Prelim Research
Prelim Research
Prelim Research
1:
NAME: SUNGA
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 1 OF 10
ENGR. RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01
Amphibious Aircraft
One of the rarest in the world, Piaggo P136 L1 Royal Gull, is originally certified in
the acrobatic category in Europe but used for utility in United States of America. The
Piaggo Gull is a five-seat amphibious aircraft with 3-bladed Piaggio P.1033 constant-
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 2 OF 10
ENGR. RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01
speed full-feathering propellers, dihedral wings, retractable tailwheel landing gear, and
conventional tail powered by 2 Lycoming GSO-480 6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally
opposed piston engines with 340 hp (Hirschman, 2021).
The Piaggo P136 L1 is notable for its enormous proportions; with large upturned
dihedral wings that are taller at the tips than at the roots, the crew/passenger enters
the aircraft without having to crouch. The three-blade propeller located behind the
trailing edge allows for direct cooling of the engine through lengthy ducts over the
leading edge of the wings. Additionally, the aircraft's two 95-gallon fuel tanks are
located in the fuselage rather than on the wings. Due to the massive dihedral wings,
the control pressures in Gull are mild, well-balanced, and stable in roll. Stalls are
preceded by modest airframe buffeting with or without flaps, and at the stall break, the
right wing descends. Recovery is usual but not quick, and the ailerons restore their
efficiency after a few seconds (Hirschman, 2021).
To begin, students must get familiar with a few nautical phrases that are not used
in conventional aircraft. Port and starboard, for example, are used instead of left and
right, windward and leeward to refer to upwind and downwind, and bow and stern to
refer to the nose and base of the empennage, accordingly. Landing in various water
conditions demands a range of methods and techniques that pilots must be familiar
with. Additionally, the cockpit design should give enough view for pilots, particularly
when determining height above water (Liem, 2018).
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 3 OF 10
ENGR. RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01
Transport Aircrafts
In today’s modern aviation world, transport aircraft has now wings which
provide very high lift-coefficients in low speed flight during take-off and landing
(Tinnap & Nitsche, 1999). Transport aircraft are classified according to characteristics
such as the number of passenger seats, motor type, maximum takeoff weight (MTOW),
and defined permissible aerobatic maneuvers. The Type Certificate will show the
designated category. Transport category are:
Jet powered airplanes with 10 or more seats or with a maximum takeoff weight
(MTOW) greater than 5,670 kg (12,500 lb)
Propeller-driven airplanes with more than 19 seats or with a MTOW greater than
8,618 kg (19,000 lb)
Helicopters with a MTOW greater than 3,175 kg (7,000 lb).
Its cockpit was set forward in design and the fuselage covers all cargo, fuel
tanks, and other cargo components. Because of its high tail design, it is simpler to load
large cargo than conventional transport aircraft. The freight door is 8.2 feet long and
9.8 feet wide. Its cargo hold is more than 45 feet in length, 10 feet in width, and 8 feet
in height. Another transport aircraft is the Airbus A300-600ST Beluga, which is almost
123 feet long, 23 feet wide, and 23 feet tall, making it twice as massive as the
Antonov.
Fighter Aircraft
Supersonic Passenger
Concorde is a first passenger-carrying commercial aircraft that can fly at
supersonic speeds over water. It has a delta-wing design that reduces drag by being
narrow and swept back and provides enough lift for subsonic takeoff and landing. It
also offers flying stability, eliminating the requirement for horizontal stabilizers on the
tail. It was later abandoned in 2003 because to financial difficulties caused by high
fuel and maintenance costs, as well as a lack of aviation experts and entrepreneurs to
test its technical, environmental, and economic issues.
Figure 7. Concorde
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 8 OF 10
ENGR. RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01
References
Liem, R. (2018). Review of Design Aspects and Challenges of Efficient and Quiet
Amphibious Aircraft. 10.1088/1742-6596/1005/1/012027
Tinapp, F., & Nitsche, W. (1999). Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Experiments.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008043328-8/50059-X
Rogoway, T. (2020). Incredible Lecture By F-14 Designer Explains Why The Tomcat
Owes A Lot To The F-111.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34383/incredible-lecture-by-f-14-
designer-explains-why-the-tomcat-owes-a-lot-to-the-f-111