Updated Micro-Processors

By
Mohammad Rejwan Uddin

Lecture 14

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 Microprocessors
• 8085
• 8086
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• … 386
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• … 586 … P1, P2, P3, P4 … C2D …. Ci7

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 Intel processors architecture

• Four recently released microprocessors by Intel :

– NetBurst (microarchitecture)
– Core (microarchitecture)
– Nelahem (microarchitecture)
– Sandy Bridge (microarchitecture)

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 NetBurst (microarchitecture)
The NetBurst microarchitecture includes features such as :
• Front-Side Bus
• Hyper Pipelined Technology
– This is the name given to the 20-stage instruction pipeline within the Willamette
core
• Rapid Execution Engine
– With this technology, the two ALUs in the core of the CPU are double-pumped
• Execution Trace Cache
– It stores decoded micro-operations, so that when executing a new instruction,
instead of fetching and decoding the instruction again, the CPU directly accesses
the decoded micro-ops from the trace cache, thereby saving considerable time.

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 Multi-Core (microarchitecture)
• A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or
more independent actual central processing units (called "cores"),
which are the units that read and execute program instructions.
• The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions such as add, move
data, and branch, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions
at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to
parallel computing.
• Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated
circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple
dies in a single chip package.

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Single Core Architecture

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Multi Core Architecture

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 Multi-core CPU chip

• The cores fit on a single processor socket

• Also called CMP (Chip Multi-Processor)

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The cores run in parallel

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Within each core, threads are time-sliced (just like on a
uniprocessor)

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Concept of Core

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 Why multi-core ?

• Difficult to make single-core clock frequencies even higher

• Deeply pipelined circuits:
– heat problems
– speed of light problems
– difficult design and verification
– large design teams necessary
– server farms need expensive air-conditioning
• Many new applications are multithreaded
• General trend in computer architecture (shift towards more parallelism)
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 Higher-Performance Multiprocessor Systems
with QPI
• QPI(Quick Path Interconnect) is the new point-to-point interconnect
for connecting a CPU to either a chipset or another CPU. It provides
up to 25.6 GB/s of total bidirectional data throughput per link. It
incorporates distributed shared memory architecture.

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 Nehalem (microcomputer)
• Nehalem is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture,
successor to the Core microarchitecture.
• Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process.
• The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the
desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008.
• Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different
architecture from Netburst

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 Nehalem cont…
• Focus on performance
• Utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient
• Hyper-threading reintroduced.
• 4–12 MB L3 cache
• Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core processors
• Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front
side bus
• Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of
DDR3 SDRAM
• 2nd generation Intel Virtualization Technology which introduced Extended
Page Table support

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 Sandy Bridge (micro Computer)
• Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by
Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to
replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel demonstrated a Sandy
Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products based on the
architecture in January 2011 under the Core brand.

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 Sandy Bridge cont…
• Upgraded features from Nehalem include:
– Shared L3 cache includes the processor graphics
– 64-byte cache line size
– Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory channel
– Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor
– Improved performance for transcendental mathematics, AES encryption (AES
instruction set), and SHA-1 hashing
– 256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics, cache and System
Agent Domain
– Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors, new
extensible syntax and rich functionality
– Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and decoding
– Up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyper-threading

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 Cache Memory
• In addition to generally faster base clock speeds, Core i5 processors
have larger cache (on-board memory).
• help the processor deal with repetitive tasks faster.
• If you're editing and calculating spreadsheets, your CPU shouldn't
have to reload the framework the numbers sit in. This info will sit in the
cache so that when you change a number the calculations are almost
instantaneous.
• Larger cache sizes help with multitasking as well, since background
tasks will be ready for when you switch focus to another window.
• On currently available desktop processors, i5 CPUs have 3MB to 8MB
of L3 cache, while i7 processors have 8MB to 15MB
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 Turbo Boost feature
• Turbo Boost refers to Intel's "overclocking" feature built into its
processors.
• It allows the processor to run faster than its base clock speed when
only one or two processor cores are needed (like when you're running
a single-threaded task that you want done now).
• This provides users with the opportunity to turn off a core if it’s not
being utilized.
• Both Core i5 and Core i7 processors use Turbo Boost

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 Hyper-Threading
• Intel Hyper-Threading uses multi-threading technology to make a
processor appear to have more cores than it physically has to the
operating system and applications.
• Hyper-Threading technology is used to increase performance at
multi-threaded tasks.
• The simplest multi-threaded situation is a multi-tasking user running
several programs simultaneously, but there are other tasks that take
advantage of Hyper-Threading
• For instance multimedia operations (like transcoding, rendering, etc.)
and Web surfing (loading different elements like Flash content and
images simultaneously)
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 Hyper-Threading Cont…

• All Core i7 CPUs use Hyper-Threading,

• A six-core CPU can handle 12 streams
• Four core handles eight streams, and a dual-core handles four
streams.
• Core i5 uses Hyper-Threading to make a dual-core CPU act like a four-
core one, but if you have a Core i5 processor with four true cores, it
won't have Hyper-Threading.
• For the time being, Core i5 tops out at handling 4 streams, using four
real cores or two cores with Hyper-Threading.

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Hyper-Threading …

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Hyper-Threading …

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 Integrated Graphics
• Integrated graphics built into the processor core itself.
• Previous Intel integrated graphics were built onto the motherboard
chipsets, rather than on the processor.
• Intel HD Graphics 2000/3000 in currently shipping Sandy Bridge
processors.
• Integrated graphics saves power, since there won't be an extra
graphics chip on your laptop or desktop's motherboard using power.

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