tanah Penutup
kurang produktif masih banyak yang sebe narnya
Sabagai penutup dikemukakan beberapa kesimpulan dan
merupakan potensi untuk pengembangan usaha lain
saran sebagai berikut:
misalnya perkebunan.
Tanah pertanian produktif masih sempit Tanah sawah Kesimpulan

dan perkebunan yang dapat men dorong petani keluar dari 1. Penggunaan tanah di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
sistem pertanian sub sistem ternyata hanya meliputi areal menunjukan areal tanah pertanian masih sempit
yang sempit. sementara areal padang rumput yang dapat
dikembangkan untuk berbagai jenis usaha cukup luas.
Permasalahan penguasaan/pemilikan tanah 2. Masalah konservasi tanah terutama di atas ketinggian
Sistem Penguasaan Tanah dan Tanah Ulayat/Suku 500 meter dan lebih dan atau kemiringan 40% dan lebih
boleh jadi antara Tanah Negara dan Tanah Ulayat/ Suku. menjadi persoalan penggunaan tanah yang utama.
Hal ini mempersulit dalam proses pemberian hak atas 3. Belum jelasnya Status Tanah Negara dan Tanah
Tanah Negara. Ulayat/Suku serta minimnya alas hak dan bidang tanah
yang terdaftar masih sedikit, menjadi persoalan dalam
Alat bukti pemilikan tanah tidak lengkap/tidak ada. Alat pemilikan tanah.
Saran administrasi pertanahan di tingkat desa. 4. Pelaksanaan
Inventarisasi peguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan dan
Hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan: pemanfaatan tanah (P4T) secara cepat dan berkelanjutan.
1. Pengelolaan daerah hulu Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) 5. Pensertipikatan tanah pertanian produktif dan tanah-
secara intensif. tanah letak kegiatan dari program Pemerintah (Sumber
2. Penilitian mengenai eksistensi Tanah Ulayat/Suku dan dana APBN/APBD). Demikian penjelasan, semoga
Sistem pewarisan adat. bermanfaat.
3. Penertiban dan peningkatan kualitas sistem
59
rural
Pengaruh sosial budaya masyarakat terhadap

produktivitas petani pada daerah intervensi
CARE di kabupaten Belu
1 2
Charles A. Bisinglasi dan Ludo Korbafo
Abstrak
Fokus dari makalah ini adalah memahami pengaruh sosial budaya terhadap produktifitas pertanian lahan
kering. Orientasi para petani di wilayah-wilayah target di mana Care bekerja masih sangat dipengaruhi oleh
cara berpikir yang tradisional. Para petani memelihara hubungan yang baik di antara Tuhan, alam, nenek
moyang, keluarga, dan sanak saudara. Kegiatan petani tidak dikendalikan oleh pasar dan produksi tetapi
oleh hubungan yang harmonis. Pola piker yang demikian menimbulkan akibat terhadap kegiatan-kegiatan
pertanian. Fenomena pengolahan pertanian yang diamati secara langsung adalah pertanian subsisten.
Kegiatan petani tidak bertujuan melibatkan produksi dengan tehnologi inovatif melainkan bagaimana petani
menjaga ketersediaan pangan sampai panen berikutnya. Orientasi bukanlah pada produktivitas yang tinggi
dan pasar. Oleh karena itu petani tidak memiliki motivasi yang tinggi untuk meningkatkan produksi mereka
dan memasarkannya dalam jumlah besar.
Untuk memperbaiki kualitas hidup petani, khususnya pendapatan mereka, tenaga penyuluh pertanian
harus membangun kesadaran petani untuk orientasi yang baru. Pertanian tradisional atau pertanian subsisten
tidak relevan lagi dalam era globalisasi yang sarat dengan kompetisi. Pertanian subsisten harus dirubah
menjadi pertanian produktif untuk pasar. Petani sebaiknya terbuka terhadap tehnologi inovatif untuk
meningkatkan jumlah produksi serta memelihara kualitas dan ketersediaannya. Agen-agen pembangunan
juga harus mengembangkan jaringan pasar bagi petani. Pasar adalah juga factor pendorong untuk
melipatgandakan produksi mereka. Nilai-nilai social budaya hanyalah merupakan kekuatan moral untuk
menjaga identitas. Akhirnya penulis setuju terhadap pernyataan A.W. Whitehead yang mengatakan
mentalitasyang baru lebih penting daripada ilmu dan tehnologi yang baru.
Social and cultural impacts on farm productivity

in CARE projects in Belu district
1a 2a
Charles A. Bisinglasi and Ludo Korbafo
Abstract
The focus of this paper is understanding the influence of sociocultural factors on the productivity of dryland
agriculture. Farmers in the target areas where CARE works are still highly influenced by traditional ways.
Farmers maintain good and harmonious relationships with the Supreme God, nature, ancestors, family and
1 2 2a
Kepala BAPPEDA Kabupaten Belu. Care International NTT. Care International NTT.
1a
Head of BAPPEDA Regional Planning Board in District of Belu.
60
relatives. Farmers’ activity is not highly market driven but rather it is a means to maintain this harmonious
relationship. Such a way of thinking impacts on agricultural activities. Farmers are not aiming at increasing
production with innovative technology: instead they aim to maintain food security at home until the next
harvest. In other words their orientation is not towards high productivity and satisfying markets.
To improve the quality of life of farmers, especially through their income, development programs need to
increase awareness of the potential advantages of new orientation. Traditional farming, or subsistence
farming, is not relevant in the era of globalisation where the emphasis is on competition. Activities could
move from purely subsistence farming to more productive farming to supply markets. Those farmers who
are open to innovative technology could increase production and maintain high quality products and
continuity of supply. Development programs should improve market networks for farmers because supply to
markets would be a factor driving increased production. Sociocultural values are only a moral force to
maintain identity. The writer favours adopting the slogan: a new mentality is more important than new
science and new technology.
Kabupaten Belu merupakan salah satu Kabupaten di rendzina dan litosol

Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) yang letaknya • Wlayah administrasi : 17 Kecamatan 12 kelurahan
sangat strategis, karena berbatasan langsung dengan dan 181
Negara Republic Democratic Timor Leste (RDTL) baik desa
darat maupun laut, dengan batas-batas wilayah sebagai • Letak geografis : 124°–126° BT dan 0,9°–10° LS
berikut : 2
• Luas wilayah : 343.777 km (5,16% luas wilayah
• Sebelah utara : Selat Ombai Propinsi
• Sebelah selatan : Laut Timor NTT)
• Sebelah timur : Negara Republic Democratic Timor • Penduduk tahun 2004 : 334.439 jiwa (63.165 KK )
Leste (RDTL) 2
• Kepadatan penduduk : 140,57 jiwa/km •
• Sebelah barat : Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara dan
Timor Tengah Pertumbuhan penduduk : 1,76% per tahun
Selatan
Pengalaman Kegiatan Pembangunan di
Kondisi umum wilayah Pedesaan
• Iklim : Tropis
Dalam rangka membangun masyarakat Kabupaten Belu,
• Musim hujan : Nopember–Maret • Musim kemarau :
maka pemerintah telah menetapkan Strategi
April–Oktober • Curah hujan : 644,58 mm/tahun •
Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Belu untuk tahun
Suhu udara : 24°–34°C • Morfologi wilayah :
2004–2008 melalui 5 Program Prioritas yang disebut lima
Berbukit–bukit dengan derajat
pilar pembangunan, yaitu Pembangunan Ekonomi;
kemiringan lebih dari
Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia; Pembangunan
50% Prasarana Wilayah; Peningkatan Kualitas Pelayanan
• Jenis tanah campuran : Aluvial, campuran alluvial Pemerintah; dan Pembangunan Lingkungan Hidup.
dan litosol Sasaran utama dari semua pembangunan di atas
serta mediteran,
ditujukan kepada masyarakat dan berlokasi di semua desa tradisional dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh sosial budaya
berdasarkan potensi dan permasalahan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat dan topografi wilayah. Secara agro-ecozone
setiap desa. Pada kesempatan ini kami hanya akan petani tradisional di Kabupaten Belu sudah mempunyai
mengangkat sebagian kecil pengalaman kegiatan kebiasaan tersendiri dalam ber cocok tanam, yaitu mulai
pembangunan di desa yakni yang berkaitan dengan dari memilih jenis tan aman, waktu menanam, waktu
pengaruh sosial budaya masyarakat terhadap panen sampai pada pasca panen berdasarkan kondisi
produktivitas petani di Kabupaten Belu. wilayah masing masing, yaitu daerah pantai, dataran
Pertanian di Kabupaten Belu pada umumnya masih rendah, pegu nungan maupun pada lahan sawah, lahan
kering, daerah delta dan daerah bebatuan.
61
Di Kabupaten Belu terdapat 3 (tiga) wilayah adat yang berkurangnya hasil pertanian masyarakat dari tahun ke
mempunyai karakteristik pertanian masing masing, yaitu tahun sebagai dampak dari berubahnya tekstur tanah.
(1) Wilayah Adat Tasimane; (2) Wilayah Adat Tasifeto Daerah yang dulunya menjadi gudang pangan kini beralih
dan (3) Wilayah Adat Lamaknen. menjadi daerah yang sering kekurangan pangan.
Wilayah Adat Tasimane mempunyai wilayah per tanian Untuk mengatasi berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi di
di pinggir pantai dengan tanah delta yang luas wilayah ini, maka pemerintah Kabupaten Belu telah
membentang dan didominasi oleh tanaman padi sawah, melakukan berbagai kegiatan, demikian juga perhatian
kacang-kacangan, ubi-ubian, pisang dan kelapa. dan upaya dari institusi Agama dan LSM lokal maupun
Sedangkan di daerah pegunungan didominasi oleh internasional, seperti CARE Internasional Indonesia.
budidaya lahan kering dengan tanaman pangan jagung, Namun karena bencana banjir ini terus terjadi dari tahun
kacang-kacangan, ubi-ubian dan pisang. ke tahun, maka per masalahan yang dihadapi belum tuntas
Wilayah Adat Tasimane memiliki musim tanam sampai diselesaikan pada tahun berjalan telah muncul lagi
tiga kali dalam setahun, sehingga wilayah ini menjadi bencana banjir tahun berikutnya yang pada gilirannya
lumbung pangan untuk Kabupaten Belu dan sekaligus memunculkan masalah baru yaitu meningkatnya
menjadi daerah yang surplus sehingga dapat mengeksport masyarakat miskin di wilayah ini. Masyarakat di wilayah
hasilnya ke luar wilayah NTT sejak 50 tahun silam. ini seakan pasrah pada keadaan dan menganggap
Namun demikian wilayah ini juga merupakan wilayah persoalan yang terjadi setiap tahun adalah persoalan
rawan bencana banjir pada sepuluh tahun terakhir, seperti pemer intah dan LSM, sedangkan masyarakat hanya ber
yang terjadi pada tanggal 10 dan 19 Januari 2006 lalu, sikap . menunggu bantuan dari semua pihak.
dimana 24 Desa dalam tiga Kecamatan yaitu Malaka Ketergantungan masyarakat kepada pemerintah dan LSM
Barat, Malaka Tengah dan Weliman terendam air dengan sangat besar, belum ada sikap proaktif untuk mengelola
keting gian antara 1–2 meter yang mengakibatkan banyak DAS Benenain dari masyarakat, padahal sejak Mei 2004
kerusakan dan kehilangan harta benda masyarakat seperti telah diadakan pertemuan para petani dan bersepakat
rumah, lahan pertanian beserta tanamannya dan ternak untuk mengelola DAS dalam rangka mengatasi
bagi 7.804 KK (30.838 jiwa) . Demikian juga sarana dan permasalahan luapan banjir yang terjadi setiap tahun,
prasarana kesehatan, pendidikan dan fasilitas umumnya namun kesepakatan itu tidak pernah dit indaklanjuti
lainnya mengalami kerusakan ringan sampai kerusakan sampai sekarang.
berat. Wilayah Adat Tasifeto lebih didominasi oleh per tanian
Tindakan cepat yang telah dilakukan oleh pemer intah lahan kering, dan hanya sebagian kecil wilayahnya
Kabupaten Belu untuk menanggulangi musibah ini adalah merupakan sawah tadah hujan dan sawah irigasi
segera membangun pos-pos komando untuk mendekatkan tradisional maupun irigasi teknis/semi teknis yang
pelayanan kepada masyarakat yang terkena bencana, dibangun oleh pemerintah. Tanaman pangan yang
menyalurkan bantuan pangan, sandang, air bersih serta dominan adalah jagung, padi, ubi-ubian, kacang-kacangan
obat-obatan dan petugas medis sebagai tindakan dan bawang.
antisipatif terhadap akibat susulan yang biasanya terjadi Wilayah ini sebagian besar terdiri dari pegu
setelah bencana banjir seperti penyakit dan lain-lain. nungan/perbukitan, sehingga menjadi wilayah yang sering
Masyarakat juga men dapat bantuan dari lembaga sosial terkena bencana angin, hama belalang dan kekeringan.
keagamaan, pemerintah propinsi dan LSM lokal dan Dan bagian yang sering mengalami kekeringan ialah
international serta berbagai lembaga/organisasi lainnya. daerah sekitar pantai.
Upaya pemerintah untuk memindahkan masyar akat Sedangkan Wilayah Adat Lamaknen yang hampir
dari daerah-daerah yang rawan bencana banjir belum seluruh wilayahnya terdiri dari pegunungan, lebih
berhasil, karena masyarakat tetap berkeras dan bertahan didominasi oleh tanaman pangan berupa jagung, ubi
untuk menempati wilayah-wilayah tersebut walaupun ubian, kacang-kacangan, bawang dan sebagian kecil
harus menghadapi bencana banjir yang terjadi setiap tanaman padi sawah.
tahun. Masalah yang sering dihadapi oleh masyarakat di
Akibat setiap tahun dilanda bencana banjir, maka wilayah ini adalah hama belalang dan bencana angin serta
wilayah ini mengalami berbagai masalah antara lain masalah masalah sosial ekonomi lainnya.
62
Paham Antropologis Petani di banjir, hasil pertanian yang semakin menurun dan
Kabupaten Belu harga jual hasil pertanian yang murah mengaki batkan
pendapatan masyarakat petani selalu rendah dan pada
Penduduk Kabupaten Belu merupakan rumpun bangsa gilirannya berdampak pada tingkat kese jahteraan petani
Timor yang mempunyai asal usul sejarah yang sama yang selalu memprihatinkan.
walaupun terbagi dalam beberapa suku dan rumah adat. Semua fenomena di atas telah dialami para petani
Melalui perkawinan, mereka memi liki hubungan bertahun-tahun bahkan berabad-abad lamanya, namun
persaudaraan dan pertalian darah. Namun demikian hingga saat ini mereka belum menemukan solusi yang
mereka selalu terkotak-kotak dalam suku, rumah adat dan tepat untuk mengatasi berbagai fenomena alam dimaksud.
kebiasaan-kebiasaan hidup setiap hari, yang Dengan tingkat pendidikan yang sangat rendah bahkan
menyebabkan sering terjadi perselisihan diantara mereka ada yang tidak pernah meng enyam pendidikan formal,
akibat salah paham maupun karena perebutan sumber mereka menjadi gembala yang setia pada tradisi dan tidak
hidup seperti hewan, hasil hutan maupun tanah/lahan ingin menjadi nabi yang cakap untuk dapat meramal masa
garapan. depan seka ligus mempunyai antisipasi yang tepat
Masyarakat tani tradisional di Kabupaten Belu masih terhadap semua fenomena alam yang terus berubah
memiliki kepercayaan terhadap tiga dunia yang dalam melalui kegiatan-kegiatan strategis dan nyata.
kesehariannya sangat mempengaruhi pola hidup mereka Dunia Ketiga yang dihadapi adalah ‘Dunia Bawah’
termasuk dalam hal bercocok tanam. Dunia pertama atau ‘Dunia Arwah Leluhur’. Dunia Bawah diyakini
disebut sebagai ‘Dunia Atas’ atau ‘Dunia Supernatural’, masyarakat tani tradisional sebagai satu kel ompok yang
yang diyakini sebagai dunia yang didiami oleh Nai turut mempengaruhi kehidupan mereka di dunia realita
Maromak bagi masyar akat yang berbahasa Tetum dan atau dunia sekarang. Untuk menghor mati keluarga yang
Hot Essen bagi masyarakat yang berbahasa Bunak/Marae, meninggal, biasanya dilakukan acara kenduri yang
Usi Neno bagi masyarakat yang berbahsa Dawan, yakni melibatkan banyak keluarga, sahabat dan kenalan.
Tuhan Yang Maha Tinggi dan Maha Kuasa. Banyak biaya yang harus dike luarkan demikian juga
Masyarakat Belu sudah memiliki kepercayaan dan waktu yang lama untuk menyelesaikan acara dimaksud.
menghormati Tuhan Allah Yang Maha Tinggi secara Bangunan pekuburan yang dianggap sebagai rumah para
turun temurun, dalam ungkapan doa untuk persem bahan kelu arga yang telah meninggal selalu diperbaharui
pada berbagai upacara adat, nama Tuhan Yang Maha sebagai penghormatan kepada mereka. Banyak fenomena
Tinggi dan Maha Kuasa dikenal dengan nama ‘Lolo liman sosial dan kejadian, terutama bencana alam dan penyakit
la too, ain la too’. Ungkapan ini menun jukkan Tuhan senantiasa dihubungkan dengan leluhur atau keluarga
Allah Yang Maha Tinggi, jauh di atas langit yang tidak yang marah atau kecewa karena diperlakukan tidak
dapat dijangkau oleh tangan dan kaki. Kepercayaan sewajarnya, atau jasanya telah lama dilupakan oleh
kepada esensi Tuhan Allah Yang Maha Tinggi sudah keluarga. Bencana dianggap sebagai suatu teguran atau
dikenal oleh masyarakat Belu jauh sebelum kedatangan peringatan kepada kelu arga yang masih hidup atau
agama dari Barat pada abad ke 15. Tuhan Yang Maha sebagai ungkapan kekecewaan terhadap sesuatu kesalahan
Tinggi selalu dipuja dan disembah dalam seluruh siklus yang telah dilakukan oleh mereka yang masih hidup.
pertanian masyarakat adat tradisional di Belu. Untuk memulihkan hubungan yang telah rusak atau
Dunia Kedua yang turut mempengaruhi kehidupan dengan kata lain untuk melakukan rekonsiliasi diantara
petani di Kabupaten Belu adalah ‘Dunia Realita’ yang ketiga dunia tersebut, maka masyarakat tradisional
sementara dialami dan dijalani dengan berbagai persoalan melakukan upacara-upacara baik men yangkut perbaikan
yang kompleks dan rumit. Secara tradi sional mereka hubungan antara manusia dengan Tuhan Yang Maha
dapat menjelaskan semua fenomena alam yang terkait Tinggi, hubungan antara manusia dengan manusia lain
dengan Tuhan, namun mereka tidak mampu keluar dari dan lingkungannya dalam kehidupan setiap hari maupun
realita yang ada. Berbagai persoalan pertanian yang hubungan manusia dengan leluhur. Semua perbaikan
dihadapi setiap hari, antara lain iklim yang ekstrim seperti hubungan tersebut berupa doa syukur, persembahan dan
curah hujan yang terlalu rendah atau terlalu tinggi, panas perayaan yang membutuhkan biaya besar, tenaga dan
yang ber kelebihan, hama belalang, angin topan, bencana waktu. Tentu saja semua ini merupakan beban sosial yang
harus ditanggung setiap keluarga tani sepanjang tahun.
63
Menurut observasi dan pengalaman empiris, setiap memulihkan hubungan manusia dengan ketiga dunia
keluarga petani harus mengeluarkan jutaan rupiah untuk tersebut. Pemulihan yang telah dilakukan mengandung
membiayai semua beban sosial yang dibutuhkan untuk makna bahwa perbaikan kehidupan akan terjadi karena
tidak ada halangan dalam usaha yang datang dari Tuhan analisa pasar, network lemah dan resiko iklim belum
Yang Maha Tinggi dan Maha Kuasa, dari sesama manusia diperhitungkan secara baik.
maupun leluhur serta dari lingkungan alam sekitar berupa • Kelompok tani kacang hijau di Belu Selatan melalui
bencana alam yang sulit dijelaskan dengan pikiran proyek Mandiri, petani mengolah rata-rata 1 hektar
rasional. lahan dengan penerapan teknologi seperti jarak tanam,
Cara kehidupan tersebut telah dijalani dan dihayati pemakaian pupuk bokasi, penyemprotan dan ukur
secara turun temurun dan telah berlangsung berabad abad pertumbuhan perminggu. Diakui bahwa masih banyak
lamanya, sehingga untuk merubah filsafat ber pikir kekurangan dari
semacam ini dan mengaplikasikannya dalam kehidupan masyarakat tani untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan
setiap hari memerlukan berbagai inter vensi dari semua mempertahankan hidupnya, namun disisi lain mereka juga
pihak berupa peningkatan pen didikan dan ilmu memiliki kelebihan dan untuk men gurangi pemanfaatan
pengetahuan supaya masyarakat secara perlahan-lahan sumberdaya yang berlebihan pada kegiatan-kegiatan
dapat keluar dari cara berpikir yang kontaminatif yaitu sosial, hal yang dapat dilakukan ialah melalui
magis, mitis, religius dan kultural serta subsisten. kesepakatan adat/peraturan desa untuk mengurangi
Selanjutnya masyarakat petani mulai berpikir logis, konsumsi yang berlebihan pada kegiatan-kegiatan sosial
pragmatis, produktif, berorientasi ke pasar, terbuka adat. Bisa juga melalui gereja dan pemerintah desa.
terhadap teknologi dan informasi, profesional,
menggabungkan antara kekuatan tradisi dan teknologi
baru yang dijiwai oleh nilai-nilai religius dan kultural
Kesetiaan Terhadap Sistem Pertanian
yang positif yang mendukung pembaharuan untuk Tradisional Subsisten Dan Pemanfataan
kehidupan yang lebih baik. Teknologi Pertanian Yang Berorientasi
Persoalan yang kita hadapi sekarang adalah bagaimana Ke Pasar
merubah petani uji coba menuju petani produktif dan
profesional yang berorientasi ke pasar besar. Bagaimana Petani pada daerah intervensi CARE Internasional pada
masyarakat mengaplikasikan semua ilmu dan petunjuk tahun 2001–2005 masih didominasi oleh sistim pertanian
yang baik yang pernah diajarkan oleh pemerintah maupun tradisional lahan kering yang dikenal dengan sistim tebas
CARE Internasional Indo nesia dalam berbagai program bakar, jarang bahkan tidak memakai pupuk non organik.
dan kegiatan mulai dari tahun 1999 pada saat situasi Jenis tanaman pangan didominasi oleh tanaman jagung,
emergensi sampai seka rang dengan mulai secara bertahap padi, kacang kacangan, ubi-ubian dan pisang. Semua
menuju masa tran sisi dan pengembangan/development. tanaman pangan tersebut bersifat subsisten, berorientasi
Beberapa aplikasi yang telah dilaksanakan masyarakat pada kebutuhan pangan keluarga dan hanya sebagian
sebagai perwujudan dari berbagai ilmu pengetahuan yang kecil yang disisihkan untuk kebutuhan pasar. Teknologi
diajarkan secara partisipatif bersama masyarakat, antara yang diterapkan oleh CARE adalah teknologi tepat guna
lain seperti: berupa pupuk bokasi, jarak tanam, pemilihan bibit,
• Pemakaian pupuk bokasi untuk sayur mayur yang masih persiapan lahan dan pengukuran daya tumbuh. Sistim
diterapkan di Welolon Kecamatan Rinhat. pertanian ini dikenal dengan nama LEISA (Low External
Permasalahan yang dihadapi ialah tidak ada Input and Sustainable Agriculture).
keberlanjutan program/kegiatan karena waktu Walaupun ada pengakuan petani uji coba pada lahan
pendampingan yang dilakukan CARE dirasa sangat sayur-sayuran dan lahan padi bahwa teknologi yang
singkat. Sedangkan produktivitas yang rendah diterapkan cukup efektif untuk meningkatkan produksi
disebabkan oleh kecilnya areal tanam (satu keluarga 2 dibandingkan dengan sistim pertanian tradi sional, namun
bedeng untuk lahan sayur dan tanaman ketekunan petani untuk terus memakai teknologi ini
jagung hanya ⋅ hektar atau paling besar ⋅ hektar), belum maksimal bahkan terhenti setelah proyek selesai.
Kalaupun diterapkan hanya sebatas pada lahan yang tidak
disamping itu pemasaran yang tidak prospektif, luas yakni untuk sayur-sayuran.
infrastruktur belum memadai, petani tidak mempunyai
64
Dalam upaya pemberdayaan petani, CARE Inter dapat dilihat baik dari pihak petani, pemerintah maupun
nasional menerapkan sistim pertanian intensif dan petani CARE dapat dijelaskan di bawah ini.
uji coba. Perluasan dan pemanfaatan teknologi tepat guna Masyarakat petani dampingan masih lebih setia pada
yang dialihkan ke petani melalui beberapa pelatihan, studi sistim pertanian tradisional yang subsisten karena
banding dan praktek lapangan untuk usaha pemberdayaan berbagai alasan, seperti kondisi alam yang ber batu, iklim
petani/sekolah lapang tani telah dilakukan oleh CARE yang tidak menentu dan kemarau panjang menyebabkan
tetapi penerapan dan pemanfaatannya merupakan para petani enggan untuk bertani secara profesional.
keputusan petani. Upaya maksimal telah dilakukan, tetapi Lahan pertanian yang diolah sempit dan ditanami dengan
kehidupan petani masih belum berubah secara signifikan berbagai tanaman seh inggga hasilnya yang dipanen tidak
teru tama setelah proyek selesai. Beberapa hambatan yang maksimal. Petani tidak biasa ditantang untuk berpikir
keras dan berbuat maksimal untuk kehidupan mereka. Pemerintah dan CARE dan mitra kerja yang lain
Kegiatan perta nian yang dilakukan berorientasi sempit senantiasa mendorong masyarakat untuk maju seka ligus
yakni hanya untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga sendiri dan menjadi perencana masa depan mereka sendiri melalui
sedikit kelebihan untuk pasar. Banyak tanah yang berbagai kegiatan nyata yang terukur, baik secara
dianggap sebagai lahan tidur, padahal bukan lahannya kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Beberapa contoh kegiatan
yang tidur tetapi petaninya yang masih tidur dan enggan dalam gambar menunjukkan betapa besar perhatian dan
bekerja keras kata Pater Piet Salu, SVD yang tidak henti- karya nyata yang telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan
henti memberi contoh nyata tentang upaya membangun CARE serta lembaga lainnya.
kesejahateraan petani.
Permasalahan-permasalahan lain yang dihadapi oleh
pemerintah dan LSM adalah:
Konsistensi Dan Keberlanjutan
• Terjadinya perubahan perilaku masyarakat; dengan Program Dalam Kehidupan Petani
adanya berbagai bantuan dari pemerintah dan LSM, Setelah Proyek Selesai
maka sebagian besar masyarakat berubah perilaku
menjadi bergantung terhadap kekuatan luar, menunggu Persoalan utama yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah dan
bantuan, sifat gotong royong menjadi semakin setiap lembaga bantuan kemanusian ialah keberlan jutan
berkurang bahkan hilang. program setelah proyek berakhir. Mekanisme yang sedang
• Rasa memiliki dan bertanggung jawab terhadap dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan CARE serta LSM lainnya
fasilitas-fasilitas umum menjadi berkurang, apalagi ialah melalui peningkatan koordi nasi dan melibatkan
memeliharanya dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya masyarakat mulai dari perenca naan, pelaksanaan,
sendiri. pengawasan dan evaluasi program/kegiatan. Hal ini
• Kehadiran pengungsi eks Timur Timur di Kabupaten kelihatannya sangat ideal, tetapi diakui bahwa dalam
Belu menambah beban dan menjadikan masalah prakteknya terkadang tidak seperti yang diharapkan yang
pembangunan di Kabupaten Belu semakin kompleks disebabkan antara lain sebagai berikut:
walaupun harus diakui pula bahwa kehadiran mereka • Koordinasi antar berbagai pihak masih kurang, sehingga
juga menjadi potensi pembangunan yakni penggerak terkesan ada program/kegiatan yang berjalan sendiri-
ekonomi lokal. sendiri, masih ada ego sector.
• Kehadiran beberapa LSM dengan berbagai program dan • Tanggung jawab terhadap suatu program/kegiatan dari
kegiatannya terkadang menimbulkan masyarakat masih rendah.
masalah baru, karena tidak dikoordinasikan secara baik • Keberlanjutan dari suatu program/kegiatan belum
dengan pemerintah setempat. terlaksana dengan baik, karena ketergantungan
Menghadapi situasi dan kondisi seperti ini, maka masyarakat terhadap bantuan pemerintah dan LSM
pemerintah Kabupaten Belu dan CARE Internasional masih tinggi.
maupun LSM lainnya bersepakat untuk tidak henti • Pendampingan terhadap masyarakat masih kurang,
hentinya membangun kesadaran masyarakat tani dengan kalaupun ada masih dalam waktu yang singkat
berbagai program dan kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan sehingga mereka merasa belum mampu mandiri.
pertanian, kesehatan, pendidikan dan sektor-sektor • Orientasi proyek lebih bersifat bantuan material tanpa
lainnya tanpa meninggalkan peles tarian lingkungan dibarengi dengan ketrampilan yang memadai untuk
hidup. menjaga keberlanjutannya.
65
• Lama periode suatu proyek tidak berbanding lurus • Pembangunan mental digali dari akar budaya
dengan dampak/ketrampilan dan pengetahuan yang masyarakat setempat untuk kemudian secara perlahan
harus diambil over oleh petani. mengubah cara berpikir dan berbuat yang baru.
• Titik orientasi dan penekanan berbeda dari semua pihak • Orientasi perluasan volume usaha dan peningkatan
setelah proyek selesai. jaringan kerja serta pemasaran.
• Tidak banyak inisiatif yang bersifat mandiri terutama • Petani subsisten tidak dapat dipertahankan lagi dalam
menyangkut biaya pemeliharaan, keberlanjutan dari era globalisasi yang kompetitif.
masyarakat dan pemerintah termasuk LSM • Kerjasama Pemerintah, LSM dan masyarakat dengan
• Donor trend terus berubah dan memfokuskan pada pembagian tugas yang jelas, transparan dan
proyek-proyek yang baru. profesional.
• Pendidikan masyarakat masih rendah (30,28%) • Berpikir keras dan bekerja keras untuk menerapkan
berpendidikan SD (Sumber Data Pokok Kabupaten teknologi dan inovasi.
Belu, tahun 2005). • Meningkatkan daya saing demi kemandirian dan
menumbuhkan kepercayaan diri semakin tinggi. •
Tanggap dan responsif terhadap setiap tanda jaman baik
Kesimpulan Dan Saran informasi dan teknologi.
• Koordinasi perlu ditingkatkan antar dan lintas sector
dan semua komponen lainnya yang terpadu oleh pemerintah dan LSM.
• Pemberdayaan lembaga adat, pemanfaatan potensi dan • Perencanaan sistim partisipatif, transparan dan
sumberdaya lokal. konsisten.
• Pengambilalihan keberlanjutan program dan proyek • Joint monitoring dan indikator sukses bersama.
harus dapat dituangkan dalam satu manajemen sistim
66
rural
Higher education experience in rural
development James D. Adam1

Abstract
Artha Wacana Christian University is a private higher education institution in East Nusa Tenggara province.
The university has a specific program focused on rural development through field studies. It is an
interdisciplinary program that is compulsory for all students. The program is conducted once a year at some
villages in a number of districts in East Nusa Tenggara province.
Some approaches applied to support the rural development field study program include the indigenous
knowledge approach, interpersonal relationship approach, group behaviour approach and participatory rural
approach. Since the program began in 1990 improvements have occurred in a number of key areas,
including knowledge and skills of the people, the community economic system, education, infrastructure
development, and community performance and cultural aspects.
The objective of the field study program is to give students the chance to learn from the community and
put classroom theory into practice in the field. The greatest difficulties in implementing the program are
changing community attitudes towards more appropriate practice, and changing ways of thinking to accept
new changes.
Pengalaman perguruan tinggi dalam

pembangunan pedesaan
1a
James D. Adam
Abstrak
Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana adalah Perguruan Tinggi swasta di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur.
Universitas ini memiliki program khusus yang berfokus pada pembangunan pedesaan melalui program studi
lapangan. Program tersebut merupakan mata kuliah wajib bagi seluruh mahasiswa/i-nya. Program ini
diselenggarakan sekali dalam setahun pada beberapa pedesaan dari beberapa kabupaten di Propinsi Nusa
Tenggara Timur.
Beberapa metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam mendukung program tersebut adalah; pendekatan
dengan pemahaman penduduk asli, pendekatan hubungan antar penduduk, pendekatan tingkah laku
kelompok, pendekatan keterlibatan di pedesaan. Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana memiliki berbagai
pengalaman sejak tahun 1990 di mana dimulainya program tersebut.
1
Artha Wacana Christian University, Kupang. Email:
1a
Universistas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang. Email:
67
Pengalaman yang menjadi perhatian utama adalah pada pengetahuan dan keahlian penduduk, sistem
ekonomi masyarakat, perkembangan pendidikan dan sarana serta menghadapi aspek budaya dan cara kerja
masyarakat.
Tujuan dari program studi lapangan adalah utuk dapat memberikan kesempatan yang lebih banyak pada
mahasiswa/i untuk belajar dari masyarakat dan berbagi pengetahuan yang telah mereka pelajari di ruang
kelas dalam teori dan mempraktekannya di lapangan. Pengalaman yang sulit setelah beberapa kali
penyelenggaraan program ini adalah: Merubah tingkah laku masyarakat untuk dapat mengambil jalan yang
lebih pantas, dan proses perubahan pola pikir untuk menerima perubahan baru.
Introduction with a focus on rural study. The objective of this program

is to encourage students to implement and develop their
The mission of the Artha Wacana Christian Univer sity, knowledge in the context of society. The field study
Kupang, is to deliver the word of God through the program is an interdiscipli nary program and includes all
education system. This is the main responsibility of the students from different faculties. The program is
university towards communities and churches but there conducted in six districts in East Nusa Tenggara province,
are many community programs offered, one of them being namely Kupang City, District of Kupang, District of Rote
the ‘Field Study Program’. This program is offered once a Ndao, District of Middle South of Timor, District of Alor
year from July to September. As part of the program and District of East Sumba. The students are placed in 67
students have 2 months of activities in a village. loca tions (villages), with 8–12 students at each loca tion.
The field study program is a component of the Core
Scientific Patterns of Artha Wacana Christian University,
Alternative approaches Experience since the year 2000 has indicated a number of
changes in the condition of rural commu nities:
The following approaches are used to support the • Almost all field study locations are accessible. •
program in the community: Education, knowledge and community skills are
• indigenous knowledge approach improving with better education methods, improved
• interpersonal relationship approach technology and communication systems, and other skills
• group behaviour approach development programs supported by government and
• participatory rural appraisal. NGOs.
• Areas of potential have been developed although simple
methods based on traditional management are still
Past experience being used.
• There is increasing economic activity supported by
Many field conditions faced in this program before the
government with most people able to apply economic
year 2000 were different from those later. Pre 2000
principles to daily activities; for example, empowering
experiences included the following: • Some field study
business groups through revolving fund programs, and
locations were inaccessible.
the development of a social economy program.
• Community understanding, knowledge and skills were
• Infrastructure support programs, such as on
very limited. It was observed that there were increasing
transportation, are improving.
numbers of children who were poorly educated
• Agriculture, livestock and forestry had potential to
support community life, but these were not well Challenges
developed.
• The community’s economic system was subsistence- The greatest difficulties facing the program are: •
based, not for economic production. • Infrastructure and changing community attitudes so as to embrace more
other support facilities were limited. appropriate practices
• changing ways of thinking to accept change.
Current experience
68
Conclusion development programs, has to be well prepared to accept

programs from government and others. If they are to
All stakeholders (public and private sectors, higher benefit, rural communities themselves must understand,
education institutions, NGOs) need to address the core accept and apply development programs, so it is
challenges in order to move towards integrated rural important to build these programs from the bottom up.
development. The community, as the object of
69
rural
Integrated development for rural communities

in East Nusa Tenggara: an overview of the role
of higher education institutes
1
Urbanus Ola
Abstract
The paper examines the role of higher education institutes (HEIs) in addressing rural development and
chronic poverty issues in NTT. While it is recognised that HEIs have a major role to play in lecturing and
educating, research and community outreach/services, in reality the HEIs, especially the private institutes,
have limited funding resources available to undertake substantial long-term programs. On the basis of the
Universitas Katholik Widya Mandira’s experience, it is suggested that the contribution of HEIs to rural
development in NTT requires (1) a comprehensive ‘village data bank’ to inform more focused and targeted
programs, (2) more integrative, ‘bottom up’ approaches involving all community sectors, and (3) sustainable
long-term funding and resourcing.
Pembangunan terpadu untuk masyarakat

pedesaan di Nusa Tenggara Timur: tinjauan
terhadap dinamika institusi perguruan tinggi
1a
Urbanus Ola
Abstrak
Makalah ini menggali peran Institusi Perguruan Tinggi (IPT) dalam isu perkembangan daerah pedesaan dan
penanggulangan kemiskinan yang berkepanjangan di NTT. Meskipun sudah ada pemahaman bahwasanya
IPT berperan besar dalam dunia pendidikan, penelitian dan pelayanan-pelayanan terhadap masyarakat, akan
tetapi IPT, dan terlebih-lebih institusi swasta, jarang yang memiliki sumber dana untuk program-program
yang besar dan jangka panjang. Pengalaman yang dapat dipetik dari Universitas Katholik Widya Mandira,
sepertinya kontribusi dari IPT terhadap perkembangan desa di NTT membutuhkan (1) Database desa,
pengumpulan data desa yang akan menjadi dasar untuk mengarahkan program yang lebih terfokus dan tepat
sasaran, (2) Pendekatan yang lebih terpadu dan dengan dorongan dari bawah ‘bottom up’ yang melibatkan
semua lapisan masyarakat, dan (3) Pendanaan dalam waktu jangka panjang dan berkesinambungan.
1 1a
Indonesia Research and Community Service Institute, Widya Institut Penelitian dan Pelayanan Masyarakat, Universitas
Mandira Catholic University, Kupang, NTT. Katholik Widya Mandira, Kupang, NTT.
70
Introduction and business incubator programs, among others. Based on

that varied experience we should be able to answer the
The spirit and willingness to assist with development of questions:
rural communities in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and 1. What are the main problems facing rural communities
Indonesia in general, is not a new issue. A number of in NTT?
empirical facts illustrate this. First, our national and 2. What types of programs have been undertaken to
regional governments have a stated focus on developing address those issues?
rural society. Efforts for devel oping the capacities of
3. What are the key results and conclusions?
rural people and communities engage government at
various levels, together with NGOs (local and
international) and higher education institutes (HEIs). Problems facing rural communities in
Second, the progress of rural inhabitants is a core issue NTT
for the political leadership. This emanates from the
understanding that rural development—many rural areas NTT consists of many islands and covers an area of
of Indonesia would be characterised as underdeveloped— 2
47,350 km in eastern Indonesia. This area has a semi arid
is a mainstay of the political agenda and a national climate with marked seasonal rainfall distribu tion. The
responsibility. On the other hand, sometimes the attention topography comprises hilly, rugged terrain mostly covered
given by government to this issue appears to be only by savanna and, due to the dry cli mate, marginal
political rhetoric. farmland. In 2005, it is estimated the population
Notably, this buoyant spirit and intention for rural comprised 4,372,000 people spread over 15 districts and
development has been a long-term preoccupation of all one municipality. Most of the popula tion relies on
parties. The HEIs have launched various programs — farming. Provincial statistics published in 2005 indicate
directly or indirectly—for developing village com that the average gross income is Rp2,248,323 per person,
munities and their inhabitants. Those programs have which is very low by national standards. These physical
included research programs, investigation-action and demographic
(kaji-tindak), field-action-study, community out reach
Table 1. Estimated number of poor residents in NTT, 2003 and 2004
No. District Year 2003 2004

Population (’000) Poor (’000) % Population (’000) Poor (’000) %
1 South Central Manggarai) Kota – 155.7 400.5 83 28.2

2 Timor Kupang – 29.6 204.4 109.0 53.1
3 North Central Total 255.5 52.8 343.8 149.5 27.8
4 Timor 382.2 4,073.2 28.82 1,165.9 168.6 1,152.1
5 Belu 195.3 67.8 43.78 41.55 98.1 42.04 40.32
6 Alor 430.2 81.2 35.42 37.43 215.3 32.68 37.38
7 Lembata 395.7 116.6 29.82 20.66 276.1 30.65 20.51
8 Flores Timur 201.2 148.1 28.22 33.30 293.5 62.7 29.06 34.56
9 (East Flores) 334.4 60.0 15.81 20.43 238.9 70.4 15.35 19.20
10 11 12 13 14 Sikka 165.6 69.1 21.91 15.09 667.3 48.7 20.86 15.54
15 16 Ende 96.6 46.7 32.82 29.18 103.5 33.5 31.41 27.45
Sumba Barat Ngada 213.6 32.2 29.51 11.25 262.7 33.1 29.13 10.65
(West Sumba) Manggarai 274.5 33.8 28.62 257.6 53.0 27.86
Sumba Timur Roter Ndao 236.6 56.1 390.0 49.6
4,139.2
(East Sumba) Manggarai Barat 237.2 51.8 198.7 164.3 37.3
Kupang (West 597.2 35.8 332.8 151.5
Source: BPS NTT (NTT Dalam Angka 2005)
71
conditions, as well as other factors, underlie the main are calamities that add to the causes of pov erty. Over the
problem facing the people of this province: poverty. past 5 years, there have been two kinds of disasters
Other problems facing NTT urban and rural com munities confronting the region: (1) natural disas ters such as
landslides, earthquakes, storms and (2) human-caused The HEIs in the NTT are committed to rural develop
disasters such as problems associated with refugees, acute ment for the province. There are two main approaches
malnutrition and famine (food shortages). Other factors that have been applied in this endeavour: the physical
such as poor human resources, physical isolation, limited construction and empowerments approach, and non-
infrastructure and access to information exacerbate the physical development. These pro grams are run in line
situation. The regional incidence of poverty in NTT is with the three missions of higher education (Tri Dharma
shown in Table 1. The relative position of NTT as Perguruan Tinggi): (a) lec turing and educating, (b)
measured by the human development index (HDI), research and (c) community outreach services. By
indicates that NTT is ranked 24 out of 26 provinces definition, one might conclude that HEI commitment in
(Table 2). Besides having a low HDI ranking, NTT is also community development relies solely on implementation
known as the ‘calamity province’. of the third mission. This notion is not entirely accurate.
Challenges for higher education In fact, execution of community outreach programs
implies the appli cation of the other two missions.
institutions in rural development in
NTT
Table 2. Human development index for 26 Indonesian provinces, 2005

No. Province Life (years) Years of schooling expenditure (Rp ’000)
expectancy Literacy (%) Yearly HDI
1 16 17 18 19 20 21 Utara Lampung 71 71 69 68 67 68 9.7 7.9 7.8 7.3 7.6 571 567 572 569
2 22 23 24 25 26 Sumatera Barat Sulawesi Tenggara 69 67 66 70 67 68 7.6 7.1 8.0 7.4 6.8 577 579 571 577
3 Jakarta Bali Sulawesi Tengah 65 68 64 66 68 66 6.8 7.2 7.0 6.0 6.8 580 566
4 Yogyakarta Jambi Kalimantan Selatan65 63 61 66 64 64 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.8 7.0 72.5 68.7 66.8 67.3
5 Kalimantan Timur Aceh Jawa Timur 65 58 6.6 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.6 67.2 67.2 66.7 66.6
6 Riau Bengkulu Kalimantan Barat 98 85 94 96 96 97 5.2 65.8 65.7 65.4 65.3
7 Maluku Jawa Tengah East Nusa 95 96 95 83 94 93 593 598 578 580 64.8 64.6 64.6 63.9
8 Sulawesi Utara Jawa Barat Tenggara Papua 93 85 92 93 83 92 577 578 565 569 63.6 63.0 62.9 62.8
9 Kalimantan Sumatera Selatan West Nusa 87 93 93 81 83 81 577 588 574 563 62.2 61.8 60.6 60.4
10 11 12 13 14 15 Tengah Sumatera Sulawesi Selatan Tenggara 71 73 577 584 584 564 58.8 54.2
72
The implementation of the above missions could be the involvement of HEIs in rural development. In
classified generally into two activity models: (a) rural response to the destructive earthquakes befalling NTT
development as an integral part of the higher educa tion during 1992 (in Flores) and 1995 (in Alor), Widya
curriculum and (b) rural development as an extra Mandira Catholic University undertook a study of, and
curricula program. Both students and staff are involved. designed, convulsion-proof housing using local raw
The HEIs finance their rural development pro grams materials. Their design, known as the ‘earthquake-proof
from their own limited budgets and from assistance house’ (rumah tahan gempa), has been used in various
provided through other parties such as government and other earthquake-prone districts, including Sikka, Ende,
NGOs. Physical conditions in NTT demand high outreach Ngada, Flores Timur, and Alor. An example was also
costs; however, institutions have limited budgets given exhibited during the cel ebration of Indonesian
the low economic status of the population, putting rural Independence Day. Construc tion and exhibition of the
development pro grams run by the HEIs, especially the design was aimed at helping rural people build cheap,
private insti tutes, in jeopardy. Quite simply, the comfortable and safe dwellings based on local raw
institutions need greater financial support in order to run materials. How ever, adoption of this innovative
programs involving, and needed by, rural people. This construction design has been disappointing, with many
situation leads to relatively limited involvement of local houses being reconstructed using concrete.
HEIs in physical and human development in rural areas. Another example is an integrated community
Although the importance of rural development is rec development program developed jointly by Widya
ognised by all, it is very difficult to achieve finan cially Mandira Catholic University and UNHCR. This pro
and requires continuous exertions to maintain any large- gram, Program Pertanian Terpadu Lestari (‘Ever lasting
scale programs. farming program’), has involved ex-refugee housewives
The following examples of integrated programs show being resettled in residences in the Belu district. It
involves local government and communi ties, local for development planning and program purposes.
businesses, college teachers and students undertaking a 2. More innovative, integrative approaches need to be
variety of courses with the students developed. Applying partial program approaches such
playing facilitating roles. While this program has been as participative planning models, bottom-up planning,
evaluated as being very successful, attributable largely to as undertaken in rural villages in the Savanna
the level of planning and the involvement of all Flobamora Isles to date, is negligent and futile given
stakeholders, its continuity is uncertain. that they are formally mechanistic. Our experience in
running rural community development programs in
NTT indicates that integrative approaches that
Conclusion empathetically involve all sectors are more effective.
The comments above raise a number of points con Such approaches engender feelings of being ‘in the
cerning the role of HEIs in rural development activi ties same boat’ between the community and project
in NTT: facilitators. The success of the Everlasting Farming
1. Integrated rural development requires the development Program described above demonstrates the
of a ‘village data bank'. Our experiences have shown a effectiveness of this approach.
lack of adequate data for at least the eastern portion of 3. Management of program sustainability is crucial to the
NTT. Information needed includes such factors as long-term success of integrated rural development.
historical background, development issues, economic Along with maintaining adequate funding, the example
potential and the village’s social structure. While the of the development of innovative, cheap, convulsion-
government has collected data on other aspects such as proof housing provides a salutary lesson. While this
the number of villages, population demography, building program was found to be readily accepted by
administrative borders and other artificial data, to date the community, the actions of government and other
there has been no serious investigation of these other community leaders in replacing these with concrete
important aspects in order to develop village profiles structures undermined the broader credibility of the
program in the longer term.
73
rural
Community assistance experience in the Aemau

watershed—Aesesa catchment, Ngada, Flores
1 2
Josef Maan and Paskalis Nai
Abstract
An innovative approach to catchment-based management and development has been implemented since
1997 in the Aesesa watershed, Ngada (central Flores). The paper describes the three main approaches
adopted to date, including the development of participatory, community-based partnerships involving local
communities, local government and the NGO sector. In recent years, the program has focused particularly
on developing community capacity in the Aemau sub-watershed through community-based planning,
development of sustainable agroforestry and agricultural enterprises and associated land management,
development of affordable credit facilities, and building of local governance institutions.
Pengalaman pendampingan masyarakat di sub das

Aemau-das Aesesa, Ngada Flores
1a 2a
Josef Maan dan Paskalis Nai
Abstrak
Inovasi pendekatan terhadap pengelolaan berbasis DAS dan pembangunan yang telah terimplementasi sejak
tahun 1997 di aliran sungai dataran tinggi Aesesa, Ngada (Flores tengah). Makalah ini mendiskripsikan tiga
pendekatan utama yang di jalankan hingga saat ini, termasuk pengembangan partisipatori, kerjasama
berbasis kemasyarakatan yang melibatkan penduduk setempat, Pemerintah setempat, dan sector LSM. Di
tahun belakangan ini, program yang diselenggarakan berfokus pada pembangunan kapasitas masyarakat di
Aemau sub-dataran tinggi, melalui perencanaan berbasis kemasyarakatan, pembangunan wana tani
berkelanjuatan dan usaha pertanian serta yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan tanah, pengembangan fasilitas
kredit yang dapat terjangkau, dan pembangunan institusi pemerintahan setempat.
1 1a
Yayasan Mitra Tani Mandiri (YMTM), Bajawa, NTT, Koordinator Yayasan Mitra Tani Mandiri di Ngada, Flores.
Indonesia. 2a
Koordinator Studio Driya Media Kupang. Email:
2 Studio Driya Media, Bajawa, NTT, Indonesia. Email: <[email protected]>.
74
Introduction 1997. This watershed has become a

major focus since it is the second largest watershed in
The paper reports on community-based development NTT, with very low annual rainfall over a 3–4 month
work conducted as a partnership between two non period. The watershed is the main water source for wet
government organisations, Yayasan Mitra Tani Mandiri rice field irrigation in Mbay, which is one of the major
(YMTM) and Studio Driya Media (SDM), with other key rice-growing areas in Flores. The Aesesa watershed
stakeholders in the Aesesa catchment of Ngada, central comprises five sub-watersheds of which Aemau is the
Flores. YMTM is a non-profit organisation that was largest and the driest. In 2002, the total Aesesa population
established in 1997. The vision of the organisation is to comprised 3,996 families or 21,002 people, with 9,839
empower and improve the lives of men and women males and 11,163 females.
within more marginal rural communities, while The Aemau sub-watershed covers 15 villages,
conserving and preserving natural resources through comprising nine villages in subdistrict Aesesa, three in
sustainable development and partnership. SDM was subdistrict Boawae and three in subdistrict Nanga roro
formed in 1995 to support community-based sharing, (Figure 1). This area is home for at least 316 households
networking and collabo rative learning through the or an estimated 5,798 people, who depend on this
development of appro priate media in Nusa Tenggara. watershed as their main source of water, especially for
Both organisations are concerned with community-based rice production and other agri culture-based livelihoods.
resource man agement, as part of the broader Nusa Formal education of the population generally does not
Tenggara Com munity Development Consortium extend beyond primary school. Ninety-eight per cent are
(KPMNT). farmers and 2% are teachers, small traders and others.
YMTM has been assisting community develop ment in Communities are organised culturally in tribes, of which
the Aesesa watershed, Kabupaten Ngada, Flores, since the largest is the Rendu tribe comprising five villages.
Figure 1. Aemau sub-watershed catchment area
75
Currently the Aemau watershed is said to be in a – credit cooperatives / Urban Basic Services for the
critical condition as water that originates from the Poor (UBSPs) (bookkeeping training and assistance,
headwaters of the Aesesa watershed has almost dried up. administrative and institutional)
Land cover is mainly open grassland with land infertility – home enterprises (ginger, morinda syrup, coarse grass
and erosion commonplace. About 70% of the Aemau sub- / thatching, carrots and cashew nuts) – commodities
watershed is barren savanna vegeta tion, which is mostly marketing (cashew, candle nut) • strengthening farmer
in a critical condition. Trees are rare, occurring mostly in group institutions, UBSPs, cooperation and farmer
areas near streams. The landscape is seasonally arid and forums (training and developing organisation
comprises sedimen tary rock with a thin layer of surface management, monetary, advocacy, lobbying stakeholders)
soil. Soils are readily eroded because of steep terrain (30– • advocacy policy (government policy development and
40% slopes), annually recurrent burning and the impact of practice control, facilitating local policy establishment)
free-ranging livestock (cattle, goats). Clean water supply • local government levies facilitating participative
for the communities is limited and is normally in bottom establishment of local-based policies, participative
slope locations. Farmers use traditional methods that are local budgeting and local temporary plans
typically short-term oriented. • facilitating participative studies (land, tribe, GIS, fire
management).
Program
Program approach
To address catchment management problems, YMTM
Ngada has been developing programs since 1997 using a Individual/farm approach (1997–1999)
strategic program approach. Integrated development
programs in the Aemau sub-watershed, Aesesa watershed, Field staff approached people or farms individu ally,
are aimed at: explaining the aims and benefits of the program, training,
• sustainable agriculture/agroforestry through: – land family discussion, practice and continuing assistance. This
conservation development—applying liquid fertilisers, approach was effective because farmers could understand
adding organic substances to the soil, using compost benefits to their farming practices and could seek
and organic pesticides – developing long-lived plant assistance with any prob lems. The result is reflected in
crops—forestry, plantation, horticulture ongoing farming appli cation, with those farmers, in
– vegetable gardens, from land preparation to general, becoming farmer ‘activators’ or program
postharvest ‘motivators’ for others. For example, farming
– cattle livestock enterprises—fattening up and development is ongoing at 3–8 farms per village in 17
breeding villages assisted. Cur rently YMTM has 30 farmer
• developing economic enterprises: activators, most of whom are local government staff from
the Local Plan ning Board and the Local Community and evaluation issues; leadership; collaboration; enterprise
Endurance Institution. Problems faced in this approach analysis; and critical legal education. In order to
include labour, time and high costs, as well as relatively strengthen existing groups, establishment of the UBSPs
slow reaction time. However, the approach is cost- (Credit Cooperative Community base) was facilitated.
effective when community demand is high. Through this body farmers could either loan or save
money to support their enterprise. Meetings were
Group approach (1999–2003) conducted every month to monitor transactions, evaluate
activities, plan and discuss other problems and issues.
Rather then creating new groups, YMTM operated To support UBSPs in relation to maintaining cash flow,
within existing village groups (such as the Woe and YMTM facilitated economic enterprise develop ment in
Hamparan groups), neighbourhood groups and other less- cash crops such as ginger, coarse grass / thatch, carrots,
developed district groups. YMTM’s role was to morinda syrup, cashew nuts, cattle livestock and
strengthen existing groups by delivering training vegetable garden development. Through the above
assistance in areas such as group dynamics; adminis activities and by weaving, a regular cash flow for the
trative and financial bookkeeping; constitution, plan ning monthly support of UBSPs was created.
76
As a result of this approach groups were able to support surrounding areas because various problems cannot be
organisational costs, enterprise development and capital solved by one village on its own, e.g. fire management
management by themselves. There were 125 assisted and free-ranging livestock management.
farmer groups. Of these, 76 groups (61%) were • Participative government policy evaluation aimed to
categorised as stand-alone, meaning they were able to discover whether policies of local government, district
continue without further assistance. On average there was agencies and government actually support or hinder
Rp2–4 million capital for farmer groups and Rp6–70 watershed management.
million for UBSPs. The total number of UBSP-facilitated • Plenary multi-party planning workshops were
groups is also 76. Despite successes, there were also undertaken at district level, involving departments,
problems. Access to capital was very difficult as each organisations, agencies, heads of subdistricts (camat),
group worked separately, so the need for a new program NGOs, and community and religious leaders. Findings
became apparent. from these workshops result in the multi-party plan to
be followed up by agencies and NGOs. To enable
Collaboration PSABM – sub-watershed commitment, mutual agreement is established and
Aemau approach (2003 to date) endorsed by nine village chiefs, three heads of
subdistricts, head of the district and an NGO
In 2002 YMTM started developing a wider and more representative.
integrated approach than the group approach described • Networks were developed between the community and
above. The Community-based Integrated Watershed the multi-party level. A FORPELDAS (Watershed
Management Approach (CIWMA) was finalised in 2003. Environment Care Forum) multi-party group has been
This is a community-based collab orative initiative for created at community level as a monitoring body. This
managing the Aesesa watershed, starting with the Aemau forum has nine village representative members and nine
sub-watershed. village chiefs. At the multi-party level, a forum has
The district Ngada Government, through the been formed that is coordinated by the Bupati (head of
Department of Forestry and BAPPEDA (the regional district) and BAPPEDA (Badan Perencanaan
planning board), YMTM and community leaders with Pembangunan Daerah, Planning Board). Monitoring
support from the non-government organisations VECO and meetings are conducted regularly both by
and VSO and world neighbours, established the Aemau FORPELDAS and multi-party forums. FORPELDAS
program. The following main activities have been conducts monitoring every month, meetings every 3
conducted since 2003: months and meetings with the multi-party forums every
• An initial community, social, economic, participative 6 months.
evaluation identified problems and potential solutions. • Work was done to integrate the Watershed Management
These were then assessed at neighbourhood, village and Plan with government development planning
Aemau sub-watershed levels. mechanisms and the activities of NGOs. These plans
• Planning workshops produced village-level plans that are to be brought to Musrenbangdes (Village
could be run by local communities without external Development Plan meetings), Musrenbangcam
assistance. (Subdistrict Development Plan meetings) and
• Workshops were conducted at the Aemau sub watershed Musrenbangda (District Development Plan meetings).
level to develop inter-village level planning. Such Team executives were reminded of the Aemau sub-
planning requires collaboration between villages and watershed plan during the consultation process for the
development of BAPPEDA budget allocations. from one farmer’s refusal to follow a sustainable
• Participative evaluations supported Aemau sub agricultural program without knowing his rights.
watershed management. These included: – an – GIS mapping, which has been done in some areas,
evaluation of rights of ownership and land especially prior to undertaking agroforestry.
management in Rendu tribe (five villages). This – implementation of fire management and research
evaluation includes investigating the possibility of activities. This research has included fire prevention,
dividing tribal land and the management rights especially in relation to agricultural and agroforestry
between the members—an investigation stemming plots; group
77
strengthening; use of local forest plant species; and NGOs, which is creating trust and support between
planning benefits using GIS. them.
• Relationships between government and NGOs is
improving, opening opportunities to establish wider
Strategic assistance program collaboration.
In order to support the program, YMTM has devel oped • Communities see collaboration between NGOs and
strategic approaches as follows: government as demonstrating unity. • Egocentric
• allocating staff and developing cadre (farmer activators) emphasis is decreasing because of existing mutual
in new villages to encourage the community to develop programs between government, NGOs and other
their enterprises with the possibility that staff can be institutions.
reallocated to different villages. Meanwhile cadres will
be trained so that in future they can assistant groups or Problems and challenges
villages. YMTM experience during stays with the community in
• periodic supervision. Villages that have passed the first building programs to support watershed manage ment and
phase and are able to manage their own program will community livelihood in the Aemau sub watershed has
have periodic scheduled supervision identified a number of problems and challenges,
• capacity support. Activities conducted through training, including:
periodic inter-village meetings and visits that increase • Farmers who are program motivators have a limited
knowledge, competence and confidence in capacity to influence other communities (their
communicating with external parties will have positive influence is limited to groups and inter groups within
impacts on local enterprises their own village).
• media support. Media plays a big role as a tool to • There is limited capacity and power of the
deliver information effectively. Existing media FORPELDAS committee and members at a regional
experience has been collated to further extend useful level, which creates difficulties in assisting with cross-
collaborative concepts. village plans or for the Aemau sub-watershed region.
• networking in order to strengthen community rights • The program’s potential for increasing community
struggles and to exchange information not only among livelihoods in the Aemau sub-watershed are limited to
farmers but also with other stakeholders assisted farmer and UBSP groups.
• joint evaluation and planning. This is the best strategy • Realisation of the program planned in the Aemau sub-
for building commitment since members feel they own watershed depends on external parties because of a lack
the program. Through this process groups and of funding by villages and local governments.
communities are able to discuss developments and
achievement each 6 or 12 months. Future Aemau sub-watershed and Aesesa
watershed strategic management
Lessons
As mentioned earlier, during development of the Aemau
• Having YMTM personnel living with communities is sub-watershed program there have been suc cesses as well
good for the development and implementation of as challenges and barriers. A need for new strategies able
mutual programs. to improve management of the Aemau sub-watershed was
• High participation between the community and agencies indicated. We would like to offer the following strategies
during evaluation builds understanding and mutual for the future. We need to: • strengthen village
commitment. government as a central
• There are changes in knowledge and the abilities development and management platform for the Aemau
necessary facilitate the watershed management system. sub-watershed (Act. No 32, Provincial Autonomy). For
• Self-supporting communities support watershed this, the following activities are required:
management activities from evaluation to inter village – facilitate participative mapping and planning land
meetings. Communities feel that programs are theirs. management supported by GIS
• Financial management is open to government and
78
– facilitate work plans with a land mapping follow-up nical working group where community member
– build an agreement or inter-community and inter- involvement within all the processes at all stages is
village rules to bind communities into implementing evident. One success of this approach, aside from
work plans community involvement, was the acceptance of the
– facilitate external funding (government and overseas) development plans by local government and their
that can be managed by the villages themselves. integration into the government planning system.
• strengthen and increase the number of farmer activators. Lessons drawn from the approaches used by YMTM
Leader cadres can be built through training, continued (from individual to area-based) include: • The farmer-to-
assistance and individually approaching farmer farmer approach helped the
activators. progress of community participation and helped
• expand the area of impact of the sustainable farming stimulate the formation of farmer groups in the
program to increase community livelihoods as well as villages. Also, individual farmers were left with
conserve the Aemau sub watershed and support fire concrete benefits from participating in the program,
management such as permanent agroforestry land, a small increase
• strengthen farm group institutions and UBSPs as bodies in income as an effect of increased production, and an
for program implementation. increase in participation during village planning,
• facilitate the village financial body as a UBSP central training workshops etc.
body. A UBSP is a body to assist the community in • The group approach encouraged the development of
accessing capital and a cooperative body to market micro-level partnerships. Presently the Aesesa
community commodities. watershed is at the crossroads of a sector-based
• strengthen FORPELDAS as an inter-farmer approach and a collaborative, participative,
coordinating body acting as an advocacy body at community-based and integrated program where all the
district level. stakeholders (such as the local government, the
• increase the use of the multi-party forum as a body to community, and local and international NGOs) play an
coordinate the Aemau sub-watershed and Aesesa important role. The local government’s commitment
watershed management plan with assistance from and support has been crucial, as has been the
government and NGOs integration of results from the community assessments
• focus on and expand the use of media for information into government planning and budgeting.
and instruction in order to increase community and Despite these developments, many challenges remain.
stakeholder knowledge, as well as to document Community organisations (e.g. farmer groups, people’s
experience to be shared among communities. forums and village government) remain weak and some
traditional structures (adat) are unsupportive of
sustainable development. The participation and the role of
Conclusions women arestill not regarded as important and
collaboration among vil lages needs to be strengthened.
For addressing critical livelihood and environmental
Local government policies supporting collaborative,
management issues facing villagers living in the Aesesa
integrated and community-based natural resource
catchment of central Flores, key participative activities
management are still weak. There is also limited funding,
have been carried out from the beginning. These include
and local NGOs and donors use short-term project-based
participatory rural appraisal, participa tory planning,
approaches despite the fact that the development of
participatory policy research and the development of the
collaborative multi-stakeholder processes requires long-
most essential groups, such as forums for local people, a
term commitment and support.
multi-stakeholder tech
79
rural
Activities of NGOs in East Nusa Tenggara
province: an overview of Alfa Omega’s experience
1 2
Sofia Malelak-de Haan and Alberthina Riwu-de Queljoe
Abstract
In this paper we describe some of the characteristics of Yayasan Alfa Omega (YAO) and its work for the
poor and marginalised in the rural areas of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT).
Development as a matter of ethics. At the root of development is poverty alleviation and improving the
livelihoods of the poor. Poverty may lead to individuals or communities becoming demoralised due to a
failed harvest, poor supplies of food, hunger and isolation from the seat of political power. These factors
combine to make the poor vulnerable. Intervention is needed to improve the conditions for those living in
poverty, for humane and ethical reasons. YAO has tried to promote development through direct action
targeted at the micro or local level with direct benefits for the poorest people. This approach is flexible and
incorporates authentic participation, utilising local skills and knowledge, and local policy. Development is
based on freedom, ‘freedom from’ and ‘freedom to’. This is a new paradigm contrasting the more
conventional technocratic and bureaucratic approaches. YAO implements its service and community
development programs through education and training to build capacity in the villages so that the
community becomes the agent of reform, starting with changes in thinking and influencing changes in
behaviour.
Church solidarity toward poverty. YAO is an agency of the Christian Evangelical Church of Timor
(GMIT) and was formed to deal with disaster responses, working in solidarity with the poorest people who
are often overlooked. YAO is modelled on the work of Jesus, bringing reform to the role of the church in
alleviating poverty. YAO promotes a new paradigm—‘the church that lives’ or gereja yang hidup. The
church brings active change through its members, rather than imposing change from outside. Furthermore,
YAO delivers the church’s teachings through meaningful activities with practical outcomes in many areas.
Consequently, YAO’s movement has brought about the reform of GMIT with activities that promote better
livelihoods.
YAO faces the future. History has been examined to plot a course for the future. In the long term YAO is
directed by spirituality. Future action grows from assessing the present and learning from the past, because
development is a process of social learning for self-improvement, reform of commitment and increased
effectiveness of work. The role of YAO in integrated village development in NTT has been through
development programs based on a holistic approach and a long-term commitment, with the motto Build our
nation from villages. To work effectively together into the future, partnerships are an important component
of building synergistic networks. These are essential for strong and successful implementation of integrated
village development in NTT.
1
Head of Institution Development Division, Yayasan
Alfa Omega.
2
Direktur Yayasan Alfa Omega.
80

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Integrated rural development in East

Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Editors: S. Djoeroemana, B. Myers, J. Russell-Smith, M. Blyth and E.I.T. Salean

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

ACIAR PROCEEDINGS SERIES

© Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571,

Originally printed 2007

ISBN 1 86320 526 8 (print)

Technical editing by Kim Wells, Forestry & Ecology,

Pengaruh sosial budaya masyarakat terhadap produktivitas petani pada daerah

Microcredit in rural development: requirement and recommendations for

ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural MFS microfinance services

Introduction Past investments in IRD for NTT have failed to deliver

the need to integrate activities in the future to achieve and Australia

Past failings Towards success

IRDO Component areas

Integrated agroforestry High Fuel wood of natural forest Fuel wood

Timber processing Construction timber Value-adding products Milling

Management of livestock diseases

Tourism Eco-tourism Agricultural tourism Cultural tourism

Table 3. Integrated rural development opportunity—integrated catchment management

IRDO Component areas

Integrated catchment Cropping according to Sequence crops, e.g. N Subsistence farming

management traditional knowledge or wisdom

Table 4. Constraints to integrated rural development

Constraint area Key constraints

Potential to change through IRD project

Land tenure issues Institutional arrangements Natural Marketing

• establish a small steering committee involving key

Concluding remarks In his introductory comments to session four of the

Pembangunan pedesaan terpadu di Nusa Tenggara

Pengantar IRD) di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), yang diseleng

Kesempatan dan kendala pada fisik, ekonomi dan lin

Area Kelemahan masa lalu Menuju sukses

Tabel 2. Kesempatan untuk pembangunan pedesaan terpadu (IRDO)

IRDO Area komponen

Pengendalian penyakit ternak

Peran wanita dalam pemasaran

Tabel 3. Kesempatan pembangunan pedesaan terpadu—Pengelolaan DAS terpadu (IRDO)

IRDO Wilayah komponen

Memperbaiki persediaan air dankwalitasnya liar

Pengelolaan DAS Pengelolaan aliran Penanaman sesuai Susunan fixation

Tabel 4. Kendala dalam pedesaan desa terpadu

Area kendala Kendala kunci

Sebelas kesempatan pembangunan desa terpadu panen perlu dikaji.

Potensi untuk berubah melalui proyek IRD

Masalah kepemilikan lahan Kapasitas Pengaturan institusional Lingkunagn alam Pemasaran

LOW MENENGAH TINGGI

Pola dan implementasi proyek di Pola dan implementasi proyek Di manipulasi

Ucapan terimah kasih Daftar Pustaka

Integrated rural development based on

Pembangunan pedesaan terintegrasi berbasis

Partnership between East Nusa Tenggara and the

Kerja sama antara Nusa Tenggara Timur dengan

Establishment of the partnership several projects in Indonesia, including projects in NTT.

Tinjauan umum aspek-aspek lingkungan, sosial-

Introduction four aspects: physical environment, sociocultural,

ENVIRONMENTAL Integrated sustainable rural livelihood SOCIOCULTURAL